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2. Media Distortions

Author

Carmi, Elinor

Subjects
Media studies, bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFD Media studies
Abstract

Media Distortions is about the power behind the production of deviant media categories. It shows the politics behind categories we take for granted such as spam and noise, and what it means to our broader understanding of, and engagement with media. The book synthesizes media theory, sound studies, science and technology studies (STS), feminist technoscience, and software studies into a new composition to explore media power. Media Distortions argues that using sound as a conceptual framework is more useful due to its ability to cross boundaries and strategically move between multiple spaces—which is essential for multi-layered mediated spaces. Drawing on repositories of legal, technical and archival sources, the book amplifies three stories about the construction and negotiation of the ‘deviant’ in media. The book starts in the early 20th century with Bell Telephone’s production of noise, tuning into the training of their telephone operators and their involvement with the Noise Abatement Commission in New York City. The next story jumps several decades to the early 2000s focusing on web metric standardization in the European Union and shows how the digital advertising industry constructed web-cookies as legitimate communication while making spam illegal. The final story focuses on the recent decade and the way Facebook filters out antisocial behaviors to engineer a sociality that produces more value. These stories show how deviant categories re-draw boundaries between human and non-human, public and private spaces, and importantly, social and antisocial.

Published
2020
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5. Introduction

Author

Yates, Simeon, Carmi, Elinor, Ragnedda, Massimo, Series Editor, Robinson, Laura, Series Editor, Yates, Simeon, editor, and Carmi, Elinor, editor

Published
2024
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7. Digital Inclusion

Author

Yates, Simeon and Carmi, Elinor

Subjects
digital exclusion, digital policy, digital inequality, digital access, digital literacies, information divide, Covid-19, screen new deal, thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCT Media studies::JBCT1 Media studies: internet, digital media and society, thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JK Social services and welfare, criminology::JKS Social welfare and social services, thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPR Regional, state and other local government, thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology, thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCT Media studies, thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBS Social groups, communities and identities, thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTQ Ethics and moral philosophy
Abstract

This collection presents policy and research that addresses digital inequalities, access, and skills, from multiple international perspectives. With a special focus on the impact of the COVID-19, the collection is based on the 2021 Digital Inclusion, Policy and Research Conference, with chapters from both academia and civic organizations. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed citizens’ relationship with digital technologies for the foreseeable future. Many people’s main channels of communication were transferred to digital services, platforms, and apps. Everything ‘went online’: our families, friends, partners, health, work, news, politics, culture, arts and protesting. Yet access to digital technologies remained highly unequal. This brought digital inclusion policy and research to the fore, highlighting to policymakers and the public the ‘hidden’ challenges and impacts of digital exclusion and inequalities. The cutting-edge volume offers research findings and policycase studies that explore digital inclusion from the provision of basic access to digital, via education and digital literacy, and on to issues of gender and technology. Case studies are drawn from varied sources including the UK, Australia, South America, and Eastern Europe, providing a valuable resource in the pursuit of social equity and justice. ​ This is an open access book.

Published
2024
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12. Processing spam : conducting processed listening and rhythmedia to (re)produce people and territories

Author

Carmi, Elinor

Subjects
302.2
Abstract

This thesis provides a transdisciplinary investigation of ‘deviant’ media categories, specifically spam and noise, and the way they are constructed and used to (re)produce territories and people. Spam, I argue, is a media phenomenon that has always existed, and received different names in different times. The changing definitions of spam, the reasons and actors behind these changes are thus the focus of this research. It brings to the forefront a longer history of the politics of knowledge production with and in media, and its consequences. This thesis makes a contribution to the media and communication field by looking at neglected media phenomena through fields such as sound studies, software studies, law and history to have richer understanding that disciplinary boundaries fail to achieve. The thesis looks at three different case studies: the conceptualisation of noise in the early 20th century through Bell Telephone Company, web metric standardisation in the European Union 2000s legislation, and unwanted behaviours on Facebook. What these cases show is that media practitioners have been constructing ‘deviant’ categories in different media and periods by using seven sonic epistemological strategies: training of the (digital) body, restructuring of territories, new experts, standardising measurements (tools and units), filtering, de-politicising and licensing. Informed by my empirical work, I developed two concepts - processed listening and rhythmedia - offering a new theoretical framework to analyse how media practitioners construct power relations by knowing people in mediated territories and then spatially and temporally (re)ordering them. Shifting the attention from theories of vision allows media researchers to have a better understanding of practitioners who work in multi-layered digital/datafied spaces, tuning in and out to continuously measure and record people’s behaviours. Such knowledge is being fed back in a recursive feedback-loop conducted by a particular rhythmedia constantly processing, ordering, shaping and regulating people, objects and spaces. Such actions (re)configure the boundaries of what it means to be human, worker and medium.

Published
2018
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14. Keeping Pegasus on the wing: legitimizing cyber espionage.

Author

Kotliar, Dan M. and Carmi, Elinor

Subjects
*ESPIONAGE, *PATRIOTISM, *SPYWARE (Computer software), *MALWARE, *SMARTPHONES, *ACTIVISTS
Abstract

NSO Group is an Israeli cyber surveillance firm notorious for Pegasus – an intrusive malware capable of covertly taking control of smartphones and remotely extracting their contents. In 2019, after a series of unflattering reports on governments' use of Pegasus to infiltrate the phones of activists and journalists, NSO embarked on an uncharacteristically public legitimation campaign. This article focuses on this campaign and explores how this otherwise secretive spyware company publicly legitimizes its surveillance. Based on an empirical analysis of hundreds of public documents across various media, we explore NSO's legitimacy management practices and identify the audiences and contexts of this legitimation. Our analysis identified four legitimation practices: securitization, Zionist patriotism, ethics washing, and normalization. We argue that these legitimation strategies operate across two interrelated axes of legitimation: a local axis that echoes a particularly Israeli 'security-driven populism'; and a universal axis that follows Silicon Valley's ethics washing. We show that these legitimation axes are designed to simultaneously ensure the company's survivability and to sustain surveillance realism – the perception of surveillance as the only viable option This article contributes to the emerging literature on cyber surveillance firms and to the burgeoning research on the legitimation of surveillance by shedding light on the discursive infrastructures behind contemporary cyber espionage. Moreover, while surveillance is often understood as a global phenomenon, this article highlights the need to focus on the local contexts from which surveillance originates to understand its sustainability, expansion, and vulnerabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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21. COVID-19 risk mitigation in reopening mass cultural events: population-based observational study for the UK Events Research Programme in Liverpool City Region.

Author

Burnside, Girvan, Cheyne, Christopher P, Leeming, Gary, Humann, Michael, Darby, Alistair, Green, Mark A, Crozier, Alexander, Maskell, Simon, O'Halloran, Kay, Musi, Elena, Carmi, Elinor, Khan, Naila, Fisher, Debra, Corcoran, Rhiannon, Dunning, Jake, Edmunds, W John, Tharmaratnam, Kukatharmini, Hughes, David M, Malki-Epshtein, Liora, and Cook, Malcolm

Abstract

Objectives: To understand severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission risks, perceived risks and the feasibility of risk mitigations from experimental mass cultural events before coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) restrictions were lifted. Design: Prospective, population-wide observational study. Setting: Four events (two nightclubs, an outdoor music festival and a business conference) open to Liverpool City Region UK residents, requiring a negative lateral flow test (LFT) within the 36 h before the event, but not requiring social distancing or face-coverings. Participants: A total of 12,256 individuals attending one or more events between 28 April and 2 May 2021. Main outcome measures: SARS-CoV-2 infections detected using audience self-swabbed (5–7 days post-event) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, with viral genomic analysis of cases, plus linked National Health Service COVID-19 testing data. Audience experiences were gathered via questionnaires, focus groups and social media. Indoor CO2 concentrations were monitored. Results: A total of 12 PCR-positive cases (likely 4 index, 8 primary or secondary), 10 from the nightclubs. Two further cases had positive LFTs but no PCR. A total of 11,896 (97.1%) participants with scanned tickets were matched to a negative pre-event LFT: 4972 (40.6%) returned a PCR within a week. CO2 concentrations showed areas for improving ventilation at the nightclubs. Population infection rates were low, yet with a concurrent outbreak of >50 linked cases around a local swimming pool without equivalent risk mitigations. Audience anxiety was low and enjoyment high. Conclusions: We observed minor SARS-CoV-2 transmission and low perceived risks around events when prevalence was low and risk mitigations prominent. Partnership between audiences, event organisers and public health services, supported by information systems with real-time linked data, can improve health security for mass cultural events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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22. sj-pdf-3-jrs-10.1177_01410768231182389 - Supplemental material for COVID-19 risk mitigation in reopening mass cultural events: population-based observational study for the UK Events Research Programme in Liverpool City Region

Author

Burnside, Girvan, Cheyne, Christopher P, Leeming, Gary, Humann, Michael, Darby, Alistair, Green, Mark A, Crozier, Alexander, Maskell, Simon, O’Halloran, Kay, Musi, Elena, Carmi, Elinor, Khan, Naila, Fisher, Debra, Corcoran, Rhiannon, Dunning, Jake, Edmunds, W John, Tharmaratnam, Kukatharmini, Hughes, David M, Malki-Epshtein, Liora, Cook, Malcolm, Roberts, Ben M, Gallagher, Eileen, Howell, Kate, Chand, Meera, Kemp, Robin, Boulter, Matthew, Fowler, Tom, Semple, Malcolm G, Coffey, Emer, Ashton, Matt, García-Fiñana, Marta, and Buchan, Iain E

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-3-jrs-10.1177_01410768231182389 for COVID-19 risk mitigation in reopening mass cultural events: population-based observational study for the UK Events Research Programme in Liverpool City Region by Girvan Burnside, Christopher P Cheyne, Gary Leeming, Michael Humann, Alistair Darby, Mark A Green, Alexander Crozier, Simon Maskell, Kay O’Halloran, Elena Musi, Elinor Carmi, Naila Khan, Debra Fisher, Rhiannon Corcoran, Jake Dunning, W John Edmunds, Kukatharmini Tharmaratnam, David M Hughes, Liora Malki-Epshtein, Malcolm Cook, Ben M Roberts, Eileen Gallagher, Kate Howell, Meera Chand, Robin Kemp, Matthew Boulter, Tom Fowler, Malcolm G Semple, Emer Coffey, Matt Ashton, The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium, Marta García-Fiñana and Iain E Buchan in Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine

Published
2023
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23. sj-pdf-2-jrs-10.1177_01410768231182389 - Supplemental material for COVID-19 risk mitigation in reopening mass cultural events: population-based observational study for the UK Events Research Programme in Liverpool City Region

Author

Burnside, Girvan, Cheyne, Christopher P, Leeming, Gary, Humann, Michael, Darby, Alistair, Green, Mark A, Crozier, Alexander, Maskell, Simon, O’Halloran, Kay, Musi, Elena, Carmi, Elinor, Khan, Naila, Fisher, Debra, Corcoran, Rhiannon, Dunning, Jake, Edmunds, W John, Tharmaratnam, Kukatharmini, Hughes, David M, Malki-Epshtein, Liora, Cook, Malcolm, Roberts, Ben M, Gallagher, Eileen, Howell, Kate, Chand, Meera, Kemp, Robin, Boulter, Matthew, Fowler, Tom, Semple, Malcolm G, Coffey, Emer, Ashton, Matt, García-Fiñana, Marta, and Buchan, Iain E

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-jrs-10.1177_01410768231182389 for COVID-19 risk mitigation in reopening mass cultural events: population-based observational study for the UK Events Research Programme in Liverpool City Region by Girvan Burnside, Christopher P Cheyne, Gary Leeming, Michael Humann, Alistair Darby, Mark A Green, Alexander Crozier, Simon Maskell, Kay O’Halloran, Elena Musi, Elinor Carmi, Naila Khan, Debra Fisher, Rhiannon Corcoran, Jake Dunning, W John Edmunds, Kukatharmini Tharmaratnam, David M Hughes, Liora Malki-Epshtein, Malcolm Cook, Ben M Roberts, Eileen Gallagher, Kate Howell, Meera Chand, Robin Kemp, Matthew Boulter, Tom Fowler, Malcolm G Semple, Emer Coffey, Matt Ashton, The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium, Marta García-Fiñana and Iain E Buchan in Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine

Published
2023
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24. sj-pdf-4-jrs-10.1177_01410768231182389 - Supplemental material for COVID-19 risk mitigation in reopening mass cultural events: population-based observational study for the UK Events Research Programme in Liverpool City Region

Author

Burnside, Girvan, Cheyne, Christopher P, Leeming, Gary, Humann, Michael, Darby, Alistair, Green, Mark A, Crozier, Alexander, Maskell, Simon, O’Halloran, Kay, Musi, Elena, Carmi, Elinor, Khan, Naila, Fisher, Debra, Corcoran, Rhiannon, Dunning, Jake, Edmunds, W John, Tharmaratnam, Kukatharmini, Hughes, David M, Malki-Epshtein, Liora, Cook, Malcolm, Roberts, Ben M, Gallagher, Eileen, Howell, Kate, Chand, Meera, Kemp, Robin, Boulter, Matthew, Fowler, Tom, Semple, Malcolm G, Coffey, Emer, Ashton, Matt, García-Fiñana, Marta, and Buchan, Iain E

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-4-jrs-10.1177_01410768231182389 for COVID-19 risk mitigation in reopening mass cultural events: population-based observational study for the UK Events Research Programme in Liverpool City Region by Girvan Burnside, Christopher P Cheyne, Gary Leeming, Michael Humann, Alistair Darby, Mark A Green, Alexander Crozier, Simon Maskell, Kay O’Halloran, Elena Musi, Elinor Carmi, Naila Khan, Debra Fisher, Rhiannon Corcoran, Jake Dunning, W John Edmunds, Kukatharmini Tharmaratnam, David M Hughes, Liora Malki-Epshtein, Malcolm Cook, Ben M Roberts, Eileen Gallagher, Kate Howell, Meera Chand, Robin Kemp, Matthew Boulter, Tom Fowler, Malcolm G Semple, Emer Coffey, Matt Ashton, The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium, Marta García-Fiñana and Iain E Buchan in Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine

Published
2023
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25. sj-pdf-6-jrs-10.1177_01410768231182389 - Supplemental material for COVID-19 risk mitigation in reopening mass cultural events: population-based observational study for the UK Events Research Programme in Liverpool City Region

Author

Burnside, Girvan, Cheyne, Christopher P, Leeming, Gary, Humann, Michael, Darby, Alistair, Green, Mark A, Crozier, Alexander, Maskell, Simon, O’Halloran, Kay, Musi, Elena, Carmi, Elinor, Khan, Naila, Fisher, Debra, Corcoran, Rhiannon, Dunning, Jake, Edmunds, W John, Tharmaratnam, Kukatharmini, Hughes, David M, Malki-Epshtein, Liora, Cook, Malcolm, Roberts, Ben M, Gallagher, Eileen, Howell, Kate, Chand, Meera, Kemp, Robin, Boulter, Matthew, Fowler, Tom, Semple, Malcolm G, Coffey, Emer, Ashton, Matt, García-Fiñana, Marta, and Buchan, Iain E

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-6-jrs-10.1177_01410768231182389 for COVID-19 risk mitigation in reopening mass cultural events: population-based observational study for the UK Events Research Programme in Liverpool City Region by Girvan Burnside, Christopher P Cheyne, Gary Leeming, Michael Humann, Alistair Darby, Mark A Green, Alexander Crozier, Simon Maskell, Kay O’Halloran, Elena Musi, Elinor Carmi, Naila Khan, Debra Fisher, Rhiannon Corcoran, Jake Dunning, W John Edmunds, Kukatharmini Tharmaratnam, David M Hughes, Liora Malki-Epshtein, Malcolm Cook, Ben M Roberts, Eileen Gallagher, Kate Howell, Meera Chand, Robin Kemp, Matthew Boulter, Tom Fowler, Malcolm G Semple, Emer Coffey, Matt Ashton, The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) ConsortiumMarta García-Fiñana and Iain E Buchan in Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine

Published
2023
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26. sj-pdf-5-jrs-10.1177_01410768231182389 - Supplemental material for COVID-19 risk mitigation in reopening mass cultural events: population-based observational study for the UK Events Research Programme in Liverpool City Region

Author

Burnside, Girvan, Cheyne, Christopher P, Leeming, Gary, Humann, Michael, Darby, Alistair, Green, Mark A, Crozier, Alexander, Maskell, Simon, O’Halloran, Kay, Musi, Elena, Carmi, Elinor, Khan, Naila, Fisher, Debra, Corcoran, Rhiannon, Dunning, Jake, Edmunds, W John, Tharmaratnam, Kukatharmini, Hughes, David M, Malki-Epshtein, Liora, Cook, Malcolm, Roberts, Ben M, Gallagher, Eileen, Howell, Kate, Chand, Meera, Kemp, Robin, Boulter, Matthew, Fowler, Tom, Semple, Malcolm G, Coffey, Emer, Ashton, Matt, García-Fiñana, Marta, and Buchan, Iain E

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-5-jrs-10.1177_01410768231182389 for COVID-19 risk mitigation in reopening mass cultural events: population-based observational study for the UK Events Research Programme in Liverpool City Region by Girvan Burnside, Christopher P Cheyne, Gary Leeming, Michael Humann, Alistair Darby, Mark A Green, Alexander Crozier, Simon Maskell, Kay O’Halloran, Elena Musi, Elinor Carmi, Naila Khan, Debra Fisher, Rhiannon Corcoran, Jake Dunning, W John Edmunds, Kukatharmini Tharmaratnam, David M Hughes, Liora Malki-Epshtein, Malcolm Cook, Ben M Roberts, Eileen Gallagher, Kate Howell, Meera Chand, Robin Kemp, Matthew Boulter, Tom Fowler, Malcolm G Semple, Emer Coffey, Matt Ashton, The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium, Marta García-Fiñana and Iain E Buchan in Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine

Published
2023
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27. sj-pdf-1-jrs-10.1177_01410768231182389 - Supplemental material for COVID-19 risk mitigation in reopening mass cultural events: population-based observational study for the UK Events Research Programme in Liverpool City Region

Author

Burnside, Girvan, Cheyne, Christopher P, Leeming, Gary, Humann, Michael, Darby, Alistair, Green, Mark A, Crozier, Alexander, Maskell, Simon, O’Halloran, Kay, Musi, Elena, Carmi, Elinor, Khan, Naila, Fisher, Debra, Corcoran, Rhiannon, Dunning, Jake, Edmunds, W John, Tharmaratnam, Kukatharmini, Hughes, David M, Malki-Epshtein, Liora, Cook, Malcolm, Roberts, Ben M, Gallagher, Eileen, Howell, Kate, Chand, Meera, Kemp, Robin, Boulter, Matthew, Fowler, Tom, Semple, Malcolm G, Coffey, Emer, Ashton, Matt, García-Fiñana, Marta, and Buchan, Iain E

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-jrs-10.1177_01410768231182389 for COVID-19 risk mitigation in reopening mass cultural events: population-based observational study for the UK Events Research Programme in Liverpool City Region by Girvan Burnside, Christopher P Cheyne, Gary Leeming, Michael Humann, Alistair Darby, Mark A Green, Alexander Crozier, Simon Maskell, Kay O’Halloran, Elena Musi, Elinor Carmi, Naila Khan, Debra Fisher, Rhiannon Corcoran, Jake Dunning, W John Edmunds, Kukatharmini Tharmaratnam, David M Hughes, Liora Malki-Epshtein, Malcolm Cook, Ben M Roberts, Eileen Gallagher, Kate Howell, Meera Chand, Robin Kemp, Matthew Boulter, Tom Fowler, Malcolm G Semple, Emer Coffey, Matt Ashton, The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium, Marta García-Fiñana and Iain E Buchan in Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine

Published
2023
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30. Data Citizenship: Data Literacies to Challenge Power Imbalance Between Society and "Big Tech".

Author

CARMI, ELINOR and YATES, SIMEON J.

Subjects
COMMUNITY involvement, FOCUS groups, EMPIRICAL research, ELECTRONIC data processing, CITIZENS
Abstract

We argue here that data literacies and capabilities are an integral part of data justice. Based on focus group data collected as part of a 3-year empirical project research project, we find that citizens remain unaware of key aspects of the digital ecosystem, which exacerbate the power imbalance between big technology (data processors) companies and citizens (data subjects). Citizens feel concerned about the way it is operating, they do not feel confident enough to be able to address that. We find that "networks of literacy" among friends, colleagues, and trusted organizations are crucial for citizens' capabilities. These networks influence citizens' ability to convert their available means into capabilities to support civic engagement and their communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023

34. Media Distortions: Understanding the Power Behind Spam, Noise and Other Deviant Media

Author

Carmi, Elinor

Abstract

Media Distortions is about the power behind the production of deviant media categories. It shows the politics behind categories we take for granted such as spam and noise, and what it means to our broader understanding of, and engagement with media. The book synthesizes media theory, sound studies, science and technology studies (STS), feminist technoscience, and software studies into a new composition to explore media power. Media Distortions argues that using sound as a conceptual framework is more useful due to its ability to cross boundaries and strategically move between multiple spaces—which is essential for multi-layered mediated spaces. Drawing on repositories of legal, technical and archival sources, the book amplifies three stories about the construction and negotiation of the ‘deviant’ in media. The book starts in the early 20th century with Bell Telephone’s production of noise, tuning into the training of their telephone operators and their involvement with the Noise Abatement Commission in New York City. The next story jumps several decades to the early 2000s focusing on web metric standardization in the European Union and shows how the digital advertising industry constructed web-cookies as legitimate communication while making spam illegal. The final story focuses on the recent decade and the way Facebook filters out antisocial behaviors to engineer a sociality that produces more value. These stories show how deviant categories re-draw boundaries between human and non-human, public and private spaces, and importantly, social and antisocial.

Published
2020

35. Feminist avenues for listening in: amplifying silenced histories of media and communication.

Author

Birdsall, Carolyn and Carmi, Elinor

Subjects
*HISTORICAL research, *MEDIA studies, *MASS media, *FEMINISM, *TECHNOLOGICAL innovations
Abstract

This paper proposes a feminist critique of the media and communication field by offering a different soundtrack to guide future historical research. By shifting the focus from well-known protagonists, and acknowledging process and community rather than individuals, we aim to amplify 'hidden' domains of gendered labour and layers of media technologies and services. We propose the 'listening in' model as a different way to engage with histories of media and communication, providing four pathways for how the histories of film, radio and internet in particular have been theorised and researched. These pathways focus on multiplicities of expertise, layers of infrastructure, users, and the media canon. For the first pathway, we show how media production has always been a collective work of multiple expertise. The second pathway breaks with the distinction between media and communication and emphasises reciprocal processes of media production. For the third, we demonstrate how media theory and research have tended to assume specific ideal bodies while ignoring others. For the final pathway, we propose a rethinking of how media histories and theories are narrated via the usual protagonists and call for a new canon to achieve a richer and more nuanced understanding within the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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39. ESRC Review

Author

Yates, Simeon J., additional, Townsend, Leanne, additional, Whitty, Monica, additional, Rice, Ronald E., additional, and Carmi, Elinor, additional

Published
2020
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45. Expanding the debate about content moderation: Scholarly research agendas for the coming policy debates

Author

Gillespie, Tarleton, Aufderheide, Patricia, Carmi, Elinor, Gerrard, Ysabel, Gorwa, Robert, Matamoros-Fernandez, Ariadna, Roberts, Sarah T., Sinnreich, Aram, West, Sarah Myers, Gillespie, Tarleton, Aufderheide, Patricia, Carmi, Elinor, Gerrard, Ysabel, Gorwa, Robert, Matamoros-Fernandez, Ariadna, Roberts, Sarah T., Sinnreich, Aram, and West, Sarah Myers

Abstract

Content moderation has exploded as a policy, advocacy, and public concern. But these debates still tend to be driven by high-profile incidents and to focus on the largest, US based platforms. In order to contribute to informed policymaking, scholarship in this area needs to recognise that moderation is an expansive socio-technical phenomenon, which functions in many contexts and takes many forms. Expanding the discussion also changes how we assess the array of proposed policy solutions meant to improve content moderation. Here, nine content moderation scholars working in critical internet studies propose how to expand research on content moderation, with implications for policy.

Published
2020

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