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Caulerpa is a widely distributed genus of chlorophytes (green macroalgae) which are important for their dietary, social and coastal ecosystem value. Ocean acidification (OA) threatens the future of marine ecosystems, favouring macroalgal species that could benefit from increased seawater carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. Most macroalgae species possess CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) that allow active uptake of bicarbonate (HCO3−). Those species without CCMs are restricted to using CO2, which is currently the least abundant species of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in seawater. Thus, macroalgae without CCMs are predicted to be likely benefit from OA. Caulerpa is one of the rare few genera that have species both with and without CCMs. The two most common Caulerpa species in New Zealand are C. geminata (possesses a CCM) and C. brownii (non-CCM). We investigated the responses of growth, photo-physiology and DIC utilisation of C. geminata and C. brownii to four mean seawater pH treatments (8.03, 7.93, 7.83 and 7.63) that correspond to changes in pH driven by increases in pCO2 simulating future OA. There was a tendency for the mean growth rates for C. brownii (non-CCM) to increase under lower pH, and the growth rates of C. geminata (CCM) to decline with lower pH, although this was not statistically significant. However, this is likely because variability in growth rates also increased as seawater pH declined. There were few other differences in physiology of both species with pH, although there was tendency for greater preference for CO2 over HCO3− uptake in the CCM species with declining seawater pH. This study demonstrates that DIC-use alone does not predict macroalgal responses to OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Human melanoma is linked with aging-related disorders, prompting interest in the development of functional foods derived from natural ingredients to mitigate its incidence. Molecules in green seaweeds such as Caulerpa racemosa can serve this purpose due to their anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties. A previous work study compounds profiling has been carried out, and in this research the molecular docking studies targeting receptors associated with melanoma (GRP78, IRE1, BRAF) and aging (mTOR, AMPK, SIRT1) identified four promising compound in an extract of C. racemosa. The current study aims to the mechanism of those compounds at a cellular level using the human A375 (BRAF-V600E mutation) and A375 and B16-F10 cell lines. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the potential of GSCRE compounds against A375 and B16-F10 cell lines, with comparisons made to normal HDFa cell lines. Results indicated that compound C2, also known as Caulersin, demonstrated a significantly different ∆G affinity binding score compared to the control drug Dabrafenib. GSCRE crude extract, particularly C2, showed potential in modulating mTOR, AMPK, and SIRT1 pathways and downregulating GRP78, IRE1, and BRAF signaling (p

Caulerpa is a genus of green macroalgae that lives in tropical and subtropical coastal waters. It is an intriguing organism because, despite having plant-like structures, it is one giant cell – which, next to multiple nuclei, chloroplasts, and mitochondria, also contains endo- and epiphytic bacteria. The role of these bacteria is unknown, but they might impact the growth and development of the host, adaptation to environmental parameters, and, hence, the ecological success of these algae. We hypothesised that increased sulphide concentrations would trigger a significant shift in the microbial community composition associated with C. prolifera rhizoids, favouring sulphide-oxidizing bacteria. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a mesocosm experiment incubating C. prolifera in sediments with different sulphide concentrations and analysed the algal photosynthesis, growth, and microbiome composition. While photosynthesis was not affected, the Caulerpa weight-based growth rate decreased linearly with increasing sulphide concentration. To analyse the microbiome, we extracted DNA and RNA from the fronds, rhizoids, and the accompanying sediments and performed 16S amplicon sequencing. The microbiome of the fronds was unaffected in both the DNA and RNA samples. However, an increase in sulphide concentration coincided with a decrease in the relative abundance of sulphate-reducing bacteria associated with Caulerpa rhizoids, particularly from the family Desulfocapsaceae. In the RNA samples, potential sulphide oxidisers of the rhizoid-associated members of the Beggiatoaceae were detected. Our results suggest that the rhizobiome of Caulerpa plays a significant role in its adaptation to sulphide-rich environments, offering new insights into the complex interactions within marine holobionts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating impact of human activities has led to the accumulation of microplastics (MPs) and heavy metals in marine environments, posing serious threats to marine ecosystems. As essential components of oceanic ecosystems, large seaweeds such as Caulerpa lentillifera play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance. This study investigated the effects of MPs and cadmium (Cd) on the growth, physiology, biochemistry, and Cd accumulation in C. lentillifera while elucidating the underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms. The results demonstrated that exposure to MPs alone significantly promoted the growth. In contrast, exposure to Cd either alone or in combination with MPs significantly suppressed growth by reducing stem and stolon length, bud count, weight gain, and specific growth rates. Combined exposure to MPs and Cd exhibited the most pronounced inhibitory effect on growth. MPs had negligible impact while Cd exposure either alone or combined with MPs impaired antioxidant defenses and exacerbated oxidative damage; with combined exposure being the most detrimental. Analysis of Cd content revealed that MPs significantly increased Cd accumulation in algae intensifying its toxic effects. Gene expression analysis revealed that Cd exposure down-regulated key genes involved in photosynthesis, impairing both photosynthetic efficiency and energy conversion. The combined exposure of MPs and Cd further exacerbated these effects. In contrast, MPs alone activated the ribosome pathway, supporting ribosomal stability and protein synthesis. Additionally, both Cd exposure alone or in combination with MPs significantly reduced chlorophyll B and soluble sugar content, negatively impacting photosynthesis and nutrient accumulation. In summary, low concentrations of MPs promoted C. lentillifera growth, but the presence of Cd hindered it by disrupting photosynthesis and antioxidant mechanisms. Furthermore, the coexistence of MPs intensified the toxic effects of Cd. These findings enhance our understanding of how both MPs and Cd impact large seaweed ecosystems and provide crucial insights for assessing their ecological risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the prevailing kind of arthritis, impacting a substantial number of individuals globally. The incidence of OA is on the rise and is projected to further increase due to the aging population and escalating rates of obesity. This study aims to evaluate the anti-OA potential of Caulerpa racemosa. The Caulerpa racemosa 96 % ethanol extract of the plant was analysed using LC-MS/MS. The metabolite compositions were identified as polyunsaturated fatty acids, terpenes, bisindole alkaloids and diterpenoids. The 18 compounds analysed by LC-MS/MS, and the binding affinity of the compounds to the target proteins Interleukin-1 (PDB ID: 1ITB) was assessed by molecular docking fucosterol (ΔG = -8.29 kcal/mol), variolin A (ΔG = -8.02 kcal/mol), and clionasterol (ΔG = -7.50 kcal/mol) and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inducible (3E7G) was assessed by molecular docking. Brassicasterol (ΔG = -9.25 kcal/mol), fucosterol (ΔG = -9.20 kcal/mol) and 24-methylenecholesterol (ΔG = -9.04 kcal/mol) exhibited the highest docking scores, indicating their strong potential as inhibitors of IL1β and nitric oxide (NO). This knowledge is valuable for the future bioassay investigations about the possible applicability of these medicines as innovative solutions for OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweed varieties, Halymenia durviela and Caulerpa racemosa, hold a significant economic value since they can be used as raw materials in food, medicine, and cosmetics. Therefore, proper cultivation methods are essential to enhance the productivity of these seaweeds. This study aimed to assess the growth effects on C. racemosa and H. durviela and identify which variety exhibits the best growth performance. Two different seed variety treatments were tested, each with three replications. The treatments were as follows: Treatment A involved C. racemosa seeds, and Treatment B involved H. durviela seeds. The data analyzed included absolute weight growth and relative growth rates. The results indicated that the off-bottom method influenced the growth of both seaweed varieties, with Halymenia durviela showing the best results in terms of absolute weight growth and relative growth rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuentes-Agueda, S.A.; Gallegos, M.E., and Mandujano, M.C., 2024. Spatial and temporal changes in the demography of Caulerpa paspaloides along a distance gradient. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(5), 952–961. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. It has been proposed that Caulerpa species have greater abundances and growth rates near mangroves than offshore. The main purpose of this study was to observe the demographic differences in Caulerpa paspaloides in three different sites of Los Petenes, Campeche, Mexico (adjacent to the mangroves, at an intermediate distance to the mangroves and offshore). For the demographical census, the number of complete and incomplete fronds, stolons, their diameter, and dry biomass was registered in May, August, and December 2013 and February 2014 for each site. Also, 100 complete fronds in May and December were marked; they were collected in June and February based on growth data obtained through the marked fronds and calculable dry biomass population growth rate (k). Significant differences were found between the abundance of structures between sites and months. The offshore population had the biggest biomass and highest average stolon diameter, whereas the intermediate site has the highest number of complete and incomplete fronds. However, no significant differences in the number of stolons were found. The values of fitness (k) obtained from the analysis of the biomass were 2.06 in summer and 0.68 in winter adjacent to the mangroves, intermediate distance was 1.57 and 1.26, and distance to offshore was 1.56 and 0, respectively. For marked fronds, the fitness (k) was 1.78 for the first site, 1.89 at the intermediate site, and 1.67 offshore. Reduction in C. paspaloides fitness suggests that the species has seasonal growth and reproduction. Also, the most important parameters related to C. paspaloides biomass were salinity and nutrients (total phosphorus and dissolved inorganic nitrogen in column water). The greatest growth rates in biomass were observed close to the mangroves, suggesting that living close to the mangrove has positive effects on the growth of C. paspaloides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caulerpa racemosa, a type of green algae, has been studied for its potential health benefits, including antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The extraction of bioactive compounds from marine algae using green solvents like Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) has gained interest due to their efficiency and environmental friendliness. This research aimed to determine the potential antioxidant activity of C. racemosa extract using DES solvents and different sonication times as an antibacterial against pathogenic bacteria. The research employed a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two variables: sonication time (10, 20, and 30 minutes) and different DES solvents (ethanol and ethylene glycol (1:20) with 90% aquades, and methanol and glycerol (1:10) with 90% aquades. The highest antioxidant activity was found in DES Methanol-Glycerol (36.39 mg TE/g dw), followed by DES Ethanol- Ethylene glycol (28.30 mg TE/g dw), both significantly different (p<0.05). The C. racemosa extract inhibited the growth of V. parahaemolyticus with an inhibition zone of 8.08 mm at 50 ppm and 13.13 mm at 1,000 ppm. For V. harveyi, inhibition started at 6.37 mm at 50 ppm, reaching 11.70 mm at 1,000 ppm. DES Methanol-Glycerol with a 10-minute sonication provided the highest antioxidant activity and effectively inhibited V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi. Extraction of C. racemosa with DES-MG solvent and varying sonication times influences its antioxidant activity and antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seaweed Caulerpa racemosa has great potential to be developed because it has economic value and potential as a functional food. This seaweed contains nutrients, including protein, carbohydrates, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber minerals, and antioxidants. The availability of seaweed is still very dependent on nature and has not been appropriately cultivated. The planting season and appropriate cultivation methods will influence seaweed's quality/nutritional content. This research aims to analyze the nutritional content of seaweed C. racemosa cultivated in different growing seasons. The research method used a floating raft system with a completely randomized design and a factorial pattern carried out in two seasons, namely the dry and rainy seasons. Proximate analysis was carried out to determine the nutritional composition of seaweed C. racemosa, including protein, crude fiber, water, ash, fat, and carbohydrate (NFE). Next, it was analyzed using ANOVA with a further test with Tukey. The research results showed differences in the nutritional composition of seaweed C. racemosa from each treatment cultivated in the dry and rainy seasons. The nutritional composition of seaweed C. racemosa best treatment is found in the plant spacing of 30 cm with a depth of 50 cm in the dry season with the nutritional content namely protein (13.8%), NFE (20.75%), crude fiber (15.71%), a fluctuating fat content of 0.16-1.42%, highest ash (34.69%), water content (35%), moderate in the rainy season namely: protein (10.8%), BETN (10.78%), crude fiber (12.33%), fat content fluctuates (0.18-1.06%), highest ash (30.21%), water content (41.01%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of seaweed for nutrient absorption in aquaculture effluent has gained significant attention. This study investigated the effects of density and surface area-to-volume (SA:V) ratios of three seaweeds: Caulerpa lentillifera, Ulva rigida, and Gracilaria fisheri, on nutrient uptake in fish culture effluent. Nutrients absorption of NO2-, NO3-, NH4+, and PO43- was measured at algal densities of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g∙L-1 every hour over a 24 h period. Optimal absorption of NO2-, NO3- and PO43- by all three seaweeds occurred at a density of 30 g∙L-1 within 24 h; with maximum removal efficiencies for C. lentillifera reaching 86.03%, 74.08%, and 100%, respectively; for U. rigida, 87.33%, 76.51%, and 100%, and for G. fisheri, 87.82%, 73.77%, and 100%, respectively. At 40 g∙L-1, both C. lentillifera and U. rigida achieved 100% NH4 + removal within 20 h, while G. fisheri showed 100% NH4 + removal within 18 h at a density of 20 g∙L-1. In this study, U. rigida exhibited the highest SA:V ratio (12.99±0.06 cm2:cm3), surpassing that of C. lentillifera (4.48±0.33 cm2:cm3) and G. fisheri (4.07±0.17 cm2:cm3). The SA:V ratio had a positive correlation with total nitrogen reduction, Pnet and Fv/Fm. Due to its high SA:V ratio and sheet like morphology, U. rigida was the most effective at nutrient absorption compared to the siphonous-like C. lentillifera and cylindrical, bush-like G. fisheri. These results highlight the influence of photosynthetic response on nutrient absorption with varying algal densities and SA:V ratios, identifying an optimum density of 30 g∙L-1 for green algae and 40 g∙L-1 for red algae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caulerpa racemosa is a type of green algae recognised for its ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria and its potential to combat breast cancer. The algae are composed of several bioactive chemicals, such as flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, steroids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Hence, this study aimed to ascertain the antibacterial and anti-breast cancer properties of Caulerpa racemosa extract obtained from the Minahasa Peninsula, notably the North and Southeast water regions. The anticancer test assessed the algae extract cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells using the MTT assay for direct measurements. The antibacterial test employed the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. The findings indicated that the extract of Caulerpa racemosa collected from the water in North Minahasa exhibited a potent antibacterial activity. The substantial antibacterial action of the substance was demonstrated by an average inhibition zone of 13.5 mm against Mycobacterium smegmatis at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, the highest concentration tested. The extract from water in the North and Southeast Minahasa regions exhibited significant anticancer activity, with IC50 values of 149.9 ppm and 313.2 ppm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caulerpa lentillifera also known as sea grape, is a green seaweed in the Caulerpaceae family known for its nutritional benefits and medicinal properties. This study aimed to examine the phytochemical compounds, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant and anti-arthritis properties of sea grape decoction extract. The total phenolic content was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and the total flavonoid content was determined with the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using two methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothia-zoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS). The anti-arthritis activities were assessed using bovine-serum protein. The study identified that the extract contained flavonoids, saponin, terpenoids and coumarins, with the total phenolic content of 343.19 ± 9.86 μg gallic acid equivalents/mg dry extract and the total flavonoid content of 268.48 ± 16.57 μg quercetin equivalents/mg dry extract. The extract showed antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 309.05±5.91 μg/ml using the DPPH method and 572.33±3.47 μg/ml using the ABTS method, respectively. Additionally, it exhibited anti-arthritis properties with an IC50 value of 54.60±12.71 μg/ml, which was less than 1.69 times the IC50 value of diclofenac sodium. A strong positive correlation was found between the antioxidant and anti-arthritis activities measured by the ABTS method, with an R² value of 0.9476. Therefore, this study provides initial evidence supporting the antioxidant and anti-arthritis activities of sea grape decoction extract. The extract shows potential for further development as a product for treating arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main cultivation commodities currently being developed by the government is seaweed. C. lentillifera has a profitable selling value on the market, while the highest demand comes from Japan. Therefore, in order to develop C. lentillifera cultivation optimally, a comprehensive study was needed. Seaweed growth is influenced by several factors including the physics and chemistry of the cultivation environment. In addition, choosing the right cultivation method is based on the characteristics of the cultivation location. This research aimed to determine the best cultivation method for the sake of growth, with a positive effect on the fiber and ash content of C. lentillifera sea grapes. The method used in this research was an experimental research method with a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments, bottom method, off-bottom method and surface method, as well as 3 replications. The parameters observed were growth, carotenoid content, fiber and ash. Analysis of variance was carried out using the SPSS version 16.0 program. The highest absolute growth of C. lentillifera seaweed (98.33± 5.69) was obtained using the off-bottom method. Meanwhile, the lowest absolute growth (11.00± 3.61) was obtained using the bottom method. The fiber and mineral content of C. lentillifera is quite high at all depths. In general, the carotenoid content is strongly influenced by the intensity of light reaching the seaweed thallus. The measured water quality parameters are sufficient to support the physiological process of seaweed growing and developing with high quality. Different cultivation methods have significant differences in the absolute growth and quality of cultivated C. lentillifera seaweed. The best method in this research is using the off-bottom method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungi cause diseases in a variety of marine animal hosts. The need for new antifungal agents arises from the rising prevalence of invasive fungal infections (IFI) and the ineffectiveness, severe side effects, and high mortality of the current antifungal agents. The present study aims to assess Caulerpa scalpelliformis seaweed extract's antifungal efficacy against human fungal infections. Using methanol solvents, the antifungal activity of marine macroalgae C.scalpelliformis was assessed against Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Cryptococcus neoformans. C. scalpelliformis showed strong fungal activity against A. fumigatus, A. niger, and A. flavus compared to C. albicans and C. neoformans, similar to the positive control drug Amphotericin B in the current study.This is the first report from Tuticorin's Periyathalai coast. These results point to the use of green seaweed, C. scalpelliformis methanol extract as a natural antibiotic in conjunction with synthetic antibiotics, which has paved the way for the development of new anti-aspergillus, anti-cryptococcal, and anti-candidal compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caulerpa racemosa is a nutritious food option that has high demand. However, the production rate is lagging behind the increased demand. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of aqueous extract from various plants as an exogenous plant growth regulators (PGRs) in the morphology, growth, and nutrition of C. racemosa. The natural PGRs used were coconut water (CW), shallots and coconut water (AESCW), maize (AEM), moringa leaves and mung beansprout (AEMBS), and Kappaphycus alvarezii (AEKA). Fifty grams of C. racemosa was soaked on the natural PGRs and was cultivated for 30 days with a sandy mud substrate. The results showed that the soaking of C. racemosa on natural PGRs had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on absolute growth, specific growth rate, and nutrients. C. racemosa soaked in aqueous shallot and coconut water showed the best absolute growth (214.32 ± 7.68 g) and SGR (5.55 ± 0.08%/day); meanwhile, C. racemosa soaked in coconut water had the best nutrition (protein, 9.54 ± 0.16%; fiber, 1.37 ± 0.21%; and fat, 0.42 ± 0.04%). The morphological analysis showed that soaking C. racemosa on natural PGRs resulted in long fronds, bigger stolons, a greener and fresher color, and more ramuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenically increasing atmospheric CO2 causes changes in the carbon chemistry of seawater. With these changes, the HCO3− and CO2 concentration of seawater increases, while the pH decreases. CO2-induced ocean acidification by interacting with ultraviolet radiation (UVR) affects the metabolic pathways of seaweeds such as photosynthesis, growth, and nutrient uptake in a species-specific manner. This study was designed to determine the future ecological success of Caulerpa racemosa, an invasive species in the Mediterranean. In laboratory culture, C. racemosa was exposed to CO2-induced low pH (pH: 7.7) with or without UVR (UVA: 1.2 W m−2; UVB: 0.55 W m−2) and its physiological responses were investigated. Maximum quantum yield of photosystem-II (Fv/Fm) and light utilization efficiency (α) of C. racemosa was negatively affected by low pH and UVR. However, low pH increased the rETRmax (maximum relative electron transfer rate) of C. racemosa. This increased rETRmax indicated that the photosynthesis of C. racemosa was not photosynthetically saturated at the ambient inorganic carbon pool. This could be an advantage in competing with other species in the predicted future ocean acidification. The combined effect of low pH and UVR affected the rETRmax of C. racemosa in different ways along with the incubation time. The synergistic effect observed in the first two weeks turned into an antagonistic effect in the last two weeks. The data obtained from this study suggest that incubation time is the most effective factor in the response of C. racemosa to CO2-induced low pH and moderate-level UVR. In addition, our results support the hypothesis that C. racemosa may be one of the species that will benefit from CO2-induced ocean acidification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marine environment provides a rich source of distinct creatures containing potentially revolutionary bioactive chemicals. One of these organisms is Caulerpa racemosa, a type of green algae known as green seaweed, seagrapes, or green caviar. This organism stands out because it has great promise for use in medicine, especially in the study of cancer. Through the utilization of computational modeling (in silico) and cellular laboratory experiments (in vitro), the chemical components included in the green seaweed C. racemosa were effectively analyzed, uncovering its capability to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The study specifically emphasized blocking SRC, STAT3, PIK3CA, MAPK1, EGFR, and JAK1 using molecular docking and in vitro. These proteins play a crucial role in the EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Resistance pathway in NSCLC. The chemical Caulersin (C2) included in C. racemosa extract (CRE) has been identified as a potent and effective agent in fighting against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), both in silico and in vitro. CRE and C2 showed a level of inhibition similar to that of osimertinib (positive control/NSCLC drug). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caulerpa is a genus of green macroalgae that lives in tropical and subtropical coastal waters. It is an intriguing organism because, despite having plant-like structures, it is one giant cell – which, next to multiple nuclei, chloroplasts, and mitochondria, also contains endo- and epiphytic bacteria. The role of these bacteria is unknown, but they might impact the growth and development of the host, adaptation to environmental parameters, and, hence, the ecological success of these algae. We hypothesised that increased sulphide concentrations would trigger a significant shift in the microbial community composition associated with C. prolifera rhizoids, favouring sulphide-oxidizing bacteria. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a mesocosm experiment incubating C. prolifera in sediments with different sulphide concentrations and analysed the algal photosynthesis, growth, and microbiome composition. While photosynthesis was not affected, the Caulerpa weight-based growth rate decreased linearly with increasing sulphide concentration. To analyse the microbiome, we extracted DNA and RNA from the fronds, rhizoids, and the accompanying sediments and performed 16S amplicon sequencing. The microbiome of the fronds was unaffected in both the DNA and RNA samples. However, an increase in sulphide concentration coincided with a decrease in the relative abundance of sulphate-reducing bacteria associated with Caulerpa rhizoids, particularly from the family Desulfocapsaceae. In the RNA samples, potential sulphide oxidisers of the rhizoid-associated members of the Beggiatoaceae were detected. Our results suggest that the rhizobiome of Caulerpa plays a significant role in its adaptation to sulphide-rich environments, offering new insights into the complex interactions within marine holobionts.

Caulerpa is a marine green macroalga distinguished by a large single cell with multiple nuclei. It also exhibits remarkable morphological intraspecies variations, in response to diverse environmental types. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenotypic plasticity remain poorly understood. In this work, we compare the transcriptomes of Caulerpa okamurae Weber Bosse, 1897 displaying altered phenotypes of cultivation and natural phenotypes and investigate significantly regulated genes and their biological functions using differential expression analyses. We observe light‐harvesting complex upregulation and cellular framework stability downregulation in altered phenotypes compared to the natural phenotypes. Intertidal macrophytes reduce light capture to avoid photodamage and regulate their morphology to protect against wave damage. In contrast, the lower light conditions and the cultivation environment augment light capture and increase a morphology prioritizing light trapping. Moreover, the addition of simulated wave‐sweeping stimuli induces a return to the natural morphology under high‐light conditions, showing how mechanical stress affects morphological organization in C. okamurae. We provide detailed gene expression patterns in C. okamurae under varying light intensities and water conditions, suggesting a distinct influence on its morphological traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green macroalgae, known locally as Latoh, is one of the green seaweeds consumed by the local community in Jepara and is beneficial for health. This study explores the potential of secondary metabolites from seaweed and its symbiotic bacteria as natural food preservatives and antibacterials. Seaweed samples were collected from the seagrass ecosystem of Panjang Island, Jepara, Indonesia. Subsequently, the samples were subjected to scanning electron microscopy analysis, proximate analysis, phytochemical analysis, thin layer chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography for amino acid analysis. A sample was subjected to a multistage extraction process using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol (1:5 w/v), each for 24 h. Symbiotic bacteria from seaweed were isolated, and enzymatic (proteolytic, amylolytic, and cellulolytic) and antibacterial testing against pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was conducted using the disc diffusion method. The selected bacteria were subjected to molecular identification. The research showed that Caulerpa lentillifera had an ash content of 3.24 %, protein content of 0.57 %, and fat content of 0.337 %. Phytochemical analysis shows that the sample contains flavonoids, steroids, and alkaloids. HPLC analysis reveals that Caulerpa lentillifera has the highest content of aspartic acid (relative area: 11.90 %), glutamic acid (relative area: 13.43 %), and alanine (relative area: 9.03 %). Caulerpa racemosa sample shows the highest detector response for glutamic acid (relative area: 12.19%), aspartic acid (relative area: 11.10 %), and alanine (relative area: 9.63 %). The results indicate that 14 bacterial isolates were successfully isolated, with 6 isolates from Caulerpa lentillifera and 8 isolates from Caulerpa racemosa, all exhibiting enzymatic and antibacterial abilities. The research results concluded that the Latoh seaweed species Caulerpa lentillifera and Caulerpa racemosa and their symbiotic bacteria have the potential to be used as food preservatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective monitoring of non-indigenous seaweeds and combatting their effects relies on a solid confirmation of the non-indigenous status of the respective species. We critically analysed the status of presumed non-indigenous seaweed species reported from the Mediterranean Sea, the Northeast Atlantic Ocean and Macaronesia, resulting in a list of 140 species whose non-indigenous nature is undisputed. For an additional 87 species it is unclear if they are native or non-indigenous (cryptogenic species) or their identity requires confirmation (data deficient species). We discuss the factors underlying both taxonomic and biogeographic uncertainties and outline recommendations to reduce uncertainty about the non-indigenous status of seaweeds. Our dataset consisted of over 19,000 distribution records, half of which can be attributed to only five species (Sargassum muticum, Bonnemaisonia hamifera, Asparagopsis armata, Caulerpa cylindracea and Colpomenia peregrina), while 56 species (40%) are recorded no more than once or twice. In addition, our analyses revealed considerable variation in the diversity of non-indigenous species between the geographic regions. The Eastern Mediterranean Sea is home to the largest fraction of non-indigenous seaweed species, the majority of which have a Red Sea or Indo-Pacific origin and have entered the Mediterranean Sea mostly via the Suez Canal. Non-indigenous seaweeds with native ranges situated in the Northwest Pacific make up a large fraction of the total in the Western Mediterranean Sea, Lusitania and Northern Europe, followed by non-indigenous species with a presumed Australasian origin. Uncertainty remains, however, regarding the native range of a substantial fraction of non-indigenous seaweeds in the study area. In so far as analyses of first detections can serve as a proxy for the introduction rate of non-indigenous seaweeds, these do not reveal a decrease in the introduction rate, indicating that the current measures and policies are insufficient to battle the introduction and spread of non-indigenous species in the study area. Non-indigenous seaweed species in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Macaronesia are critically reanalysed. > 19,000 distribution records revealed considerable variation in diversity of non-indigenous seaweed species in the study area. Taxonomic and biogeographic uncertainties hamper a critical evaluation of the non-indigenous status of many seaweed species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to a global shift towards health-conscious and environmentally sustainable food choices, seaweed has emerged as a focus for researchers due to its large-scale cultivation potential and the development of bioactive substances. This research explores the potential anticancer properties of seaweed extracts, focusing on analyzing the impact of four common edible seaweeds in Taiwan on prostate cancer (PCa) cells' activity. The study used bioassay-guided fractionation to extract Cl80 from various seaweeds with androgen receptor (AR)-inhibitory activity. Cl80 demonstrated effective suppression of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced AR activity in 103E cells and attenuated the growth and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) protein expression in LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells. Additionally, Cl80 exhibited differential effects on various PCa cell lines. Concentrations above 5 μg/mL significantly inhibited LNCaP cell proliferation, while 22Rv1 cells were more resistant to Cl80. PC-3 cell proliferation was inhibited at 5 μg/mL but not completely at 50 μg/mL. A clonogenic assay showed that at a concentration of 0.5 μg/mL, the colony formation in LNCaP and PC-3 cells was significantly reduced, with a dose-dependent effect. Cl80 induced apoptosis in all PCa cell types, especially in LNCaP cells, with increased apoptotic cells observed at higher concentrations. Cl80 also decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in a dose-dependent manner in all PCa cell lines. Furthermore, Cl80 suppressed the migration ability of PCa cells, with significant reductions observed in LNCaP, 22Rv1, and PC-3 cells at various concentrations. These compelling findings highlight the promising therapeutic potential of C. lentillifera J.Agardh and its isolated compound Cl80 in the treatment of PCa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: β-1,3-Xylooligosaccharides (XOS-3) extracted from Caulerpa lentillifera have shown potential antioxidative and anti-tumor properties, but research on their biological activities, particularly their anti-osteoarthritis effects, is still in early stages. Results: XOS-3 were produced by eco-friendly enzymatic hydrolysis, displaying a semi-crystalline structure with predominant xylose, xylobiose, xylotriose, and xylotetraose components which were confirmed by IC, SEM, FT-IR, and XRD analysis. Compared with β-1,4-xylooligosaccharides, XOS-3 had stronger antioxidant properties, and the scavenging rate of O2•− and DPPH• radicals was 82.31% and 58.44% at 2.0 mg/mL respectively. In vitro studies, XOS-3 significantly improved cell viability in IL-1β-induced rat chondrocytes from 43.41 to 73.5% at 100 μg/mL, demonstrating anti-inflammatory and cartilage-protective effects by modulating MMP13 and COL2A1 expression. Conclusions: The study displayed the potential antioxidative and anti-osteoarthritis effects of XOS-3, offering new visuals for the development of marine polysaccharides in the treatment of osteoarthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caulerspiros A (1) and B (2), a new pair of α-tocopheroid isomers, with five known compounds (3-7) were isolated from the green alga Caulerpa racemosa var. turbinata. Their structures were elucidated by the method of comprehensive spectroscopy. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were established by the methods of ECD calculation and comparing with the previously reported literature. Compounds 1 and 2 represented the rare examples of α-tocopherol derivatives possessing a core unit of 1-oxaspiro[4.4]non 7-en-6-one. Additionally, the antibacterial activities of these seven compounds were also evaluated. However, none of them showed antibacterial activities with MIC values > 128 μg/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caulerpa lentillifera (sea grapes) stands out for its nutritional profile and associated health advantages. Seaweeds, including sea grapes, exhibit diverse chemical compositions that are influenced by environmental conditions. This study aimed to compare the chemical composition, metabolite content, antioxidant activity and a-glucosidase inhibition of sea grapes collected at different sites (Phetchaburi and Trang) and at different times during the month of January, April and July 2022. Both collection times and sites have influenced all assessed parameters. The sea grapes collected from Trang had a significantly higher amount of metabolite, antioxidant activity and a-glucosidase inhibitory activity than those from Phetchaburi at p < 0.001. The highest amount of phenolic compound (93.76 ± 2.39 mg GAE/g extract) and reducing power (EC50 = 25.86 ± 0.20 mg/mL) occurred in sea grapes in April month, while those collected in January and April had high DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging (EC50 < 7.50 mg/mL). The highest inhibitory activity against a-glucosidase (EC50 = 19.27 ± 0.40 mg/mL) was found in the sea grapes collected in January. The LC-QTOF MS/MS result of sea grape extract indicated similar compounds in amino acids, fatty acids, lipids, nucleic acids, carboxylic acids, cyanogenic glucosides, steroids, terpenoids and vitamins. The disparity in phenolic profiles between Phetchaburi (9) and Trang (14) sea grapes was related to higher phenolic compound and flavonoid contents, coupled with antioxidant properties in Trang. These findings supported the possible use of sea grapes from Trang as a reservoir of bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible green algal species are the most widely distributed and diverse macroalgae in the world and are considered as an important source of bioactive molecules which serve as multi-product sources for nutritional and pharmaceutical applications. The present investigations were carried out concerning biochemical constituents from three species of green marine algae Ulva conglobata, Caulerpa racemosa, and Bryopsis plumosa collected from the coast of Veraval Chowpati, Gujarat India. The biochemical composition was analysed using uv-spectrophotometer to evaluate its food value and find out variations in composition during the investigation period. The reducing sugar, proline, and starch contents were high in Bryopsis plumosa followed by Caule rpa racemosa and Ulva conglobata. Proline content is higher than the total amino acids in three algal species. The protein contents following by Lowry method Caulerpa racemosa have a high amount with 1667.32 ± 18.42 (µgg-1 dry wt.) followed by Bryopsis plumosa 1394.98 ± 18.78 (µgg-1 dry wt.) and Ulva conglobata 292.72 ± 17.85 (µgg-1 dry wt.). The protein content was recorded maximum in Bryopsis plusmosa and Caulerpa racemosa than in the Ulva conglobata. All the assays carried out in the present work showed that all selected green algae are good sources of biochemical. According to the biochemical composition values of the studied algae, they have the potential to be a source of constituents with high nutritional value and use in the food, dietary, and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: The effects of four stressors, temperature, irradiance, desiccation and salinity, on the photochemical efficiency (ΔF/Fm′) of an edible green alga, Caulerpa chemnitzia var. laetevirens from Kagoshima, Japan, were determined for optimizing cultivation and shipping environments using a pulse amplitude modulation‐chlorophyll fluorometer. The ΔF/Fm′ remained stable at 24–34°C during the 3‐day temperature exposures ranging from 8 to 36°C; however, it dropped at higher and lower temperatures. During continuous exposure for 6 h to irradiance levels of 400 (low) and 1000 (high) μmol photons m−2 s−1 at 16, 24 and 32°C, the decrease in ΔF/Fm′ was pronounced at high irradiance. Moreover, ΔF/Fm′ also dropped at 16°C even under low irradiance, suggesting the occurrence of low temperature–light stress. Desiccation experiments under 50% humidity and up to 5 h of aerial exposure at 24°C and dim light (20 μmol photons m−2 s−1) indicated that ΔF/Fm′ was well tolerated within 1 h of desiccation; however, it dropped quickly as the desiccation period prolonged, suggesting that, if more than 20% of the interior water was lost, ΔF/Fm′ dropped progressively. However, during a similar experiment up to 14 days of aerial exposure under saturated humidity (99%) and dim light (12:12 h light/dark photocycle), as the interior water of the frond was maintained because of the saturated humidity, ΔF/Fm′ appeared to be well maintained for up to 5 days. Similar to desiccation, this alga exhibited stenohaline characteristics (30–40 psu) under the salinity gradient of 0–80 psu for up to 7 days of culture at 24°C and under dim light (12:12 h light/dark). In conclusion, this alga can be cultivated by modifying the techniques used for cultivating Japanese Caulerpa lentillifera and adjusting its environment accordingly. To ensure appropriate shipping conditions, it is essential to maintain saturated humidity in a plastic container at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caulerpa J.V. Lamouroux is a genus of green macroalgae belonging to the family Caulerpaceae in the order Bryopsidales. The genus comprises 104 currently accepted species, of which 51 have been recorded from Pacific Islands. Among these islands, French Polynesia is found in the middle of the South Pacific Ocean and includes five archipelagos (i.e., the Austral, Gambier, Marquesas, Society, and Tuamotu Islands) where seaweed inventories have reported a total of 16 Caulerpa species so far based on morphology. Here, based on a sampling covering the five archipelagos of French Polynesia, we attempt to (i) verify the taxonomy of Caulerpa species present in these regions based on phylogeny, (ii) describe in more detail the specific diversity between the five archipelagos, and (iii) provide a morphological identification tool for these species. We successfully obtained 134 new tufA sequences for phylogenetic analyses, which corresponded to 13 species. We propose to resurrect C. pickeringii Harvey & Bailey for representatives of C. webbiana var. pickeringii and classify it in the Caulerpa subgenus Araucarioideae. We also transfer C. seuratii to C. pickeringii based on genetic results. A new morphological identification key is provided as well as an updated distribution of Caulerpa species across French Polynesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Food poisoning caused by bacterial agents is a worldwide problem, usually accompanied by unpleasant symptoms and may be severe leading to death. Natural compounds from marine algae namely flavonoids may play a role in the remedy of this condition. Aim: This research aims to assess the potency of flavonoids extracted from Enteromorpha intestinalis and Caulerpa prolifera as antibacterial agents. Methods: Enteromorpha intestinalis was collected from Western Libyan Coast and C. prolifera was collected from Farwa Island. The antimicrobial activity and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration of algal flavonoidcontaining extracts was performed in vitro against some positive and negative Gram bacteria. Results: Crude extract containing flavonoids from E. intestinalis was more effective than C. prolifera extract against Staphylococcus aureus with antimicrobial essay (25-28 + 1 and 14.5-37.5 + 0.5-1.5), MIC (50 and 50-250 µg/ml), MBC (75 and 75-250 μg/ml). In Bacillus cereus, the antimicrobial assay (19-24.5 + 0.5-1.5: 24 + 1), MIC (50-250 + 100 μg/ml), and MBC (250 and 125 μg/ml). On the other hand, flavonoids containing extract from C. prolifera were more effective than E. intestinalis against Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 EHEC O157 (25-28 + 1: 14-18.5 + 0.5-1.5), MIC (100-250:100-500 μg/ml), and MBC (150-250 and 250-500 μg/ml). Salmonella enterica qualitatively combat by flavonoid from E. intestinalis (13.5-14 + 0.5-1: 10.5-13.5 + 0.5-1.5), MIC (100-250: 250 μg/ml), and MBC (100-250: 250 μg/ml). Flavonoids from C. prolifera (4 strains: 2 strains) were effective against S. enterica. Crude flavonoids from both algae were not effective against Bacillus pumilus. Conclusion: Data from this study could conclude that flavonoid extracts from E. intestinalis and C. prolifera could be used against foodborne bacterial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the use of seaweed derivatives in aquaculture has drawn attention for their potential as an immunostimulant and growth promotor. The sulfated polysaccharide extracted (SPE) from green (Caulerpa sp.; SPC) and brown (Padina sp.; SPP) seaweeds with two concentrations (0.05% and 0.1%); nominated in four groups: SPC0.05, SPC0.1, SPP0.05, SPP0.1 and control group (free of SPE) were used for juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diet. Fish (N: 150; 8.5 ± 0.2 g) were selected aleatory distributed in 15 circular tanks (triplicate for the group) and fed test diets for 56 days. The outcomes revealed that the supplementation of SPE up to 1 g kg−1 failed to show significant differences in the organosomatic indices as compared to the control group. The most inferior protein value of dress‐out fish composition was observed in the fish fed the control diet, which was statistically lower than the SCP0.1 group (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was observed in other macronutrient composition among the treatments. Total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) had lower trend in the carcass of fish fed SPE supplemented diets, so that lowest MUFA were observed in SPC0.05 group (p < 0.05; 25.22 ± 4.29%). The lowest value of docosahexaenoic acid was observed in the control diet compared to the SPE‐supplemented diets (p < 0.05). The serum alternative complement pathway levels in all treatments tend to promote compared to the control treatment. A similar trend was observed for lysozyme activity. According to the results, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) value were highest in SPC0.05 and SPC0.1 compared to the other treatments (p < 0.05), while a further elevation of the SPEPadina sp. extracted level (SPP0.1) leads to a decrease in SOD value. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances of plasma was indicated not to influence by sulfated polysaccharide extracts in the refrigerated storage. The lowest serum stress indicators were observed in fish fed SPP0.05 group postchallenge test. Taken together, our outcomes revealed that SPE of two species of seaweeds bestows benefits in some of the immunity and antioxidant system. Also, notable elevations in HUFA were observed in juvenile rainbow trout fed supplemented with SPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caulerpa cylindracea, Indo-Pacific and thermophilic macroalgal species, have spread in Italian coastal waters, especially in the western Mediterranean Sea. Also, along the Calabria coastline, this Invasive Alien Species (IAS) was able to colonize most of the western and eastern seasides of the region. This research was conducted between 1999 and 2021 through a detailed cost-effective citizen science program. The novelty of this research was to determine the overall distribution of Caulerpa cylindracea along Calabria seawaters from the Tyrrhenian to the Ionian coasts. The results of the monitoring survey highlighted the presence of Caulerpa cylindracea in 45 collecting stations throughout the Calabrian coastline. This regional assessment showed the extensive adaptability of the species to different environmental conditions: from exposed to sheltered sites, in shaded and sunny coastal areas and also throughout pristine and polluted waters. The rapid and increasing spread of the species could affect the structure of Mediterranean biota or, otherwise, could lead in time to new ecological niches. As highlighted in the most recent literature, it is necessary to update monitoring and mapping plans for the protection of marine biodiversity through close coordination between scientists, citizens and policy makers, all engaged to ensure effective management of invasive processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

adinya penyakit diabetes mellitus (DM). DM dapat diobati dengan obat tradisional dari tumbuhan yang mengandung senyawa antidiabetik seperti flavonoid. Flavonoid tersebut berperan dalam menghambat kerja aktivitas enzim α-glikosidase. Apabila aktivitas enzim α-glikosidase terhambat maka peningkatan kadar glukosa darah juga akan terhambat. Senyawa flavonoid ada pada beberapa jenis Caulerpa sp. seperti C. serrulata, C. racemosa, dan C. lentillifera. Tujuan dilaksanakannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi antidiabetik pada tepung C. serrulata, C. racemosa, dan C. lentillifera. Pada penelitian ini tepung Caulerpa disubstitusikan dalam mie dan diujikan pada tikus. Parameter yang diujikan antara lain kadar glukosa darah, berat badan dan indeks glikemik. Metode yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) 2 Faktorial dengan Faktor 1 adalah jenis Caulerpa dan Faktor 2 adalah besar dosis. Data kadar glukosa yang diperoleh dianalisis secara statistik dengan sidik ragam (ANOVA) dengan taraf signifikan 5% dan apabila perlakuan terhadap variabel yang diamati menunjukkan perbedaan maka dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) sedangkan analisis indeks glikemik ditentukan dengan membandingkan luas area di bawah kurva (Area Under Curve atau AUC) mie Caulerpa dan glukosa. Hasil analisis kadar glukosa darah menunjukkan perlakuan yang diberi tepung Caulerpa mengalami penurunan kadar glukosa darah pada tikus. Hasil terbaik penurunan kadar glukosa ditunjukkan pada perlakuan C1D2 (C. serrulata dosis 15%) dengan penurunan sebesar 44,58%. Perbedaan jenis Caulerpa tidak menunjukkan adanya beda nyata, sedangkan pada perlakuan dosis menunjukkan adanya beda nyata. Hasil analisis berat badan tikus menunjukkan adanya rata-rata mengalami penurunan. Sedangkan pada hasil uji indeks glikemik, nilai IG terkecil bernilai 37,9 pada pelakuan C3D1 (C. lentillifera dosis 10%). Abstract Food is a factor that can increase blood glucose levels or cause diabetes mellitus (DM). DM can be treated with traditional medicines from plants that contain anti-diabetic compounds such as flavonoids. These flavonoids play a role in inhibiting the activity of the α-glycosidase enzyme so that they can inhibit the increase in blood glucose levels.. Flavonoid compounds exist in several types of Caulerpa sp. such as C. serrulata, C. racemosa, and C. lentillifera. The purpose of this study was to determine the antidiabetic potential of C. serrulata, C. racemosa, and C. lentillifera flour. In this study Caulerpa flour was substituted in noodles and tested on rats. Parameters tested included blood glucose levels, body weight and glycemic index. The method used was a 2-factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with factor 1 being Caulerpa type and factor 2 being dose size. The glucose level data obtained was analyzed statistically using variance (ANOVA) with a significance level of 5% and if the treatment of the observed variables showed differences then it was continued with the Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) while the glycemic index analysis was determined by comparing the area under curve (Area Under Curve or AUC) Caulerpa noodles and glucose. The results of the analysis of blood glucose levels showed that the treatment that was given Caulerpa flour experienced a decrease in blood glucose levels in rats. The best results for reducing glucose levels were shown in the C1D2 treatment (C. serrulata dose of 15%) with a decrease of 44.58%. The different types of Caulerpa did not show a significant difference, while the dose treatment showed a significant difference. The results of the analysis of the rats' body weight showed that the average had decreased. Whereas in the glycemic index test results, the smallest GI value was 37.9 in the C3D1 treatment (C. lentillifera dose of 10%).

Caulerpa racemosa belongs to a group of green algae commonly called sea grapes. The green color as a characteristic of C. racemosa is closely related to the chlorophyll pigment it contains. The concentration of chlorophyll in algae is influenced by the addition of nutrients to the rearing medium, such as nitrate (N) and phosphate (P) nutrients. To figure out the effect of adding N and P using urea and SP36 fertilizers with different concentrations on the chlorophyll content of C.racemosa was the main target of the current study. The research was conducted indoors, using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment was a comparison of urea and SP36 as follows: A (100 : 0 %), B (75 25 %), C (50 : 50 %), D (25 : 75 %), and E (0 : 100 % ). The addition of N and P into the media using urea and SP 36 fertilizers in a ratio (50: 50%) resulted in the highest concentrations of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll. The lowest chlorophyll was found in treatment E, namely the addition of P without N (Urea 0 : SP 36 100 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweed extract has gained popularity in agriculture due to global trend of promoting sustainable agricultural development. Seaweed contains phytohormones such as IAA and gibberellin and minerals that induce seeds germination. While conventional extraction of seaweeds has been carried out with different organic solvents such as ethanol and methanol, the present study uses natural and commonly available organic liquids i.e., water, vinegar, fermented buttermilk, and cow urine as extracting agents to make them suitable for regenerative agriculture. The organic solvents used in this study have a known nutritional composition and facilitate the enhancement of plant defense systems. Three seaweed species, Caulerpa racemosa, Gracilaria edulis, and Sargassum wightii, were extracted with different solvents at various concentrations and compared. The mineral analysis and FTIR characterization of different seaweeds and their extracts showed variation in composition and functional groups. Seaweed species, however, showed no variation in seed germination. Fermented buttermilk and water extract improved the germination properties of blackgram between 0.1–5% concentrations and led to higher increase in shoot and root length and biomass yield. The hormetic response by blackgram to the seaweed extract was observed starting at an average of 2% concentration with toxicity at 5% concentration and above for water and fermented buttermilk extract. However, vinegar and cow urine extracted seaweed showed toxicity symptoms even at lower concentrations (0.1%) inhibiting germination. Therefore, water and buttermilk extract may be recommended at 0.5–1% for enhanced germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible seaweeds, such as Kappaphycus and Caulerpa genera, have been popularly consumed for centuries by the local people in the Tawi-Tawi, Philippines. This study examined the proximate composition and heavy metal contents of two edible seaweeds, namely Kappaphycus alvarezii (KA) (Rhodophyta) and Caulerpa cf. macrodisca ecad corynephora (CMC) (Chlorophyta), which are readily available in the public market of Bongao, Tawi-Tawi, Philippines. The results revealed significant differences in their proximate compositions. The moisture content was remarkably higher in KA (16.96±0.02 g.100-1g) than that of CMC (10.49±0.08 g.100-1g). CMC contained significantly more crude protein (7.14±0.80 g.100-1g) than KA (2.73±0.40 g.100-1g). The carbohydrate content of KA (44.82±0.34 g.100-1g) was significantly higher than that of CMC (38.09±0.71 g.100-1g). The ash content was notably greater in CMC (44.00±0.66 g.100-1g) than in KA (34.91±0.39 g.100-1g). The total fat content was substantially higher (p=0.05) in KA (0.60±0.30 g.100-1g) than in CMC (0.28±0.01 g.100-1g). The heavy metal contents (mg.kg-1) followed the order of K > Zn > Fe > Pb > Cu > Mn > Cd for KA and Zn > Mn > Pb > K > Fe > Cu > Cd for CMC. Fe, K, Cu, and Cd were significantly higher in KA than in CMC, while Zn, Mn, and Pb were remarkably higher in CMC than in KA. However, all these heavy metals were found to be within safe limits of WHO, the US (EPA and FDA), and EMA. These findings underscore the importance of considering these factors in seaweed consumption, affirming their enduring significance in human diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the physicochemical properties of toothpaste from combined Caulerpa racemosa and Thunnus fish bone (Toothpaste Caulerpa and Thunnus or TCT) and its antibacterial activity towards the colonization of selected cariogenic and periodontal bacterias. Four forms of toothpaste which contained C. racemosa extract and calcium carbonate or bone isolates of tuna and control (F1 (1.5:45); F2 (3:45); F3 (4.5:45); F4 (0:45)) were compared and analyzed for antioxidant activity (DPPH assay), organoleptic (sensory), homogeneity, viscosity, pH, and foamability. Antibacterial activity tests were conducted on Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The antioxidant activity of the group's (F1, F2, F3, F4) p=0.0001 differed considerably (CI 95%). F3 was the most antioxidant-active formula, with 27.46 ± 3.09%. F3 also had good sensory tests, adequate homogeneity, optimal pH 7.64 ± 0.68, an increased viscosity level of 443.07 ± 0.12, and the least foam formations of 19.28 ± 0.07, all of which are significantly different (p<0.05) from other variations of TCT formulas. Interestingly, F3 has greater inhibition against the activity of selected bacterias. In conclusion, formula 3 (F3) is a recommended toothpaste, made from combined C. racemosa and Thunnus fish bone, and has promising physicochemical and antibacterial properties. A further clinical study is urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excessive amount of phosphate is a critical issue in several countries since this leads to eutrophication that may result in algal bloom. Biosorption processes are currently gaining recognition to remove wastewater contaminants since the sorbent source can either be alive or dead, which, for the latter can be beneficial in terms of end-of-life utilization as well as cost. Response surface methodology (RSM) design was used to evaluate the effect of pH, contact time, initial phosphate concentration, and biosorbent dosage in the percent removal of inorganic phosphate from simulated wastewater with an alga (Caulerpa lentillifera) as the biological raw material. This method of experimental design concentrated on using a specific window for each parameter and obtaining the most optimal combination of these parameters by comparing their predicted and actual responses to better understand their interactive effects. The raw seaweed was subjected to drying and size reduction for it to become powder form. This algal powder used was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to determine the functional groups present. The highest percent removal obtained in the experiment proper was 42.29 % on average. The data from the experiment proper was assessed by making use of a statistical analysis software, JMP® (SAS institute), and showcased about 45.46 % as the predicted optimum percent phosphate removal. Running the test based on the best parameter combination and comparing the actual percentage removal resulting from the validation provided only a 3.89 % difference to the predicted value of the software. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to the RSM results, and the predicted R2 value, as well as that of the adjusted R2 was found to have good interaction with each other with the difference between the values much less than 0.2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweeds have garnered attention in recent years as a potential source of useful metabolites and bioactive compounds. The genus Caulerpa, with representative species of C. lentillifera and C. racemosa, is a globally significant economic green seaweed and is recognized as a medicinal and edible plant. Sulfated polysaccharides represent one of the most important bioactive compounds in seaweeds. Increasing research confirms that sulfated polysaccharides from the genus Caulerpa (SPCs) possess a variety of biological activities, including immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-obesity effects, with commercial value for applications in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. This paper provides a systematic review of the extraction, purification, structural characteristics, and biological activities of SPCs, aiming to facilitate a better understanding of them. A series of issues, including the large-scale standardized preparation process of SPCs, their precise structure, and the structural basis for their bioactivity, still remain to be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increased abundance of macroalgae has been observed in coral reefs damaged by climate change and local environmental stressors. Macroalgae have a sublethal effect on corals that includes the inhibition of their growth, development, and reproduction. Thus, this study explored the effects of the macroalga, Caulerpa taxifolia, on the massive coral, Turbinaria peltata, under thermal stress. We compared the responses of the corals' water-meditated interaction with algae (the co-occurrence group) and those in direct contact with algae at two temperatures. The results show that after co-culturing with C. taxifolia for 28 days, the density content of the dinoflagellate endosymbionts was significantly influenced by the presence of C. taxifolia at ambient temperature (27 ℃), from 1.3 × 106 cells cm-2 in control group to 0.95 × 106 cells cm-2 in the co-occurrence group and to 0.89 × 106 cells cm-2 in the direct contact group. The chlorophyll a concentration only differed significantly between the control and the direct contact group at 27 ℃. The protein content of T. peltata decreased by 37.2% in the co-occurrence group and 49.0% in the direct contact group compared to the control group. Meanwhile, the growth rate of T. peltata decreased by 57.7% in the co-occurrence group and 65.5% in the direct contact group compared to the control group. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes significantly increased, and there was a stronger effect of direct coral contact with C. taxifolia than the co-occurrence group. At 30 ℃, the endosymbiont density, chlorophyll a content, and growth rate of T. peltata significantly decreased compared to the control temperature; the same pattern was seen in the increase in antioxidant enzyme activity. Additionally, when the coral was co-cultured with macroalgae at 30 ℃, there was no significant decrease in the density or chlorophyll a content of the endosymbiont compared to the control. However, the interaction of macroalgae and elevated temperature was evident in the feeding rate, protein content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activity compared to the control group. The direct contact of the coral with macroalga had a greater impact than water-meditated interactions. Hence, the competition between coral and macroalga may be more intense under thermal stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractEnvironmental managers need a rapid and cost‐effective monitoring tool for tracking the spread of invasive species, particularly at the onset of introduction. The macroalgae Caulerpa prolifera is considered an invasive species outside its native range, colonizing large patches of seafloor, reducing native species, and altering ecosystem functioning. Here, we developed a droplet digital PCR assay for detection of C. prolifera from environmental DNA seawater samples using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. While the assay itself was confirmed to be highly efficient, we discovered concentrations of C. prolifera eDNA were present below detectable levels in the water column surrounding an outbreak. To understand why, we conducted tank‐based experiments for two California invasive algae species, Caulerpa prolifera and Sargassum horneri. The steady‐state eDNA concentration (eDNA copies/ gram of biomass detected) of C. prolifera was found to be two orders of magnitude lower than S. horneri. A meta‐analysis of steady‐state concentrations reported in the literature showed a remarkable range from ~104–1011 (copies/g), revealing C. prolifera to have the lowest recorded steady‐state concentrations of eDNA of any known species. We attribute C. prolifera's low steady‐state eDNA concentration to its unique biology as a unicellular macroscopic algae which reduces the possible modes of eDNA release compared to similarly sized multicellular organisms. Critically our results demonstrate the potential limits of eDNA approaches, the influence of shedding rates in the reliability of species detections, and the vital importance of benchmarking and validating eDNA assays in both field and laboratory settings.

The Indian River Lagoon (IRL) on Florida’s east-central coast is a highly developed eutrophic estuary, experiencing harmful algal blooms (HABs). Beginning in 2011, the IRL experienced multiple phytoplankton HABs that were followed by widespread seagrass losses and expanding blooms of the rhizophytic macroalga Caulerpa prolifera. To better understand factors related to the changing benthic cover, long-term monitoring data spanning 2011–2020 for seagrass and C. prolifera percent cover at six locations in the northern IRL and Banana River Lagoon were considered in multivariate analyses with environmental parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, etc.), dissolved nutrient and chlorophyll-a concentrations, and macroalgal carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotopes, elemental composition (%C, %N, %P), and nutrient ratios (C:N:P). Data reduction using the global Bio-Env + STepwise (BEST) procedure followed by linkage tree (LINKTREE) analyses indicated the variable most correlated to annual differences in benthic cover was macroalgal C:P. Following seagrass losses, P availability increased, as the result of heavy rainfall, increased sediment flux, and/or more bioavailable P due to seagrass losses. The most correlated variables among differences in location were C:P, δ13C, and salinity, which could be related to less urbanization at the northernmost sites that had lower percent cover of C. prolifera. While not identified as a significant variable, the increase in C. prolifera was associated with four years (2016–2019) of high ammonium concentrations (6.26 µM) and macroalgal δ15N values (+8.67 ‰), linking the blooms to the influence of human waste. The variables identified in this work as related to benthic cover suggest that reducing stormwater runoff and inputs of human waste will promote the recovery of seagrasses in the IRL. These findings have implications for urbanized estuaries experiencing seagrass loss globally.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) poses a significant global health burden, necessitating innovative treatment strategies. This study evaluates the potential of Caulerpa racemosa extract, a natural compound, to modulate the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway and induce apoptosis in CRC cells. HT-29 cells served as an in vitro CRC model. The cells were exposed to an n-hexane extract of C. racemosa, and TGF-β1 expression was assessed using immunofluorescence. Apoptosis was quantified via annexin V and propidium iodide staining through flow cytometry. C. racemosa extract significantly downregulated TGF-β1 expression compared to the control group, suggesting its potential as a CRC tumorigenesis and progression inhibitor. The extract displayed robust pro-apoptotic activity, with the 800 μg/mL dose significantly increasing early apoptotic cells compared to the 1200 μg/mL dose. Other dose comparisons showed no significant differences, indicating an optimal dosage range for early apoptosis induction at 800 μg/mL. The 1200 μg/mL dose also induced a notable increase in necrotic/late apoptotic cells compared to the control, triggering a more potent apoptotic response in advanced stages. Our study highlights the potential of C. racemosa extract to modulate the TGF-β signaling pathway and induce apoptosis in CRC cells. The observed dose-dependent effects on early and late apoptotic cells suggest potential applications as a preventive or therapeutic agent in CRC treatment. Further investigations are warranted to explore the extract's role in combatting CRC's complex pathogenesis.

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are recognized as principal drivers of ocean change. However, interactions with other important local and global drivers such as ocean acidification, eutrophication and sedimentation, and the physiological mechanisms via which MHWs act on species are poorly understood. Additionally, past studies have often focused on ecologically dominant taxa such as kelps, fucoids and coral, potentially leading to a lack of understanding of direct impacts on associated species. To this end, we examined the individual and interactive impacts of MHW duration (14 and 28 days) and intensity (20.5°C and 23°C) as well as irradiance (2.3 and 4.4 mol m–2 d–1) on standardized growth of Caulerpa brownii, Corallina berteroi and Phymatolithopsis complex, three temperate macroalgal taxa that are important spaceholders in their native ecosystem in Te Whanganui a Tara Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand. All three taxa exhibited no declines in growth in response to the exposure to longer and more intense MHWs. We posit that the simulated MHW scenarios were tolerated due to large thermal safety margins which can be expected from the range centre/leading edge position of the sampled populations, even though some of these scenarios far exceeded the intensities encountered in this region previously. Interactions between intensity, duration and irradiance were limited to an antagonistic irradiance-duration interaction in the non-calcareous green macroalga Ca. brownii only. Together, the displayed tolerance of the study species to the simulated scenarios implies limited impacts of strong MHWs four weeks or shorter in duration on ecosystem functioning in New Zealand kelp forest systems if brown algal canopies remain intact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caulerpa lentillifera is a type of green macroalga that is commonly consumed as fresh seaweed, particularly in Southeast Asia. The effects of different salt types and concentrations on C. lentillifera during brine processing were investigated using table, sea and flower salt at 10–30% levels. The colour and texture of C. lentillifera varied across different treatments. After storage in brine for 12 weeks, lightness (L*) decreased, greenness (a*) decreased and yellowness (b*) increased while firmness increased in all treatments compared to fresh algae. The nutritional composition did not change significantly over time. To ensure the safety and quality of seaweed for consumption, the optimal salt level for brine processing should not exceed 30% table salt. The morphology and elements contained in different types of salt were also observed, and the microbiological safety of seaweed was evaluated. The popularity of Caulerpa macroalgae is rapidly increasing among consumers, leading to a growing demand for ready-to-eat Caulerpa products. However, food safety and security standards must be maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pollution of microplastics (MPs) in the ocean has become a serious matter of concern. The farmed seaweeds (Caulerpa lentillifera and Gracilaria tenuistipitata) were selected to study their ability of adsorption with two typical classes of MPs (polyamides and polystyrene), thereby revealing the interaction between MPs and macroalgae and exploring novel methods of removing MPs from macroalgae. The results demonstrate that polyamides (PA) fibers had no effect on the various physiological parameters of both seaweeds (e.g., relative growth rate, photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate, the contents of malondialdehyde and extracellular polymeric substances) after 7 days of exposure, except for the chlorophyll-a concentration. However, the effects of polystyrene (PS) particles on the algae were strongly associated with the concentration of MPs exposure. Exposed to the high concentration (100 mg/L) of PS particles, the relative growth rate of C. lentillifera and G. tenuistipitata decreased by 54.56% and 30.62%, respectively, compared to the control, while no significant (P>0.05) harmful effect of PS particles on seaweeds was observed in an environment with a low content of PS particles (25 mg/L). The PS particles in concentration of 100 mg/L significantly (P<0.05) inhibited photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) contents in both seaweeds, but increased malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. When exposed for 72 h, the MPs adhesion rate of G. tenuistipitata is higher than that of C. lentillifera, which might be due to the higher EPS content of G. tenuistipitata. The MPs desorption experiment indicated that the combination of dewatering and washing had the highest desorption rate of MPs which could reach to 91.45% and 87.23% for C. lentillifera and G. tenuistipitata, respectively. This research demonstrates the potential of macroalgae as a vector for MPs in aquatic environment and provides methodological insights into decontamination procedures for removing the MPs from macroalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L-asparaginase is an enzyme that can be used as an anticancer therapeutic agent. This study aimed to optimize fermentation time for production, optimization, and to test the toxicity of L-asparaginase from Vibrio alginolyticus (V. alginolyticus) bacterial symbiont of green algae Caulerpa lentillifera (C. lentillifera). The activity of L-asparaginase enzyme assay and the toxicity test were done by using the Nessler method and the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method respectively. The results show L-asparaginase with 66 hours of fermentation time indicates the highest enzyme activity. Lasparaginase mentioned has an optimum enzyme activity of 17.99 U/mL for 30 minutes of incubation time at 37 °C, and pH 7.5. The BSLT results show LC50 value of 17.83 µg/mL indicating the enzyme is bio-toxic with high-level toxicity, which can continue for cytotoxicity tests on cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hallmark of self-organisation in living systems is their capacity to stabilise their own dynamics, often appearing to anticipate and act upon potential outcomes. Caulerpa brachypus is a marine green alga consisting of differentiated organs resembling leaves, stems and roots. While an individual can exceed a metre in size, it is a single multinucleated giant cell. Thus Caulerpa presents the mystery of morphogenesis on macroscopic scales in the absence of cellularization. The experiments reported here reveal self-organised waves of greenness — chloroplasts — that propagate throughout the alga in anticipation of the day-night light cycle. Using dynamical systems analysis we show that these waves are coupled to a self-sustained oscillator, and demonstrate their entrainment to light. Under constant conditions light intensity affects the natural period and drives transition to temporal disorder. Moreover, we find distinct morphologies depending on light temporal patterns, suggesting waves of chlorophyll could link biological oscillators to metabolism and morphogenesis in this giant single-celled organism. Self-organised waves propagate throughout the alga Caulerpa. Light temporal patterns control the waves and algal morphology, potentially tying light-synchronized self-oscillations to one of the mysteries of single-cell development, morphogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]