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Fruits of the caryophyllalean family Montiaceae are recognized from the latest Cretaceous Deccan Intertrappean beds of central India. Although initially interpreted as the sporocarp of an aquatic fern, Kuprianovites Nambudiri & Thomas was subsequently demonstrated to belong to the group Centrospermeae. The name Kuprianovites deccanensis Nambudiri & Thomas takes priority over subsequent synonyms, Centrospermocarpon chitaleyae Sheikh & Kubalkar, Deccanocarpon arnoldii Paradkar, and Portulacaceocarpon bhuterensis Borkar, Nagrale, Meshram, Korpenwar, & DD Ramteke. We studied anatomically preserved specimens using successive acetate peels and micro–computed tomography scanning. The fruits are thin-walled trivalved globose capsules bearing 30 or more seeds in free-central placentation. The seeds are ellipsoidal and bear strongly curved embryos. Although formerly assigned to the Portulacaceae as that family was traditionally circumscribed, the fossil is excluded from the Portulaca clade (i.e., Portulaceaceae s.s.) and conforms instead to the Montiaceae by its valvate, rather than circumscissile, capsules and valves with undifferentiated cell layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Betalains are coloring pigments produced in some families of the order Caryophyllales, where they replace anthocyanins as coloring pigments. While the betalain pathway itself is well studied, the tissue‐specific regulation of the pathway remains mostly unknown.We enhance the high‐quality Amaranthus hypochondriacus reference genome and produce a substantially more complete genome annotation, incorporating isoform details. We annotate betalain and anthocyanin pathway genes along with their regulators in amaranth and map the genetic control and tissue‐specific regulation of the betalain pathway.Our improved genome annotation allowed us to identify causal mutations that lead to a knock‐out of red betacyanins in natural accessions of amaranth. We reveal the tissue‐specific regulation of flower color via a previously uncharacterized MYB transcription factor, AhMYB2. Downregulation of AhMYB2 in the flower leads to reduced expression of key betalain enzyme genes and loss of red flower color.Our improved amaranth reference genome represents the most complete genome of amaranth to date and is a valuable resource for betalain and amaranth research. High similarity of the flower betalain regulator AhMYB2 to anthocyanin regulators and a partially conserved interaction motif support the co‐option of anthocyanin regulators for the betalain pathway as a possible reason for the mutual exclusiveness of the two pigments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Portulaca diegoi is here proposed as a heterotypic synonym (synon. nov.) of P. hatschbachii, a species endemic to southern Brazil. Analysis of type specimens and protologues of both names demonstrated that they do not differ in root, leaf, flower, fruit or seed morphology. P. hatschbachii can be distinguished from other Portulaca species by its decumbent habit, oblanceolate leaves with purplish and recurved apex, lanate leaf axillary trichomes, hemispheric operculum and thick and elongated roots. In addition, based on examination of specimens of P. hatschbachii, they are quite distinct, because their leaves turn black after drying. Illustrations and comments about the taxonomy, phenology, distribution, habitat and conservation status are provided for P. hatschbachii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a genome assembly from an individual Chenopodium album (fat-hen; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Caryophyllales; Chenopodiaceae). The genome sequence has a total length of 1,593.80 megabases. Most of the assembly (99.61%) is scaffolded into 27 chromosomal pseudomolecules suggesting the individual is an allohexaploid (2n = 6x = 54). The mitochondrial and plastid genome assemblies have lengths of 312.95 kilobases and 152.06 kilobases, respectively. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 50,077 protein-coding genes.

We present a genome assembly from an individual Chenopodium album (fat-hen; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Caryophyllales; Chenopodiaceae). The genome sequence has a total length of 1,593.80 megabases. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 27 chromosomal pseudomolecules suggesting the individual is an allohexaploid (2n = 6x = 56). The mitochondrial and plastid genome assemblies have lengths of 312.95 kilobases and 152.06 kilobases, respectively. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 50,077 protein-coding genes.

The segregation of the polyphyletic genus Salsola (Amaranthaceae-Chenopodiaceae) caused enormous nomenclatural changes during the last two decades. A lineage, that is still awaiting to be validated by a new valid name comprises four interesting taxa endemic to the Canary Islands and NW Africa. These are shrubby plants with opposite and alternate branches and leaves, specific leaf-anatomy with a hypodermis and Kranz-like cells performing a C3-C4 intermediate photosynthetic pathway (C2 type). The new genus Afrosalsola is described with the inclusion of 2 species [Afrosalsola divaricata (Mass. ex Link) Akhani comb. nov., and A. deschaseauxiana (Litard. & Maire) Akhani comb. nov.] and three subspecies of the former [Afrosalsola divaricata subsp. divaricata, A. divaricata subsp. verticillata (Schousboe) Akhani and A. divaricata subsp. gymnomaschala (Maire) Akhani]. The synonymy of Salsola deschaseauxiana Litard. & Maire with S. verticillata Mass. ex Link is rejected based on typical alternate leaves of the former. Salsola divaricata is typified based on its original collection in BM. Additional new combinations of African species belonging to Caroxylon and Soda are provided.

Betalain is a water‐soluble pigment contained in Caryophyllales plants. It not only holds potential as a natural food colorant but also offers various health benefits, acting as an antioxidant. This study focused on analyzing the pH‐dependent stability of encapsulated betalain pigments extracted from red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) using methods such as absorption spectroscopy, HPLC, and LC–MS. The major pigments identified were vulgaxanthin I, betanin, isobetanin, and neobetanin, alongside minor components, including three betaxanthin species and a degradation product known as betalamic acid. Spectrophotometric analyses revealed that above pH 8, the betalain peak at 435 nm decreased and red‐shifted to a peak at 549 nm, a shift that could be reversed through neutral pH treatment. At pH 11, a new broad peak appeared at 410 nm and was identified as betalamic acid. To assess the pH‐dependency of each betalain, the targeted betalains were separated and quantified through HPLC after incubation across a wide pH range of 2–11 and during storage. After 3 days of storage in highly alkaline conditions (pH 10–11), major betalains, with the exception of neobetanin, underwent significant degradation. Conversely, these pigments displayed relative stability in acidic conditions. In contrast, neobetanin showed vulnerability to acidic conditions but exhibited tolerance to alkaline pH levels of 10–11. The degradation product, betalamic acid, demonstrated a similar susceptibility to alkaline pH as betanins. In conclusion, the significant stability decrease under highly alkaline conditions results not only from the hydrolytic reaction of betalains but also from the degradation of betalamic acid itself. Practical Application: Encapsulation methods are used to enhance the stability of betalains against temperature variations; however, the effects of pH, especially when considering individual betalain species, are not well understood. Despite betalains exhibiting similar features and being suitable for a wide pH range from acid to alkaline conditions, they are significantly affected by alkaline pH levels exceeding 10, as well as by storage duration. This study demonstrated the application of encapsulation to pH‐dependent stability, and the findings offer valuable insights and a fresh perspective on betalains as red biocolorants, extending their potential application to a wide range of pH‐controlled food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A taxonomic backbone of the Plumbaginaceae is presented and the current state of knowledge on phylogenetic relationships and taxon limits is reviewed as a basis for the accepted taxon concepts. In total, 4,476 scientific names and designations are treated of which 30 are not in the family Plumbaginaceae. The Plumbaginaceae are subdivided in three tribes with 26 genera and 1,179 accepted species. Two subgenera, 17 sections, two subsections and 187 infraspecific taxa are accepted. At the species and infraspecific level 2,782 synonyms were assigned to accepted taxa, whereas 194 names were excluded from the core checklist (i.e., unplaced taxa, infrageneric subdivisions with still uncertain application, names of verified uncertain application, invalid horticultural names, excluded names from other families, other excluded designations, and unresolved names). The EDIT Platform for Cybertaxonomy was utilized as the tool to compile and manage the names and further taxonomic data under explicit taxon concepts. Secundum references are given in case taxon concepts were taken from the literature, whereas this study serves as reference for newly circumscribed taxa. The family's division into the tribes Aegialitideae, Limonieae, and Plumbagineae departs from earlier two-subfamily classifications, prompted by recent phylogenetic findings that challenge the subfamilial affinity of Aegialitis. The genus Acantholimon was extended to include Gladiolimon, as currently available phylogenetic and morphological data support this merger. In Limonium, all accepted species could be assigned to sections and subsections or the "Mediterranean lineage", respectively, making use of the phylogenetic distribution of their morphological characters and states. A new combination and/or status is proposed for Dyerophytum socotranum, Limonium thymoides, Limonium × fraternum, Limonium × rossmaessleri, and Limonium sect. Jovibarba. Special attention is given to nomenclatural issues, particularly for Statice nomen ambiguum to resolve the names under accepted names. The use of artificial groupings like "aggregates", "complexes" and "species groups" in alpha-taxonomic treatments is discussed. The taxonomic backbone will receive continued updates and through the Caryophyllales Taxonomic Expert Network, it contributes the treatment of the Plumbaginaceae for the World Flora Online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: Better understanding of the relationship between plant specialized metabolism and traditional medicine has the potential to aid in bioprospecting and untangling of cross‐cultural use patterns. However, given the limited information available for metabolites in most plant species, understanding medicinal use–metabolite relationships can be difficult. The order Caryophyllales has a unique pattern of lineages of tyrosine‐ or phenylalanine‐dominated specialized metabolism, represented by mutually exclusive anthocyanin and betalain pigments, making Caryophyllales a compelling system to explore the relationship between medicine and metabolites by using pigment as a proxy for dominant metabolism. Methods: We compiled a list of medicinal species in select tyrosine‐ or phenylalanine‐dominant families of Caryophyllales (Nepenthaceae, Polygonaceae, Simmondsiaceae, Microteaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Amaranthaceae, Limeaceae, Molluginaceae, Portulacaceae, Cactaceae, and Nyctaginaceae) by searching scientific literature until no new uses were recovered. We then tested for phylogenetic clustering of uses using a "hot nodes" approach. To test potential non‐metabolite drivers of medicinal use, like how often humans encounter a species (apparency), we repeated the analysis using only North American species across the entire order and performed phylogenetic generalized least squares regression (PGLS) with occurrence data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Results: We hypothesized families with tyrosine‐enriched metabolism would show clustering of different types of medicinal use compared to phenylalanine‐enriched metabolism. Instead, wide‐ranging, apparent clades in Polygonaceae and Amaranthaceae are overrepresented across nearly all types of medicinal use. Conclusions: Our results suggest that apparency is a better predictor of medicinal use than metabolism, although metabolism type may still be a contributing factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Summary: The occurrence of conducting vascular tissue in the pith (CVTP) of tracheophytes is noteworthy. Medullary bundles, one of the remarkable examples of CVTP, evolved multiple times across angiosperms, notably in the Caryophyllales. Yet, information on the occurrence of medullary bundles is fragmented, hampering our understanding of their structure–function relationships, and evolutionary implications.Using three plastid molecular markers (matK, rbcL, and rps16 intron), a phylogeny is constructed for 561 species of Caryophyllales, and anatomical data are assembled for 856 species across 40 families to investigate the diversity of medullary bundles, their function, evolution, and diversification dynamics. Additionally, correlated evolution between medullary bundles and successive cambia was tested.Medullary bundles are ancestrally absent in Caryophyllales and evolved in core and noncore families. They are structurally diverse (e.g. number, arrangement, and types of bundles) and functionally active throughout the plant's lifespan, providing increased hydraulic conductivity, especially in herbaceous plants. Acquisition of medullary bundles does not explain diversification rate heterogeneity but is correlated to a higher diversification rate.Disparate developmental pathways were found leading to rampant convergent evolution of CVTP in Caryophyllales. These findings indicate the diversification of medullary bundles and vascular tissues as another central theme for functional and comparative molecular studies in Caryophyllales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The Aizoaceae family’s Sesuvium sesuvioides (Fenzl) Verdc is a medicinal species of the Cholistan desert, Pakistan. The purpose of this study was to determine the genomic features and phylogenetic position of the Sesuvium genus in the Aizoaceae family. We used the Illumina HiSeq2500 and paired-end sequencing to publish the complete chloroplast sequence of S. sesuvioides. Results The 155,849 bp length cp genome sequence of S. sesuvioides has a 36.8% GC content. The Leucine codon has the greatest codon use (10.6%), 81 simple sequence repetitions of 19 kinds, and 79 oligonucleotide repeats. We investigated the phylogeny of the order Caryophyllales’ 27 species from 23 families and 25 distinct genera. The maximum likelihood tree indicated Sesuvium as a monophyletic genus, and sister to Tetragonia. A comparison of S. sesuvioides, with Sesuvium portulacastrum, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, Mesembryanthemum cordifolium, and Tetragonia tetragonoides was performed using the NCBI platform. In the comparative investigation of genomes, all five genera revealed comparable cp genome structure, gene number and composition. All five species lacked the rps15 gene and the rpl2 intron. In most comparisons with S. sesuvioides, transition substitutions (Ts) were more frequent than transversion substitutions (Tv), producing Ts/Tv ratios larger than one, and the Ka/Ks ratio was lower than one. We determined ten highly polymorphic regions, comprising rpl22, rpl32-trnL-UAG, trnD-GUC-trnY-GUA, trnE-UUC-trnT-GGU, trnK-UUU-rps16, trnM-CAU-atpE, trnH-GUG-psbA, psaJ-rpl33, rps4-trnT-UGU, and trnF-GAA-ndhJ. Conclusion The whole S. sesuvioides chloroplast will be examined as a resource for in-depth taxonomic research of the genus when more Sesuvium and Aizoaceae species are sequenced in the future. The chloroplast genomes of the Aizoaceae family are well preserved, with little alterations, indicating the family’s monophyletic origin. This study’s highly polymorphic regions could be utilized to build realistic and low-cost molecular markers for resolving taxonomic discrepancies, new species identification, and finding evolutionary links among Aizoaceae species. To properly comprehend the evolution of the Aizoaceae family, further species need to be sequenced.

Antigonon leptopus is an elegant weedy species that thrives well during wet season in habitats disturbed by humans; it shows vegetative and reproductive events in this season. Its flowers bloom twice with pollen and nectar presentation on day 1 and nectar presentation on day 2 for use by insects that act as pollinators. The flowers are unspecialized with exposed sex organs and presenting pollen and nectar which are easily accessible by the probing insects while collecting the floral rewards and effect pollination. The field study indicates that it acts as a key forage source for insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, we investigate the genetic mechanisms responsible for the loss of anthocyanins in betalain‐pigmented Caryophyllales, considering our hypothesis of multiple transitions to betalain pigmentation.Utilizing transcriptomic and genomic datasets across 357 species and 31 families, we scrutinize 18 flavonoid pathway genes and six regulatory genes spanning four transitions to betalain pigmentation. We examined evidence for hypotheses of wholesale gene loss, modified gene function, altered gene expression, and degeneration of the MBW (MYB‐bHLH‐WD40) trasnscription factor complex, within betalain‐pigmented lineages.Our analyses reveal that most flavonoid synthesis genes remain conserved in betalain‐pigmented lineages, with the notable exception of TT19 orthologs, essential for the final step in anthocyanidin synthesis, which appear to have been repeatedly and entirely lost. Additional late‐stage flavonoid pathway genes upstream of TT19 also manifest strikingly reduced expression in betalain‐pigmented species. Additionally, we find repeated loss and alteration in the MBW transcription complex essential for canonical anthocyanin synthesis.Consequently, the loss and exclusion of anthocyanins in betalain‐pigmented species appear to be orchestrated through several mechanisms: loss of a key enzyme, downregulation of synthesis genes, and degeneration of regulatory complexes. These changes have occurred iteratively in Caryophyllales, often coinciding with evolutionary transitions to betalain pigmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the evolution of carnivorous plants and their unique abilities to capture and digest small animals for nutrients. The study focuses on the role of the jasmonate (JA) signaling pathway in regulating prey digestion in carnivorous plants. While the JA pathway has been observed in carnivorous plants of the Caryophyllales order, the study finds that it may not be a common route for carnivory in other plant lineages. The authors suggest that there are multiple ways for plants to evolve carnivorous traits and that further research is needed to understand the signaling pathways involved. [Extracted from the article]

The carnivorous plants in the order Caryophyllales co-opted jasmonate signalling from plant defence to botanical carnivory. However, carnivorous plants have at least 11 independent origins, and here we ask whether jasmonate signalling has been co-opted repeatedly in different evolutionary lineages. We experimentally wounded and fed the carnivorous plants Sarracenia purpurea (order Ericales), Cephalotus follicularis (order Oxalidales), Drosophyllum lusitanicum (order Caryophyllales), and measured electrical signals, phytohormone tissue level, and digestive enzymes activity. Coronatine was added exogenously to confirm the role of jasmonates in the induction of digestive process. Immunodetection of aspartic protease and proteomic analysis of digestive fluid was also performed. We found that prey capture induced accumulation of endogenous jasmonates only in D. lusitanicum , in accordance with increased enzyme activity after insect prey or coronatine application. In C. follicularis , the enzyme activity was constitutive while in S. purpurea was regulated by multiple factors. Several classes of digestive enzymes were identified in the digestive fluid of D. lusitanicum. Although carnivorous plants from different evolutionary lineages use the same digestive enzymes, the mechanism of their regulation differs. All investigated genera use jasmonates for their ancient role, defence, but jasmonate signalling has been co-opted for botanical carnivory only in some of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile's distinctive flora, geographical isolation, and complex topography collectively contribute to a notable endemic species diversity, particularly within central regions identified as critical areas for biodiversity conservation. The cactus genus Eriosyce, as currently circumscribed, encompasses seven sections, with Eriosyce sect. Horridocatus presenting a notably complex species group. This study investigates the E. curvispina complex, a member of the Notocacteae tribe common in central Chile, by incorporating new populations and examining phylogenetic relationships using four plastid and one nuclear molecular marker. The phylogenetic analysis of sampled individuals identified nine independent lineages, each warranting recognition at the species rank. Despite minimal morphological differences among taxa, morphological characters were utilized to support and stabilize the DNA-based phylogenetic hypothesis. The results highlight the high taxonomic diversity in these cactus lineages and have implications for the classification of the E. curvispina complex, including new combinations and proposals of conservation status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Aizoaceae family's Sesuvium sesuvioides (Fenzl) Verdc is a medicinal species of the Cholistan desert, Pakistan. The purpose of this study was to determine the genomic features and phylogenetic position of the Sesuvium genus in the Aizoaceae family. We used the Illumina HiSeq2500 and paired-end sequencing to publish the complete chloroplast sequence of S. sesuvioides. Results: The 155,849 bp length cp genome sequence of S. sesuvioides has a 36.8% GC content. The Leucine codon has the greatest codon use (10.6%), 81 simple sequence repetitions of 19 kinds, and 79 oligonucleotide repeats. We investigated the phylogeny of the order Caryophyllales' 27 species from 23 families and 25 distinct genera. The maximum likelihood tree indicated Sesuvium as a monophyletic genus, and sister to Tetragonia. A comparison of S. sesuvioides, with Sesuvium portulacastrum, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, Mesembryanthemum cordifolium, and Tetragonia tetragonoides was performed using the NCBI platform. In the comparative investigation of genomes, all five genera revealed comparable cp genome structure, gene number and composition. All five species lacked the rps15 gene and the rpl2 intron. In most comparisons with S. sesuvioides, transition substitutions (Ts) were more frequent than transversion substitutions (Tv), producing Ts/Tv ratios larger than one, and the Ka/Ks ratio was lower than one. We determined ten highly polymorphic regions, comprising rpl22, rpl32-trnL-UAG, trnD-GUC-trnY-GUA, trnE-UUC-trnT-GGU, trnK-UUU-rps16, trnM-CAU-atpE, trnH-GUG-psbA, psaJ-rpl33, rps4-trnT-UGU, and trnF-GAA-ndhJ. Conclusion: The whole S. sesuvioides chloroplast will be examined as a resource for in-depth taxonomic research of the genus when more Sesuvium and Aizoaceae species are sequenced in the future. The chloroplast genomes of the Aizoaceae family are well preserved, with little alterations, indicating the family's monophyletic origin. This study's highly polymorphic regions could be utilized to build realistic and low-cost molecular markers for resolving taxonomic discrepancies, new species identification, and finding evolutionary links among Aizoaceae species. To properly comprehend the evolution of the Aizoaceae family, further species need to be sequenced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Neea bahiensis D.S.Costa and Neea manaosensis D.S.Costa & C.A.S.Bat. are described. The former species occurs in southern Bahia State in northeastern Brazil, and the latter species is known from central Amazonas State in northern Brazil. Images of the holotypes and morphological structures, a distribution map and conservation status assessments of the new species, as well as taxonomic notes on morphologically similar species, are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a genome assembly from an individual Salicornia ramosissima (purple glasswort; Tracheophyta; Magnoliopsida; Caryophyllales; Chenopodiaceae). The genome sequence is 529.1 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 9 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial and plastid genome assemblies have lengths of 328.55 kilobases and 153.3 kilobases in length, respectively.

We present a genome assembly from an individual Polygonum aviculare (common knotgrass; Eudicot; Magnoliopsida; Caryophyllales; Polygonaceae). The genome sequence is 351.6 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 10 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial and plastid genome assemblies have lengths of 333.39 kilobases and 163.28 kilobases in length, respectively.

ABSTRACT Neea is one of the largest genera of Nyctaginaceae and comprises approximately 80 species distributed in the Neotropical region. Here, we report for the first time the occurrence of Neea madeirana in Peru, almost 50 years after it was first collected in this country, but was misidentified as Guapira noxia. We also insert N. madeirana in the identification key for Peruvian species of Neea and update the distribution map of N. madeirana. Given that we have not located any posterior specimen of G. noxia in Peruvian collections, and the original specimens cited as G. noxia correspond to N. madeirana, we suggest the exclusion of G. noxia from the Peruvian flora checklist.

In situ recording of the voltammetric response of leaves of several Asparagales, Caryophyllales, and Saxifragales plants at platinum and graphite microelectrodes is described. These provide information on the temporal evolution of H2O2 production and electroactive defense compounds (salicylic and jasmonic acids) associated with the stress generated by electrode insertion. Comparison of voltammetric data in the absence and presence of ROS generation revealed significant differences in the kinetics of the plant response. Reported data suggest that signaling pathway changes could be associated with the phylogenetic divergence between monocots and eudicots and the subsequent separation of the Caryophyllales from other eudicots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Tamarix comprises trees and shrubs that grow mainly in saline habitats. Previous phylogenetic analyses have shown incongruence between different gene trees, which suggest that hybridization processes might have been present in the past. However, the complex pattern of colonization of the Western Mediterranean region has yet to be understood, and no dated phylogeny that reconciles the different gene trees is currently available. The objectives of the study are: (i) to reconstruct the first dated species tree of the genus Tamarix from previously published data, (ii) to evaluate the occurrence of past hybridization, and (iii) to discuss biogeographical implications, mainly focused on the Mediterranean Basin. Our results show that the separation between Tamarix and Myricaria occurred 28.49 Mya, and the crown age of the genus Tamarix is dated at 16.65 Mya. Past hybridization processes might be present in three species: Tamarix amplexicaulis , Tamarix canariensis , and Tamarix minoa. Various colonization events are probable in the Western Mediterranean: a first colonization in the Early Miocene, Tamarix africana during the Late Miocene, and Tamarix boveana and Tamarix gallica during the Pleistocene. In addition, the genus Tamarix migrated to south-western Africa around 5.8 Mya, probably through an ancient arid African corridor, or a long-distance dispersal event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of plant virology, the usage of reverse genetic systems has been reported for multiple purposes. One is understanding virus–host interaction by labelling viral cDNA clones with fluorescent protein genes to allow visual virus tracking throughout a plant, albeit this visualization depends on technical devices. Here we report the first construction of an infectious cDNA full‐length clone of beet mosaic virus (BtMV) that can be efficiently used for Agrobacterium‐mediated leaf inoculation with high infection rate in Beta vulgaris, being indistinguishable from the natural virus isolate regarding symptom development and vector transmission. Furthermore, the BtMV clone was tagged with the genes for the monomeric red fluorescent protein or the Beta vulgaris BvMYB1 transcription factor, which activates the betalain biosynthesis pathway. The heterologous expression of BvMYB1 results in activation of betalain biosynthesis genes in planta, allowing visualization of the systemic BtMV spread with the naked eye as red pigmentation emerging throughout beet leaves. In the case of BtMV, the BvMYB1 marker system is stable over multiple mechanical host passages, allows qualitative as well as quantitative virus detection and offers an excellent opportunity to label viruses in plants of the order Caryophyllales, allowing an in‐depth investigation of virus–host interactions on the whole plant level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inflorescences of Portulacaceae have traditionally been considered capitula and their morphology and architecture have not been studied in detail. The purpose of this study was to expand the knowledge on the inflorescences within this family, comparing members of distinct lineages of Portulaca occurring in Brazil, to understand some systematic and evolutionary patterns within this group. Morphological characteristics of the inflorescences were analyzed using a light stereomicroscope, and for anatomical studies, we made transversal and longitudinal sections along the entire inflorescence, including involucral bracts, analyzing them using an optical microscope. We confirmed that observed inflorescences are determinate, composed of a first-order dichasium, with second-order helicoidal branches forming a cephalioid structure. The involucral leaves differed from adjacent bracts, which did not display a constriction at the base, as commonly observed in leaves. Thus, we conclude that the congested inflorescence of Portulaca is not a capitulum, but a cephalioid with different degrees of branch reduction within the genus. The Pilosa clade displayed the most congested cephalioid compared to members of the other analyzed clades. We present a new interpretation of the congested inflorescences in Portulaca and reinforce the need to analyze solitary inflorescences to understand the importance of these data to the systematics and evolution of Portulacaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastid molecular phylogenies that broadly sampled angiosperm lineages imply that carnivorous plants evolved at least 11 times independently in 13 families and 6 orders. Within and between these clades, the different prey capture strategies involving flypaper and pitfall structures arose in parallel with the subsequent evolution of snap traps and suction bladders. Attempts to discern the deep ontological history of carnivorous structures using multigene phylogenies have provided a plastid-level picture of sister relationships at the family level. Here, we present a molecular phylogeny of the angiosperms based on nuclear target sequence capture data (Angiosperms-353 probe set), assembled by the Kew Plant Trees of Life initiative, which aims to complete the tree of life for plants. This phylogeny encompasses all carnivorous and protocarnivorous families, although certain genera such as Philcoxia (Plantaginaceae) are excluded. This study offers a novel nuclear gene-based overview of relationships within and between carnivorous families and genera. Consistent with previous broadly sampled studies, we found that most carnivorous families are not affiliated with any single family. Instead, they emerge as sister groups to large clades comprising multiple non-carnivorous families. Additionally, we explore recent genomic studies across various carnivorous clades that examine the evolution of the carnivorous syndrome in relation to whole-genome duplication, subgenome dominance, small-scale gene duplication, and convergent evolution. Furthermore, we discuss insights into genome size evolution through the lens of carnivorous plant genomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This work revisits a publication by Bean et al. (2018) that reports seven amino acid substitutions are essential for the evolution of l‐DOPA 4,5‐dioxygenase (DODA) activity in Caryophyllales. In this study, we explore several concerns which led us to replicate the analyses of Bean et al. (2018).Our comparative analyses, with structural modelling, implicate numerous residues additional to those identified by Bean et al. (2018), with many of these additional residues occurring around the active site of BvDODAα1. We therefore replicated the analyses of Bean et al. (2018) to re‐observe the effect of their original seven residue substitutions in a BvDODAα2 background, that is the BvDODAα2‐mut3 variant.Multiple in vivo assays, in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Nicotiana benthamiana, did not result in visible DODA activity in BvDODAα2‐mut3, with betalain production always 10‐fold below BvDODAα1. In vitro assays also revealed substantial differences in both catalytic activity and pH optima between BvDODAα1, BvDODAα2 and BvDODAα2‐mut3 proteins, explaining their differing performance in vivo.In summary, we were unable to replicate the in vivo analyses of Bean et al. (2018), and our quantitative in vivo and in vitro analyses suggest a minimal effect of these seven residues in altering catalytic activity of BvDODAα2. We conclude that the evolutionary pathway to high DODA activity is substantially more complex than implied by Bean et al. (2018). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neea rubescens, a new species from central and eastern Amazonia, is described and its relationships are discussed based on morphological and spectral data. The species occurs in terra firme forests in the states of Amazonas and Pará. In addition to the description, a distribution map and notes on the taxonomy of the new species are provided, as well as a comparative table distinguishing morphologically similar species and an updated key for the 25 species of Neea known from Brazil. Finally, a second-step lectotype for the morphologically similar Neea ovalifolia is designated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some populations identifiable as Alternanthera flavescens were discovered in the Kerala region (SE‐India), representing the first record of the national Flora. A macro‐ and micro‐morphological description based on the plants found, as well as ecological notes, are given. The phenotypic plasticity observed was also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Tacinga saxatilis (Ritter) N.P.Taylor & Stuppy subsp. saxatilis belongs to the Cactaceae, a family of succulent plants. We report a new records of the Tacinga genus (Cactaceae) from Goiás State, Central-West Region and Tocantins State, North Region of Brazil, within the Cerrado phytogeographic domain, providing new data on the geographic distribution of this species to the flora of Brazil and increasing the number of species of the family for these brazilian States.

Background: Structural descriptions of complete genomes have elucidated evolutionary processes in angiosperms. In Cactaceae (Caryophyllales), a high structural diversity of the chloroplast genome has been identified within and among genera. In this study, we assembled the first mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) for the short-globose cactus Mammillaria huitzilopochtli. For comparative purposes, we used the published genomes of 19 different angiosperms and the gymnosperm Cycas taitungensis as an external group for phylogenetic issues. Results: The mtDNA of M. huitzilopochtli was assembled into one linear chromosome of 2,052,004 bp, in which 65 genes were annotated. These genes account for 57,606 bp including 34 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 27 tRNAs, and three rRNAs. In the non-coding sequences, repeats were abundant, with a total of 4,550 (179,215 bp). In addition, five complete genes (psaC and four tRNAs) of chloroplast origin were documented. Negative selection was estimated for most (23) of the PCGs. The phylogenetic tree showed a topology consistent with previous analyses based on the chloroplast genome. Conclusions: The number and type of genes contained in the mtDNA of M. huitzilopochtli were similar to those reported in 19 other angiosperm species, regardless of their phylogenetic relationships. Although other Caryophyllids exhibit strong differences in structural arrangement and total size of mtDNA, these differences do not result in an increase in the typical number and types of genes found in M. huitzilopochtli. We concluded that the total size of mtDNA in angiosperms increases by the lengthening of the non-coding sequences rather than a significant gain of coding genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to accumulate and tolerate high levels of Al has been reported in relatively few plant families. Up to date there is no report on the Al tolerance or accumulation neither in members of Amaranthaceae nor in the order (Caryophyllales). In this work, we collected three Amaranthus species (A. blitoides, A. retroflexus and A. blitum) growing as weed on acid soils of tea gardens (pH 4.4–4.7) in the north Iran and analyzed for Al. The Al accumulation in the leaves of collected plants and those grown hydroponically for four weeks with 400 µM Al (125 µM free Al3+ activity) exceeded the critical level of Al accumulation (1 mg g–1 DW). A. blitoides was further studied for Al tolerance mechanisms. Shoot and root biomass and root length were stimulated by 50 µM Al accompanied by improvement of C4 photosynthesis and N uptake and assimilation. The growth of plants was slightly repressed under higher Al (400 µM) exposure accompanied by activation of antioxidant defense system and lignin deposition. A high resistance to toxic Al concentration in A. blitoides was associated with elevated levels of phenolics accumulation and exudation suggesting the contribution of these compounds to both the avoidance and the internal detoxification mechanisms in this species. This is the first report on Al accumulation in Amaranthus species and the results are of interest from the botanical, physiological and ecological points of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural pigments are components very important in the dye industry. The betalains are pigments found in plants from Caryophyllales order and are relevant in the food manufacturing. The main source of betalains is beetroot, which has unfavorable aftertaste. Therefore, the demand for alternative species producing betalains has increased. Elicitor molecules such as methyl jasmonate (MeJA) induce metabolic reprogramming acting in the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites and can enhance pigment concentrations. Here, we used this strategy to identify if treatment with MeJA at 100 µM can promote the accumulation of betalains and other bioactive compounds in Alternanthera philoxeroides and Alternanthera sessilis. We performed the gene expression, concentration of betalains, phenols, flavonoids, amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine), and antioxidant activity. The results showed that MeJA treatment increased betalains and other bioactive compounds in the two Alternanthera species but A. sessilis had a better performance. One key factor in this pathway is related to the phenylalanine and tyrosine concentration. However, the species have distinct metabolic regulation: in A. philoxeroides, high concentrations of betalain pigments increase the tyrosine concentration and gene expression (include ADH) under MeJA and in A. sessilis, high concentrations of betalain pigments reduce the gene expression and tyrosine concentration after 2 days under MeJA. This study brings new questions about betalain biosynthesis and sheds light on the evolution of this pathway in Caryophyllales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Here we respond to Zhou (BMC Genomics 21:734, 2020) “Combined Transcriptome and Metabolome analysis of Pitaya fruit unveiled the mechanisms underlying peel and pulp color formation” published in BMC Genomics. Given the evolutionary conserved anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in betalain-pigmented species, we are open to the idea that species with both anthocyanins and betalains might exist. However, in absence of LC-MS/MS spectra, apparent lack of biological replicates, and no comparison to authentic standards, the findings of Zhou (BMC Genomics 21:734, 2020) are not a strong basis to propose the presence of anthocyanins in betalain-pigmented pitaya. In addition, our re-analysis of the datasets indicates the misidentification of important genes and the omission of key flavonoid and anthocyanin synthesis genes ANS and DFR. Finally, our re-analysis of the RNA-Seq dataset reveals no correlation between anthocyanin biosynthesis gene expression and pigment status.

The family Aizoaceae includes ~1880 species and is one of the more diverse groups within Caryophyllales, particularly in arid areas in the western part of southern Africa. Most species are dwarf succulent-leaf shrubs. In response to the harsh climatic conditions prevalent where they occur, many representatives have evolved special reproductive adaptations. These include hygrochastic capsules (mostly found in Mesembryanthemoideae and Ruschioideae), burr-like indehiscent and one-seeded, winged diaspores, and fast germination of seeds after rain. We focused on anatomical features, evolutionary trends, and the ecological significance of various morpho-anatomical structures found in the seeds. The seeds of 132 species from 61 genera were studied, and 18 diagnostic characters were discovered. All studied characters were compared with those of other families from core Caryophyllales. The seed notch and embryo shape were added to the list of characteristics distinguishing major clades within the family. In addition, the presence of longitudinal ridges and a keel on the seed are additional characters of Aizooideae and combined Ruschioideae-Apatesieae, respectively. Puzzle-like borders of testa cells are a common trait in Ruschioideae and Mesembryanthemoideae. Most taxa in Aizoaceae have a thin seed coat, which is the ancestral state within the family. This may facilitate fast germination. We observed several shifts to a medium-thick or thick seed coat in members of Ruschioideae and Acrosanthoideae. These inhabit fire-prone environments (in vegetation types known as fynbos and renosterveld), where the thickened seed coat may protect against damage by fire. Multi-seeded fruits are the ancestral state within Aizoaceae, with several shifts to one-(two-)seeded xerochastic fruits. The latter are dispersed via autochory, zoochory, or anemochory. This trait has evolved mainly in less succulent subfamilies Acrosanthoideae, Aizooideae, and Sesuvioideae. In highly succulent subfamilies Ruschioideae and Mesembryanthemoideae, fruits are almost exclusively multiseeded and hygrochastic with ombrohydrochoric dispersal. A reduction in the number of seeds within a dispersal unit is rare. Within Apatesieae and Ruschieae, there are also a few unusual genera whose fruits fall apart into one- to twoseeded mericarps (that are mainly dispersed by wind). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The family Aizoaceae includes ~1880 species and is one of the more diverse groups within Caryophyllales, particularly in arid areas in the western part of southern Africa. Most species are dwarf succulent-leaf shrubs. In response to the harsh climatic conditions prevalent where they occur, many representatives have evolved special reproductive adaptations. These include hygrochastic capsules (mostly found in Mesembryanthemoideae and Ruschioideae), burr-like indehiscent and one-seeded, winged diaspores, and fast germination of seeds after rain. We focused on anatomical features, evolutionary trends, and the ecological significance of various morpho-anatomical structures found in the seeds. The seeds of 132 species from 61 genera were studied, and 18 diagnostic characters were discovered. All studied characters were compared with those of other families from core Caryophyllales. The seed notch and embryo shape were added to the list of characteristics distinguishing major clades within the family. In addition, the presence of longitudinal ridges and a keel on the seed are additional characters of Aizooideae and combined Ruschioideae-Apatesieae, respectively. Puzzle-like borders of testa cells are a common trait in Ruschioideae and Mesembryanthemoideae. Most taxa in Aizoaceae have a thin seed coat, which is the ancestral state within the family. This may facilitate fast germination. We observed several shifts to a medium-thick or thick seed coat in members of Ruschioideae and Acrosanthoideae. These inhabit fire-prone environments (in vegetation types known as fynbos and renosterveld), where the thickened seed coat may protect against damage by fire. Multi-seeded fruits are the ancestral state within Aizoaceae, with several shifts to one-(two-)seeded xerochastic fruits. The latter are dispersed via autochory, zoochory, or anemochory. This trait has evolved mainly in less succulent subfamilies Acrosanthoideae, Aizooideae, and Sesuvioideae. In highly succulent subfamilies Ruschioideae and Mesembryanthemoideae, fruits are almost exclusively multi-seeded and hygrochastic with ombrohydrochoric dispersal. A reduction in the number of seeds within a dispersal unit is rare. Within Apatesieae and Ruschieae, there are also a few unusual genera whose fruits fall apart into one- to two-seeded mericarps (that are mainly dispersed by wind).

Xerophilic subshrubs exhibit multiple functional types and frequently show hydrological niche segregation. In the poorly studied Irano-Turanian gypsum deserts, knowledge of the ecohydrological strategies of different plant species is essential to understand community complexity in these vulnerable ecosystems. We studied the ecohydrological strategies of five co-existing subshrub members of Caryophyllales, ascertaining if their rooting architecture, gypsum affinity or photosynthetic pathway determined their water uptake, and if gypsum crystallisation water could be a relevant water source for plants in different seasons. We conducted soil and xylem sampling for isotope analyses in spring and summer and extracted water by cryogenic vacuum distillation. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions were determined and compared with visual representation and Bayesian Mixing Models to determine species ecohydrological strategies. Species – season interactions were related to differences in xylem sap isotopic composition. Three basic strategies relying on contrasting the use of free topsoil moisture and deep soil water could be detected and were in part explained by rooting architecture. Plant gypsum affinity and photosynthetic pathways did not have a significant effect on the water sources used by the plants. Ecohydrological niche segregation was explained partly by rooting architecture and species-specific traits. Gypsum crystallisation water was not used in summer by the studied species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) is a pest of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae) in many regions around the world, and there are no formal insecticide toxicity assays. This study aimed to evaluate the lethal toxicity of malathion, lambda-cyhalothrin, spirotetramat, and potassium salts on D. opuntiae in laboratory and greenhouse assays. In the laboratory, using a potter tower, lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) were determined on adult females. Under greenhouse conditions, on O. ficus-indica infested plants, the LC90 of those three conventional insecticides were evaluated, as well as the LC50 of potassium salts; mortality was evaluated 48 and 144 h after application in laboratory and greenhouse assays, respectively. D. opuntiae was susceptible to all insecticides; malathion was the most toxic product, LC50 120.4 mg L-1, lambda-cyhalothrin (159.8 mg L-1 ) and spirotetramat (756.3 mg L-1 ) followed. Using potassium salts, 8,970.1 mg L-1 were needed to achieve 50% mortality. The highest percentage of mortality (88.3%) in the greenhouse was obtained using the LC50 (8,970.1 mg L-1 ) of potassium salts and the LC90 of spirotetramat (11,567 mg L-1 ). Mortality caused by the LC90 of spirotetramat (77.3%) and malathion (66.8%) did not differ statistically; while the LC90 of lambda-cyhalothrin (11,427 mg L-1 ) caused 45.4% mortality, and it was the least toxic insecticide in the greenhouse assay. In this work, the toxicity of insecticides to improve their use against D. opuntiae is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new species of Polycarpaea, Polycarpaea barbellata, P. ebracteata and P. psammophila, are described from the Palakkad district of Kerala, India. The new species are allied to P. corymbosa and P. aurea but can be visibly distinguished by unique character combinations, viz. shape of sepal, petal, bract and bracteole and seed morphology. Detailed descriptions along with illustrations and photographs are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographical distribution, diversity, endemism and conservation of Cactaceae in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas were analyzed based on distributional data obtained from specialized literature, fieldwork and herbarium specimens. Tamaulipas territory was divided into grid-cells of 10 × 10 min latitude/longitude and was used as units of analysis. Cactaceae comprises 174 taxa and 33 genera in Tamaulipas, representing a high proportion of the Mexican cacti with 65% at the generic level and 23% at the specific level. The richest genera are Opuntia (40), Mammillaria (35), Echinocereus (16) and Turbinicarpus (14). Thirty one Cactaceae taxa are new records for the state. The highest diversity of species occurs in the southwestern region associated with the Sierra Madre Oriental slopes and the Jaumave Valley. Cacti are well represented in the state natural protected areas (NPAs) of Tamaulipas compared to the federal conservation areas. We conclude that Tamaulipas constitutes a nodal area because it is located at the boundaries among four different biogeographic regions representing zones of biotic overlap promoted by historical and ecological changes allowing the mixture of different biotic elements and in situ speciation. For this, it is considered one of the richest Mexican states in terms of Cactaceae diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prickly pear, Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae), cultivations in Morocco have been aggressively infested in recent years by the prickly pear cochineal, Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae). An integrated pest management program that takes a holistic approach at the agroecosystem level, rather than piecemeal pesticide applications, is likely to improve cochineal control in Morocco. The pest protection plan should include the use of natural extracts, biorational insecticides, and natural enemies to biologically control D. opuntiae infestations. Mechanical methods, such as pruning and uprooting, are potential control measures in areas where the first evidence of D. opuntiae infestation occurs. Using resistant cactus varieties to the prickly pear cochineal will also minimize the spread of this pest. Eight resistant cultivars to D. opuntiae were identified, registered, and multiplied, and plantation on a large scale is underway in Morocco's cactus area. This paper provides an overview of present information on prickly pear cochineal for Moroccan farmers and stakeholders in order to suggest the best way to limit or counter the spread of this pest, particularly in freshly cactus cultivated areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fallopia aubertii (L. Henry) Holub is a perennial semi-shrub with both ornamental and medicinal value. The mitochondrial genomes of plants contain valuable genetic traits that can be utilized for the exploitation of genetic resources. The parsing of F. aubertii mitochondrial genome can provide insight into the role of mitochondria in plant growth and development, metabolism regulation, evolution, and response to environmental stress. Methods: In this study, we sequenced the mitochondrial genome of F. aubertii using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform and Nanopore platform. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the mitochondrial genome of F. aubertii, which involved examining various aspects such as gene composition, repetitive sequences, RNA editing sites, phylogeny, and organelle genome homology. To achieve this, we employed several bioinformatics methods including sequence alignment analysis, repetitive sequence analysis, phylogeny analysis, and more. Results: The mitochondrial genome of F. aubertii has 64 genes, including 34 protein-coding genes (PCGs), three rRNAs, and 27 tRNAs. There were 77 short tandem repeat sequences detected in the mitochondrial genome, five tandem repeat sequences identified by Tandem Repeats Finder (TRF), and 50 scattered repeat sequences observed, including 22 forward repeat sequences and 28 palindrome repeat sequences. A total of 367 RNA coding sites were predicted in PCGs, with the highest number (33) found within ccmB. Ka/Ks values estimated for mitochondrial genes of F. aubertii and three closely related species representing Caryophyllales were less than 1 for most of the genes. The maximum likelihood evolutionary tree showed that F. aubertii and Nepenthes ×ventrata are most closely related. Conclusions: In this study, we obtained basic information on the mitochondrial genome of F. aubertii and this study investigated repeat sequences and homologous segments, predicted RNA editing sites, and utilized the Ka/Ks ratio to estimate the selection pressure on mitochondrial genes of F. aubertii. We also discussed the systematic evolutionary position of F. aubertii based on mitochondrial genome sequences. Our study revealed variations in the sequence and structure of mitochondrial genomes in Caryophyllales. These findings are of great significance for identifying and improving valuable plant traits and serve as a reference for future molecular studies of F. aubertii.

Plastid molecular phylogenies that broadly sampled angiosperm lineages imply that carnivorous plants evolved at least 11 times independently in 13 families and 6 orders. Within and between these clades, the different prey capture strategies involving flypaper and pitfall structures arose in parallel with the subsequent evolution of snap traps and suction bladders. Attempts to discern the deep ontological history of carnivorous structures using multigene phylogenies have provided a plastid-level picture of sister relationships at the family level. Here, we present a molecular phylogeny of the angiosperms based on nuclear target sequence capture data (Angiosperms-353 probe set), assembled by the Kew Plant Trees of Life initiative, which aims to complete the tree of life for plants. This phylogeny encompasses all carnivorous and protocarnivorous families, although certain genera such as Philcoxia (Plantaginaceae) are excluded. This study offers a novel nuclear gene-based overview of relationships within and between carnivorous families and genera. Consistent with previous broadly sampled studies, we found that most carnivorous families are not affiliated with any single family. Instead, they emerge as sister groups to large clades comprising multiple non-carnivorous families. Additionally, we explore recent genomic studies across various carnivorous clades that examine the evolution of the carnivorous syndrome in relation to whole-genome duplication, subgenome dominance, small-scale gene duplication, and convergent evolution. Furthermore, we discuss insights into genome size evolution through the lens of carnivorous plant genomes.

Abstract Background Alternative patterns of secondary growth in stems of Nyctaginaceae is present in all growth habits of the family and have been known for a long time. However, the interpretation of types of cambial variants have been controversial, given that different authors have given them different developmental interpretations. The different growth habits coupled with an enormous stem anatomical diversity offers the unique opportunity to investigate the evolution of complex developments, to address how these anatomies shifted within habits, and how the acquisition of novel cambial variants and habit transitions impacted the diversification of the family. Methods We integrated developmental data with a phylogenetic framework to investigate the diversity and evolution of stem anatomy in Nyctaginaceae using phylogenetic comparative methods, reconstructing ancestral states, and examining whether anatomical shifts correspond to species diversification rate shifts in the family. Results Two types of cambial variants, interxylary phloem and successive cambia, were recorded in Nyctaginaceae, which result from four different ontogenies. These ontogenetic trajectories depart from two distinct primary vascular structures (regular or polycyclic eustele) yet, they contain shared developmental stages which generate stem morphologies with deconstructed boundaries of morphological categories (continuum morphology). Unlike our a priori hypotheses, interxylary phloem is reconstructed as the ancestral character for the family, with three ontogenies characterized as successive cambia evolving in few taxa. Cambial variants are not contingent on habits, and their transitions are independent from species diversification. Conclusions Our findings suggest that multiple developmental mechanisms, such as heterochrony and heterotopy, generate the transitions between interxylary phloem and successive cambia. Intermediate between these two extremes are present in Nyctaginaceae, suggesting a continuum morphology across the family as a generator of anatomical diversity.

Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider, Caryophyllales: Simmondsiaceae] is reported as a new host plant for Cyclocephala longula LeConte, 1863 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) larvae from Baja California, Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The families Aizoaceae and Molluginaceae are distributed in tropical and subtropical areas around the world. In Mexico, these families have been studied for Aguascalientes, Guerrero, Veracruz, the Bajío region, Mexico Valley, and Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley. This work aimed to develop morphological descriptions and dichotomous keys for the taxa of the families Aizoaceae and Molluginaceae present in the state of Sonora. The material collected in the state of Sonora and deposited in the University of Sonora herbarium and the Mexico National Herbarium was reviewed, and the identity of the specimens was corroborated using specialized bibliography. In addition, the specimens deposited in the Herbarium of the Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium, University of Arizona Herbarium, and Desert Botanical Garden were consulted online via Red de Herbarios del Noroeste de México. In Sonora, the family Aizoaceae is represented by three genera and five species, while the family Molluginaceae is represented by three genera and three species, mostly distributed in the Sonoran biogeographic province, in sandy soils. All the taxa of Aizoaceae present in the state are part of the flora of beaches and coastal dunes, and the three genera on the family Molluginaceae reported to the country are also found in Sonora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we respond to Zhou (BMC Genomics 21:734, 2020) "Combined Transcriptome and Metabolome analysis of Pitaya fruit unveiled the mechanisms underlying peel and pulp color formation" published in BMC Genomics. Given the evolutionary conserved anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in betalain-pigmented species, we are open to the idea that species with both anthocyanins and betalains might exist. However, in absence of LC-MS/MS spectra, apparent lack of biological replicates, and no comparison to authentic standards, the findings of Zhou (BMC Genomics 21:734, 2020) are not a strong basis to propose the presence of anthocyanins in betalain-pigmented pitaya. In addition, our re-analysis of the datasets indicates the misidentification of important genes and the omission of key flavonoid and anthocyanin synthesis genes ANS and DFR. Finally, our re-analysis of the RNA-Seq dataset reveals no correlation between anthocyanin biosynthesis gene expression and pigment status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]