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2. Meloidogyne luci, a new infecting nematode species on common bean fields at Paraná State, Brazil

Author

Machado A. C. Z., Dorigo O. F., Carneiro R. M. D. G, and De AraÚJo Filho J. V.

Subjects
brazil, phaseolus vulgaris, its1, meloidogyne luci, taxonomy, etiology, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

Common bean diseased plants with symptoms of decline and root knots were collected in two growing areas in the municipality of Araucária, Paraná State (Brazil). Morphological (perineal patterns), biochemical (esterase phenotypes) and molecular (ITS1 sequences) studies allowed us to identify the infecting nematode as Meloidogyne luci. To our knowledge, this is the first formal record of M. luci parasitizing common bean in Paraná State, Brazil.

Published
2016
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9. Diversity of Meloidogyne spp. from peri-urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa and their genetic similarity with populations from the Latin America

Author

SANTOS, M. F. A. dos, MATTOS, V. da S., MONTEIRO, J. M. S., ALMEIDA, M. R. A., JORGE JÚNIOR, A. S., CARES, J. E., CASTAGNONE-SERENO, P., COYNE, D., CARNEIRO, R. M. D. G., MARCILENE F. A. DOS SANTOS, VANESSA DA SILVA MATTOS, JESSICA M. S. MONTEIRO, MARIA R. A. ALMEIDA, ALDEMIRO S. JORGE JÚNIOR, JUVENIL E. CARES, UNB, PHILIPPE CASTAGNONE-SERENO, INRA, UNIVERSITÉ CÔTE D'AZUR, FRANCE, DANNY COYNE, INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE, KENYA, and REGINA MARIA DECHECHI G CARNEIRO, Cenargen.

Subjects
SCAR markers, RAPD, Cryptic species, Esterase phenotypes, Species identification
Abstract

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Published
2019

10. Population genomics supports clona reproduction and multiple independent gains and losses of parasitic abilities in the most devastating nematode pest

Author

KOUTSOVOULOS, G. D., MARQUES, E., ARGUEL, M.-J., DURET, L., MACHADO, A. C. Z., CARNEIRO, R. M. D. G., KOZLOWSKI, D. K., BAILLY-BECHET, M., CASTAGNONE-SERENO, P., ALBUQUERQUE, E. V. S., DANCHIN, E. G. J., GEORGIOS D. KOUTSOVOULOS, UNIVERSITÉ CÔTE D’AZUR, FRANCE, REGINA MARIA DECHECHI G CARNEIRO, Cenargen, MARC BAILLY-BECHET, UNIVERSITÉ CÔTE D’AZUR, FRANCE, PHILIPPE CASTAGNONE-SERENO, UNIVERSITÉ CÔTE D’AZUR, FRANCE, MARIE-JEANNE ARGUEL, UNIVERSITÉ CÔTE D’AZUR, FRANCE, DJAMPA K. KOZLOWSKI, UNIVERSITÉ CÔTE D’AZUR, FRANCE, ERIKA VALERIA SALIBA ALBUQUERQUE FR, Cenargen, ETIENNE G. J. DANCHIN, UNIVERSITÉ CÔTE D’AZUR, FRANCE., LAURENT DURET, UNIVERSITÉ DE LYON, FRANCE, EDER MARQUES, and ANDRESSA C. Z. MACHADO, INSTITUTO AGRONÔMICO DO PARANÁ

Subjects
Clonal evolution, Parallel adaptation, Agricultural pest, Population genomics
Abstract

Made available in DSpace on 2020-02-14T18:09:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 eva.12881.pdf: 1521118 bytes, checksum: c25b4f6df0ae2e1e4dfa1cca65d9f9f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

Published
2019

15. The multi-resistant reaction of drought-tolerant coffee 'Conilon Clone 14' to Meloidogyne spp. and late hypersensitive-like response in Coffea canephora

Author

Lima, E. A., Furlanetto, C., Nicole, Michel, Gomes, A. C. M. M., Almeida, M. R. A., Jorge, A., Correa, V. R., Salgado, S. M., Ferrao, M. A. G., and Carneiro, R. M. D. G.

Abstract

Root-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne spp., have major economic impact on coffee production in Central and South America. Genetic control of RKN constitutes an essential part for integrated pest management strategy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the resistance of Coffea canephora genotypes (clones) to Meloidogyne spp. Sensitive and drought-tolerant coffee genotypes were used to infer their resistance using nematode reproduction factor and histopathology. Eight clonal genotypes were highly resistant to M. paranaensis. 'Clone 14' (drought-tolerant) and 'ESN2010-04' were the only genotypes highly resistant and moderately resistant, respectively, to both M. incognita races 3 and 1. Several clones were highly resistant to both avirulent and virulent M. exigua. Clone 14 and ESN2010-04 showed multiple resistance to major RKNs tested. Roots of 'clone 14' (resistant) and 'clone 22' (susceptible) were histologically studied against infection by M. incognita race 3 and M. paranaensis. Reduction of juvenile (J2) penetration in clone 14 was first seen at 2 to 6 days after inoculation (DAI). Apparent early hypersensitive reaction (HR) was seen in root cortex between 4 and 6 DAI, which led to cell death and prevention of some nematode development. At 12 to 20 DAI, giant cells formed in the vascular cylinder, besides normal development into J3/J4. From 32 to 45 DAI, giant cells were completely degenerated. Late, intense HR and cell death were frequently observed around young females and giant cells reported for the first time in coffee pathosystem. These results provide rational bases for future studies, including prospection, characterization, and expression profiling of genomic loci involved in both drought tolerance and resistance to multiple RKN species.

Published
2015

16. First report of Meloidogyne enterolobii in Capsicum rootstocks carrying the Me1 AND Me3/Me7 genes in Central Brazil

Author

PINHEIRO, J. B., BOITEUX, L. S., ALMEIDA, M. R. A., PEREIRA, R. B., GALHARDO, L. C. S., CARNEIRO, R. M. D. G., JADIR BORGES PINHEIRO, CNPH, LEONARDO SILVA BOITEUX, CNPH, MARIA RITTA A. ALMEIDA, bolsista, CENARGEN, RICARDO BORGES PEREIRA, CNPH, LUIS C. S. GALHARDO, AGROCINCO VEGETABLE SEEDS, and REGINA MARIA DECHECHI G CARNEIRO, CENARGEN.

Subjects
root-knot nematodes, Resistance genes, Virulent populations, Meloidogyne mayaguensis, Capsicum Annuum
Abstract

In the present work, we report for the first time the occurence of M. enterolobii infecting Capsicum annuumplants carrying the Me1 and Me3/Me7 genes under plastic house systems in Brasília-DF (Central Brazil).

Published
2015

18. Study of Brazilian species of Meloidogyne: enzymatic and molecular characterizations

Author

MATTOS, V. S., MONTEIRO, J. M. S., CARES, J. E., CORREA, V. R., ALMEIDA, M. R. A., PINHEIRO, J. B., CARNEIRO, R. M. D. G., V. S. MATTOS, DEPARTAMENTO DE FITOPATOLOGIA, UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASILIA., J. M. S. MONTEIRO, DEPARTAMENTO DE FITOPATOLOGIA, UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASILIA, J. E. CARES, DEPARTAMENTO DE FITOPATOLOGIA, UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASILIA., V. R. CORREA, UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASILIA, M. R. A. ALMEIDA, UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASILIA, JADIR BORGES PINHEIRO, CNPH, and R. M. D. G. CARNEIRO, EMBRAPA RECURSOS GENÉTICOS E BIOTECNOLOGICOS.

Subjects
Meloidogyne brasiliensis, Meloidogyne polycephannulata, Nematoide
Abstract

Edição dos Proceedings do 6th International Congress of Nematology, Cape Town, South Africa, May 2014.

Published
2014

19. <italic>Meloidogyne luci</italic>, a new root‐knot nematode parasitizing potato in Portugal.

Author

Maleita, C., Esteves, I., Cardoso, J. M. S., Abrantes, I., Cunha, M. J., and Carneiro, R. M. D. G.

Subjects
ROOT-knot nematodes, ESTERASE genetics, ESTERASES, ESTERASES regulation, PERINEAL care, PHYSIOLOGY
Abstract

In 2013, during a field survey conducted in Portugal on potato, Solanum tuberosum, an unusual esterase (EST) phenotype was detected in a root‐knot nematode (RKN) from potato roots collected in Coimbra. This Portuguese isolate was purified and maintained on tomato, S. lycopersicum, and morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics were studied. Perineal pattern morphology was highly variable, similar to Meloidogyne ethiopica and not useful for identification. The EST phenotype, from young egg‐laying females, displayed three bands similar to the Brazilian M. luci (L3) and distinct from M. ethiopica (E3). Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I and the mitochondrial DNA region between COII and 16S rRNA genes revealed that the Portuguese isolate grouped with M. luci isolates close to M. ethiopica isolates. However, considering the ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2 region, the Portuguese isolate grouped with isolates of M. luci, M. ethiopica and M. hispanica, which limits the confidence of this region for M. luci diagnosis, and its differentiation from other species with morphological similarities. The M. luci pathogenicity to potato was also assessed in 16 commercial cultivars and compared with M. chitwoodi, considered to be a quarantine RKN species by EPPO. All potato cultivars were susceptible to both Meloidogyne species with gall indices of 5 and higher reproduction factor values ranging from 12.5 to 122.3, which suggests that M. luci may constitute a potential threat to potato production. In the present study, M. luci is reported for the first time attacking potato in Portugal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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20. Espécies de meloidogyne em figueira (Ficus carica) e em plantas infestantes

Author

LIMA-MEDINA, I., SOMAVILLA, L., CARNEIRO, R. M. D. G., GOMES, C. B., Israel Lima-Medina, UFPEL, Lúcia Somavilla, FAPEG, REGINA MARIA DECHECHI G CARNEIRO, CENARGEN, and CESAR BAUER GOMES, CPACT.

Subjects
Nematoide das galhas, Isoenzymes, characterization, host suitability, fig, weeds, root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne spp, Caracterização, Hospedabilidade, Figueira, Isoenzimas, Meloidogyne spp, Plantas infestantes
Published
2013

21. Concentration of beta-ecydisone (20E) in susceptible and resistant accessions of Pfaffia glomerata infected with Meloidogyne incognita and histological characterisation of resistance

Author

Gomes, A. C. M. M., Nicole, Michel, Mattos, J. K., Pereira, S. I. V., Pereira, P., Silva, D. B., Vieira, R., Capdeville de, G., Moita, A. W., and Carneiro, R. M. D. G.

Subjects
resistance, hypersensitive reaction, food and beverages, phenolic compounds, autofluorescence, root-knot nematodes, Brazilian ginseng
Abstract

Pfaffia glomerata is a medicinal plant widely distributed in Brazil, which is considered the world's greatest supplier of P glomerata roots. Among active ingredients contained in this plant, the steroid beta-ecydisone (20E) is the most important compound extracted from roots. This steroid presents therapeutic properties for the treatment of diabetes and haemorrhoids, besides having bioenergy, tonic and aphrodisiac effects. The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. is a major limiting factor in root production. Recent studies showed resistance of accessions of P. glomerata to Meloidogyne incognita. The aims of this work were: i) to correlate the concentration of 20E with resistance and susceptibility of P. glomerata accessions to M. incognita in inoculated and non-inoculated plants; ii) to study the effect of the parasitism of M. incognita on the concentration of the steroid 20E in the roots; and iii) to clarify resistance mechanisms by comparing the response of a highly resistant UFV with a highly susceptible accession (Farm) to nematode infection. The concentration of 20E in the healthy susceptible Farm accession was significantly higher than in the healthy resistant UFV accession, showing that the resistance mechanism was not related to 20E concentrations. Plants of the Farm accession infected with M. incognita showed higher levels of 20E than the non-infected control. A positive and significant Pearson correlation coefficient was observed between 20E concentrations and gall indexes. Resistance of UFV to the root-knot nematode M. incognita was associated with unidentified factors that limited nematode penetration or emigration of second-stage juveniles and with post-penetration responses, including the hypersensitive response. Giant cells were sometimes found in the resistant cultivar, but displayed a highly vacuolated and degraded cytoplasm with thinner cell walls than those induced in the susceptible accession. Microscope observations under UV light showed a strong autofluorescence, suggesting that phenolic compounds may be involved in ginseng UFV resistance.

Published
2010

22. Host status of different crops for Meloidogyne ethiopica control

Author

LIMA, E. A., MATTOS, J. K., MOITA, A. W., CARNEIRO, R. G., CARNEIRO, R. M. D. G., EDRIANA A. L., UNB, JEAN K. MATTOS, UNB, ANTONIO WILLIAMS MOITA, CNPH, RUI GOMES CARNEIRO, IAPAR, REGINA MARIA DECHECHI G CARNEIRO, CENARGEN., Edriana A. Lima, Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade de Brasília., Jean K. Mattos, Universidade de Brasilia, Rui Gomes Carneiro, Instituto Agronomico do Paraná, and REGINA MARIA DECHECHI G CARNEIRO, Cenargen.

Subjects
Controle, Meloidogine, Nematóide, Rotação de Cultura, Planta, Planta antagônica, Meloidoyne ethiopica
Abstract

Made available in DSpace on 2011-04-09T16:14:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 limahost.pdf: 955558 bytes, checksum: 19e5536e1387456bbe042fef85951be0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-22

Published
2009

23. Cultural and morphological characterization of Pochonia chlamydosporia and Lecanicillium psalliotae isolated from Meloidogyne mayaguensis eggs in Brazil

Author

AREVALO, J., HIDALGO-DÍAZ, L., MARTINS, I., SOUZA, J. F., CASTRO, J. M. da C. e, CARNEIRO, R. M. D. G., TIGANO, M. S., JERSYS AREVALO, LEOPOLDO HIDALGO-DÍAZ, IRENE MARTINS, CENARGEN, JANAÍNA F. SOUZA, JOSE MAURO DA CUNHA E CASTRO, CPATSA, REGINA MARIA DECHECHI G CARNEIRO, CENARGEN, and MYRIAN SILVANA TIGANO, CENARGEN.

Subjects
Fungo, Nematóide das galhas, Guava, Goiaba, Meloidogyne mayaguensis, Disease, Controle Biológico, Doença
Abstract

The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne mayaguensis, causes serious economic loss to guava plantation in Brazil. Fungi associated with eggs of M. mayaguensis in Brazilian soil have not been studied yet, but this knowledge could form the basis for future field studies on biological control of this nematode. The egg parasitic fungi, Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia, P.chlamydosporia var. catenulata and Lecanicillium psalliotae, were isolated from M. mayaguensis eggs and analyzed based on their cultural and morphological characteristics. The optimum temperature for growth and spore production ranged between 24 and 28oC for P. chlamydosporia isolates. For the isolate of L. psalliotae, the best growth was at 30 o C. In solid state fermentation, P. chlamydosporia isolates produced between 3.5 and 5.2 x 106 chlamydospores per g of colonized substrate, whereas L. psalliotae isolate produced 8.5 x 108 conidia per g of colonized substrate. Future studies are required to clarify the potential of these fungi as biological control agents of M. mayaguensis.

Published
2009

24. Diversity of Meloidogyne exigua (Tylenchida; Meloidogynidae) populations from coffee and rubber tree

Author

MUNIZ, M. de F. S., CAMPOS, V. P., CASTAGNONE SERENO, P., CASTRO, J. M. da C. e, ALMEIDA, M. R. A., CARNEIRO, R. M. D. G., Maria de Fátima S. Muniz, UFAL/Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Vicente Paulo Campos, UFLA, Philippe Castagnone Sereno, INRA, José Mauro da Cunha e Castro, Embrapa Semi-Árido, Maria Ritta Alves Almeida bolsista Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, and Regina Maria Dechechi Gomes Carneiro, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia.

Subjects
Meloidogyne Exigua, Tylenchida, Seringueira, Meloidogynidae, Café
Abstract

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Published
2008

25. Detecção de hospedeiros alternativos de Meloidogyne mayaguensis em área de cultivo de goiabeiras em Petrolina-PE

Author

CASTRO, J. M. da C. e, CARNEIRO, R. M. D. G., ALMEIDA, M. R. A., ANTUNES JÚNIOR, E. F., JOSE MAURO DA CUNHA E CASTRO, CPATSA, R. M. D. G. Carneiro (CENARGEN), M. R. A. Almeida (CENARGEN), and E. F. Antunes Júnior (CPATSA).

Subjects
Petrolina, Pernambuco, Goiaba, Brasil, Meloidogyne mayaguensis, Hospedeiro
Abstract

Em 2001, Meloidogyne mayaguensis foi identificado como o agente causal de drástica destruição de goiabeiras irrigadas no Vale do São Francisco. Algumas espécies vegetais são conhecidas como hospedeiras desse nematóide, especialmente aquelas de interesse comercial. No entanto, pouco se conhece ainda acerca do comportamento de espécies de plantas daninhas. Em uma área cultivada com goiabeiras, no município de Petrolina - PE, galhas características da infecção de Meloidogyne foram observadas nas raízes de maxixe (Cucumis anguria), apaga-fogo (Alternanthera tenella), jitirana-cabeluda (Merremia aegyptia) e meloso-da-flor-roxal (Marsypianthes chamaedrys). Em todas as plantas, M. mayaguensis foi identificado segundo o fenótipo da isoenzima esterase (Est M2, Rm: 0,7 e 0,9). Esse fato demonstra que plantas daninhas podem constituir eficiente reservatório do nematoide em áreas cultivads. Dessa maneira, na adoção de medidas de controle como a rotação de culturas ou o alqueive, periodicamente, essas plantas invasoras devem ser eliminadas das áreas a serem manejadas. Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-23T03:15:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ID37202.pdf: 385663 bytes, checksum: 2ca1ba58fb43ec2b4d5ba647a47b28bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-18 Edição dos Resumos do XXVII Congresso Brasileiro de Nematologia, Goiânia, maio 2007.

Published
2007

26. Differentiation of Meloidogyne floridensis from M. arenaria using high-fidelity PCR amplified mitochondrial AT-RICH sequences

Author

JEYAPRAKASH, A., TIGANO, M. S., BRITO, J., CARNEIRO, R. M. D. G., and DICKSON, D. W.

Subjects
PCR de alta fidelidade, Meloidogyne, Diagnóstico molecular, Região mitocondrial rica em AT, Estrutura de talo e bucle
Abstract

Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T00:39:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ID276741.pdf: 426253 bytes, checksum: 5397ae5d0abb431b3505c7b65b1a752c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-22

Published
2006

28. Primeiro registro de Meloidogyne mayaguensis em goiabeira no Brasil

Author

CARNEIRO, R. M. D. G., MOREIRA, W. A., ALMEIDA, M. R. A., GOMES, A. C. M. M., WELLIGTON ANTONIO MOREIRA, CPATSA., REGINA M. D. G. CARNEIR0, WELLINGTON ANTONIO MOREIRA, CPATSA, MARIA RITTA ALVES ALMEIDA, and ANA CRISTINA M. M. GOMES.

Subjects
Nordeste, Nematoda, Goiaba, Northeast, Diseases, Meloidogyne mayaguensis, Guavas, Região semi-árida, Nematóide, Guava, Psidium Guajava, Semi-arid region, Nematoide de galhas, Doença
Abstract

Meloidogyne mayaguensis foi assinalada pela primeira vez no Brasil em Petrolina (PE) e Curaca e Manicoba (BA), causando danos em plantios comerciais de goiabeira. As plantas infestadas pelo nematoide apresentaram drastica reducao de crescimento, folhas pequenas e reducao de producao em volume e em quantidade. Plantas severamente atacadas pelo nematoide apresentaram sistema radicular mal desenvolvido, deformado por muitas galhas de dimensoes variadoa e desprovidos de raizes finas. O nematoide esta provavelmente sendo disseminado com mudas provenientes de viveiros infestados. M. mayaguensis foi identificada e caracterizada atraves do uso de fenotipos enzimaticos e caracteres morfologicos e morfometricos. Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-26T00:38:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NematologiaBrasileirav.25n.2p.2232282001.pdf: 4530244 bytes, checksum: 651ead591c03e7a2bf8435a5fc0a277e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-06-05

Published
2002

29. Seleção de Psidium spp. quanto à resistência a Meloidogyne mayaguensis e compatibilidade de enxertia com P. guajava cv Paluma.

Author

Regina Maria Dechechi G Carneiro, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia; Mariana Guimarães de Souza, bolsista, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia; Pedro Augusto Cirotto, bolsista, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia; Alípio Pires Quintanilha, bolsista, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia; Dijalma Barbosa da Silva, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia., CARNEIRO, R. M. D. G., SOUZA, M. G., CIROTTO, P. A. C., QUINTANILHA, A., SILVA, D. B. da., Regina Maria Dechechi G Carneiro, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia; Mariana Guimarães de Souza, bolsista, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia; Pedro Augusto Cirotto, bolsista, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia; Alípio Pires Quintanilha, bolsista, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia; Dijalma Barbosa da Silva, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia., CARNEIRO, R. M. D. G., SOUZA, M. G., CIROTTO, P. A. C., QUINTANILHA, A., and SILVA, D. B. da.

Abstract

2007

Published
2011

32. New sources of resistance toMeloidogyne incognitarace 3 in wild cotton accessions and histological characterization of the defence mechanisms

Author

Mota, F. C., primary, Alves, G. C. S., additional, Giband, M., additional, Gomes, A. C. M. M., additional, Sousa, F. R., additional, Mattos, V. S., additional, Barbosa, V. H. S., additional, Barroso, P. A. V., additional, Nicole, M., additional, Peixoto, J. R., additional, Rocha, M. R., additional, and Carneiro, R. M. D. G., additional

Published
2012
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34. Diversity of Meloidogyne spp. on Musa in Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana.

Author

Cofcewicz ET, Carneiro RM, Randig O, Chabrier C, and Quénéhervé P

Abstract

Ninety-six isolates of Meloidogyne species collected from banana fields from Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana, were examined using esterase (Est) and malate dehydrogenase (Mdh) phenotypes. Adult females identified as M. arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica, M. cruciani, M. hispanica, and Meloidogyne sp. showed species-specific phenotypes only for the esterase enzymes. Intraspecific variability among isolates of M. arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica was detected using Est and Mdh. Perineal patterns were used as a complementary tool together with enzyme characterization and were essential for checking the morphological consistency of the identification. The major species of M. arenaria and M. incognita were detected at 61.9% and 34.3% of the total number of isolates, respectively, and the other minor species at 3.8%. The mixed Meloidogyne species were detected in 45.1% of the samples. Genetic analysis was conducted using RAPD markers, which alone or in combination provided reliable polymorphisms both between and within species. RAPD analysis of the data resulted in clustering of species and isolates congruent with esterase phenotype characterization. The intraspecific variability in M. incognita and in M. arenaria represented 14.9% and 61.6% of the amplified polymorphic fragments, respectively. This high level of variation in M. arenaria isolates may indicate multiple origins for populations classified as M. arenaria or more than one species inside the same group, but more detailed morphological and DNA studies will be necessary to test this hypothesis.

Published
2005

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