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Cryopreservation can be utilized as an efficient and reliable tool for long-term conservation of cashew genetic diversity. This study aims at pollen germination in vitro, SEM studies, pollen cryopreservation and fruit set with cryostored pollen of cashew. Brewbaker’s and Kwack (1963) medium enriched with 30% sucrose and15% PEG elicited significant pollen germination in vitro. Madakkathara-2 recorded high viability profiles both with respect to fresh (90.32%) and cryopreserved (85.53%) pollen when compared to other genotypes and species. Anacardium othonianum recorded lower viability in fresh (40.97%) as well as cryopreserved (25.43%). The pollen grains were cryopreserved for six months and post viability assessment was carried out at regular intervals. Field pollination was carried and in vivo fertility was assessed using four month cryostored pollen. A fruit set range of13.17 to 30.67% and a seed germinability range from 37.75 to 63.64% was recorded. Both in vitro and in vivo results show the reliability of pollen cryopreservation, which can be effectively used in breeding and conservation of the cashew gene pool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editorial in the Frontiers in Pharmacology journal explores the potential of probiotics and their metabolites in cancer therapy, emphasizing their role in modulating immune responses and enhancing innate immunity. The research highlights the anticancer properties of probiotics and calls for further human trials and molecular mechanism studies to fully establish their effectiveness. Additionally, the document provides information on various plant species used in Brazilian folk medicine, detailing their traditional names, growth forms, parts used, preparation methods, and applications for treating ailments like headaches, stomachaches, malaria, and skin conditions, showcasing the diverse medicinal practices of different cultures. [Extracted from the article]

The present study aimed to optimize the formulation of starch‐based films, exploring the synergy between chitosan (1%, 2% and 3%), glycerol (2.5%, 3% and 3.5%) and concentrated cashew peel extract (1%, 2% and 3%), through a central composite design (23). Evaluating their influence on physical, mechanical and morphological properties. All films produced were flexible and did not present cracks when removed from the plates. Water vapour permeability (WVP) (3.03–7.71 gH2O.mm/m2.h.mmHg) and solubility (1.94%–5.31%) were reduced with the combination of higher levels of extract and chitosan, which also influenced the colour of the films (p < 0.05). Increasing the concentration of cashew peel extract increased tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EB) of the films. Morphologically, films with lower levels of cashew peel extract exhibited a uniform and less rough surface. Therefore, our results identified an optimized formulation using the combination of 2% extract, 3% chitosan and 3.5% glycerol. This study expanded the development of starch‐based packaging materials with chitosan, glycerol and the addition of plant extract, which can be used in the preservation of fruits and vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Combination therapy integrated with nanotechnology offers a promising alternative for breast cancer treatment. The inclusion of pequi oil, anacardic acid (AA), and docetaxel (DTX) in a nanoemulsion can amplify the antitumor effects of each molecule while reducing adverse effects. Therefore, the study aims to develop pequi oil-based nanoemulsions (PeNE) containing DTX (PDTX) or AA (PAA) and to evaluate their cytotoxicity against triple-negative breast cancer cells (4T1) in vitro. The PeNE without and with AA (PAA) and DTX (PDTX) were prepared by sonication and characterized by ZetaSizer® and electronic transmission microscopy. Viability testing and combination index (CI) were determined by MTT and Chou-Talalay methods, respectively. Flow cytometry was employed to investigate the effects of the formulations on cell structures. PeNE, PDTX, and PAA showed hydrodynamic diameter < 200 nm and a polydispersity index (PdI) of 0.3. The association PDTX + PAA induced a greater decrease in cell viability (~70%, p < 0.0001) and additive effect (CI < 1). In parallel, an association of the DTX + AA molecules led to antagonism (CI > 1). Additionally, PDTX + PAA induced an expressive morphological change, a major change in lysosome membrane permeation and mitochondria membrane permeation, cell cycle blockage in G2/M, and phosphatidylserine exposure. The study highlights the successful use of pequi oil nanoemulsions as delivery systems for DTX and AA, which enhances their antitumor effects against breast cancer cells. This nanotechnological approach shows significant potential for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spray-dried yellow cashew juice ingredients produced under different inlet temperatures (140 and 150 °C) and gum arabic (GA) addition ratios (15% and 25% w/v) were evaluated for their physicochemical and phytochemical attributes and storage stability for 56 days. All spray-dried cashew juice particles showed high solids recovery (>70%) and solubility (>90%), low water activity (<0.3), and low hygroscopicity (<10%). Spray-dried particles prepared with 15% w/v GA showed spherical shapes with a semi-crystalline structure and higher ascorbic acid concentration (>650 mg 100 g−1) and total phenolic content (>330 mg GAE 100 g−1). During storage, spray-dried cashew juice particles maintained their water activity levels within the microbiologically safe range and retained high solubility, in addition to high ascorbic (>68%) and phenolic (>55%) acid retention. Overall, we showed that spray-drying cashew juice is a feasible strategy to upcycle abundant and undervalued cashew juice into stable, phytochemical-rich ingredients for multiple applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Rhodamine B dye (RhB) is effectively removed from aqueous solutions by using nano‐MgO and nano‐MgO activated carbon as an adsorbent. First, potassium hydroxide was used in a chemical activation process to create activated carbon from the Anacardium occidentale shell, often known as the cashew nutshell. Rosa cymose extract was used in a quick precipitation process to create nano‐magnesium oxide in a sustainable way. Activated carbon composite impregnated with nano‐magnesium oxide was made using a dropwise process. The study examined the nanocomposite that removed the dye Rhodamine B from the aqueous solution. Using SEM, XRD, FTIR, and EDX, the nano‐Mgo and nano‐MgO‐AC were analyzed. Using a scanning electron microscope, an analysis was conducted on the evenly distributed accumulation of MgO nanoparticles added to the activated carbon. The capability of nano‐MgO‐activated carbon to decolorize RhB was investigated. The effects of beginning pH ranges of 2.0–9.0, initial dye concentrations of 10–40 ppm, biosorbent dosages of 0.2–1.2 g, and contact times ranging from 10 to 60 min were investigated. At pH 5, most dye was eliminated. The work has shown that RhB may be effectively removed from aqueous medium using nano‐MgO‐AC, it could potentially be used as an affordable adsorbent material. Equilibrium estimations were acknowledged strongly through Langmuir approximations with a correlation determination of 0.985. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cashew being a hardy crop is able to thrive and produce yield under low nutrient management practices yet suffers low productivity as the yield potential of plant is not expressed. Persistence of low productivity of cashew in Odisha is due to inconsequence of old senile plantation of seedling origin under unfertile, marginal lands as well as no proper adaptation of scientific nutrient management practices. Methods: Present investigation was carried out at All India Coordinated Research Project on Cashew, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha during 2021-2022 and 2022-23 to evaluate the effect of nutrient management practices on yield attributing traits and physico-chemical properties of cashew cv. Balabhadra in randomized block design with six treatments and four replications. Result: Treatment schedule i.e., 100% RDF+10 kg FYM/plant/year+ Foliar spray of major nutrients (3% urea+0.5% MAP+1% K2SO4)+ Foliar spray of secondary and micro-nutrients (0.5% ZnSO4 + 0.1% Solubor + 0.5% MgSO4) witnessed better performance of cashew for most of the yield attributing traits and biochemical properties of cashew under study. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis revealed positive association of yield relevant traits (P<0.001) and negative correlation for apple length and TSS of cashew apple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Xylocopa Latreille, 1802 (Apidae: Xylocopini) Latreille includes efficient pollinating bees that visit a wide range of botanical species. Although several studies have investigated their interactions with plants in dune ecosystems, there is still a limited understanding of these bee communities in coastal environments. This study aimed to characterize the larval diet of Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) cearensis Ducke, 1910 by analyzing pollen from their nests to assess the presence of specialization or generalization in relation to botanical species. The research was carried out in coastal sandbanks of the Delta do Parnaíba Environmental Protection Area, Tutóia, Maranhão-BR, over a 12-month period. The natural nests were inventoried by active searches and, when possible, transported to the Federal University of Maranhão. Pollen samples were collected from 19 brood cells of 12 nests in total. All the nests were found on branches of Anacardium occidentale L. Using the acetolysis method, 21 types of pollen were recognized, representing 14 botanical families. Three of those types of pollen were considered to be Frequent pollen, Mouriri cearensis Huber (35.44%), Chamaecrista ramosa (Vogel) H. S. Irwin & Barneby (32.80%) and Myrcia multiflora (Lam.) DC (27.05%). Based on these results, X. cearensis can be characterized as a polylectic species that demonstrates adaptability. These floral resources serve as essential protein sources for the nutrition of their brood, highlighting the importance of these plant species in supporting their reproductive success. This study provides useful information that can serve as a reference for future research on other Xylocopa species in similar ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Traditionally, it represents an alternative for respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders. • Absence of trichomes and presence of resinous ducts on the stem. • Druse-type crystals on the petiole and midrib. • Presence of paracytic stomata on the abaxial surface. • The histochemistry revealed the location of the metabolites. Anacardium occidentale belongs to the Anacardiaceae family and is popularly known as cashew. It is provided with several pharmacological activities, described in the National List of Medicinal Plants of Interest to the Unified Health System. Its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, molluscicidal, and larvicidal activities stand out. As it is a plant of great economic and medicinal importance, it is necessary to characterize the pharmacobotanical profile of this species. Thus, the present work aims to carry out a microscopic and histochemical characterization applied to the quality control of A. occidentale. Cross-sections of the stem, petiole and leaf blade were performed, as well as longitudinal sections of the stem and paradermal sections of the leaf blade. Anatomical studies were performed under light, polarization and scanning electron microscopy. For histochemical analysis, different reagents were used according to the metabolite under investigation. Among the anatomical structures that provide a detailed diagnosis of the studied parts of this species, the presence of resin ducts, druse crystals, glandular trichomes, paracytic stomata, and isobilateral mesophyll stand out. Histochemistry identified the location of different substances, such as starch, phenolic compounds, lipophilic compounds, lignin, essential oils, tannins, triterpenes, steroids, and calcium oxalate crystals in the leaf blade. Through the analysis of ultra-anatomical images by SEM-EDS, it was also possible to verify that the crystals found in the leaf blade are calcium oxalate. Its elemental composition was shown in detail. In view of the results, the importance of this study is justified because important characteristics of the anatomical structure of the stem and leaves of this medicinal species of wide distribution in Brazil are now identified. They are essential parameters for the determination of botanical authenticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gel polymer electrolytes were produced using cashew tree gum exudate dissolved in water with varying glycerol proportions and cast as films with different degrees of plasticization. The films' electrical, dielectric, and ion transport properties were measured using electrochemical impedance spectra. The films exhibited non‐Debye character manifesting a distribution of relaxation times. The conductivity of the films increased up to 10−6 Scm−1 at 10% glycerol content. The relaxation time and diffusion coefficient values varied from 6.48 × 10−3 to 3.9110−5 s and 9.89 × 10−8 to 1.81 × 10−3 cm2s−1, respectively. The ion mobility ranged from 3.79 × 10−13 to 6.98 × 10−9 cm2v−1 s−1, and the number density ranged from 1.74 × 1021 to 1.60 × 1023 cm−3. Energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis revealed the presence of several elements, primarily Ca, Ba, Na, and K. The constitution and morphology of the films were further examined using FTIR, and XRD, techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fruit of the cashew, a tree belonging to the family Anacardiaceae, is composed of approximately 10% nut (cashew) and 90% stalk or pseudofruit, usually discarded in situ and fermented in the soil. This review identifies cashew pseudofruit's physicochemical characteristics and bioactive compounds and their possible relationship to health benefits. Different processing techniques have been used to preserve the pseudofruit, and the effect of these techniques on its nutrients is also reviewed in this work. Cashew is a highly perishable product with moisture content above 80% w/w and 10% w/w sugars. It also has a high content of polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins and high antioxidant properties that are best preserved by nonthermal processing techniques. The pseudofruit presents the high inhibitory activity of α-amylase and lipase enzymes, has anti-inflammatory and body weight reduction properties and healing activity, and controls glucose levels, insulinemia, and insulin resistance. For all these reasons, cashews have been promoted as a propitious food/ingredient for preventive and therapeutic management of different pathologies such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, hypertension, fatty liver, and acne. Moreover, it has positive effects on the intestinal microflora, among others. This pseudofruit has a high potential for the development of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants intimately coexist with diverse taxonomically structured microbial communities that influence host health and productivity. The coexistence of plant microbes in the phyllosphere benefits biodiversity maintenance, ecosystem function, and community stability. However, differences in community composition and network structures of phyllosphere epiphytic and endophytic fungi are widely unknown. Using Illumina Miseq sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S rRNA gene amplicons, we characterised the epiphytic and endophytic fungal communities associated with cashew phyllosphere (leaf, flower and fruit) from Kwale, Kilifi and Lamu counties in Kenya. The ITS and 28S rRNA gene sequences were clustered into 267 and 108 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at 97% sequence similarity for both the epiphytes and endophytes. Phylum Ascomycota was abundant followed by Basidiomycota, while class Saccharomycetes was most dominant followed by Dothideomycetes. The major non-ascomycete fungi were associated only with class Tremellales. The fungal communities detected had notable ecological functions as saprotrophs and pathotrophs in class Saccharomyectes and Dothideomycetes. The community composition of epiphytic and endophytic fungi significantly differed between the phyllosphere organs which was statistically confirmed by the Analysis of Similarity test (ANOSIM Statistic R: 0.3273, for 28S rRNA gene and ANOSIM Statistic R: 0.3034 for ITS). The network analysis revealed that epiphytic and endophytic structures were more specialized, modular and had less connectance. Our results comprehensively describe the phyllosphere cashew-associated fungal community and serve as a foundation for understanding the host-specific microbial community structures among cashew trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The cashew processing industry plays a vital role in supporting the livelihoods of a large number of individuals in southern Kerala. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of occupational health problems and associated factors among cashew workers. This cross-sectional survey was conducted among 360 cashew workers. Socio-demographics, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), respiratory symptoms, and dermatological problems were collected through a scheduled interview. Log binomial regression analysis was done. The prevalence of MSDs, chronic lung diseases (CLDs), and dermatological problems were 55.8%, 18.9%, and 47.5%, respectively. Female workers and workers with a lower education level were significantly more likely to report MSDs. Male workers and those with more years of employment were significantly more likely to report CLDs. Workers in the shelling and peeling section were significantly more likely to report dermatological problems. Targeted interventions to improve the occupational health of cashew workers are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive fungal disease causes high morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients. Resistance to conventional antifungal drugs and the toxicity associated with high doses highlight the need for effective antifungal therapies. In this study, the antifungal potential of the ethanolic extract of Anacardium occidentale (Cashew Leaf) leaves were evaluated against Candida albicans and C. auris. The antifungal activity was tested by the broth microdilution method and growth kinetic test. To further explore its antifungal action mode, spectrofluorophotometry, confocal microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy were performed. Additionally, heterozygous knockout strains associated with resistance to oxidative stress were included in the study. We found that A. occidentale could inhibit the proliferation and growth of C. albicans at concentrations of 62.5 and 125 μg/mL. The doubling time was also drastically affected, going from 2.8 h to 22.5 h, which was also observed in C. auris. The extract induced the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, while it did not show cytotoxicity or hemolytic activity at the concentrations evaluated. Our work preliminarily elucidated the potential mechanisms of A. occidentale against C. albicans on a cellular level, and might provide a promising option for the design of a new treatment for invasive candidiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cashew stem and root borer (CSRB) Neoplocaederus ferrugineus is the most dreaded insect pest of cashew, and its damage results in death of trees. Monitoring and spread of CSRB assume greater importance since it is an economically important pest, and the distribution potential of N. ferrugineus in India is unknown under present and future climate change. The recent Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) dataset was analysed to predict the distribution potential of CSRB under current and future (2050 and 2070) considering two distinct emission scenarios namely shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) 126 and SSP585 through MaxEnt modelling approach. Habitat suitability of N. ferrugineus was mainly driven by temperature and precipitation-based variables contributing 95.5% of the potential distribution. Jackknife test results showed that temperature seasonality (BIO4; 39%), annual precipitation (BIO12; 28.8%) followed by annual mean temperature (BIO1; 17.3%) and mean diurnal range (BIO2; 10.4) were the significant predictors contributing to the potential spread of CSRB. The entire coastal, peninsular India and parts of Northeastern states are forecasted with higher suitability for CSRB colonization. The MaxEnt model estimated an increase of 20.75% area suitable for the spread and establishment of N. ferrugineus under projected climate change. Our predictions highlighted that habitat suitability and potential distribution of CSRB would increase in 2050 and 2070 under SSP585 scenario. Prediction of major bioclimatic variables and habitat suitability areas will be instrumental to monitor and forecast the potential spread of N. ferrugineus in cashew and facilitate the researchers, policymakers, and extension workers to develop effective pest management strategies well in advance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gums and hydrocolloids are two typical biomass wastes commonly found in the most tropical countries. However, despite their enormous potential as energy sources, they are understudied, and their thermal characteristics are still not well known. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the thermal degradation of angico gum. Gum degradation was studied using non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis and performed under three heating rates (β) constant (5, 15, and 25 °C min−1) in a nitrogen atmosphere. The thermogravimetric curves were used in the kinetic analysis through the methods of Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), Kissinger, and Coats–Redfern adjustment for the solid-phase reaction mechanism. The FWO method showed stability in the activation energy in the range of a greater mass loss of the gum. The linear regression coefficients were above 0.9 for the FWO and Coats–Redfern methods. In addition, four reaction mechanisms were tested in the Coats–Redfern method and the first-order chemical reaction mechanism showed the best linear regression coefficient. Comparing the literature, angico gum activation energies seems to be close to of cashew tree gum, xanthan, and guar gum. The results obtained in this study can be useful for the development of new composites based on angico gum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species of TarsonemusCanestrini & Fanzago, 1876—namely Tarsonemus bengalicus Karmakar & Bera sp. nov. and Tarsonemus kajuae Karmakar & Bera sp. nov.—are described and illustrated based on specimens collected on leaves of Bamboo, Bambusa vulgaris Schard. and Cashew, Anacardium occidentale L., respectively from Ramnagar, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India. Additionally, subgeneric diagnostic characters of Tarsonemus are compiled and a key to the Indian Tarsonemus species is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is one of the most important commercial crops grown globally. However, the Tea Mosquito Bug (TMB), the major pest of cashew plants may cause significant damage during the flushing, flowering, and fruiting period. Early detection of TMB insect pests in cashew plants is crucial for effective management and control of the infestation. In this research, a computer vision-based approach using the YOLOv5 algorithm is proposed to automatically detect and classify the severity of TMB infestation in cashew plants. The labeled image dataset of cashew plant images encompasses the images of healthy cashew plants and TMB-infested cashew plants of different levels of severity (mild, moderate, severe, and extreme). This dataset is used to train the model to detect and classify the lesions, using Python, OpenCV, and Torch. Experimental results showed that the proposed approach achieved high performance in detecting and classifying the infestations. The performance of the trained model is assessed using a range of metrics, including precision, recall, and F1-Score. Specifically, the precision is measured as 92.6%, the recall as 90.9%, and the F1-Score as 92.4% for all classes. This model can be used as a tool for early detection and diagnosis of TMB infestation in cashew plants, which will help in the effective management and control of pests. The study results highlight significant enhancements in both accuracy and efficiency compared to conventional severitylevel classification methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of a concerted research effort to design management strategies for an economic insect pest of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), viz., Analeptes trifasciata Fabricius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), also known as the stem girdler, it became necessary to understand the biotic and abiotic factors influencing its population fluctuation. The population dynamics of A. trifasciata and its relationship with crop phenology (flushing, senescence, flower initiation, fruit development and maturation stages) and weather factors (average temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) were investigated from 2017 to 2019 at the cashew orchard of Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Ibadan, Nigeria. Observations were recorded at monthly intervals for the duration. The period of incidence was from May to December. Peak abundance, which coincided with the wet season as well as senescence and flower initiation stages, were not significantly correlated. Adult abundance of A. trifasciata was conspicuously low during the fruit development and maturation stages, this stage coincided with the peak of the dry season. However, there was no significant correlation between the pest abundance and crop phenological stages. The male to female ratio was 1:0.81 (÷2 =1.313, df =1, p =0.252). The abundance of A. trifasciata significantly but negatively correlated (r = -0.73) with temperature. Relative humidity (r = 0.30) and rainfall (r = 0.24) showed non-significant association with stem-girdler population. Our findings indicated that temperature is the major predictor of A. trifasciata population fluctuation irrespective of the phenological stage. These findings can be useful for developing a forecasting model for its early detection and appropriate management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial black spot (BBS) of mango, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri pv. mangiferaeindicae, is an emerging disease affecting mango‐producing areas in Asia, Africa, Oceania, and the Americas. The disease spreads primarily through wind‐driven rain and farm implements, and its host range is limited, affecting mango, cashew, and pepper plants. BBS is characterized by dark, angular lesions with elevated borders on infected leaves and fruits in the lower and upper parts of the tree canopy. Infected plants display numerous tiny water‐soaked black lesions on leaves, fruits, and stems. Early symptoms on leaves include tiny, veined, water‐soaked patches with angular black dots and occasionally chlorotic spots. Managing BBS presents challenges, but various control measures have shown effectiveness in different regions. Integrated disease control measures, such as cultural methods and removing diseased plant parts, could further reduce BBS prevalence in the field. This paper reviews the detrimental effects associated with the disease, while also offering a concise overview of the existing body of research concerning BBS and its implications for mango cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a plant native to Brazil and has great commercial value. Among the products marketed from cashew trees, the cashew nut is the most valued, especially for export. However, the presence of allergenic proteins poses a potential threat to those allergic to cashew nuts, but molecular tools including proteomic analysis may be used to allow identification of cashew genotypes with altered allergen content. Here we aimed to identify differentially expressed proteins in common cashew seeds and dwarf FAGA 11 through proteomic analysis. Proteins differentially expressed were excised from two-dimensional gels and analyzed by mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-TOF), then identified using the MASCOT. A total of 18 proteins were analyzed, but only 5 (27%) were not identified. Among the proteins that are unique to common cashew, stand out: the precursor of globulin 11S and Ana 2 protein, both classified as allergenic proteins. The protein Ana o 2 is an 11S globulin and is considered the second most abundant allergen in cashew nuts. Thus, allergenic proteins found in common cashew nuts were observed as expected, but the allergen content of the dwarf FAGA 11 cashew nuts was altered and could represent a new source for biological diversity and allergen content for improved breeding and biotechnological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural association is widely practiced in rural areas by cashew nut producers. These producers typically cultivate annual plants between the rows of young cashew trees. However, there are interactions between these associated crops, which can either result in complementarity or competition among the plants for environmental resources such as water and nutrients. Consequently, young cashew seedlings newly planted were associated with groundnuts during their first two years. The aim of this study was to investigate the compatibility of the cashew/groundnut system. The results showed that there is competition between groundnuts and young cashew trees in the first year, leading to poor cashew growth in association. Nevertheless, from the second year onwards, cashew trees cultivated in association exhibited similar growth to those cultivated in monoculture. Therefore, it would be advisable to plant groundnut seeds sufficiently far from cashew tree seedlings to avoid potential competition in the first year of cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Host range and feeding behavior of Basilepta fulvicornis (Jacoby) adult beetles were studied on different plant species (25 species from 18 genera and 13 families) in the Cardamom Hill Reserves, Kerala, India. Five new host plants of B. fulvicornis adult beetles, viz., Artocarpus hirsutus Lam., Ficus auriculata Lour., Anacardium occidentale L., Spondias mangifera Willd., and Terminalia chebula Retz., are reported for the first time. Non-preference and non-feeding of B. fulvicornis adults on the larval host, Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton was confirmed. Based on the feeding area, A. hirstus, F. auriculata, Mangifera indica and Artocarpus heterophyllus are the most preferred host species followed by Terminalia catappa, A. occidentale, S. mangifera, and T. chebula. Feeding preference and survival of adult beetles of B. fulvicornis on different tree species are indicated with a probable ecofriendly pest management solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying elicitors in plants growing under natural conditions change the metabolic content of volatile compounds extracted from their tissues. Here, we have investigated how abiotic elicitors influence the volatile composition of the ethyl acetate extract of Anacardium othonianum seedlings propagated in vitro and ex-vitro cultures. Abiotic factors such as salicylic acid, silver nitrate, light quality, and cultivation mode affected the composition of volatile compounds in ethyl acetate extract of A. othonianum leaves seedlings. GC/MS analysis demonstrated that α-tocopherol was the main metabolite in cultures added with chemical elicitors, reaching 22.48 ± 4.06% in the case of 30 µM salicylic acid. Higher concentrations of salicylic acid decreased the amount of α-tocopherol. The addition of AgNO3 had a linear effect on α-tocopherol. Thus, the production of this metabolite indicates that salicylic acid and AgNO3 elicitors positively affect α-tocopherol production at specific concentrations helping to understand how plant culture can be better manipulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the unique morphology and mechanical properties of multi-jet electrospun cashew gum (CG) when combined with high-molecular-weight polyethylene oxide (PEO) and glycerol. Cashew gum (CG) is a low-cost, non-toxic heteropolysaccharide derived from Anacardium occidentale trees. Initially, the electrospinnability of aqueous solutions of cashew gum alone or in combination with PEO was evaluated. It was found that cashew gum alone was not suitable for electrospinning; thus, adding a small quantity of PEO was needed to create the necessary molecular entanglements for fiber formation. By using a single emitter with a CG:PEO ratio of 85:15, straight and smooth fibers with some defects were obtained. However, additional purification of the cashew gum solution was needed to produce more stable and defect-free straight and smooth fibers. Additionally, the inclusion of glycerol as a plasticizer was required to overcome material fragility. Interestingly, when the optimized formulation was electrospun using multiple simultaneous emitters, thicker aligned fiber bundles were achieved. Furthermore, the resulting oriented fiber mats exhibited unexpectedly high elongation at break under ambient conditions. These findings underscore the potential of this bio-polysaccharide-based formulation for non-direct water contact applications that demand elastic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum is the most severe and widely occurring cashew disease in Brazil. Colletotrichum species are commonly found as pathogens, endophytes and occasionally as saprophytes in a wide range of hosts. The endophytic species associated with cashew trees are poorly studied. In this study, we report the Colletotrichum endophytic species associated with cashew trees in two locations in the state of Pernambuco, their prevalence in different plant organs (leaves, veins, branches and inflorescences), and compare the species in terms of pathogenicity and aggressiveness using different inoculation methods (wounded × unwounded). Six species of Colletotrichum were identified according to multilocus phylogenetic analyses, including Colletotrichum asianum, Colletotrichum chrysophilum, Colletotrichum karsti, Colletotrichum siamense, Colletotrichum theobromicola, and Colletotrichum tropicale. There were differences in the percentage of isolation in relation to the prevalence of colonized tissues and collection locations. C. tropicale was the prevalent species in both geographic areas and plant tissues collected, with no pattern of distribution of species between areas and plant tissues. All isolates were pathogenic in injured tissues of cashew plants. The best method to test the pathogenicity of Colletotrichum species was utilizing the combination of leaves + presence of wounds + conidial suspension, as it better represents the natural infection process. C. siamense was the most aggressive species. • Colletotrichum colonizes cashew organs at different rates. • Six Colletotrichum species were found as endophytes in cashew trees in Brazil. • Colletotrichum tropicale is the prevalent species. • Inoculation on leaves + wounds + conidial suspension is the best method to access Colletotrichum pathogenicity. • Colletotrichum siamense was the most aggressive species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) is one of the main tropical fruit trees, and its chestnuts are the most consumed in the world. Cashew orchards are managed under irrigated and unirrigated conditions, and pesticides are applied manually (hand sprayer) or by a tractor‐powered sprayer. The chestnut moth Anacampsis phytomiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is the primary pest that attacks cashew chestnuts, causing losses of up to 53% in yield in the orchards. Sampling plans and economic injury levels (EILs) are part of the decision‐making systems of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. The EIL varies according to the method of insecticide spraying (hand sprayer or tractor) and in irrigated and unirrigated cashew orchards.This study aimed to determine the EIL and a sequential sampling plan for A. phytomiella in cashew orchards.Decision‐making systems were determined using data collected from 44 orchards over 3 years. EILs ranged from 0.53 to 1.53 for chestnuts attacked by the pest in bunches with 10 chestnuts, depending on irrigation and insecticide spray methods. The sequential sampling plan was validated using field‐collected data (providing correct decisions in 100% of the fields and an average time saving of 83.65%), operational characteristic (OC) and average sample number curves.In conclusion, determined decision‐making systems can be incorporated into IPM programmes for A. phytomiella in cashew orchards, as they enable correct, rapid and cost‐effective pest control decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased use of synthetic non-biodegradable polymeric matrices for composite manufacturing, poses a serious threat to the environment. This necessitates the development of 100 % biodegradable green composites using natural plant-based fibers and biodegradable natural polymers. This study focuses on the biodegradability and mechanical characteristics of biodegradable green hybrid composites fabricated with particles of agricultural waste cashew shell, sisal fibers, and corn starch resin using hand layup followed by compression molding. Mechanical characteristics such as tensile, flexural, impact strength, shore D hardness, and soil burial biodegradation characteristics were studied experimentally. The microstructures of the fractured surfaces were also analyzed through SEM images. Composite sample fabricated with an optimum cashew shell particle proportion of 10 wt %, three sisal fiber mat layers and corn starch resin has recorded the highest mechanical strengths such as 11.4 MPa, 10.9 MPa and 310.15 J/m in tensile, flexural and impact strengths respectively. Thus, the green hybrid composite made with agricultural waste cashew shell particles, sisal fibers, and corn starch resin is a potential and eco-friendly modern material for light load and short-life applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research focuses on developing environmentally friendly biodegradable ultrafiltration (UF) membranes for small-scale water purification in areas lacking infrastructure or during emergencies. To address biofouling challenges without resorting to harmful chemicals, we incorporate bio-based extracts, such as methyl gallate from A. occidentale leaves, a Malaysian ulam herb, known for its quorum sensing inhibition (QSI) properties. The methyl gallate enriched extract was purified by solvent partitioning and integrated into cellulose-based UF membranes (0 to 7.5% w w–1) through phase inversion technique. The resulting membranes exhibited enhanced anti-organic fouling and anti-biofouling properties, with flux recovery ratio (FRR) of 87.84 ± 2.00% against bovine serum albumin and FRRs of 76.67 ± 1.89% and 69.57 ± 1.77% against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. The CA/MG-5 membrane showed a 224% improvement in pure water flux (PWF) compared to the neat CA membrane. Our innovative approach significantly improves PWF, presenting an environmentally friendly method for biofouling prevention in UF membrane applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to carry out a survey of food plants and carry out their respective characterization in the quilombola community of Jacarequara, municipality of Santa Luzia do Pará, State of Pará, Brazil. Priority was given to a qualitative-quantitative methodological approach, using participant observation, semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, guided tours and a free list to compose the botanical inventory. The data obtained were tabulated and systematized, in addition to calculating the frequency of citation of the species and the Cognitive Salience Index (ISC, by their acronyms in Portuguese) of the food plants inventoried. A total of 140 food ethnospecies were catalogued, with Euphorbiaceae (27), Arecaceae (12), Musaceae (10) and Rutaceae (9) standing out. Among the food plants with the highest ISC, were açaí (Euterpe oleracea), banana (Musa paradisiaca), mandioca (Manihot esculenta), coconut (Cocos nucifera), cashew (Anacardium occidentale), acerola (Malpighia glabra), bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba) and orange (Citrus sinensis). From the analysis of the data obtained by this study, it was observed the great importance of food plants and this is because they compose not only their food base, but also be present in income generation and represent the local food culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is one of the abiotic stresses that affect crop productivity and plant development the most. We aimed to analyze the physiological and biochemical responses of dwarf cashew (A. occidentale L.) genotypes subjected to salt stress. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with a completely randomized design in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, with five salinity levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM NaCl) and 2 dwarf cashew genotypes (Embrapa51 and CCP76). There was no significant effect of salinity on plant height, leaf number, and stem diameter; however, the dry biomass was significantly reduced. Chlorophylls, starch, and total free amino acids decreased with salt stress, mainly with 75 and 100 mM NaCl. The CCP76 genotype salt-stressed increased carotenoids, anthocyanins, total soluble carbohydrates, reducing sugars, sodium, and potassium ions compared to Embrapa51. Free proline was increased in response to salt stress in dwarf cashew genotypes. Interestingly, sucrose declined in Embrapa51 and increased in CCP76 in response to salinity. When submitted to 75 and 100 mM NaCl, i.e., under severe stress, CCP76 presented more sucrose than Embrapa51. Our results indicated that sucrose accumulation plays an important role in the acclimation of CCP76 to salinity. This disaccharide induces metabolic rearrangements, mostly in the levels of soluble carbohydrates and amino acids, which contribute to rebalancing the osmotic potential and help to maintain favorable plant metabolism under salt stress. Overall, the dwarf cashew CCP76 was more tolerant to salinity than Embrapa51. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, cashew trees are mainly cultivated to collect cashew nuts, leading to the large amounts of cashew apples (known as the by-product of the cashew industry) being eliminated due to astringent taste caused by tannin. This is the reason why although cashew apples contain many nutritious compounds as vitamin C, polyphenols, sugars, antioxidants are still underutilized in manufacturing beverages. Hence, aiming to evaluate the potential of cashew in terms of effect of pretreatment methods on extraction yield and nutritional values of extracted cashew apple juice, the organic cashew apples collected in Binh Phuoc, Vietnam were examined. The impact of 11 pretreatment methods including blanching cashew apple in different media and incubating in pectinase on extraction yield, tannin and other nutritional values were evaluated. Using enzyme Pectinex Ultra SP-L 0.01% in 2 hours gave extraction yield of 83.89±0.4% which was highest compared to other examined pretreatment methods in the study. Enzymatic pretreatment resulted in 36.5% reduction in tannin content and other nutritious values changed slightly. The obtained results emphasis the potential of cashew apples as a raw material for nutritional beverage production in hope of reducing the quantity of discarded cashew apples. Consequently, this study developed methods in order to add economic value to cashew apple and decrease the negative impacts of the cashew industry to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine the genetic variability and the relationship between twenty traits for nut yield in fourteen cashew genotypes. The genotypes show considerable variation, and nut yield tree-1 had the highest genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation. The number of nuts panicle-1, kernel weight and nut yield tree-1 all had substantial heritability and genetic advance in percent of mean. Plant height, canopy spread, leaf size, flowering intensity, length of inflorescence, percentage fruit set, number of nuts panicle-1, nut weight, shell thickness, kernel weight, apple weight and TSS of juice all showed a significant positive association with nut yield tree-1. Path analysis revealed that the main factors influencing nut yield tree-1 were canopy spread (east-west direction), apple weight, length of the inflorescence and the number of nuts panicle-1. The information on these statistical metrics would be useful in identifying genotypes with greater yield potential that can be used in the cashew improvement program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable soil nutrient management has been a current focus on different crop cultivation including cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Scarce availability of manure and high cost of inorganic fertilizers, triggered evaluation of cashew apple on soil fertility and performance of cashew. Cashew seeds were sown into soiled polythene bags incorporated with fresh, decayed, and fermented juicy of cashew apple at 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 Kg/Kg Soil with 0.005 KgDAP and untreated as controls in screenhouse at TARI-Naliendele from 2019 to 2022. Findings revealed that fermented juicy and decayed apple at 0.25 Kg/Kg soil influenced 60–70% seed germination analogous with diammonium phosphate (DAP) and untreated (80–90%). About 1.0 Kg/Kg soil of decayed and fermented juicy exhibited higher plant height (70 cm), wider canopy spread (36.4 cm), and huge stem girth (2.6 cm) compared to others. Also, decayed apple had high number of branches and medium tap root with numerous lateral roots. High ground cover area (1011.5 cm2), leaf area (LA) (123.5 cm2), and canopy to girth ratio (14.5) were displayed with decayed and fermented juicy at 1.0 Kg/Kg Soil. On biomass yield, decayed and juicy had succulent fresh weight and high dry weight outperforming other treatments. Furthermore, decayed and fermented juicy exhibited high available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at 1.0 Kg/Kg Soil after 196 d of application. Fresh apple at all rates showed high soil moisture content and temperature. Therefore, this new research suggests the application of decayed cashew apple at 1.0 Kg/Kg soil as organo-fertilizers for replenishing soil nutrient and improving growth and development of cashew. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cashew apple, by-product of cashew nut processing industry, is rich in vitamins, polyphenols, sugars, minerals, amino acids and dietary fibres. Despite being highly nutritious, it is an underutilized fruit due to its high perishability and astringent taste. In this study, a shelf-life extension of cashew apples using chemical pre-treatment has been investigated. The effect of chemical pre-treatment using a solution containing calcium chloride, sodium chloride, and potassium meta-bisulphite was investigated and its effect on physicochemical parameters such as pH, total soluble solids, physiological weight loss, colour, texture, total phenolic content, antioxidant, vitamin C, and enzyme inhibition (%) were studied. The chemical pre-treatment showed retention of firmness (84.19%), vitamin C (89.38%), total phenolic content (85.67%) and antioxidant capacity (94.04%) which was significantly higher than the untreated samples. Also, inhibition of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, amylase, cellulase, and pectinase was found to be more than 65% till the 10th day. Thus, the present study describes the potential of chemical pre-treatment to extend the shelf-life of cashew apples and its utilization for food product development can be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Efforts to reduce farmers' market risks and improve buyers' access to farm commodities have encouraged contract farming (CF) in Ghana's cashew sector in recent years. Consequently, the existence of CF shows that farmers who use it may be benefiting from it, as it is their economic responsibility to decide how to sell agricultural products. However, the magnitudes of these benefits or otherwise have been inadequately explored. This paper aims to empirically estimate the impact of CF on farm performance and welfare of smallholder cashew farmers. Design/methodology/approach: The study used probit-two-stage least square (probit-2sls) as a primary estimator to account for self-selection bias and endogeneity that could arise from both observed and unobserved heterogeneities among farming households to estimate the causal effects of CF on farm performance and household welfare. Findings: The results indicated that participation in CF contribute significantly to the gains in farm performance (price margins, yields and net farm revenue) and welfare (consumption expenditure per capita), and that the non-participants of CF would have benefited substantially if they had participated. An analysis of the farm size disaggregated into small, medium and large with regards to the outcome variables produces mixed results. Research limitations/implications: It can be concluded that participating in CF enhances farm performance and household welfare. Originality/value: While many other studies do not account for changes in farm performance and welfare due to differences in farm size or other observed factors, this study fills a crucial void. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiotoxicity can develop as a result of exposure to certain chemicals, poisons, or infectious agents as well as the continued use of higher doses of some medications. Natural plant foods such as cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale L.) may have free radical scavenging activity, thereby may play an important role in protecting the heart from chemotherapy-related cardiac dysfunction. In this study, the effect of cashew nut-supplemented diet on key indices relevant to cardiac function in cisplatin-induced cardiotoxic rats was evaluated. The rats were divided into six groups (n=6): rats fed a basal diet; cisplatin-induced rats fed a basal diet; cisplatin-induced rats fed a diet supplemented with processed cashew nut (10 and 20%); healthy rats fed a diet supplemented with processed cashew nut (10 and 20%) for fourteen days. Cisplatin-treated rats showed increased activities of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, adenosine deaminase, monoamine oxidase, phosphodiesterase-5 and arginase activities with a concomitant decrease in levels of nitric oxide, total thiol, total antioxidant capacity and reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase activities both in the heart and plasma when compared with control. However, dietary supplementation with cashew nut significantly attenuated the cisplatin-evoked disturbances in the above-mentioned parameters. Also, feeding of experimental rats with cashew nut-supplemented diet for fourteen days restores significantly the heart histological alteration caused by cisplatin. Taken together, these findings imply that eating cashew nuts may represent a novel cardioprotective strategy during chemotherapy based on cisplatin. Therefore, it could be used as functional diet to prevent cardiac dysfunction caused by cisplatin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the natural history of cashew nut allergy (CNA) in children. The study reports on a cohort of five children who experienced severe anaphylaxis to cashew nut but were able to recover and consume cashew nut after a successful oral food challenge. The children had no allergies or sensitizations to peanuts or tree nuts, and during a mean follow-up of 2.4 years, their skin prick tests and cashew-specific IgEs became negative. The study suggests that clinicians should continue to monitor cashew-specific IgEs and perform oral food challenges to confirm recovery, as CNA may resolve spontaneously. [Extracted from the article]

The patterns and extent of genetic variation among 56 cashew germplasm with respect to 32 qualitative and 33 quantitative traits were evaluated for two successive years in the present study. Additionally, maturase K gene-based genetic diversity among those breeding materials was also assessed. The cashew hybrids were developed from five crosses (local parent × 2/9 Dicherla; H-2/15 × red hazari; WBDC-V × JGM-1; BLA-39-4 × H-2/15 and H-2/15 × yellow hazari) involving eight parents of Indian cashew. Different genotype groups (parents and their hybrids) showed significant variation in both the years of assessment based on quantitative characters. The highest Shannon–Weaver diversity (H ′) was obtained for the colour of the young leaf (0.96), possibly indicating differential exposure to sunlight, mixing of various pigments and another set of chemicals such as phenolics, carotenoids, etc. in trees. From correlation studies, canopy spread, tree spread, nuts/m2 and nuts/panicle were found to be significantly and positively correlated with nut yield. In the year 2021, nuts/m2, area and tree height were the significant explanatory variables that explained 80% of the variation in the yield, whereas in 2022, nuts/m2, tree area, nuts/panicle, kernel weight, shell thickness, inflorescence breadth and sex ratio explained 86% of the variation. Principal component analysis indicated that the genotypes under study are diverse enough to be exploited for the future cashew improvement programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to investigate the social significance of children's work in cashew supply chain activities in Ghana. Using survey and semi-structured interviews, we gathered data from 218 children working in cashew supply chain activities in Ghana. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis approach. The results show that children's involvement in various stages of cashew supply chain activities is highly gendered. Working in cashew supply chain allowed children to gain farming and life skills, earn income to meet some school expenses, and support household livelihood building efforts. Work allowed children to meet their peers outside of the home economy to engage in conversational activities that are not easily supplied by leisure activities. While there are perceived negative implications of children's work on schooling, we conclude by reiterating the need for policy to recognise the significant learning opportunities and social interaction for children working on family cashew farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anacardium occidentale L. stem bark Traditional Herbal Preparations (AoBTHPs) are widely used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory conditions, such as diabetes. The present study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and genotoxic potential of red and white Portuguese AoBTHPs. Using a carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model, a significant anti-edema effect was observed for all tested doses of white AoBTHP (40.2, 71.5, and 127.0 mg/kg) and the two highest doses of red AoB THP (71.5 and 127.0 mg/kg). The anti-edema effect of red AoBTHP's highest dose was much more effective than indomethacin 10 mg/kg, Trolox 30 mg/kg, and Tempol 30 mg/kg. In DPPH, FRAP, and TAC using the phosphomolybdenum method, both types of AoBTHPs showed similar antioxidant activity and no genotoxicity up to 5000 µg/plate in the Ames test. The LC-UV/DAD-ESI/MS fingerprint allowed the identification of gallic and protocatechuic acids as the two main marker compounds and the presence of catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, and ellagic acid in both AoBTHPs. The obtained results support the validation of red and white AoB and their THPs as anti-inflammatory agents and contribute to the possible development of promising new therapeutic options to treat inflammatory conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 80 % methanolic extract of A. occidentale roots (80 % MAO) was subjected to column purification using solvents n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol with varying ratios. • Structural characterization performed using advanced spectroscopic techniques includes: UV–visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. • Gallic acid identity was revealed in 80 % MAO. • HPLC profiling accounted for the presence of polyphenols: picein, epicatechin, caffeic acid, taxifolin, ferulic acid, and naringenin. • The identified phytocompounds was impactful antidiabetic agents against diabetes-associated molecular targets - 6F8F, 6PZ9, 3EEK, 4PYP, 1B2Y, 2QMJ, 3S41, 4MRA 5PZX, 3IOL, and 5YCP. Anacardium occidentale, a member of the Anacardiaceae family, is a tropical plant rich in secondary metabolites, predominantly, polyphenols. The plant is renowned for its diverse pharmacological properties. The present study was undertaken to identify potent antidiabetic phytocompounds present in A. occidentale roots and to evaluate their antidiabetic effects through molecular docking studies involving selected therapeutic antidiabetic targets. The chemical profiling of 80 % methanolic extract of A. occidentale roots (80 % MAO) was carried out by column chromatography using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol (with varying ratios). This was followed by structural characterization using advanced spectroscopic techniques and HPLC profiling leading to the isolation and identification of gallic acid. Additionally, polyphenols including picein, epicatechin, caffeic acid, taxifolin, ferulic acid, and naringenin were also identified from the extract. Through molecular docking analysis, these compounds were engaged with diabetes-associated molecular targets (6F8F, 6PZ9, 3EEK, 4PYP, 1B2Y, 2QMJ, 3S41, 4MRA 5PZX, 3IOL, 5YCP), underscoring their potential as impactful antidiabetic agents. Hence, it is inferred that it is the synergistic action of these compounds that contributes to the antidiabetic effect of 80 % MAO. This study advocates the utilization of these phytocompounds as potent antidiabetic medications, either as individual entities or as combinatorial therapy with synthetic drugs or phytocompounds themselves, thereby suggesting promising avenues for future research and therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Among the many plants used in folk medicine, Anacardium occidentale L. stands out as a plant belonging to the Anacardiaceae family, commonly known as cashew tree. Several pharmacological properties are known, such as antitussive, antisyphilitic, diuretic, wound-healing, and antimicrobial actions. The stem bark is attributed with various pharmacological actions, with notable emphasis on its wound-healing activity. Objective: The present study aimed to develop a gel containing Anacardium occidentale L. glycolic extract with wound-healing activity, evaluating its physicochemical and microbiological characterization. Materials and methods: Two gels, Gel 1 and Gel 2, were prepared, composed of Carbopol® 940, propylene glycol, glycerin, EDTA, nipagin, with the glycolic extract of Anacardium occidentale L. incorporated into the gel base. The gels were evaluated on days 1, 20, 25, and 35. The physicochemical quality control was conducted by determining the pH and verifying physical and visual aspects, such as changes in color or precipitation, and spreadability test. Results: The formulations presented pH values between 6.0 and 8.0, respectively, normal and homogeneous appearance, and characteristic odor, with attention drawn to the color change in Gel 2 after 20 days of study. Gel 2 exhibited superior and more homogeneous spreadability. Regarding the viable microbial count assay, conducted for microbiological quality control, it was confirmed that the formulations were within acceptable microbial limits. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the formulations demonstrated acceptable physicochemical and microbiological characteristics, ruling out the need for reformulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]