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Objective: This systematic review with meta‐analysis was performed to assess whether motivational interviewing (MI) effectively prevents oral morbidities in adults. Methods: Studies considered were randomized controlled trials, cluster‐randomized controlled trials and community‐based randomized trials assessing interventions based on MI or indicating that a counselling technique based on the principles developed by Miller and Rollnick was used. Controls were any type of oral health education or negative controls. Participants were 18–60 years old. The main outcome was any oral morbidity. From 602 studies identified in MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and LILACS databases, seven studies were included in the synthesis. Results: Studies included only evaluated periodontal outcomes, no studies were found for other oral morbidities. Patients' mean age was 43.7 years, and the follow‐up time after MI or MI‐based intervention varied between 1 month and 1 year. The total study population was 272 people with moderate‐to‐severe periodontitis; other groups analysed were pregnant women (n = 112) and patients with mental disorders and alcohol problems (n = 60). Meta‐analysis for the plaque index (four studies, n = 267), bleeding on probing (two studies, n = 177) and gingival index (two studies, n = 166) were carried out. The summary effects for the random‐effects model were estimated respectively as −3.59 percentage points (CI: [−11.44; 4.25] for plaque index, −6.41 percentage points (CI: [−12.18, −0.65]) for bleeding on probing and −0.70 (CI: [−1.87; 0.48]) for gingival index, marginally favouring the MI group. The reduced number of studies, the non‐disclosure of some aspects of the data and the heterogeneity among them undermine the precision of the estimates. Conclusion: The current evidence available is limited to periodontal outcomes, and it is not possible to determine whether MI effectively prevents oral morbidities in adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To establish the feasibility and effectiveness of a rehabilitation programme using low-cost virtual reality aimed at improving postural control in children with cerebral palsy—spastic hemiplegia. It also aims to compare the effectiveness of this programme under two delivery modalities, telerehabilitation (TR) and face-to-face (FtF). Methods: This is a registered randomized controlled clinical trial protocol (ACTRN12621000117819). Eighteen sessions of low-cost virtual reality therapy will be provided through both, FtF and TR modalities using a Nintendo Wii balance board. Each programme will last for 6 weeks and will consist of 3 sessions per week of 25 minutes each. Twenty patients diagnosed with cerebral palsy—spastic hemiplegia will be recruited for each group: FtF or TR (n = 40). Participants will be assessed at baseline, by the end of weeks 2, 4, and 6, and at weeks 8 and 10 (post-intervention follow-ups). The primary outcome will be the Center of Pressure sway area (CoParea); secondary outcomes will be standard deviation and velocity of the CoP in the mediolateral and anterior-posterior directions; tertiary outcomes will include the Modified-Modified Ashworth Scale for lower limbs, Modified Ashworth Scale for upper limbs, timed up-and-go tests, the timed one-leg standing and 6-minute walk test. Results: This study provides an assessment of the feasibility and effectiveness of an affordable rehabilitation programme using low-cost virtual reality aimed at improving postural control in children with cerebral palsy. Conclusion: The designed rehabilitation programme using low-cost virtual reality may improve postural control in children with cerebral palsy—spastic hemiplegia. The TR modality is likely to be as effective as the FtF modality. The TR programme has been designed to overcome access barriers to physiotherapy services for children with cerebral palsy in low-resource settings, remote areas, and in restricted mobility contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze metaphors about the social outbreak in editorials, from Diario El Sur and Diario Concepción, two of Concepción's local newspapers. The corpus was composed of 23 editorials from these newspapers. Metaphor identification was done through Discourse Dynamics Approach to Metaphor. A total of 653 metaphors was found, which was then grouped, resulting in a total sum of 268 metaphors for the analysis. In this research, the editorial perspective about the social outbreak of two local newspapers was studied through metaphor. In both media outlets, similar metaphor vehicles were used. While Diario El Sur prioritizes the need for normalization, Diario Concepción legitimates the demonstrations as an expression of social discontent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Children with Down syndrome (DS) may struggle adjusting their posture during gait or standing and tend to adapt slower to demanding motor tasks and environmental changes. The functionality in their daily activities is frequently diminished or they are slower, with poor postural control and balance as possible reasons. There is limited research on exercise programmes to improve postural control in children with DS. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectivenes of an exercise programm with the Nintendo Wii Balance Board (NWBB) interface o postural control and functional balance of children with DS. METHODS: Participants were five children age 6–9 years belonging to the legal organization Espacio Down (in Talca, Chile), who underwen an exercise programm with the NWBB. The duration of the intervention wa 9 weeks, with two 25-minute sessions per week and a total intervention timeof 7.5 hours for each subject. Postural control pre-/postintervention was evaluated at a functional level with clinical tests: Timed Up and Go (TUG), One-Leg Standing (TOLS) and posturographic measures using centre of pressure (CoP) variables Descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon test were applied, with p < 0.05 considered to be significant. RESULTS: Th NWBB programme showed a significant decrease in the CoP total velocity, mean velocity and displacements in themediolateral and anteroposterior directions (p = 0.021) for the closed-eyes condition and a decrease in the time of the TUG test (p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study provides initial evidence for the effectiveness of the NWBB programme in children with DS. A 9-week NWBB programme improves the postural control and functional balanceof children with DS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in diagnostic accuracy studies (DAS) is a rapidly developing area in medicine, but there are only three instruments used in this scenario. The aim of this study was to design and validate a scale to determine methodological quality (MQ) of DAS. Scale validation study. A systematic literature review about the MQ of diagnostic accuracy studies was accomplished, and an expert panel generated a first draft (content validity) of the scale. An alphanumeric order was given and rated by six researchers (second draft) and a pilot study to optimise its use and understanding was performed (third draft). Two independent researchers applied the final scale (9 items/3 domains) to 110 articles from 13 journals with high, medium and low impact factors. Criterion validity was determined by contrasting MQ scores with the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine levels of evidence. The construct validity of the extreme groups and high and low IF were estimated. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to determine inter-observer reliability, and the cut-off point was calculated using a ROC curve. The best cut-off point was 24 points, with an under curve area of 93.4%. The content validity rating was 80-100% for all included items. Criterion and construct validity were statistically significant with p<0.05. Interobserver reliability was estimated in 0.96. A scale to measure the MQ of DAS was designed and validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring quality in graduate teaching is a guarantee of the competitiveness demonstrated by institutions. The aim of this study was to determine the internal consistency and reliability of the Triple Jump (TJ) instrument applied to Master's and Doctorate students in Medical Sciences to assess compliance of goals. Reliability study conducted at Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. TJ was applied by 3 evaluators who performed 2 evaluations, with structured assessment guidelines in three domains (cognitive, attitudinal and procedural), on a Likert scale with scores from 0 (not achieved) to 4 (achieved). The total point score was transformed into a final grade. The evaluated subjects were characterized, and internal consistency and interobserver reliability were determined. Fifty-one Health care professionals enrolled in Medical Sciences graduate programs at the Universidad de La Frontera between 2005-2016 (35 from the Master 's program and 16 from the Doctorate in Medical Sciences). In study subjects had a median age of 29 years, 6 years of professional experience and 3 years as specialists. 66.7% were male. The internal consistency of the responses to the assessment was characterized by a Cronbach's between 0.734 and 0.938. Interobserver reliability of the instrument had values between 0.86 and 1.0. The levels of internal consistency and reliability were higher than previously reported; therefore, the test is reliable and exhibits solid internal consistency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study sought to evaluate the effects of a Nintendo Wii Balance Board (NWBB) intervention on ankle spasticity and static standing balance in young people with spastic cerebral palsy (SCP). Methods: Ten children and adolescents (aged 72–204 months) with SCP participated in an exercise program with NWBB. The intervention lasted 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week, 25 minutes for each session. Ankle spasticity was assessed using the Modified Modified Ashworth Scale (MMAS), and static standing balance was quantified using posturographic measures (center-of-pressure [CoP] measures). Pre- and post-intervention measures were compared. Results: Significant decreases of spasticity in the ankle plantar flexor muscles (p < 0.01). There was also a significant reduction in the CoP sway area (p = 0.04), CoP mediolateral velocity (p =0.03), and CoP anterior–posterior velocity (p = 0.03). Conclusion: A 6-session NWBB program reduces the spasticity at the ankle plantar flexors and improves the static standing balance in young people with SCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaboration is a central aspect of research, with variable impact on research output and quality. Its assessment is commonly based on citation count, but this is an inadequate measure in biomedical research. The aim of this preliminary study is to determine the impact of collaboration at three levels on the quality of dental therapy research using a valid and reliable instrument. Ninety-nine papers published in four ISI dental journals were analyzed using the MINCIR scale for methodological quality (MQ). Correlations and a linear regression model were used to determine the impact of collaboration on MQ. There was a positive and significant correlation between MQ and number of authors (r=0.2991; p=0.0026) and countries (r=0.2253; p=0.0249), but not institutions (r=0.1750; p=0.0832). The linear regression model for MQ explains 20.32% of the variance; only the number of authors and journal quartile were significant. Collaboration has little impact on MQ in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systematic reviews, especially those that include meta-analysis, are the designs that provide the highest level of evidence. However, like other research designs, they can present with low quality reports that undermine the contribution they can make to readers, generating doubts about their validity. To address this situation, various actors in the biomedical sciences developed in the mid 1990s the QUORUM statement, consisting of 18 items grouped into six domains, with the aim of improving the quality of reports of metaanalyzes. In 2009 the same group published the PRISMA statement as an evolution of the previous one, allowing conducting systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials and other types of design, consisting of 7 domains with 27 items. Like other checklists, their impact in the practice has been variable, but certainly contributes to the improvement of the report. This article describes both checklists for use by the authors of the Revista Chilena de Ciruga, in order to achieve an improvement of their articles in a simple and efficient way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If literacy in health is based on the capacity to achieve and to maintain a good health state interacting with the social field (health systems), the empiric evidence consists of demonstrating the direct relation among both categories. In dentistry, the literacy in oral health refers to its impact in the health of people itself or of those who are in charge of, for example in the binomial mother-son. At present several psychometrical tools exist to measure those 2 literacies, classified in: recognition and pronunciation of medical terms, understanding and control questions; but there are no validated tools in Spanish to evaluate the one related to dentistry. Precisely for this last limitation, researches are scarce in Latin America about literacy on oral health, which is equivalent to lost opportunities to improve the oral health of the Ecuador population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most common problems in scientific articles is its poor reporting, a situation that leads to lack of information, affecting internal and external validity, questioning his contribution and usefulness. This has been studied leading to propositions by the international scientific community, reflected in a series of guidelines or checklists as CONSORT and TREND for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and non-randomized intervention studies (NRISs) respectively. The CONSORT checklist was created in 1996, with a final version in 2010, consisting of 25 items, grouped into 6 domains: Title and Summary, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, and Other information; representing the critical points in a RCT report. In many cases RCTs are no feasible so other research designs such as NRISs has to be executed, for this design the TREND checklist was developed in 2004, consisting of 22 items, grouped into 5 domains: Title and Summary, Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion. Even when the evidence has been contradictory regarding the impact of these checklists, they represent an important tool to improve biomedical research. This article tries to explain these checklists and encourage its use by the authors of the Revista Chilena de Cirugía, in function to contribute to continuous improvement of their articles in a simple and efficient way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the variables analyzed in bibliometric studies is the origin of the publications, making it possible to quantify the impact of different universities, medical centers and Regions in the number of publications of a particular journal. The aim of this study is to determine the rate of publication of the "Revista Chilena de Cirugía" (RCC) in the period 2007-2012 and its relationship to origin (Regions and Chapters of the Society of Surgeons of Chile) and university affiliation (UA). Material and Methods: Bibliometric study. All the RCC numbers between 2007 and 2012 were analyzed. The articles were categorized according to year of publication, article type, country Region that originated the article and UA expressed in every article. We determined the percentage of UA in each Region, we calculated the rate of publication, the overall publication average and the average annual rate (AAR). Results: In the study period 687 articles were published, with an average of 114.5 and 19.1 articles per volume and number respectively; of these, 602 met the selection criteria. 60.6%; 8.6% and 5% were generated in Regions Metropolitana, Araucanía and Biobío respectively. The 75.4% of the papers presented UA. The AAR was 1.1 ± 0.7 publications/year x 10 members, being higher for Chapters IX and IV Regions with 2.3±1,0 and 1.7 ± 0.5 publications/year x 10 members respectively. Conclusion: Most of the articles are generated in Metropolitana Region. A noticeable percentage of publications show no UA. Most AAR has been verified in regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives to present the experience of the research project Küme Mongüen Pewenche conducted in rural, indigenous and poor PHC, which aim to determine the prevalence and associations of cardiovascular diseases in Alto BioBio. Material and Methods It also identifies opportunities and constraints in order to guide the implementation of programs to strengthen research in urban and rural primary health-care centers, not to do research "in" PHC, but "from" and "to" the PHC. Results Large commitment of health professionals. Conclusions The commitment and curiosity of health professionals represent an essential input for research in PHC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dual-degree (DD) in oral and maxillofacial surgery still remains a controversial and/ or unsolved issue in many countries, although there is a growing trend towards its implementation in the developed world. The aim of this research is to describe the perceptions of Chilean oral and maxillofacial surgeons about DD and their position regarding the need of its implementation in Chile. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was performed via the LimeSurvey web platform, included all surgeons registered in the Chilean Society. The questionnaire comprised two sections dedicated to surgical practice and perceptions about DD, respectively. Results: 67% (61) of surgeons completed the survey, main proportion men with more than 5 years of surgical practice, and experience in training teaching. 55.74% (34) considered the implementation of DD programs in Chile necessary. There are correlations between this pro-DD position and hospital practice, knowledge about DD, the need for more medical skills/knowledge in daily practice, the need for DD to perform the full scope of OMS, and the opinion that Chilean training programs are not practicing at an International level. Conclusion: In Chile, as in other countries, there is a dichotomic view of DD, and it appears absolutely possible to initiate a propositive discussion about it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Until now, there are no reports of quantity and quality of publications in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) conducted in Chile, which is why the aim of this study is to determine the productivity and methodological quality (MQ) of OMFS clinical articles in Chile in the period 2001-2012. Material and Methods: Bibliometric study. A systematic search in MEDLINE, Science Citation Index Expanded (Web of Science-ISI) and SciELO was conducted. Only clinical items related to OMFS made by Chilean authors were selected. Journal name, publication year, primary Chilean institution affiliated and specialty area were registered. Those articles related to surgical therapy were evaluated according to Sackett's level of evidence and MINCIR-therapy scale for MQ. Results are presented using descriptive statistics. Results: 68 articles were selected. Growth was observed in the number of publications, from 3 (4.4%) in 2002 to 8 (11.7%) in 2012, showing a peak (13 articles) in 2009. The most productive institution was Universidad de Chile (n = 20). Majority of items are cases of surgical pathology. 91.2% of the articles observed had a type 4 level of evidence. The MQ average of analyzed articles was 9.9 ± 4.0 points, verifying only 4 items of good MQ (18 or more points). Conclusion: OMFS scientific production in Chile has increased during the last decade. However, the amount of articles of good level of evidence is low and MQ is poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To determine the level of evidence (LE) of articles published in Revista Chilena Cirugía (RCC) in the period 2007-2012 and their association with year of publication, subject area and university affiliation (UA). Material and Methods: Bibliometric study. An analysis of articles published between 2007 and 2012 in the RCC, applying the classification of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) was performed. The sample is composed of all articles published in the period under study, which was feasible to apply the CEBM classification. The variables analyzed were LE, research design, year of publication, subject area and UA dichotomized (Yes/No). The LE of the items was determined by three independent investigators and discrepancies were resolved by consensus. We performed an exploratory analysis of the data and the results are presented using descriptive statistics. Results: Of the 688 articles published in the period, 452 meet the selection criteria. The most frequent LE was 4 and 2b (91.4% and 5.8% respectively). The most frequent research designs were case report and retrospective case series (45.6% and 32.3% respectively). The subject areas that most articles provided were liver, biliary tract and pancreas; and esophagus, stomach, duodenum and small intestine (18.6% and 18.1% respectively). The 76.5% of the articles presented UA. These had a higher proportion of articles with LE greater than 4 respect of those without UA (9.5% vs 5.6% respectively). Conclusion: A significant proportion of articles published in RCC during the study period are of low LE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 400 people (over 15 years) from Pehuenche communities of the Chilean Alto Bio Bio, from May to October 2011, in order to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemias in this population. Necessary information was collected on the basis of regulations and criteria of the Ministry of Health, and as general results of average plasma levels and prevalence of dyslipìdemia were: total cholesterol 169.20 ±26.36 mg/dL and 8.2%; low-density lipoproteins 89.93 ±23.31 mg/dL and 4.5%; triglycerides 145.89 ±48.96 mg/dL and 53.0%; and highdensity lipoproteins 50 ±8.87 mg/dL and 28.3%. The values were lower in the age group of 15-24 years and in Pehuenche people with poor association with abdominal obesity or overweight; in general, they were lower than those of the city people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The number and quality of publications is an indirect measure of the capacity of an individual, institution or country to generate knowledge. Aim: To assess the number of publications of Chilean surgeons, registered in the Institute for Scientific Knowledge (ISI). Material and Methods: A search was conducted in the ISI platform for publications generated by Chilean surgeons in the last ten years. The number of publications and citations, the journals in which the publications appeared and nationality of coauthors, were analyzed. Results: Three hundred and eighty papers were identified. Of these, 333 (88%) were published in the period 2006-2010. The papers were cited in 1.946 opportunities (impact factor of 5.12 andh-index of 21). Thirty three percent of papers were published in Revista Chilena de Cirugía, 8% in Obesity Surgery and 4% in the World Journal of Surgery. Thirty four percent of papers came from the University of Chile, 21% from Catholic University and 8% from Universidad de la Frontera. Conclusions: The number of publications of Chilean surgeons is experiencing an increase in the last years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the discovery of ozone, it has been extensively investigated, proving effective in treating infections in different health professions, and also in dentistry. The objective of this article is to review the evidence regarding the use of ozone as a supplement in the treatment of periodontal diseases. Ozone reduces the number of bacteria, their reproductive capacity and even achieving their complete disappearance, in addition to having action against viruses and fungi. Thanks to this, its use as an adjuvant irrigant is currently being discussed, mainly because it is a biocompatible, highly effective antimicrobial agent, with oxidative potential that accelerates the physiological healing process, analgesic effect, and after characteristics such as its easy obtaining and mode of administration. However, ozone must be used in adequate concentrations, since an excess of it can cause the total elimination of any organism, thus it must be administered through the adequate routes and as complementary therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been determined that the quality of life, as well as the habits that we may acquire during life, can affect in one way or another our quality of life, oral health, such as eating habits, socioeconomic differences and racial / ethnic, parental education and family structure, as well as the fear that parents or guardians project from previous experiences to their children who are just entering dental care on a more conscious level. The objective of this article is to review elementary concepts of oral health-related quality of life in children and its relationship with dental anxiety of their caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in methodological quality (MQ) of prognosis studies (PS) is relevant in view of the important number of studies developed in this scenario. However, currently there are no instruments designed to measure MQ in PS, thus the aim of this study was to validate a scale to determine the MQ in PS. Scale validation study. Two independent researchers applied the scale (10 items/4 domains) in 119 articles found in 13 Journals of high, medium and low impact factor. Criterion validity was determined by contrasting MQ scores with Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine levels of evidence. Construct validity of extreme groups and high and low impact factors were estimated. Intraclass correlation coefficient was used to determine interobserver reliability, and the cut-off point was calculated using a ROC curve. The best cut-off point was 33, with an under curve area of 82.6%. Criterion and construct validity were statistically significant with (p<0.001). Interobserver reliability was 0.91 and a scale to measure the MQ in PS was validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Environmental pollution is a risk factor for cardiorespiratory diseases. Energy generated by thermoelectric power plants (TEPP) represents a relevant source of pollution. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between living near a coal-fired TEPP and the consultation rates for bronchial obstructive crises (BOC) in the province of Concepción, Chile.Methods: Population-based study. The epidemiological weeks from 2012 to 2014 were analyzed. The dependent variable was the emergency consultation rate for BOC in two health centers within 5 km of a TEPP (Coronel) and two that were more than 40 Km away from a TEPP (Talcahuano). The independent variables were the commune, climatological variables (air temperature and relative atmospheric humidity), environmental pollutants (PM10, PM2.5 and nitrogen oxide), weeks with the highest consultation rate and the years. Rates, Pearson's correlation and gross risk measures were calculated and adjusted for environmental and climatological variables.Results: BOC rates were significantly higher in Coronel (RR = 4.9 95% CI 4.0-5.8; p < 0.05). The PM2.5 it showed the strongest correlation with BOC rates (r = 0.3; p < 0.01) in Coronel, but not Talcahuano. Linear regression modelling indicated that proximity to a TEPP (health center location) and temperature explained 26 and 18% of the variance in BOC rates, respectively.Conclusions: Rates of emergency consultation for BOC were significantly higher among a population living within 5 km of a coal-fired TEPP than those living 40 km away. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of doctoral programs in the biomedical field has risen in recent decades, but with a concentration in Santiago and little expansion into the provinces. The aim of this article is to describe the initial results obtained by the Doctorate in Medical Sciences program of the Universidad de La Frontera, Chile. Observational study, conducted in the Department of Surgery at the Universidad de La Frontera, Chile. All cohorts in the program from 2008 to 2015 were included. The outcome variables were: Graduation rate and scientific productivity of the graduates (WoS and SciELO publications). Other variables of interest were: academic faculty productivity (WoS and SciELO publications), and characteristics of students who entered the program (age, sex, origin, profession, previous graduate training and number of years of formal university education). Descriptive statistics were applied. During the evaluation period, of a total of 17 qualified, 8 doctorates have been granted (1.6 per year), a graduation rate of 47.1%. The research productivity for 2010-2015 was 14.1 publications per graduate (8.4 WoS and 5.7 SciELO) and 43.8 publications per academic (41.2 WoS and 2.6 SciELO). In the period, 55 professionals applied and 27 were accepted (49.1% rate acceptance). Initial results of the Doctorate in Medical Sciences program of the Universidad de La Frontera, Chile are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practice of evidence based medicine requires strategies to efficiently search relevant medical information. This paper provides tools to optimize literature searches and access the best papers available. There are several electronic databases that can be consulted such as MEDLINE, LILACS, Web of Knowledge, The Cochrane Library, TRIP database, EMBASE and Google Scholar. Prior to the search, a research question must be formulated, structured according to the mnemonic rule PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparator and Outcome). The question must be adapted to the language of the search engine with the help of Boolean operators, MeSH terms, keywords and methodological filters such as type of study, type of population, clinical category and sensitivity. These techniques will allow the performance of an efficient literature search in a shorter lapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Block anesthesia of maxillary nerve 9BAMN) is achieved by depositing anesthesia through greater palatine canal into the pterygopalatine fossa. Authors differ in the amount of anesthesia to be administered and the rate of complications (diplopia and hematomas), Coronado et al., (2008), measured the size of the pterygopalatine fossa finding an average of 1.2 ml, suggesting that amount of anesthesia for BAMN. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of low doses of 1.2 ml (LD)versus traditional dose of 1.8 m. (TD) of anesthesia for BAMN and its adverse effects. A quasi experimental exploratory clinical study was performed involving 82 patients where the anesthetic technique was suitable for tooth extraction procedure: patients were randomized in LD and TD groups, 2% lidocaine with 1:50.000 epinephrine was used. Demographic (sex and age), clinical (tooth for extraction and anesthetic dose) as well as anatomical variables (upper facial and cranial index) were recorded. The anesthetic success (AS) was defined as the possibility to perform the tooth extraction with no pain or minimal pain as measured by visual analogue scale (VAS). For statistical analysis chisquare and t test (p <0.05) were used. The results show that the pain and AS were 2.93 and 61.67% in LD group and 3.09 and 59.09% in TD group respectively, there were 6 cases of diplopia with no significant statistical difference between groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The permanent interaction between bone tissue and the immune system shows us the complex biology of the tissue in which we insert oral implants. At the same time, new knowledge in relation to the interaction of materials and the host, reveals to us the true nature of osseointegration. So, to achieve clinical success or perhaps most importantly, to understand why we sometimes fail, the study of oral implantology should consider the following advice equally important: a correct clinical protocol, the study of the immunomodulatory capacity of the device and the osteoimmunobiology of the host. Although osseointegration may seem adequate from the clinical point of view, a deeper vision shows us that a Foreign Body Equilibrium could be susceptible to environmental conditions. This is why maintaining this cellular balance should become our therapeutic target and, more specifically, the understanding of the main cell involved, the macrophage. The advent of new information, the development of new implant surfaces and the introduction of new therapeutic proposals such as therapeutic mechanotransduction, will allow us to maintain a healthy host-implant relationship long-term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]