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The copper (II)-incorporated iminophenol containing porous polymer (Cu-TAzo-TAPB), which was reported to be a recyclable catalyst for click reactions, is now exploited as an efficient catalyst in the solvent-free one-pot process to make 3,4-dihydropyrimidinone derivatives (DHPMs) by a three-component condensation reaction of urea/thiourea, aldehydes, and active methylene compounds. Usually, these reactions are complicated to carry out in a neutral medium. We describe here an eco-friendly method to produce Biginelli products with 5 mol% catalyst loading with a simple isolation technique. The high product yields show the effective Biginelli reaction technique. The catalyst is highly stable and easily recoverable for reuse without significant loss of catalytic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, straightforward, and highly efficient greener approach for synthesizing bis(6‐aminouracil‐5‐yl)methane derivatives was developed by employing β‐cyclodextrin‐SO3H as supramolecular catalyst in water at 100 °C. A total of 16 bis(6‐aminouracil‐5‐yl)methanes were synthesized via a one‐pot reaction between substituted aromatic aldehydes, 6‐amino‐1,3‐dimethyluracil, and 10% β‐cyclodextrin‐SO3H in water with 84%–92% yield within 20–120 min. The salient features of this protocol included water as green solvent, β‐cyclodextrin‐SO3H as recyclable supramolecular catalyst, mild reaction conditions, easy isolation of pure products, and good to excellent yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT A thermo‐responsive ruthenium catalyst was produced by immobilizing poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) on the silica surface coated iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4@Si). After being exposed to ethylenediamine, the amino‐modified support (Fe3O4@Si‐PNIPAM‐NH2) was produced, and Fe3O4@Si‐PNIPAM‐NH2‐EDTA was made in the ensuing reaction with EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). Ru NPs were introduced to the modified magnetic support to create a well‐organized heterogeneous catalytic system with several advantages, such as enabling catalyst recycling and simple separation. This new catalyst was characterized by means of various techniques, including TGA, ICP, FT‐IR, DLS, TEM, SEM, EDX, VSM, XRD, CHN, and XPS. In the presence of H2O2 or air alone, this catalyst showed a significant effect in the oxidation of various alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones. Furthermore, the catalyst exhibited outstanding capacity in the aerobic oxidation of olefines to the carbonyl or oxirane counterparts. A main aspect of this catalytic system is the reusability of the catalyst at least eight times in consecutive runs without causing any discernible loss of activity, structural change, or leaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depolymerization and subsequent capture of monomers is of interest for process efficiency and sustainability. Polyamide‐6 (PA‐6) can be depolymerized in aqueous solution using a homogeneous catalyst. To purify the ε‐caprolactam (CPL) monomer and recycle the catalyst, two potential crystallization‐based strategies are studied: direct crystallization from the reaction mixture and liquid‐liquid extraction prior to crystallization. Solubilities in water and promising organic solvents were measured and compared to predictions using perturbed‐chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC‐SAFT) or conductor‐like screening model for real solvents (COSMO‐RS). Detailed solid‐liquid equilibria (SLE) of the CPL/water system were investigated utilizing DSC and PXRD. This work provides an overview of important factors of PA‐6 depolymerization including recycling of tungstophosphoric acid (TPA) and purification of CPL monomers. A first conceptual process design to be further developed is derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5‐HMF is a potential platform multifaceted molecule for various industrial applications and can be produced from biomass‐based hexose sugars. In the present study, the indigenously prepared catalyst DICAT‐1 (an acronym derived from DBT‐ICT Center for Energy Biosciences Catalyst #1) has been explored for fructose dehydration, using isopropyl alcohol (IPA) as a green and low boiling point (LBP) organic solvent. The exploration of heterogeneous DICAT‐1 adds specific advantages for 5‐HMF synthesis in terms of high yield, conversion, selectivity, catalyst separation, recycle, reuse, and so forth. Different variants of DICAT‐1, such as DICAT‐1A, DICAT‐1B, DICAT‐1C, and DICAT‐1D, having variable surface acidity were tested for fructose dehydration in the presence of IPA. Of the tested variants, DICAT‐1C provides good yield and selectivity of 5‐HMF. Thus, further process optimization study was conducted to obtain maximum yield, conversion, and selectivity using DICAT‐1C. The intensified process provides maximum 78% yield of 5‐HMF with 83% fructose conversion and 94% selectivity. The catalyst recyclability study showed the consistency in 5‐HMF yield, conversion, and selectivity for five consecutive recycle runs. The study of reaction kinetics showed the first‐order kinetics with an activation energy of 13.16 kJ/mole by using DICAT‐1C catalyst. Thus, the use of easily recyclable and robust catalyst provides an efficient route for production of 5‐HMF in presence of green solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and especially their amide derivatives exhibit a wide range of favourable pharmacological properties. In this work, Pd-catalysed carbonylation was used for the first time for the introduction of the carboxamide moiety into positions 6 or 8. A recyclable Pd catalyst, with palladium immobilised on a supported ionic liquid phase decorated with pyridinium ions, was used efficiently for the conversion of 6- or 8-iodo derivatives to the products. In the case of 6-iodo derivatives, a competing mono- and double carbonylation could be observed in the reactions of aliphatic amines as nucleophiles, but under the proper choice of reaction conditions, good-to-excellent selectivities could be achieved towards either the corresponding amides or α-ketomides. The heterogeneous catalyst showed excellent recyclability and low Pd-leaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfamic acid-functionalized Zr-MOF-NH2 was used as an active acidic metal-organic framework catalyst for the synthesis of new 6-amino-5-(4-amino-2-oxo-2H-chromen) (AAOC) analogs via a one-step reaction between 2-hydroxy-5-(aryldiazenyl)benzaldehyde, 4-aminocumarin, and 6-amino-1,3-dimethyluracil or 6-amino-uracil in EtOH under reflux conditions. The resulting UiO-66-NHSO3H was characterized by employing different types of spectroscopic techniques such as XRD, BET, FESEM, EDS, FT-IR, and TGA. In addition, ease of procedure, short reaction time, and recycling of the catalyst without much change in the catalytic activity are the advantages of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to design a novel nanocatalyst, 1,3-Benzothiazole-2,5-diamine supported on nanocellulose (BTDA@CNC), which was characterized using various analytical techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, TGA, SEM, TEM, and CHN. The nanocatalyst was utilized for the synthesis of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives through a simple and efficient three-component reaction between aldehyde derivatives, semicarbazide, and ethanol. The protocol offered advantages such as a simple procedure, high yields, short reaction time, and an environmentally benign method. The nanocatalyst could be readily separated by filter and reused without significant loss of its catalytic efficiency. The synthesized compounds showed moderate activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and the antifungal properties of the candida albicans synthesized derivatives were also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two novel complexes were synthesized by the reaction of benzothiazol‐pyrimidin‐2‐ylidene ligand (BTP) with Pd (II) and Fe (III) ions. A variety of various spectral and analytical methods (infrared, 1H/NMR, 13C/NMR, electronic spectra, CHN analyses, mass spectra, thermogravimetric analysis, and magnetic susceptibility) were used to characterize the investigated BTP ligand and its complexes. Correlation of experimental results with density functional theory calculation proves that the geometry of BTP‐Fe complex is octahedral, whereas BTP‐Pd complex is square planner. The catalytic effectiveness of BTP complexes were tested for three‐component condensation process under moderate and environmentally friendly reaction conditions. Moreover, the effects of different Lewis acid, basic, and ionic liquid catalysts, as well as solvent and catalyst dose on the catalytic reaction were investigated. Both catalysts demonstrated strong catalytic capability in the carefully regulated ideal reaction circumstances. Heterogeneous catalyst BTP‐Pd exhibited superior catalytic performance compared to homogeneous catalyst BTP‐Fe. All products were obtained in high TOF (turnover frequency) numbers in the presence of these catalysts, which indicate the high efficiency of these catalysts in the synthesis of dihydro‐7H‐5‐thia‐hexaaza‐s‐indacen‐6‐one derivatives. Moreover, the two catalysts' recycling and reusability in reactions were also investigated. Heterogeneous BTP‐Pd catalyst could be reused up to seven times with high efficiency, but the homogeneous catalyst (BTP‐Fe) could only be recycled up to four times. Furthermore, the mechanism of catalytic reaction was suggested and supported by DFT calculation. The simplicity, safety, stability, use of commercially available catalysts, quick reaction times, and excellent yields make it promising for future industrial use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imperative of transforming waste materials into valuable nanomaterials via ecological recycling has emerged as a pivotal avenue for environmental stewardship. This research contributes to the "greening" of global chemical processes by introducing a magnetic biocatalyst derived from red mud waste. Emphasizing the use of glutamic acid as the second most effective step in obtaining a green catalyst is a key focus of this work. Leveraging cost-effective materials such as FeSO4, amino acid, and Fe2O3 isolated from red mud enhances the economic viability of the synthesized catalyst. Characterization of the newly developed nano-magnetic bio-organocatalysts was conducted using advanced spectroscopic techniques, including Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), mapping, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and vibrating-sample magnetometers (VSM). The catalytic activity of Fe3O4@SiO2@(CH2)3@Gl was examined in the one-pot synthesis of polyhydroquinolines, showcasing short reaction times, high efficiency, ease of catalyst separation, and the potential for catalyst recycling as salient features of this work. This study pioneers the utilization of red mud waste for eco-friendly nanomaterial synthesis and underscores the economic and environmental significance of incorporating glutamic acid as a crucial element in the catalyst synthesis process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT We successfully employed an environmentally friendly synthesized heterogeneous Fe2O3 nano‐catalyst‐mediated one pot approach to β CH bond acylation of 3‐Alkylidene‐2‐Oxindoles via oxidative decarboxylation of α‐keto acids. This method enabled the activation of Csp2‐H bonds, resulting in the formation of Csp2‐Csp2 single bonds and the generation of highly substituted derivatives of (E)‐2‐(2‐oxoindolin‐3‐ylidene)‐1‐aryl‐3‐substituted‐propane‐1,3‐diones and (E)‐3‐oxo‐2‐(2‐oxoindolin‐3‐ylidene)‐3‐substituted‐propanoates. The synthesized non‐toxic Fe2O3 nano‐material was meticulously characterized through FT‐IR, powdered XRD, HRTEM, EDX, BET, and ICP‐MS analyses. This heterogeneous catalyst can be conveniently recovered with a magnetic field and reused in subsequent reactions. This method offers excellent functional‐group tolerance, efficient substrate yield in less time, simple workup, and a recyclable catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dehydrochlorination (DHC) is of importance for modulating the physical properties of halogenated polymers. In this work, the DHC of commercial VDF‐CTFE (vinylidene fluoride‐co‐chlorotrifluoroethylene) (10 mol % CTFE) copolymer to VDF‐DB (vinylidene fluoride with unsaturated moieties‐Double Bond) was achieved in mild reaction conditions (150 °C and 3 bar hydrogen) using different supported nickel catalysts. A complete DHC was observed within four hours of the reaction. Additionally, a certain extent (8–35 %) of hydrodefluorination (HDF) of the polymer, a challenging transformation, can also be achieved after 72 hours. A plausible mechanism based on the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy study of DHC and HDF of VDF‐CTFE was proposed. The catalyst was recyclable and stable against leaching after at least three cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research various pyridazino[1,2‐a]indazole and 1H‐indazolo[1,2‐b]phthalazine and 1H‐indazolo[1,2‐b]phthalazine derivatives were produced with a high yield via a multi‐component reaction of dimedone, aldehyde, hydrazine and anhydride compounds in the presence of a novel DABCO‐Saccharin acetate ([DABCOH][Sac‐CH3CO2]) ionic liquid under microwave irradiation. The applied method for producing these heterocyclic compounds demonstrated a number of desirable traits, including quick reactions, high yields of the final product, and straightforward separation of the product and catalyst from the reaction mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the innovative hybrid photocatalyst PET-based Zn-MOF on orange peel biochar (BC)(PZM/BC) was designed and synthesized via the hydrothermal method. Electrochemical methods have been used to demonstrate the action of the PET-MOF in the PZM/BC photocatalyst as a medium for electron transfer. The latter involved the synthesis of a zinc-containing metal–organic framework (MOF) in which the linkers were derived from the depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) originating from plastic wastes. According to research, the catalytic reactions are sped up when porous BC and linker PET are assimilated into PZM/BC photocatalyst hetero-junction. Furthermore, BC stored electrons under light and released these electrons under dark conditions. When BC was combined with PET-MOF, the electrons on the biochar activated the catalytic redox activity of acetaminophen. Additionally, it lowers the reassimilation rate due to the combined meshed nanostructures and functionality of PET-MOF and PZM/BC. UV–Vis DRS, Mott-Schottky, Photoluminescence(PL), and Electrochemical Impedance spectra(EIS) results showed that the PZM/BC exhibited efficient spatial separation and transportation of photogenerated charge carriers and exhibited superior photocatalytic ability. Electron spin resonance(ESR) analysis confirmed that ⋅OH and h+ were the predominant radical species responsible for the degradation of acetaminophen(ACT). The optimum conditions for ACT removal were observed at pH 6.07, with a PZM/BC dosage of 0.1 g L−1, and an initial ACT concentration of 50 mg L−1, highlighting the pivotal role of the PZM/BC system in ACT degradation. Furthermore, potential photocatalytic degradation pathways of ACT were inferred renders on the identified intermediates which are responsible for the degradation of refractory intermediates. Regeneration trials were carried out to assess the stability of the photocatalyst. Additionally, the degraded intermediates generated during the degradation processes were examined, providing a comprehensive elucidation of the degradation mechanism. Highlights: PZM/BC exhibited high ACT degradation efficiency and photostability under visible light. Strong redox potential enabled the generation of reactive oxygen radicals (ROS). Formation of ⋅OH and ⋅O2− radicals boosted ACT degradation over PZM/BC. Defect engineering to promote synergistic charge separation and visible-light absorption. Photocatalytic mechanism and electrochemical elucidated charge transfer pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real‐time visualization of metabolic processes in vivo provides crucial insights into conditions like cancer and metabolic disorders. Metabolic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), by amplifying the signal of pyruvate molecules through hyperpolarization, enables non‐invasive monitoring of metabolic fluxes, aiding in understanding disease progression and treatment response. Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange (SABRE) presents a simpler, cost‐effective alternative to dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization, eliminating the need for expensive equipment and complex procedures. We present the first in vivo demonstration of metabolic sensing in a human pancreatic cancer xenograft model compared to healthy mice. A novel perfluorinated Iridium SABRE catalyst in a fluorinated solvent and methanol blend facilitated this breakthrough with a 1.2‐fold increase in [1‐13C]pyruvate SABRE hyperpolarization. The perfluorinated moiety allowed easy separation of the heavy‐metal‐containing catalyst from the hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate target. The perfluorinated catalyst exhibited recyclability, maintaining SABRE‐SHEATH activity through subsequent hyperpolarization cycles with minimal activity loss after the initial two cycles. Remarkably, the catalyst retained activity for at least 10 cycles, with a 3.3‐fold decrease in hyperpolarization potency. This proof‐of‐concept study encourages wider adoption of SABRE hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate MR for studying in vivo metabolism, aiding in diagnosing stages and monitoring treatment responses in cancer and other diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrodes with a maximal active site density are critical for high‐performance high‐temperature electrochemical cells (HTECs). One widely employed approach involves the use of porous nanostructures with a high surface‐to‐volume ratio. However, their active site densities inevitably decrease owing to particle aggregation induced at high temperatures, necessitating further development of electrode processing techniques. Taking Pt/yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) interface as a model system, a Pt nanostructured textile akin to the cantaloupe‐rind pattern with high mechanical integrity is fabricated. Application of an AC voltage to this textile electrode at an elevated temperature reduces the Pt particle size from submicron to 10–80 nm forming a nanocomposite with YSZ, accompanied by a 40‐fold increase in current density under high‐temperature water electrolysis conditions. Furthermore, the AC voltage application to a partially aggregated electrode restores its nano‐blended structure associated with the recovery of its activity. This technique is effective in counteracting particle aggregation on demand, providing an alternative approach to achieve high performance and extended lifetimes in HTECs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant sources is one of the most environmentally sound, economically safer, and operationally simple approaches compared with their physiochemical methods. In this work, we have developed the biogenic synthesis of Ag nanoparticles using the aqueous peel extract of Punica granatum L. fruit, which mitigates the requirement for any hazardous reagents or toxic chemicals. The ultraviolet‐visible spectrum confirmed the formation of Ag@PPE NPs with an absorption peak at 420 nm. The X‐ray diffraction analysis confirms that the biosynthesized Ag@PPE NPs are crystalline, with a crystallite size of 9.23 nm. SEM and TEM images revealed the spherical morphology of Ag@PPE NPs, with particle sizes ranging from 2 to 20 nm. The biosynthesized Ag@PPE NPs were explored as antimicrobial agents against both Gram‐positive (CA‐MRSA) and Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria as well as Candida albicans (ATCC 14053). The mean zone of inhibition against the CA‐MRSA group was 15.34 ± 2.5 mm, while it was 12.33 ± 1.5 mm against E. coli. In this study, Ag@PPE NPs demonstrated strong antibiofilm activity and antioxidant activity. Moreover, the catalytic applicability of the synthesized Ag@PPE NPs has been investigated for the oxidative hydroxylation of differently substituted aryl boronic acids into phenols at room temperature. The reaction proceeded efficiently in a short reaction time, and the desired products were obtained with high to excellent yields (82%–94%). Notably, the nanocatalyst can be recovered in five consecutive runs without decreasing its catalytic performance. The plausible mechanism of this ipso‐hydroxylation reaction is well presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biomass-based catalyst, CuxOy@CS-400, was employed as an excellent recyclable heterogeneous catalyst to realize the sulfonylation reaction of aniline derivatives with sodium sulfinates. Various substrates were compatible, giving the desired products moderate to good yields at room temperature. In addition, this heterogeneous copper catalyst was also easy to recover and was recyclable up to five times without considerably deteriorating in catalytic efficiency. Importantly, these sulfonylation products were readily converted to the corresponding 4-sulfonyl anilines via a hydrolysis step. The method offers a unique strategy for synthesizing arylsulfones and has the potential to create new possibilities for developing heterogeneous copper-catalyzed C-H functionalizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spent adsorbents for recycling as catalysts have drawn considerable attention due to their environmentally benign chemistry properties. However, traditional thermocatalytic strategies limit their applications. Here, we developed an enhanced photocatalytic strategy to expand the range of their applications. A magnetic chitosan/ZrO2 composites (MZT) for V(V) adsorption, which were prepared using chitosan, ZrO2 and Fe3O4 by one‐pot synthesis. The spent MZT as a catalyst was used to synthesize 2‐phenyl‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazole, yielding up to 89.7 %. It also was implemented to photocatalysis reactions for recycle. The discolored rates of rhodamine B (RhB) were 72.3 % and 97.4 % by new and spent MZT, respectively. The new and spent MZT showed the forbidden bands were 251 nm and 561 nm, respectively. The result displayed spent MZT red shifted to the cyan light region. The mechanism of catalysis also has been studied in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work described the one-pot multicomponent green and novel protocol for the synthesis of dihydrothiazolo [3,2-a] purine-2(1H)-one derivatives from novel purines and substituted 2-amino-thiazoles using BEC (pH 12.5, 10% by weight) as a recyclable heterogeneous catalyst in environmentally sustainable reaction medium PEG-400. The antibacterial potency was studied using a disc diffusion assay against two bacterial strains such as Staphylococci aureus (MTCC 1430) and Escherichia coli (MTCC 1573). The results of biological tests of newly synthesized derivatives 4a, 4b, 4d, 4g, and 4h display marked antibacterial potency against tested pathogens. The biological relevance of these synthesized derivatives is due to the presence of thiazole nucleus in combination with a purine ring. Further, structure conformation of synthesized titled compounds was presented with different spectroscopic methods such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR, and GCMS. Numerous benefits of the current method include the catalyst's recyclability, clean reaction conditions, a quick reaction rate, increased product yield, and the lack of dangerous reagents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since Strecker's discovery of multicomponent reactions (MCRs) in 1850, the strategy of applying an MCR approach has been in use for over a century. Due to their ability to quickly develop molecular diversity and structural complexity of interest, MCRs are considered an efficient approach in organic synthesis. Although MCRs such as the Ugi, Passerini, Biginelli, and Hantzsch reactions are widely studied, this review emphasizes the significance of selective MCRs to elegantly produce organic compounds of potential use in medicinal chemistry and industrial and material science applications, as well as the use of the MCR approach to sustainable methods. During synthesis, MCRs provide advantages such as atom economy, recyclable catalysts, moderate conditions, preventing waste, and avoiding solvent use. MCRs also reduce the number of sequential multiple reactions to one step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compartmentalization of homogeneous catalysts enhances their catalytic performance and can even increase the selectivity. Microgels can serve as smart catalyst carrier systems offering the compartmentalization combined with good accessibility of the catalyst enabling the recyclability and re‐usability. Yet, the incorporation of coordination complexes into microgels has not been studied systematically, lacking in detailed insight in their structure and catalytic performance. Herein, microgels are synthesized with controlled number and localization of copper(II)‐pyrazolyl‐complexes. The catalytic activity of microgels in the Henry reactions is examined showing significantly higher yields compared to pure copper(II)‐pyrazolyl‐complexes. Furthermore, the localization of the copper(II)‐pyrazolyl‐complexes in the microgel core resulted in higher product yields than for microgel catalysts with copper(II) complexes in the shell. Microgel catalysts are demonstrated with copper(II) complexes that can be used in numerous reaction cycles, allow re‐loading of copper to recover catalytically active centers, and can be applicable in industrially‐relevant catalytic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, Gd2ZnMnO6/ZnO ceramic nanocomposites (Gd2ZnMnO6/ZnO CNCs) were fabricated by a sol-gel auto-combustion process on the basis of a reaction between Gd, Zn and Mn nitrates and saffron as a green fuel. Gd2ZnMnO6/ZnO ceramic nanocomposites were greenly formed using saffron as a novel fuel and stabilizing agent. The morphology, phase, and anatomical purity of Gd2ZnMnO6/ZnO ceramic nanocomposites could be arranged by quantity and type of fuel, temperature, and reaction period. The specimens were explored by various microscopic and spectroscopic approaches. The uncontrolled release of carbon dioxide (CO2) by industrial processes that acidify the oceans and warm the planet has prompted scientists to try different methods to capture CO2 directly from waste water sources. The fabrication of green nanocatalysts with chemical modifications to create value-added products has many benefits. Considering the morphology of Gd2ZnMnO6/ZnO, an appropriate exteriorlayer for CO2 imbibition was created in all catalystsites. Findings disclosed that Gd2ZnMnO6/ZnO positively affected the fabrication yield of 3-aryl-2-oxazolidinones by carbon dioxide, olefins, and anilines. The product was obtained with an excellent yield of 98%. This high yield was obtained in very mild conditions, such as a pressure of 2.5 atm of carbon dioxide at 80 °C for 3 h. The technique enjoyed profitable performance and forbearance of functional groups. The retrievable catalyst was recycled up to ten times for synthesis of 3-aryl-2-oxazolidinones without significant loss in its activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel catalyst of cesium-loaded boron nitride (Cs-BNT) was synthesized by stirring the materials at room temperature and was subsequently characterized by the spectroscopic techniques SEM, SEM-EDX, SEM-Mapping, TEM, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), DSC-TGA, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Raman spectrum. Furthermore, the catalyst of CsBN layer theoretically analyzed. The microwave method by Cs-BNT was used to synthesize novel heterocyclic quinoline-bearing dihydropyridines 5a-l and subsequently characterized using FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. An efficient, recyclable property of the catalyst was recognized, and it was observed that it could show more than five times efficiency in reusability without significant loss of its catalytic activity. The compound diethyl-6-amino-5-cyano-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(2-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-2,3-dicarboxylate hit compound revealed EHOMO-ELUMO as 4.00 eV indicating high stability of the molecule. The band structure, geometry, DOS, PDOS and Mulliken population based on DFT studies complemented the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biodegradable catalyst based on natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs) designed from Betaine and natural acids (Betaine: Citric Acid: H2O) with a molar ratio of (1:1.5:1) has been utilized in one-pot multi-component reaction for the synthesis of Isoxazol-5-ones derivatives in a mild, green and efficient manner. The reaction was carried out under different conditions that are, at 400C, ultrasonic and microwave. The developed method provided many advantages, including an excellent yield of up to 98% in a shorter reaction time, avoiding the use of toxic solvents and an easy handling process. Additionally, the use of NaDESs enabled the conservation of resources due to their simple preparation. The developed process adheres to the requirements of green chemistry by employing a bio-sourced and recyclable catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, CuFe2O4/g-C3N4 nanocomposite was fabricated and characterized by using various techniques including FT-IR, XRD, EDX, VSM and FE-SEM. Furthermore, the prepared nanocomposite was applied as a highly effective, heterogeneous and recyclable catalyst for multicomponent synthesis of spirooxindole derivatives as target heterocyclic compounds. Additionally, the current research was shown unique advantages such as; simple synthesis of the catalyst, remarkable magnetic properties, convenient separation of the catalyst using a permanent magnet and the application of cheap and available precursors. In this reaction, it was gained the high yields of products and short reaction times. These results indicate the strong catalytic performance of the catalyst that was prepared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidation of styrene is a key reaction in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals, and therefore oxidizing styrene with selective, efficient, and recyclable heterogeneous catalysts is significant from an environmental and economic standpoint. In this study, we report the transition Cr-based metal–organic framework [NH2-MIL-101(Cr)] as a heterogeneous photocatalyst, which efficiently promotes styrene epoxidation using H2O2 as a green oxidant, achieving high conversion efficiency (98%) and excellent selectivity (82%) under ambient conditions. Radical detection and quenching experiments reveal that the superoxide radical anion (O2˙−) acts as an active oxygen species, selectively promoting the oxidation of styrene to its oxidized form. This work provides insight into the development of a sustainable and cost-effective method for producing styrene oxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrogenation of magnesite to CH 4 and MgO offers a powerful approach for CO 2 direct utilization. To deepen the understanding of the reaction mechanisms, (Mg 5 (CO 3) 4 (OH) 2 (H 2 O) 4 was selected as a model compound to gain insights into carbonate hydrogenation. A novel Ni/Fe/ZrO 2 catalyst with ferromagnetic properties was employed to facilitate the magnetic separation of the catalyst from the solid products. Thermodynamic simulation and experiments were conducted to address key issues such as gas evolution during catalytic hydrogenation, the effects of catalyst on CH 4 selectivity, and the separation of solid products and catalyst. The results indicate that lower temperatures favor CH 4 formation, whereas higher temperatures favor CO formation. Increasing Ni loading can enhance the CH 4 selectivity. With the presence of 10Ni/Fe/ZrO 2 catalyst, 100% CH 4 selectivity can be achieved at 300 °C. Moreover, 10Ni/Fe/ZrO 2 catalyst exhibits high magnetic responsiveness, facilitating the solid separation and the recycle of the catalyst. • A novel route for the hydrogenation of magnesite to produce CH 4 and MgO is proposed. • A ferromagnetic Ni/Fe/ZrO 2 catalyst enables efficient separation of the catalyst and product. • Low temperature favors CH 4 formation, while high temperature favors CO formation. • 100% CH 4 selectivity can be achieved at 300 °C with the presence of 10Ni/Fe/ZrO 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs), composed of spatially hindered Lewis acids and bases, are promising catalysts for the catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated organic substrates, but the lack of reusability limits their development. The functionalization of solid materials with molecular FLP is a promising method for preparing heterogeneous FLP catalysts. In this work, a magnetically recyclable FLP catalyst was successfully prepared for the reductive carbonyl compounds to the corresponding alcohols. FLP of 2‐Ph2PPhCHO/B(C6F5)3 was grafted into NH2‐MIL‐101@Fe3O4 composite material through an aldehyde‐amine condensation reaction. The as‐prepared FLP‐NH‐MIL‐101@Fe3O4 exhibited remarkable catalytic activity for aldehyde/ketone carbonyl compounds. In addition, FLP‐NH‐MIL‐101@Fe3O4 displays outstanding magnetic recyclability and can be reused 8 times without loss of activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the aliphatic N,N‐bisguanidine zinc complex [Zn(DMEG2ch)2](OTf)2 ⋅ THF is introduced as a promising candidate for the chemical recycling of (bio) polyesters. This catalyst is highly active in the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide (LA) and ϵ‐caprolactone (CL). The combination of polymerization and depolymerization activity creates new pathways towards a sustainable circular economy. The catalytic activity of [Zn(DMEG2ch)2](OTf)2 ⋅ THF for the chemical recycling of polylactide (PLA) via alcoholysis was investigated by detailed kinetic and thermodynamic studies. It is shown that various high value‐added alkyl lactates can be obtained efficiently under mild reaction conditions. Catalyst recycling was successfully tested using ethanol for the degradation of PLA. In addition, LA can be recovered directly from PLA, enabling either open‐ or closed‐loop recycling. Selective PLA degradation from mixtures with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polymer blends are presented. For the first time, a cascade recycling reaction of a PLA/polycaprolactone (PCL) blend is tested with a zinc‐based bisguanidine catalyst, whereby PLA is degraded selectively at first and subsequent modification of the reaction conditions leads to efficient degradation of the remaining PCL. The highly active, universally applicable benign zinc catalyst allows the implementation of a circular plastics economy and thus the reduction of plastic pollution in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though an astonishing variety of spirooxindole derivatives has been synthesized until now, the look for rapid, highly efficacious, environmental‐friendly and more skilful methods is yet an ongoing challenge. Here, we present a microwave‐assisted synthetic approach for the one‐pot synthesis of spirooxindole‐pyrimidine and spiro‐chromeno indoline‐trione derivatives in water using graphite oxide (GO) as a charismatic heterogeneous metal‐free carbocatalyst.Microwave‐assisted synthesis reduces the reaction times from hours (conventional heating) to minutes. The use of a heterogeneous catalyst allows for efficient recovery and reusability up to eight cycles without losing much of its effectiveness, thereby enhancing sustainability. This method offers high product yields of diverse substrates with low catalyst loading and simple work‐up and catalyst handling. In addition, the antimicrobial activities for some randomly taken compounds have also been studied against gram positive bacteria Staphylococcos aureus (MTCC96) and gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli(MTCC730). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfonated melamine‐formaldehyde (SMF) containing high dispersed TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles were fabricated into magnetic nanocomposites by two different method material incorporation protocols, including calcination and wet impregnation. Their catalytic performance was investigated toward Biginelli reaction. For the preparation of the first catalyst series, a two‐step protocol was used. Initially, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were coated with SMF (Fe3O4/SMF). Subsequently, they were decorated consecutively with TiO2 (Fe3O4/SMF/TiO2) and ZnO (Fe3O4/SMF/ZnO). The second set of catalysts was prepared using a two‐step process. Fe3O4 nanoparticles were first used to modify SMF (SMF/Fe3O4). Following the initial step, the surface of SMF/Fe3O4 was decorated with both TiO2 (SMF/Fe3O4/TiO2) and ZnO (SMF/Fe3O4/ZnO). To understand the characteristics of the synthesized nanocomposites, a variety of characterization techniques were employed. New catalysts enabled the rapid synthesis (30–45 min) of a range of biologically active 3,4‐dihydropyrimidinones based on the Biginelli reaction with high yields (70–95 % isolated). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the efficient conversion of castor oil to sebacic acid utilizing iron oxide (Fe2O3) loaded on activated carbons as catalysts. Through a combination of saponification, acidification, and catalytic cracking, sebacic acid was produced with a notable yield improvement. The process involved using liquid paraffin as a thinning agent, overcoming the limitations of traditional toxic agents. The catalysts were prepared via adsorption-precipitation-calcination methods, with ultrasonication pretreatment to enhance iron adsorption on activated carbons. The chemical composition, structure, and morphology properties were investigated by different characterizations; such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG). Systematic investigations into the adsorption capacity, catalytic activity, and operational parameters like temperature, reaction time, and catalyst recycling were conducted. The optimized method achieved a sebacic acid yield of 83.4%, significantly higher than traditional methods (60.2%), with improved safety and environmental impact. The study provides valuable insights into sustainable and efficient sebacic acid production which is crucial for industrial applications in processing of castor oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetically recoverable heterogeneous Fe2O3@cellulose@Mn nanocomposite was synthesized by a stepwise fabrication of Mn nanoparticles on cellulose-modified magnetic Fe2O3 nanocomposites, and the morphology of the nanocomposite was characterized through advanced spectroscopic techniques. This nanocomposite was investigated as a heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of medicinally important tetrazole derivatives through Knoevenagel condensation between aromatic/heteroaromatic aldehyde and malononitrile followed by [3+2] cycloaddition reaction with sodium azide. Thirteen potent (E)-1-aryl-2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)acrylonitrile derivatives are reported in this paper with very high yields (up to 98%) and with excellent purity (as crystals) in a very short period (3 min @ 120 W) using microwave irradiation. The present procedure offers several advantages over recent protocols, including minimal catalyst loading, quick reaction time, and the utilization of an eco-friendly solvent. Furthermore, the synthesized (E)-1-aryl-2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)acrylonitrile derivatives (4b, 4c, and 4m) are shown to have excellent resistance against various fungal strains over bacterial strains as compared to the standard drugs Cefixime (4 μg/mL) and Fluconazole (2 μg/mL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is a prospective way for degradation of PET to its monomer bis(hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), providing the possibility for a permanent loop recycling. However, most reported glycolysis catalysts are homogeneous, making the catalyst difficult to recover and contaminating the products. Herein, we reported on the Pd-Cu/γ-Al2O3 catalyst and applied it in the glycolysis of PET as catalyst. The formed structure gave Pd-Cu/γ-Al2O3 a high active surface area, which enabled these micro-particles to work more efficiently. The PET conversion and BHET yield reached 99% and 86%, respectively, in the presence of 5 wt% of Pd-Cu/γ-Al2O3 catalyst within 80 min at 160 °C. After the reaction, the catalyst can be quickly separated by filtration, so it can be easily reused without significant loss of reactivity at least five times. Therefore, the Pd-Cu/γ-Al2O3 catalyst may contribute to an economically and environmentally improved large-scale recycling of PET fiber waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inefficient Ni/Fe ion utilization and poor electrical conductivity of nickel-iron layered double hydroxide (NiFe-LDH) restricts to its development in electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction/urea oxidation reaction (OER/UOR). Herein, self-supported Hf-doped NiFe-LDH nanosheet arrays were successfully prepared on nickel foam (Hf-NiFe-LDH/NF) via a one-step solvothermal approach for the first time, in which the introduced high-valent Hf4+ altered the structure of electrons and chemical environment of the atoms and promoted the production of more active sites, thus realizing the fast kinetics of electron transfer on the layer. Meanwhile, the doped metal Hf ions increased the electric conduction and recycling stability of the catalyst. Astoundingly, the overpotential of Hf-NiFe-LDH/NF is barely 258 mV at a current density of 100 mA cm−2, which is 61 mV lower than that of NiFe-LDH/NF, as well as outstanding stability for over 90 h during the OER. Similarly, the potential is only 1.37 V at 100 mA cm−2 during the UOR, 118 mV less was than at OER. Notably, Hf-NiFe-LDH/NF electrocatalyst exceeds the most previously reported electrocatalysts in terms of performance. This study highlights the benefits of Hf doping strategy in electrocatalytic OER/UOR and presents a promising new type of catalyst for future research. [Display omitted] • Hf doping strategy was firstly implemented on NiFe-LDH/NF electrocatalyst. • Multielectronic synergies provide active sites and improve electron transfer kinetics. • Hf-NiFe-LDH/NF exhibits low potential of 1.49 V and 1.37 V at 100 mA cm−2 for OER and UOR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of vanadium from spent industrial catalysts is a widely practiced process globally due to the large quantities of material available with appreciable vanadium content. However, some of these spent catalysts are unresponsive to established extraction methods because they have different properties. Therefore, separate studies are necessary to deal with specific cases. This work demonstrates how the leaching step can limit the recovery of vanadium to the solution before the coprecipitation step. The NH4Cl‐H2SO4 synergetic system achieved a high vanadium leaching rate of up to 95 %, resulting in the preparation of high‐purity NH4VO3 with 75.45 % V2O5 content. This demonstrates the potential of the prepared V2O5 as a precursor for vanadium materials used in sodium‐ion batteries, allowing for the adjustment of the valence of vanadium. The Na3V2(PO4)3@C particles exhibit a discharge capacity of 110 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.1 C and 90 mAh g−1 at 1 C. The synergistic leaching system provides a sustainable method for the recovery and reuse of vanadium from spent vanadium catalysts. This contributes to recycling efforts and the development of sodium‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we present an efficient, one‐pot reaction for accessing 3‐benzylated indoles via the coupling of benzyl alcohols with indoles under heterogeneous catalysis by manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles. Notably, this reaction, for the first time, employs MnFe2O4 nanoparticles prepared using a simple grinding method. The high compatibility of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles enables a broad substrate scope and high regioselectivity. Moreover, this approach offers several attractive highlights including the use of a recyclable oxide catalyst and green and cost‐effective alkylating reagents under solvent‐free conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of efficient, and environmentally friendly catalytic systems for synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles is an important challenge in organic synthesis because tetrazole derivatives are well known in medicinal chemistry with many biological activities such as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-allergic, anti-viral, anti-cancer, reducing blood pressure, and so on. In this research, we fabricated a palladium(0) complex stabilized on magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles modified with dopamine and benzo[d]thiazole-2-carbonyl chloride [Fe3O4@SiO2-Dop/Amide-BTA-Pd(0)] (1) and evaluated its catalytic behavior in the synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles through one-pot tandem reactions of aryl halides with K4[Fe(CN)6] and sodium azide under eco-friendly conditions. One-pot tandem reactions of aryl halides with K4[Fe(CN)6] and sodium azide were conducted using a catalytic amount of 1 in the presence of potassium carbonate in water at 100 °C for 2 h the 5-substituted 1H-tetrazole products were obtained in high to excellent yields. At the end of the reaction, 1 can be easily recycled and the products obtained had high purity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research project, we first synthesized the magnetic manganese nanocatalyst by immobilizing the MnCl2 on the surface of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles modified with catechol and piperazine/phenanthroline ligand [Fe3O4@Catechol/PZ-Phen-MnCl2], then we evaluated its catalytic performance in the synthesis of propargyl amines through the A3 and KA2-coupling three-component reactions aromatic aldehydes or ketones, with alkynes, and amines. FT-IR, SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, TGA, VSM, ICP-OES and elemental mapping analyzes confirmed the successful synthesis of Fe3O4@Catechol/PZ-Phen-MnCl2 nanocatalyst. The results of the coupling reactions confirmed that the Fe3O4@Catechol/PZ-Phen-MnCl2 nanocomposite is a very efficient catalyst for the preparation of various derivatives of propargyl amines. This method has significant features compared to the previous methods, which can be mentioned as follows: synthesis of products with very high efficiency, carrying out the reaction under mild conditions and compatible with the environment, using green and recyclable catalyst, can being applicable to a wide range of substrates and providing NMR analysis for all propargyl amine products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen (H2) storage is one of the most problematic issues regarding the widespread use of hydrogen, and solid-state hydrogen storage materials are promising in this regard. Hydrogen storage by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) takes attention with its advantages and idiosyncratic properties. In this study, potentials and challenges of sodium borohydride are evaluated considering storage conditions, safety, hydrogen purity, storage capacity, efficiency, cost, and the maturity. Moreover, marine use of NaBH4 is demonstrated, and the pros and cons of the NaBH4 hydrogen storage method are stated. According to evaluations, whereas advantages can be sorted as fuel availability, fuel recyclability, mild storage conditions, exothermicity of reaction, pressure flexibility, and H2 purity, challenges can be sorted as high costs, catalyst deactivation, regeneration, and practical/technical implementation issues. The great potential of NaBH4 marine use (against road/aerial vehicles) is water availability, no need to carry all the required water for the entire journey, and reduced system weight/volume by this way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SBA-15 and organic ionic liquid were incorporated in a post-grafting technique for generating a bifunctional ionic liquid embedded mesoporous SBA-15. The prepared heterogeneous catalyst was employed for the first time to synthesize N-alkylated indoline-2,3-dione at mild conditions to afford excellent yields in a short reaction time. The synthesized DABCOIL@SBA-15 catalyst was meticulously characterized by various techniques, such as FT-IR, solid-state 13C NMR, solid-state 29Si NMR, small-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), and N2 adsorption–desorption. Further, the morphological behavior of the catalyst was studied by SEM and TEM. The thermal stability and number of active sites were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The Hammett equation was used to analyze the synergetic effect of the catalyst and substituent effects on the N-alkylated products of 5-substituted isatin derivatives, which resulted in a negative slope. This negative slope indicates a positive charge in the transition state. Notably, the DABCOIL@SBA-15 catalyst demonstrated its practicality by being reused for seven cycles with consistently high catalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalytic performance decline is a general issue when shaping fine powder into macroscale catalysts (e.g., beads, fiber, pellets). To address this challenge, a phenolic resin-assisted strategy was proposed to prepare porous Co/N carbon beads (ZACBs) at millimeter scale via the phase inversion method followed by confined pyrolysis. Specially, p-aminophenol–formaldehyde (AF) resin-coated zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67) nanoparticles were introduced to polyacrylonitrile (PAN) solution before pyrolysis. The thermosetting of the coated AF improved the interface compatibility between the ZIF-67 and PAN matrix, inhibiting the shrinkage of ZIF-67 particles, thus significantly improving the void structure of ZIF-67 and the dispersion of active species. The obtained ZACBs exhibited a 99.9% removal rate of tetracycline (TC) within 120 min, with a rate constant of 0.069 min−1 (2.3 times of ZIF-67/PAN carbon beads). The quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests showed that radicals dominated the reaction. This work provides new insight into the fabrication of high-performance MOF catalysts with outstanding recycling properties, which may promote the use of MOF powder in more practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Keggin‐type P‐Mo‐W polyoxometalate‐based ionic liquids ([VimAm]Br‐POM, POM is PMo6W6O40) were facilely supported on the green fiber (CA) to obtain a kind of bar‐shaped catalyst. The [VimAm]Br‐POM@CA showed an outstanding oxidative desulfurization performance for model oil and real oils with H2O2 as oxidant, mainly due to the dual role of the [VimAm]Br‐POM with the high activity and its excellent dispersion on CA. The dibenzothiophene (DBT) in model oil could be almost completely removed with [VimAm]Br‐POM@CA‐2 in 60 min at 60 °C without adding other extractants, in which [VimAm]Br acts as this role. Meanwhile, the influences of reaction temperature, molar ratio of H2O2/S, catalyst dosage, and different sulfur‐containing compounds were also investigated. Interestingly, the pretty low activation energy (0.1875 kJ/mol) has been achieved, and no significant loss of activity even after being reused for 5 cycles. The combination of IL‐POM and CA is an efficient strategy to obtain a newly kind desulfurization catalyst, with remarkable results on catalytic efficiency and reuse ability at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A one‐pot, ecologically friendly method for the preparation of Fe/Ni, Fe/Co and Co/Ni bimetallic magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was reported, using glycerol as both a solvent and reducing agent. Six different bimetallic MNPs by varying the proportions of transition metals, namely, Fe, Co and Ni were synthesized by the chemical reduction method. The catalytic efficiency of the synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) was explored for the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol, and the reaction rate for different catalysts was systematically analysed. Especially, glycerol‐Fe/Co (1:3) bimetallic nanoparticles as a magnetically recoverable catalyst had higher catalytic activity than the other bimetallic nanoparticles for the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol to 4‐aminophenol in the presence of sodium borohydride. The reduction process was monitored by UV–visible spectroscopy, and the reaction was complete within 8 min. The kinetic study shows 99% conversion of 4‐nitrophenol to 4‐aminophenol, and the rate constant is 0.593 min−1. Furthermore, the glycerol‐Fe/Co (1:3) MNPs were retrieved from the reaction mixture and subsequently utilized in five consecutive cycles, demonstrating both the reusability and durability of the NPs as a catalyst. This research was remarkable for its fast reaction kinetics, simplified one‐pot conversion of 4‐nitrophenol to 4‐aminophenol without the need for mechanical or magnetic stirring and in‐depth study of six bimetallic MNPs' catalytic properties in nitro reduction. These findings explored the potential benefits of bimetallic magnetic NPs for the synthesis of 4‐aminophenol products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new MOF (Co‐TIST) was synthesized from 2,4,6‐tris (imidazol‐1‐yl)‐1,3,5‐s‐triazine (TIST) and cobalt nitrate. TIST was prepared from the reaction of cyanuric chloride and imidazole and used as a ligand for the formation of MOF. After characterization of Co‐TIST by different methods, we have investigated the carbonyl‐Heck cross‐coupling reaction of aldehydes with aryl halides in the presence of Co‐TIST as a new heterogeneous catalyst. Various ketones were obtained in good to high yields by this method. The reactions did not require high temperature, additives, or large amounts of the catalyst. The catalyst was recycled in five consecutive runs with unimportant decrease in its catalytic activity. Notably, this is the first report of using a MOF for the carbonyl‐Heck cross‐coupling reaction of aryl halides and aldehydes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, ZnCo2O4/Ag3PO4 composite catalyst was prepared by the precipitation method, and their performance in the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) was studied. The catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, selected area electron diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and UV‐Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The results indicate that the 0.1 ZnCo2O4/Ag3PO4 composite system has good photocatalytic activity in the degradation of methyl orange. Under simulated sunlight conditions, the degradation rate can reach 94% after 30 min. The maximum reaction rate constant of 0.1 ZnCo2O4/Ag3PO4 was 0.05301 min−1, which is 3 times and 52 times the rate constant of pure Ag3PO4 and pure ZnCo2O4, respectively. In catalyst recycling experiments, 0.1 ZnCo2O4/Ag3PO4 still degraded methyl orange at a rate of 84.4% after three cycles. Trapping experiments showed that holes and superoxide radicals mostly contributed to the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange by the catalyst, while hydroxyl radicals played a partial role. The energy level structure of ZnCo2O4/Ag3PO4 is conducive to the effective separation of photogenerated electrons and holes, improving the lifespan of photogenerated charges. In the investigated catalyst series, 0.1 ZnCo2O4/Ag3PO4 demonstrated the best photocatalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of alkaline earth‐abundant metal catalysts as alternatives to transition metal catalysts in the depolymerization of plastic waste is a very important research area. In this work, the first method is described for the conversion of polyesters into value‐added compounds catalyzed by a magnesium catalyst. It is demonstrated that the commercially available, inexpensive and air‐stable, alkaline earth magnesium catalyst Mg(OTf)2 efficiently promotes the reductive depolymerization of several polyesters using pinacolborane (HBpin) as the reducing agent with good to excellent yields. This catalyst also remains very active in at least 12 consecutive polycaprolactone (PCL) reductive depolymerization reactions with yields between 89% and 81%. This magnesium catalyst is also efficient in the reductive depolymerization of the polycarbonate poly(bisphenol A carbonate) (PC.BPA). Furthermore, it is found that Mg(OTf)2 also successfully catalyzes the methanolysis of polyesters and polycarbonates at moderate temperature with excellent yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 conversion is gradually seen as a better way for society to effectively use carbon sources and avoid climate crisis associated with fossil CO2 emissions. And the decision to deploy CO2 technology scale should be relied on its environmental impact. In this work, life cycle assessment model evaluates the environmental performance of CO2 conversion by photocatalytic reaction process with two different catalysts (NiAl-LDH and Co-ZIF-9). Six impact categories considered in this analysis, including climate change, acidification potential, depletion of abiotic resources, eutrophication potential, ozone layer depletion potential, and photochemical oxidation potential. Results indicated that CO2 conversion with Co-ZIF-9 photocatalyst has a better environmental impact than the NiAl-LDH photocatalyst route. Moreover, the Co-ZIF-9 catalyst scenario also has a lower total environmental burden than the conventional CO production route. Sensitivity analysis shows that recycle performance of the catalyst is highly sensitive to the production process in two scenarios. This study could provide a framework for robust decisions in CO2 conversion by photocatalytic reaction, which is useful for policymakers to decide the feasibility of industrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]