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The research lifecycle has multiple objectives materialised as outputs, outcomes and impacts. Typical outputs are research publications (including grey literature), patents and products such as research datasets and software, many kinds of art or prototype engineering artifacts. Outcomes include patent licence income, value of a company set up to exploit the output or trained research staff. Impacts include employment creation, a commercial product that saves lives or labour or development of a new field of knowledge and research such as genomics since the 1950s. Commonly research in progress may be documented as grey literature - such as technical reports, laboratory notebooks or instructions for operating new equipment. There is a decision point when grey literature is produced. One can innovate academically. The output is peer reviewed publications; the outcomes include developing trained researchers; the impact leading to a new field of research. This route provides academic recognition. Alternatively one can innovate along the wealth-creation route. The output could be a patent; the outcome license income or a new company; the impact employment, dividends to shareholders or a new 'wonder product'. This route provides wealth and possibly improvement in the quality of life. If research is published this usually precludes following the wealth-creation route since the novel idea is now in the public domain and not protected by patent(s). Increasingly research funding and research performing organisations wish to demonstrate that the research they fund or do leads to impacts of relevance to society. Tracing of impacts back to the original research is not easy, partly because the eventual impact may not be known for many years. The key is an accurate recording of the research lifecycle including important dates so that the innovation cycle from idea to impact and back to further ideas can be demonstrated. Recent work - especially in UK in the JISC-funded MICE project - has produced a taxonomy of outputs, outcomes and impacts. In parallel an extension to CERIF (Common European Research Information Format - an EU recommendation to member states) has been developed and approved by euroCRIS. This extension re-uses typical CERIF entities of persons, projects, organisations, publications, patents, products but relates them (with temporal validity and appropriate role) to the production or utilisation of outputs, outcomes and impacts. Naturally grey literature is a key component within this model. Includes: Conference preprint, Powerpoint presentation, Abstract and Biographical notes XA International

This paper addresses the place of grey not only in the landscape of information, but also of knowledge, wealth creation and improvement of the quality of life. It builds on work by the authors published in previous GL conferences. The very notion of grey is linked conceptually with dull and dismal. It refers to a concept between recognised states. It is also linked with age and distinction, even the magical (Gandalf the Grey). The hypothesis is that grey objects exhibit all these properties, and they can be used to advantage. Typically Grey literature consists of technical research documentation (although many different kinds of material have been classified as grey). This – by its nature – tends to be dull. The material is usually not peer-reviewed as is white literature. Yet it is not usually the unstructured, unauthorised output from a single source; it may well be commercial in confidence and certainly is likely to contain IP (intellectual property) of value to the organisation. It is between states i.e. between "an idea" and "white". Some grey literature has age and distinction, although this usually is neither recognised nor appreciated widely until it becomes white – analogously to the final step in the human ageing process. Finally some grey literature is indeed magical in providing an organisation with a wealth of knowledge for problem solving, strategy inspiration or know-how. This paper attempts to demonstrate that grey is the very foundation of the knowledge base both for internal use of an individual organisation (where it may well remain grey) and of world knowledge (where it is transformed to white). The information landscape (which when applied becomes the knowledge landscape) has exposed uplands (white) and hidden valleys (grey). The dynamics of the landscape concern the way in which an idea, concept or knowledge is generated and transformed: from grey to grey (internal discussion within an organisation with improvement), from grey to white (publication, public relations for an organisation, improved evaluation scores for an organisation), from grey to product or service (wealth creation or improvement in the quality of life within an organisation), from white to product or service (wealth creation or improvement in the quality of life by knowledge or technology transfer). The prerequisites for these dynamics to work are (1) excellent metadata (to improve discovery and control usage), (2) an institutional document repository of grey, (3) an institutional CRIS for the contextual research information, (4) linkage between the document repository and the CRIS of an institution and thence (in a controlled manner with formal descriptive and restrictive metadata) to other institutions, (5) an e-research repository of research datasets and software, (6) linkage between the e-research repository and the CRIS of an institution and thence (in a controlled manner with formal descriptive and restrictivemetadata) to other institutions, (7) an institutional policy to mandate deposition of the material withappropriate metadata. From foundation to dynamics, grey is the key ingredient for the knowledge society. Includes: Conference preprint, Powerpoint presentation, Abstract and Biographical notes, Pratt student commentary XA International

Previous papers on Grey literature by the authors have described (1) the need for formal metadata to allow machine understanding and therefore scalable operations; (2) the enhancement of repositories of grey (and other) e-publications by linking with CRIS (Current Research Information Systems); (3) the use of the research process to collect metadata incrementally reducing the threshold barrier for end-users and improving quality in an ambient GRIDs environment. This paper takes the development one step further and proposes "intelligent" grey objects. The hypothesis is in 2 parts: (1) that the use of passive catalogs of metadata does not scale (a) in a highly distributed environment with millions of nodes and (b) with vastly increased volumes of R and D output grey publications with associated metadata; (2) that a new paradigm is required that (a) integrates grey with white literature and other R and D outputs such as software, data, products and patents (b) in a selfmanaging, self-optimising way and that this paradigm manages automatically curation, provenance digital rights, trust, security and privacy. Concerning (1) existing repositories provide catalogs; harvesting takes increasing time ensuring non-currency. The end-user expends much manual effort / intelligence to utilise the results. The elapsed time of (i) the network (ii) the centralised (or centrally controlled distributed) catalog server searches (iii) end-user intervention becomes unacceptable. Concerning (2) there is no paradigm currently known to the authors that satisfies the requirement. Our proposal is outlined below. Hyperactive combines both hyperlinking and active properties of a (grey) object. Hyperlinking implies multimedia components linked to form the object and also external links to other resources. The term active implies that objects do not lie passively in a repository to be retrieved by end–users. They "get a life" and the object moves through the network knowing where it is going. A hyperactive grey object is wrapped by its (incrementally recorded) formal metadata and an associated (software) agent. It moves through process steps such as initial concept, authoring, reviewing and depositing in a repository. The workflow is based on the rules and information in the corporate data repository with which the agent interacts. Once the object is deposited, the agent associated with it actively pushes the object to the end-users (or systems) whose metadata indicate interest or an obligation in a workflowed process. The agents check the object and user (or system) metadata for rights, privacy, security parameters and for any charges and assure compatibility. Alternatively the object can be found passively by end-user or system agents. The object can also associate itself with other objects forming relationships utilising metadata or content. Declared relationships include references and citations; workflowed relationships include versions and also links to corporate information and research datasets and software; inferenced relationships are discovered relationships such as between documents by different authors developed from an earlier idea of a third author. Components of this paradigm have been implemented to some extent. The challenge is implementing – respecting part two of the hypothesis - the integration architecture. This surely is harnessing the power of grey. Includes: Conference preprint, Powerpoint presentation, Abstract and Biographical notes XA International

The rate of acquisition of data, its structuring into information and its interpretation as knowledge is increasing rapidly. There are more active researchers now than ever and the output of white publications per researcher is increasing. The output of grey publications is orders of magnitude greater. Past techniques of experts (librarians) cataloguing manually with metadata each publication do not scale. The problem is to find ways to manage this resource. The hypothesis is in 4 parts: (a) that the R&D process itself provides some context for managing the information; (b) that linking the records of the process to the publications provides this context; (c) that questions of curation and provenance are addressed automatically in such an environment; (d) that such an environment integrates grey and white literature and other R&D outputs such as software, data, products and patents. At UiB the emphasis of the work has been on assessment of the research output - especially publications - linked in context with records of the researchers, their organisational units, and related CRIS (Current Research Information System) information (the FRIDA system which is mostly CERIF-compatible). At CCLRC the emphasis of the work has been on the production of an open access repository of publication outputs from the organisation (ePubs), linked to the CERIFcompatible CDR (Corporate Data Repository) CRIS and thus to other research outputs with associated metadata. The recording of the data provides the context including the workflow of the R&D process, history and provenance. Grey documents produced as early ideas are captured in a temporal and organisational context, just as well as white publications, via the linked repository. CERIF allows, in a multidimensional framework, deduction or induction of relationships between documents, for example between a grey internal report and a white published paper - and with other research outputs. Furthermore, relationships between documents can be expressed explicitly: references and / or citations can be recorded. In this way a rich context for understanding the R&D output is provided, including versions, history and provenance. Recording facts once in a structured R&D process environment and then re-using them in many ways reduces - by automated provision assistance - the need for user input of metadata to describe research outputs (especially grey literature) and thus addresses the scalability problem. Includes: Conference preprint, Powerpoint presentation, Abstract and Biographical notes XA International

The knowledge society demands that organizations utilise to the full the IP (intellectual property) they generate and acquire. In a context of research, development and innovation, the IP consists of products, patents and publications (in the widest sense – any stored representation of human intellect). While conventional research publications (white literature) provide much of the visible IP, the "submerged part of the iceberg" is the grey literature. With OA (Open Access) technologies the line between white and grey becomes blurred, because of accessible postprints and preprints. Significantly, white literature (and grey literature) may commonly be hyperlinked to further grey literature in the form of technical reports, procedure manuals, learning materials, software, data (in all media), communications (e.g. e- and voice-mail) etc. The hypothesis is in three parts: (a) hypermedia: hyperlinks from white (and grey) literature to the "submerged iceberg" of grey publications enriches and completes the IP of the original publication; (b) CRIS: (Current Research Information Systems) that cross-link the material to other entities in the business domain (where the business here considered is R&D) provides a context to enable the end-user to utilize more effectively the publication or collection of publications for their purpose; (c) Metadata: of high quality for controlling integrity, providing access, providing a description and managing rights is essential. At both UiB, Norway and CCLRC, UK systems have been built utilising CERIF (Common European Research Information Format which provides a data structure to match (b) above) linked with publications information. Both are based on joint research by the authors, the initial design results having been reported in GL'99 (Jeffery 1999). Both implementations have demonstrated effectiveness with enthusiastic end-users. The UiB system is targeted at providing UiB with research productivity information and uses a relational database structure extending CERIF 2000 with bibliographic entities/attributes. This allows publications to be related to people, to organizational units and to projects. At CCLRC, using relational database technology, a CERIF-based extended corporate data repository (including people, organizational units and projects) is linked with an OA eprints institutional archive, containing postprints and preprints (and also other grey publications). In each case, the relationships are annotated with role (such as author or reviewer) and start date/time, end date/time. The relationships can be many-to-many, thus a publication may have many authors each of which may have affiliations with many organizational units and projects. Each instance of organizational unit, project or person may be recursively related to another; this allows correct representation of hierarchic or network (connected graph) relationships. For both implementations the next steps involve implementing fully the formalised Dublin Core metadata proposed initially by the authors in GL'99 and since developed further by experience (Asserson and Jeffery 2004). This will provide easier syntactic (structural) interoperation and allow semantic interoperability. However, more importantly this development will allow the end-user to utilise the virtual collection, whatever the media and whatever the quality, in a knowledgeable and context-aware way. Includes: Conference preprint, Powerpoint presentation, Abstract and Biographical notes, Pratt student commentary XA International

The cloud droplet number concentration (N d) is of central interest to improve the understanding of cloud physics and for quantifying the effective radiative forcing by aerosol‐cloud interactions. Current standard satellite retrievals do not operationally provide N d, but it can be inferred from retrievals of cloud optical depth (τ c) cloud droplet effective radius (r e) and cloud top temperature. This review summarizes issues with this approach and quantifies uncertainties. A total relative uncertainty of 78% is inferred for pixel‐level retrievals for relatively homogeneous, optically thick and unobscured stratiform clouds with favorable viewing geometry. The uncertainty is even greater if these conditions are not met. For averages over 1° ×1° regions the uncertainty is reduced to 54% assuming random errors for instrument uncertainties. In contrast, the few evaluation studies against reference in situ observations suggest much better accuracy with little variability in the bias. More such studies are required for a better error characterization. N d uncertainty is dominated by errors in r e, and therefore, improvements in r e retrievals would greatly improve the quality of the N d retrievals. Recommendations are made for how this might be achieved. Some existing N d data sets are compared and discussed, and best practices for the use of N d data from current passive instruments (e.g., filtering criteria) are recommended. Emerging alternative N d estimates are also considered. First, new ideas to use additional information from existing and upcoming spaceborne instruments are discussed, and second, approaches using high‐quality ground‐based observations are examined., Key Points Satellite cloud droplet concentration uncertainties of 78% for pixel‐level retrievals and 54% for 1 by 1 degree retrievals are estimatedThe effective radius retrieval is the most important aspect for improvement, and more in situ evaluation is neededPotential improvements using passive and active satellite, and ground‐based instruments are discussed

The ? decay of Re159 has been observed for the first time in reactions of 300 MeV Ni58 ions with an isotopically enriched Cd106 target. The Re159 ions were separated in-flight using the RITU separator and implanted into the GREAT spectrometer. The ? decay emanates from the proton-emitting ?h11/2 state in Re159 with an energy of E?=6776±26 keV and a branching ratio of 7.5 ± 3.5%. This ? decay populates a state in the closed neutron shell nucleus Ta155, which decays by emitting 1444 ± 15 keV protons with a half-life of 2.9-1.1+1.5 ms. These values are consistent with the emission of the proton from a ?h11/2 orbital. These results fit in with the systematics of proton and ?-particle separation energies in the region, but disagree with the previously reported decay properties of Ta155. © 2007 The American Physical Society.

The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), on-board the European ENVIronmental SATellite (ENVISAT) launched on 1 March 2002, is a middle infrared Fourier Transform spectrometer measuring the atmospheric emission spectrum in limb sounding geometry. The instrument is capable to retrieve the vertical distribution of temperature and trace gases, aiming at the study of climate and atmospheric chemistry and dynamics, and at applications to data assimilation and weather forecasting. MIPAS operated in its standard observation mode for approximately two years, from July 2002 to March 2004, with scans performed at nominal spectral resolution of 0.025 cm−1 and covering the altitude range from the mesosphere to the upper troposphere with relatively high vertical resolution (about 3 km in the stratosphere). Only reduced spectral resolution measurements have been performed subsequently. MIPAS data were re-processed by ESA using updated versions of the Instrument Processing Facility (IPF v4.61 and v4.62) and provided a complete set of level-2 operational products (geo-located vertical profiles of temperature and volume mixing ratio of H2O, O3, HNO3, CH4, N2O and NO2) with quasi continuous and global coverage in the period of MIPAS full spectral resolution mission. In this paper, we report a detailed description of the validation of MIPAS-ENVISAT operational ozone data, that was based on the comparison between MIPAS v4.61 (and, to a lesser extent, v4.62) O3 VMR profiles and a comprehensive set of correlative data, including observations from ozone sondes, ground-based lidar, FTIR and microwave radiometers, remote-sensing and in situ instruments on-board stratospheric aircraft and balloons, concurrent satellite sensors and ozone fields assimilated by the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting. A coordinated effort was carried out, using common criteria for the selection of individual validation data sets, and similar methods for the comparisons. This enabled merging the individual results from a variety of independent reference measurements of proven quality (i.e. well characterized error budget) into an overall evaluation of MIPAS O3 data quality, having both statistical strength and the widest spatial and temporal coverage. Collocated measurements from ozone sondes and ground-based lidar and microwave radiometers of the Network for the Detection Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) were selected to carry out comparisons with time series of MIPAS O3 partial columns and to identify groups of stations and time periods with a uniform pattern of ozone differences, that were subsequently used for a vertically resolved statistical analysis. The results of the comparison are classified according to synoptic and regional systems and to altitude intervals, showing a generally good agreement within the comparison error bars in the upper and middle stratosphere. Significant differences emerge in the lower stratosphere and are only partly explained by the larger contributions of horizontal and vertical smoothing differences and of collocation errors to the total uncertainty. Further results obtained from a purely statistical analysis of the same data set from NDACC ground-based lidar stations, as well as from additional ozone soundings at middle latitudes and from NDACC ground-based FTIR measurements, confirm the validity of MIPAS O3 profiles down to the lower stratosphere, with evidence of larger discrepancies at the lowest altitudes. The validation against O3 VMR profiles using collocated observations performed by other satellite sensors (SAGE II, POAM III, ODIN-SMR, ACE-FTS, HALOE, GOME) and ECMWF assimilated ozone fields leads to consistent results, that are to a great extent compatible with those obtained from the comparison with ground-based measurements. Excellent agreement in the full vertical range of the comparison is shown with respect to collocated ozone data from stratospheric aircraft and balloon instruments, that was mostly obtained in very good spatial and temporal coincidence with MIPAS scans. This might suggest that the larger differences observed in the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere with respect to collocated ground-based and satellite O3 data are only partly due to a degradation of MIPAS data quality. They should be rather largely ascribed to the natural variability of these altitude regions and to other components of the comparison errors. By combining the results of this large number of validation data sets we derived a general assessment of MIPAS v4.61 and v4.62 ozone data quality. A clear indication of the validity of MIPAS O3 vertical profiles is obtained for most of the stratosphere, where the mean relative difference with the individual correlative data sets is always lower than ±10%. Furthermore, these differences always fall within the combined systematic error (from 1 hPa to 50 hPa) and the standard deviation is fully consistent with the random error of the comparison (from 1 hPa to ~30–40 hPa). A degradation in the quality of the agreement is generally observed in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere, with biases up to 25% at 100 hPa and standard deviation of the global mean differences up to three times larger than the combined random error in the range 50–100 hPa. The larger differences observed at the bottom end of MIPAS retrieved profiles can be associated, as already noticed, to the effects of stronger atmospheric gradients in the UTLS that are perceived differently by the various measurement techniques. However, further components that may degrade the results of the comparison at lower altitudes can be identified as potentially including cloud contamination, which is likely not to have been fully filtered using the current settings of the MIPAS cloud detection algorithm, and in the linear approximation of the forward model that was used for the a priori estimate of systematic error components. The latter, when affecting systematic contributions with a random variability over the spatial and temporal scales of global averages, might result in an underestimation of the random error of the comparison and add up to other error sources, such as the possible underestimates of the p and T error propagation based on the assumption of a 1 K and 2% uncertainties, respectively, on MIPAS temperature and pressure retrievals. At pressure lower than 1 hPa, only a small fraction of the selected validation data set provides correlative ozone data of adequate quality and it is difficult to derive quantitative conclusions about the performance of MIPAS O3 retrieval for the topmost layers.

International audience; This presentation is based on a longer report trying to summarise more than 100 papers written in the field over the last decades. Many regions have nowadays such high penetrations of wind energy (the host region Western Denmark has in the order of 25%) that without good short-term prediction tools, an economic and secure integration of wind power with maximal ecological benefits of the wind power could not be realised. A historical perspective will lead to an account of the current crop of models, including to a high degree the experiences made in Denmark with operative use of the tools since 1994. Three horizons are interesting for utilities: a short horizon determined by the ramping and start-up times of conventional power plants for the scheduling (4-8 hours ahead), a longer horizon dealing with the trading on the different electricity exchanges (in the case of NordPool, 13-37 hours ahead), and a long horizon where the models could be used for maintenance planning (all the way to weeks ahead). For the first case, one could get away with using a time-series analysis model coupled to climatology, but for even medium horizons, the accuracy of the model is getting much better by using numerical weather prediction, typically from the local meteorological institute. The most prominent source of error is the numerical weather prediction model used, and in that it is phase errors (timing errors) that have a decisive impact on the traditional error scores, and on the financial bottom line. Current work is trying to estimate the uncertainty of the forecasts. The longer report has been prepared in the framework of work for the EU Commission, especially a Marie-Curie-Fellowship and the ANEMOS project.

The use of accelerated beams of electrons, protons or ions has furthered the development of nearly every scientific discipline. However, high-energy muon beams of equivalent quality have not yet been delivered. Muon beams can be created through the decay of pions produced by the interaction of a proton beam with a target. Such ‘tertiary’ beams have much lower brightness than those created by accelerating electrons, protons or ions. High-brightness muon beams comparable to those produced by state-of-the-art electron, proton and ion accelerators could facilitate the study of lepton–antilepton collisions at extremely high energies and provide well characterized neutrino beams1–6. Such muon beams could be realized using ionization cooling, which has been proposed to increase muon-beam brightness7,8. Here we report the realization of ionization cooling, which was confirmed by the observation of an increased number of low-amplitude muons after passage of the muon beam through an absorber, as well as an increase in the corresponding phase-space density. The simulated performance of the ionization cooling system is consistent with the measured data, validating designs of the ionization cooling channel in which the cooling process is repeated to produce a substantial cooling effect9–11. The results presented here are an important step towards achieving the muon-beam quality required to search for phenomena at energy scales beyond the reach of the Large Hadron Collider at a facility of equivalent or reduced footprint6., Ionization cooling, a technique that delivers high-brightness muon beams for the study of phenomena at energy scales beyond those of the Large Hadron Collider, is demonstrated by the Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment.

The Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE) collaboration seeks to demonstrate the feasibility of ionization cooling, the technique by which it is proposed to cool the muon beam at a future neutrino factory or muon collider. The emittance is measured from an ensemble of muons assembled from those that pass through the experiment. A pure muon ensemble is selected using a particle identification system that can reject efficiently both pions and electrons. The position and momentum of each muon are measured using a high-precision scintillating-fibre tracker in a 4 T solenoidal magnetic field. This paper presents the techniques used to reconstruct the phase-space distributions in the upstream tracking detector and reports the first particle by-article measurement of the emittance of the MICE Muon Beam as a function of muon-beam momentum. Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK)

Muon accelerators offer an attractive option for a range of future particle physics experiments. They can enable high energy (TeV+) high energy lepton colliders whilst mitigating the difficulty of synchrotron losses, and can provide intense beams of neutrinos for fundamental physics experiments investigating the physics of flavor. The method of production of muon beams results in high beam emittance which must be reduced for efficient acceleration. Conventional emittance control schemes take too long, given the very short (2.2 microsecond) rest lifetime of the muon. Ionisation cooling offers a much faster approach to reducing particle emittance, and the international MICE collaboration aims to demonstrate this technique for the first time. This paper will present the MICE RF system and its role in the context of the overall experiment., Comment: 2 pp

The Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE) has been built at the STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory to demonstrate the principle of muon beam phase-space reduction via ionization cooling. Muon beam cooling will be required at a future proton-derived neutrino factory or muon collider. Ionization cooling is achieved by passing the beam through an energy-absorbing material, such as liquid hydrogen, and then re-accelerating the beam using RF cavities. This paper describes the hydrogen system constructed for MICE including: the liquid-hydrogen absorber, its associated cryogenic and gas systems, the control and monitoring system, and the necessary safety engineering. The performance of the system in cool-down, liquefaction, and stable operation is also presented., Comment: 25 pages, 21 figures, part of the MICE collaboration

This work presents a magnetic reconnection experiment in which the kinetic, magnetic, and thermal properties of the plasma each play an important role in the overall energy balance and structure of the generated reconnection layer. Magnetic reconnection occurs during the interaction of continuous and steady flows of super-Alfvénic, magnetized, aluminum plasma, which collide in a geometry with two-dimensional symmetry, producing a stable and long-lasting reconnection layer. Optical Thomson scattering measurements show that when the layer forms, ions inside the layer are more strongly heated than electrons, reaching temperatures of T [subscript]i ∼ Z T [subscript]e ≳ 300 eV--much greater than can be expected from strong shock and viscous heating alone. Later in time, as the plasma density in the layer increases, the electron and ion temperatures are found to equilibrate, and a constant plasma temperature is achieved through a balance of the heating mechanisms and radiative losses of the plasma. Measurements from Faraday rotation polarimetry also indicate the presence of significant magnetic field pile-up occurring at the boundary of the reconnection region, which is consistent with the super-Alfvénic velocity of the inflows. ©2018, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (Grant no. EP/N013379/1), U.S. Department of Energy (Award no. DE-F03-02NA00057), U.S. Department of Energy (Award no. DE-SC-0001063), U.S. Department of Energy (Award no. DE-NA-0003764), Investissements d'Avenir programme (No. ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02), NSF-DOE partnership in Basic Plasma Science and Engineering (Award no. DE-SC-0016215)

The Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE) collaboration has developed the MICE Analysis User Software (MAUS) to simulate and analyze experimental data. It serves as the primary codebase for the experiment, providing for offline batch simulation and reconstruction as well as online data quality checks. The software provides both traditional particle-physics functionalities such as track reconstruction and particle identification, and accelerator physics functions, such as calculating transfer matrices and emittances. The code design is object orientated, but has a top-level structure based on the Map-Reduce model. This allows for parallelization to support live data reconstruction during data-taking operations. MAUS allows users to develop in either Python or C++ and provides APIs for both. Various software engineering practices from industry are also used to ensure correct and maintainable code, including style, unit and integration tests, continuous integration and load testing, code reviews, and distributed version control. The software framework and the simulation and reconstruction capabilities are described.

International audience; Hybrid improper ferroelectricity, which utilizes nonpolar but ubiquitous rotational/tilting distortions to create polarization, offers an attractive route to the discovery of new ferroelectric and multiferroic materials because its activity derives from geometric rather than electronic origins. Design approaches blending group theory and first principles can be utilized to explore the crystal symmetries of ferroelectric ground states, but in general, they do not make accurate predictions for some important parameters of ferroelectrics, such as Curie temperature ( T). Here, we establish a predictive and quantitative relationship between T and the Goldschmidt tolerance factor, t, by employing n = 2 Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) ABO as a prototypical example of hybrid improper ferroelectrics. The focus is placed on an RP system, (SrCa )SnO ( x = 0, 0.1, and 0.2), which allows for the investigation of the purely geometric (ionic size) effect on ferroelectric transitions, due to the absence of the second-order Jahn-Teller active (d and 6s) cations that often lead to ferroelectric distortions through electronic mechanisms. We observe a ferroelectric-to-paraelectric transition with T = 410 K for SrSnO. We also find that the T increases linearly up to 800 K upon increasing the Ca content, i.e., upon decreasing the value of t. Remarkably, this linear relationship is applicable to the suite of all known ABO hybrid improper ferroelectrics, indicating that the T correlates with the simple crystal chemistry descriptor, t, based on the ionic size mismatch. This study provides a predictive guideline for estimating the T of a given material, which would complement the convergent group-theoretical and first-principles design approach.

We describe magnetic reconnection experiments using a new, pulsed-power driven experimental platform in which the inflows are super-sonic but sub-Alfvénic. The intrinsically magnetised plasma flows are long lasting, producing a well-defined reconnection layer that persists over many hydrodynamic time scales. The layer is diagnosed using a suite of high resolution laser based diagnostics, which provide measurements of the electron density, reconnecting magnetic field, inflow and outflow velocities, and the electron and ion temperatures. Using these measurements, we observe a balance between the power flow into and out of the layer, and we find that the heating rates for the electrons and ions are significantly in excess of the classical predictions. The formation of plasmoids is observed in laser interferometry and optical self-emission, and the magnetic O-point structure of these plasmoids is confirmed using magnetic probes., Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (Grant EP/N013379/1), United States. Department of Energy (Awards DE-F03-02NA00057), United States. Department of Energy (Awards DE-SC-0001063), National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Award DE-sc0016215)

Item does not contain fulltext Quantitative microscopy has proven a versatile and powerful phenotypic screening technique. Recently, image-based profiling has shown promise as a means for broadly characterizing molecules' effects on cells in several drug-discovery applications, including target-agnostic screening and predicting a compound's mechanism of action (MOA). Several profiling methods have been proposed, but little is known about their comparative performance, impeding the wider adoption and further development of image-based profiling. We compared these methods by applying them to a widely applicable assay of cultured cells and measuring the ability of each method to predict the MOA of a compendium of drugs. A very simple method that is based on population means performed as well as methods designed to take advantage of the measurements of individual cells. This is surprising because many treatments induced a heterogeneous phenotypic response across the cell population in each sample. Another simple method, which performs factor analysis on the cellular measurements before averaging them, provided substantial improvement and was able to predict MOA correctly for 94% of the treatments in our ground-truth set. To facilitate the ready application and future development of image-based phenotypic profiling methods, we provide our complete ground-truth and test data sets, as well as open-source implementations of the various methods in a common software framework.

Direct observation of the survival of 199Au residues after 2n transfer in the He 8 + Au 197 system and the absence of the corresponding 67Cu in the He 8 + Cu 65 system at various energies are reported. The measurements of the surprisingly large cross sections for 199Au, coupled with the integral cross sections for the various Au residues, is used to obtain the first model-independent lower limits on the ratio of 2n to 1n transfer cross sections from 8He to a heavy target. A comparison of the transfer cross sections for 6,8He on these targets highlights the differences in the interactions of these Borromean nuclei. These measurements for the most neutron-rich nuclei on different targets highlight the need to probe the reaction mechanism with various targets and represent an experimental advance towards understanding specific features of pairing in the dynamics of dilute nuclear systems.

The polydentate ligand 2,4,6-tris(dipyridin-2-ylamino)-1,3,5-triazine (dpyatriz) in combination with the Cu(ClO 4) 2/CuX 2 salt mixtures (X (-) = Cl (-), Br (-), or N 3 (-)) leads to the formation of molecular coordination aggregates with formulas [Cu 3Cl 3(dpyatriz) 2](ClO 4) 3 ( 2), [Cu 3Br 3(dpyatriz) 2](ClO 4) 3 ( 3), and [Cu 4(N 3) 4(dpyatriz) 2(DMF) 4(ClO 4) 2](ClO 4) 2 ( 4). These complexes consist of two dpyatriz ligands bridged via coordination to Cu (II) and disposed either face-to-face in an eclipsed manner ( 2 and 3) or parallel and mutually shifted in one direction. The copper ions complete their coordination positions with Cl (-) ( 2), Br (-) ( 3), or N 3 (-), ClO 4 (-), and N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) ( 4) ligands. All complexes crystallize together with noncoordinate ClO 4 (-) groups that display anion...pi interactions with the triazine rings. These interactions have been studied by means of high level ab initio calculations and the MIPp partition scheme. These calculations have proven the ClO 4 (-)...[C 3N 3] interactions to be favorable and have revealed a synergistic effect from the combined occurrence of pi-pi stacking of triazine rings and the interaction of these moieties with perchlorate ions, as observed in the experimental systems.

We present a series of experimental results, and their interpretation, connected to various aspects of the hydrodynamics of laser produced plasmas. Experiments were performed using the Prague PALS iodine laser working at 0.44 μm wavelength and irradiances up to a few 1014W/cm2. By adopting large focal spots and smoothed laser beams, the lateral energy transport and lateral expansion have been avoided. Therefore we could reach a quasi one-dimensional regime for which experimental results can be more easily and properly compared to available analytical models.

International audience; Context: .The 2006 IAU General Assembly has adopted the P03 model of Capitaine et al. (2003a) recommended by the WG on precession and the ecliptic (Hilton et al. 2006) to replace the IAU 2000 model, which comprised the Lieske et al. (1977) model with adjusted rates. Practical implementations of this new "IAU 2006" model are therefore required, involving choices of procedures and algorithms. Aims: .The purpose of this paper is to recommend IAU 2006 based precession-nutation computing procedures, suitable for different classes of application and achieving high standards of consistency. Methods: .We discuss IAU 2006 based procedures and algorithms for generating the rotation matrices that transform celestial to terrestrial coordinates, taking into account frame bias (B), P03 precession (P), P03-adjusted IAU 2000A nutation (N) and Earth rotation. The NPB portion can refer either to the equinox or to the celestial intermediate origin (CIO), requiring either the Greenwich sidereal time (GST) or the Earth rotation angle (ERA) as the measure of Earth rotation. Where GST is used, it is derived from ERA and the equation of the origins (EO) rather than through an explicit formula as in the past, and the EO itself is derived from the CIO locator. Results: .We provide precession-nutation procedures for two different classes of full-accuracy application, namely (i) the construction of algorithm collections such as the Standards Of Fundamental Astronomy (SOFA) library and (ii) IERS Conventions, and in addition some concise procedures for applications where the highest accuracy is not a requirement. The appendix contains a fully worked numerical example, to aid implementors and to illustrate the consistency of the two full-accuracy procedures which, for the test date, agree to better than 1 muas. Conclusions: .The paper recommends, for case (i), procedures based on angles to represent the PB and N components and, for case (ii), procedures based on series for the CIP X,Y. The two methods are of similar efficiency, and both support equinox based as well as CIO based applications.