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Care is both a fundamental right for children, and central for a holistic realisation of other rights in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Children have a right to care as is necessary for his or her "well-being". Therefore, an analysis of the right to care, requires an understanding of the term well-being. In jurisprudence, well-being is underexamined. Nonetheless, there are several legal theories that are connected or relevant to care and well-being. Nevertheless, children's rights are not based on one single theoretical fundament. In this article, we examine the right to care by exploring the role of well-being and three legal theories: vulnerability theory; care theory; and the capability approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Adult child are used to taking the responsibility of taking care of their older parents in Chinese culture. However, the migration of adult child is not uncommon now in the context of urbanization in China. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of child's migration on health status and health care utilization of older parents with chronic diseases left behind.Methods: The data of the 2015 nationally representative longitudinal survey of the aged population in China were used in this study. Binary logistic regression was used to evaluate the impact of adult child's migration on health status and health care utilization of older parents with chronic diseases left behind.Results: About a quarter of the respondents (25.5%) had at least one migrant child. Most of the respondents (86.6%) rated their health as poor, and 42.0% of them suffered from physical limitations. Nearly half of the respondents (45.0%) had depressive symptoms, but the vast majority (88.2%) were generally satisfied with their lives. Only a quarter of the respondents received outpatient treatment in the past month while only one fifth of them received inpatient visits in the past year. After controlling for other demographic and socioeconomic variables, it was found in this study that those who with migrant child were more likely to report poor self-rated health (OR = 1.26; 95% CI 1.01-1.58), not satisfied with general life (OR = 1.28; 95% CI 1.03-1.59) and seek outpatient visits (OR = 1.22; 95% CI 1.03-1.43) than those who without migrant child.Conclusion: Our study found that there is a negative association between migration of adult child and physical health, mental health and health care utilization of older parents with chronic diseases left behind, which means a comprehensive effect on their health status. Further health policies should focus on improving the well-being of older parents with chronic diseases left behind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Care for older persons in India is considered to be the prerogative of the family, particularly the adult children. The legal and policy discourse reiterates this notion as well. In a country that glorifies the notion of filial piety, one finds a rising number of instances of parental neglect and abuse over the last decade. Against this background, it is important to revisit the existing laws, especially the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act (2007) which aims to provide relief to aggrieved parents and senior citizens. In this Article, I analyse the relevant laws and discuss the nature of complaints lodged by elderly parents at the Maintenance Tribunal in Kolkata (India). The nature of intergenerational disputes and the way they are dealt with by the Tribunal highlight the law's inability to imagine a world of needs beyond the economic needs of survival. Despite a few positive measures, the law presently falls short of interpreting the social 'needs' of belongingness, retaining authority and a position of importance in the family, a set of needs that often remain unspoken and are therefore disregarded by the law's agent (the Tribunal judge in this case). I argue that in the process of translating the 'needs' of older persons into 'rights' through the application of the law, justice is disserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines whether respondents believe that long-term care provided by children for elderly parents and grandparental childcare should be monetarily compensated, and how these results vary by different groups of respondents. Based on a representative survey, the author shows that while 79% of subjects support compensation for long-term care, only 38% of subjects support compensation for grandparental childcare. Older subjects are more likely to accept monetary compensation for both long-term care and grandparental childcare. It is puzzling that being a female does not by itself explain the differences in acceptance, even though females are much more actively involved in all types of time transfers. Implications of the results and directions for future research are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of EurAmerica is the property of EurAmerica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This communication studies the Ur III worker-designations ab (-ba) -i l2, ama-i l2, and (nu-mu-) su-i l2, which appear in the economic sources from Umma and Girsu/Lagaš. Expending on the earlier treatments by C. Wilcke and W. Sallaberger, it is argued that these classifications designate workers who were temporarily freed from the performance of corvée duty, in order to be able to care for their elderly (and probably ailing) mothers and fathers. The existence of such regulations has important implications for the status of the Ur III labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper examines the implications of providing care to elderly parents for adult children's retirement plans using micro data from a Japanese survey. We find no significant effect of caregiving on family caregivers’ planned retirement age if we do not take into account caregiving intensity but find a negative and significant effect on retirement plans for intensive caregivers, particularly among women. These findings suggest that relying on family members to provide elderly care can pose a serious challenge to the ongoing efforts of the government to promote the labor supply of women and the elderly as a way of addressing the shrinkage of the working‐age population in Japan. The estimation results suggest that ensuring access to formal care services can help family members reconcile their paid work with caregiving requirements, thereby alleviating the adverse effect of caregiving on their retirement plans. The results also suggest that the financial burden of formal care services could require caregivers to postpone retirement in some cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers a study from college age students in the U.S. and South Korea on adult children supporting their aging parents. Topics include filial obligation, a form of social expectations towards adult children's responsibility to meet parents' need; and analysis showed that mother-child and father-child relationship quality could differently affect college students' perceptions of instrumental and emotional support of filial obligation across their gender and their cultural contexts.

Copyright of Population (00324663) is the property of Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the global south where care services are sparse and familial care remains practically and socially important, end of life care often occurs within families. Furthermore, in health care related policy development, care is often assumed to be ensured by ‘traditional’ norms of extended family relationships. In this context, the demands of providing care may require care providers to relocate, as well as reorganize their everyday responsibilities. This article contributes to geographies of care by offering an examination of the mobility constraints experienced by married and externally-resident daughters seeking to provide end of life care to a parent in northern Ghana. Drawing on ethnographic research, I examine how particular familial relationships are embedded with socially constructed labour obligations, leading to conflicting responsibilities at a parent’s end of life. I then consider how a woman as a daughter works to overcome these constraints to provide end of life care. I conclude that understanding the mobility of care providers can contribute to avoiding potentially damaging assumptions of ‘traditional’ norms of care and is an important consideration towards understanding the geographies of care in the rural global south. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Among American evangelicals, the command to honor one's parents (Exod 20:12; Deut 5:16) has usually been interpreted as a command for young children to obey their parents. However, close study of this command reveals that it was primarily a command for adult children to care for their elderly parents. First, adult land- and slave-owning males were the implied audience of the Decalogue rather than children. Second, honoring and fearing parents in the ancient Near East was most commonly associated with adults and consisted primarily of physical support of elderly parents. Third, the other texts in the OT that describe the parentchild relationship clearly show the importance of honoring parents by caring for them. Fourth, NT texts and mainstream church tradition support this interpretation. The paper ends by looking at implications of this interpretation for today and some practical ways for adult children to care for parents in the modern world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a unique Chinese survey of parents and adult children, this paper examines how married children negotiate with their spouses for time devoted to caring for their own parents. Applying a collective bargaining framework, I show that the sex ratio at marriage shifts household bargaining in favour of the husband’s parents when women are less scarce, or against his parents when women are scarcer. Such changing dynamics in the family may potentially reverse the current preference for sons in China, implying that those with sons, rather than daughters, may be increasingly in need of state support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family caregivers are a quickly growing population in American society and are potentially vulnerable to a number of risks to well-being. High stress and little support can combine to cause difficulties in health and personal relationships. Siblings are, however, a possible source of protection for the at-risk caregiver. This study examines the relationships between caregiver burden, relational conflict, individual contribution, and gratitude exchange between caregivers and their siblings as they attend to the issue of caring for aging parents. Dyadic data were collected through an online survey and were analyzed using a series of actor–partner interdependence models. Dimensions of gratitude related to reduced caregiver burden, improved care-related conflict, and promotion of greater contribution to caregiving. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article examines choices of saving and caregiving for informal caregivers who will face uncertainty in health status of elderly parents. The caregivers have a general form of utility with two attributes: wealth and parental health. Informal care will substitute for future need of formal care when parents are in good health. The article first studies the optimal levels of saving and of caregiving and the link between them. Comparative statics results depending on partial risk aversion or correlation attitude are then presented. These results concern the effects of changes in the opportunity cost of caregiving, the share of expected bequest, the health status and the interest rate. The analysis is also extended to investigate the role of cross-prudence/imprudence in wealth when a background health risk is introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the differences in family-to-work spillover between employed women who did and did not have caregiving responsibilities for elderly parents and the relationship between family-to-work spillover and negative and positive appraisals of caregiving using moderation analysis. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with middle-aged employed women (age ⩾ 40 years) from four large companies. Negative and positive family-to-work spillover (FWNS and FWPS, respectively) and negative and positive appraisals of caregiving were measured. Data from 386 non-caregivers and 82 caregivers were analyzed using Fisher's exact tests, Welch's t-tests, and hierarchical multiple regression. Results showed that FWNS was higher in caregivers than in non-caregivers, while there was no significant difference in FWPS. Caregiver "fulfillment from the caregiving role" (a subscale of positive appraisal) buffered the effects of caregiver "feelings of social restriction" (a subscale of negative appraisal) on FWNS. On the other hand, caregiver "commitment to caregiving tasks" (another positive subscale) intensified the effects of "feelings of social restriction" on FWNS. However, there was no relationship between negative and positive appraisals of caregiving and FWPS. These findings suggest that both negative and positive appraisals of caregiving are important contributors to FWNS among employed women caring for their parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the need of Minnesota to adopt a filial responsibility law that compels adult children to financially support their indigent elderly parent who can no longer afford the basic necessities, as of September 2016. Topics discussed include history of filial responsibility laws; ways in which Minnesota imposes liability on adult children without filial statutes; and need of filial duty statute.

In late middle age, individuals may face competing demands on their time and financial resources from elderly parents and young adult children. This study uses the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine changes over time in the probability of having children and living parents for women aged 45 to 64. We compare two cohorts: those born in the 1920s and 1930s and those born in the 1940s and 1950s. We find that there has been a dramatic increase in the probability of having children and living parents and that this increase has been driven mainly by changes in life expectancy of the parent generation. We further examine transfers of money and co-residence for women in the later cohort. We find that while women may not give to parents and children concurrently, approximately 30 percent of them have provided support to both parents and children at some point in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how men's involvement in the care of aging parents is accounted for in relation to discourses of masculinity and femininity. The article draws on semi-structured interviews with Swedish men and women caring for elderly parents. Using the concepts of doing, re-doing, and undoing gender as a theoretical tool, both reproduction and renegotiation of gendered understandings of caregiving were found. When accounting for men's lack of involvement in care, gender was often resorted to as an explanation. As men took on care responsibilities, the meaning of both care practices and masculinities were renegotiated, either by re-doing gender through distinctions of “new” hegemonic masculinities, or even by undoing gender through making gender irrelevant in care arrangements. Gender equality discourses were surprisingly absent from accounts of eldercare arrangements. Since policies on gender equality in Sweden have focused more on parenthood than other caregiving relationships, “caring masculinities” have not been made an ideal in relation to the care of aging parents. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Much like other racial/ethnic groups, Latinos are facing challenges to provide needed care to aging adults. Older Latinos underutilize nursing homes and home health care services and primarily rely on their families for assistance. While this general trend has been established, little attention has been paid to nativity differentials in patterns of caregiving for this segment of the aging population. The analyses are based on the latest wave (Wave 7) of the Hispanic Established Population for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly or H-EPESE (2010/2011) a sample of older Mexican-origin adults and their family caregivers living in the southwestern U.S. We examine 629 child caregiver/parent care recipient dyads using bivariate statistics and multinomial logistic regression analyses. The results reveal that while grown children of Mexican-origin elders play a critical role in providing instrumental and financial supports to their aging parents, the burden that the children of foreign-born parents bear is greater. Despite higher rates of disability, Mexican-born elders are more dependent on a child for help and far less likely to call upon other family members, relatives and community based-providers for help than the U.S. born. Given the recent and future growth of older Latinos, intervention strategies will need to focus on nativity status and acculturative processes in the context of caregiving and caregiver burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the emotional impact of caregiving for elderly parents on migrant child in the transnational setting. To address this gap in the literature, this study examines the stressors, mediators, and outcomes of eldercare in the transnational context. Data were collected from 21 Bangladeshi immigrant men and women living in the United States who had living parents in Bangladesh over 60 years old. Despite the geographic distance, the migrants provide care to their parents such as emotional support, financial assistance, and arranging for care. While the health status of the care recipients contributed to primary objective stressors, none of the transnational caregivers' narratives reflected the presence of any subjective stressors such as role overload, role captivity, and relational deprivation. Distance and depending on others for hands-on caregiving resulted in feelings of loss of control over the caregiving process. Caregivers experienced a range of emotions from guilt, excessive worrying, and distress over the unpredictability and uncertainty of their circumstances. Kin networks, communicative technologies, and a cultural norm of filial piety contributed to mediating stress. The findings underscore the importance of supportive institutional policies such as visa and travel policies, employment leave, and counseling services for caregivers who provide care for their elderly parents transnationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I describe an embodied form of emotional distress expressed by Nicaraguan grandmothers caring for children of migrant mothers, 'pensando mucho' ('thinking too much'). I draw on ethnographic fieldwork and semi-structured exploratory interviews about pensando mucho conducted with grandmother heads-of-household to show the cultural significance of this complaint within the context of women's social roles as caregivers in transnational families. Adopting an interpretive and meaning-centered approach, I analyze the cultural significance of pensando mucho as expressed through women's narratives about the impacts of mother outmigration on their personal and family lives. I show how women use pensando mucho to express the moral ambivalence of economic remittances and the uncertainty surrounding migration, particularly given cultural values for 'unity' and 'solidarity' in Nicaraguan family life. I also discuss the relationship between pensando mucho and dolor de cerebro ('brainache') as a way of documenting the relationship between body/mind, emotional distress, and somatic suffering. The findings presented here suggest that further research on 'thinking too much' is needed to assess whether this idiom is used by women of the grandmother generation in other cultural contexts to express embodied distress in relation to broader social transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary stratification research on developed societies usually views the intergenerational transmission of educational advantage as a one-way effect from parent to child. However, parents' investment in their offspring's schooling may yield significant returns for parents themselves in later life. For instance, well-educated offspring have greater knowledge of health and technology to share with their parents and more financial means to provide for them than do their less-educated counterparts. We use data from the 1992-2006 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to examine whether adult offspring's educational attainments are associated with parents' survival in the United States. We show that adult offspring's educational attainments have independent effects on their parents' mortality, even after controlling for parents' own socioeconomic resources. This relationship is more pronounced for deaths that are linked to behavioral factors: most notably, chronic lower respiratory disease and lung cancer. Furthermore, at least part of the association between offspring's schooling and parents' survival may be explained by parents' health behaviors, including smoking and physical activity. These findings suggest that one way to influence the health of the elderly is through their offspring. To harness the full value of schooling for health, then, a family and multigenerational perspective is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the calls for the amendment of filial support statutes in Pennsylvania in 2014. Topics include the development of filial support laws in the U.S., filial support enforcement in Pennsylvania, and if filial support requirements unduly burden adult children. Information is provided on the creation of public benefit systems in the U.S.

This study aims to identify future care preferences and examine the associations between personal resources, filial expectations, and family relations and the preferences of independent elderly Jews and Arabs aged 65 and over, using mixed methods. Data were collected using structured interviews of 168 Jews and 175 Arabs; additionally, 20 Jews and Arabs were interviewed in depth to enable more detailed analysis. The main findings show the effects of the modernization and individualization processes on elder preferences. Significant differences were found between Jews and Arabs for most variables. Whereas Jews' first preference was formal care, with mixed care following as second, Arabs preferred mixed care to other types. Differences in several factors associated with preference for mixed care were also noted, including in categories that were identified in the qualitative phase, such as 'dignity' versus 'honor' and the meaning of 'home'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adult children who care for aging parents incur costs along psychic, monetary, emotional, and even physical dimensions. What motivates them? Is it altruism, guilt, obligation, or gratitude? Perhaps the anticipation of a bequest? Familial norms, or desire for recognition? Understanding motivation for care is high on the agenda of both economics and sociology. A primary focus of economics is the prospect that public transfers may supplant or stimulate private transfers, depending on the motivation of the private donor. Motives are usually inferred indirectly, on the basis of observed behavior. In contrast, sociologists focus on how familial bonds and networks might be forged and maintained. We depart from each of these approaches to focus on direct questions from a special module in the Health and Retirement Study, which contains questions on motivations for, and concerns about, the provision of familial assistance. Our (deliberately) simple descriptive work reveals abundant new information about motivation for familial transfers and care. These not always provided free of pressure from relatives, for example, and obligations and traditions appear to matter. Findings suggest that the standard economic considerations like utility interdependence or exchange provide an incomplete account of transfer behavior, and that insights from sociological models are essential. We also find that women are far more likely to provide care and take seriously family obligations. Past experience in the provision of financial help and care matters as well, sometimes in intriguingly anomalous ways. Though self-reported motivations must be interpreted carefully, we nonetheless conclude that "point-blank" questions provide a worthwhile complement to conventional methods for unraveling motivations for private, intergenerational transfers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on in-depth interviews with middle-class Korean professional sojourner migrant married couples in Singapore and their elderly parents, this paper examines how the cultural meaning and social practice of filial co-habitation and support have been transformed in an international migration context. Transnational co-residence and visiting among these families are examined and a differentiated and patterned organisation of support by sons versus daughters for their own elderly parents is demonstrated. Although the immigration regulations and co-ethnic community environments for older Koreans in Singapore pose a challenge to elderly parents, the family remains the most important nexus of care and support. By adopting ‘virtual’ and ‘actual’ co-residence strategies and deploying multi-purpose long-term visits by wives and children in Singapore to their elderly parents in Korea, and by remitting regular financial contributions, these families are able to maintain the cultural ideal of filial co-residence and support. However, the gendered traditional co-habitation ideal differentiates between actual and virtual co-residence. The actual co-residence pattern was mainly adopted by first sons/daughters-in-law couples and the elderly parents of the first sons, whereas the virtual co-residence pattern was mainly adopted by sons-in-law/daughters couples and the elderly parents of daughters. These results show that patterned two-way transnational mobility for providing care and support is shaped by cultural norms and the practical negotiation of family obligations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper is concerned with the issue of substitution between formal and informal care in Britain between 1985 and 2000. This period provides the conditions for a ‘natural experiment’ in social policy. During the late 1980s/early 1990s, there was an increase in long-stay residential care for older people, which came to an end around the mid-1990s. The paper examines whether this increase in formal services led to a decline in informal care, and whether this was subsequently reversed. The focus is on provision of intense informal care by adult children to their older parents, trends in which are identified using General Household Survey data. The paper shows that there was a decline in provision of intense and very intense co-resident care for older parents between 1985 and 1995, which came to an end in the mid-1990s. These trends in intergenerational care were negatively related to changes in long-stay residential care. In particular, controlling for age and disability, there was evidence of substitution between nursing home/hospital care and very intense co-resident care for older parents. A key policy implication is that an expansion of very intense formal services for older people could bring about a decline in very intense intergenerational care. The paper relates these findings to the current debate on reform of the long-term care system in England. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Critical gerontology views aging as a social construction that reflects the intersections of micro-processes with the macro-level forces of individual aging experiences. In the contexts of immigration and transnationalism, however, the macro-structural conditions, dynamics and experiences of aging have become further diversified and complicated. The dearth of empirical and explanatory knowledge in this area has inhibited us from comprehending aging in a changing world. Drawing on data from a study of Chinese grandparents'' experiences of transnational caregiving in Canada, this article examines the impacts of such experiences on three interconnected dimensions – spatial, temporal and cognitive – of aging. Although the practice of transnational caregiving allows skilled immigrant families to mobilize care resources outside Canada, it has not only ruptured the traditional trajectories of aging for their elderly parents, but also complicated the inequalities that they have to bear on individual, familial and transnational levels. I argue that the critical examination of aging in the context of transnational caregiving helps us take into consideration those dimensions (such as place, space, time, and knowledge) that are changed by immigration processes, and rethink aging from a broader perspective that links seniors'' experiences with their relationship with their adult immigrant children''s families and macro-structures outside national borders. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A desire to 'return' or 'pay back' past care has been identified as a potential motivator of support provided by adult children to their ageing parents. The purpose of this study is to examine whether, how and in what ways adult children interpret and apply the concept of delayed reciprocity in filial relationships. Twenty-eight men and women supporting one or both ageing parent(s) in a Western Canadian city participated in a qualitative study of filial responsibility. Data were analysed interpretively, using thematic coding, contextualised reflection and guiding questions. Findings suggest delayed reciprocity is limited as an interpretive framework for describing parent support. Overall, comments reflected qualification or rejection of 'paying back' in the sense of a filial contract. Delayed reciprocity appears for most participants to symbolise imbalance, expectedness or obligation, and a lack of affection. In response, participants tended to reject delayed reciprocity in favour of interpretations emphasising mutuality, family role duties and reciprocated love. Findings are discussed in relation to interpretive purposes, symbolic meanings of parent support, participant characteristics and cultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the provision of care by adult children to an aging parent living with them. It presents the case of a daughter who invited her aging parents to live with her family including the physical and mental changes in the aging couple, the subsequent need for hiring a care provider and the costs involved in caregiving. The inability to perform routine independent activities is cited as an indication that the parent needs to move into his/her child's home. Factors that adult children caring for aging parents need to consider are also discussed including, the potential for abuse, functional decline and subsequent care transitions.

Lin J-P, Yi C-C. Filial norms and intergenerational support to aging parents in China and Taiwan Int J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: S109-S120 © 2011 The Author(s), International Journal of Social Welfare © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare. This study compared intergenerational relations in China and Taiwan. It has been assumed that cultural homogeneity results in filial norms being the shared dominant family value. However, due to different socio-economic experiences, other situational factors could produce different effects in China and Taiwan. Specifically, geographical distance, parental demands, and children's resources were incorporated in the analysis. We suspected that different situational factors might interact with filial norms in producing varying effects on intergenerational support. Data were taken from the 2006 East Asian Social Survey. Results confirmed that the patriarchal family model of intergenerational support remains strong in both China and Taiwan. The traditional Chinese filial norms significantly accounted for all aspects of intergenerational support examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes what adult children will do for their parents if they become frail and need long-term care. Descriptive statistics show that about 30 percent of adult children living separately from their parents provide long-term in-home care, which suggests that a significant number of Japanese children supply care. However, detailed examination reveals that this parental care is not motivated entirely by altruism. Children may provide parental care when their parents are wealthy enough to meet the costs of nursing. The results suggest that as the number of dual-income couples increases, they are able to give more money to their parents but not more time. A potentially large demand for market care services exists and will possibly increase. The results also suggest that the empirical results based only on money transfer may be misleading. Empirical results on time as well as money transfer should be compiled, and explanations found for any difference between the two behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An adult child's provision of care to an unmarried elderly mother varies both within and between families. Within-family differences address the variation in different children's behavior within in a family. Between-family differences refer to the propensities that members of a family-the children of one mother-share and that differentiate them from other families. Previous research suggests 5 hypotheses affecting either within-family or between-family differences. Data from multiple waves of the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) cohort of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; 16,719 observations on 5,607 mother-child dyads in 1,925 families) are used to estimate a multilevel model with a binary outcome. Results indicate substantial differences between families. Mother's characteristics, family composition, and family history account for about half the between-family differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Autrepart is the property of Presses de Sciences Po and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Previous research on the care-giver burden experienced by adult children has typically focused on the adult child and parent dyad. This study uses information on multiple informal care-givers and examines how characteristics of the informal care-giving network affect the adult child's care-giver burden. In 2007, 602 Dutch care-givers who were assisting their older parents reported on parental and personal characteristics, care activities, experienced burden and characteristics of other informal care-givers. A path model was applied to assess the relative impact of the informal care-giving network characteristics on the care-giver burden. An adult child experienced lower care-giver burden when the informal care-giving network size was larger, when more types of tasks were shared across the network, when care was shared for a longer period, and when the adult child had no disagreements with the other members of the network. Considering that the need for care of older parents is growing, being in an informal care-giving network will be of increasing benefit for adult children involved in long-term care. More caregivers will turn into managers of care, as they increasingly have to organise the sharing of care among informal helpers and cope with disagreements among the members of the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A drastic increase in the number of elderly people (above 60 years) in several countries in Southeast Asia including Malaysia and Indonesia has raised concerns. The numbers of elderly population in Malaysia are projected to grow to 2.2 million by the year 2020. Statistics also shows that the birth rate in Malaysia has been decreasing in the last few decades. Both these statistics describe a global phenomenon relating to the caring for elderly parents by adult children. Challenges faced by adult children who are taking care of their elderly parents (i.e., career, care of their own family, and care of elderly parents) have not been analysed or discussed widely. This article discusses the experience of adult children (daughters) who are taking care of their elderly parents by using role theory. The data collection was done using in-depth interview method on 8 respondents and the survey method on 399 respondents both of which were conducted by enumerators. The survey and in-depth interview results show that daughters are more involved in caring for their elderly parents. The elderly parents also expect help and support from their daughters more than from their sons. This phenomenon will have negative implications on women's career, family and nation development. This article concludes that employers should take into consideration more flexible hours, increase formal and informal support for the working women who are caring for their elderly parents and family in achieving our goal as a caring society in a developed nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses literature research and the synthesis of findings regarding the well-being of caregiving children and their elderly parents. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of such caregiving, their magnitude, and ways to moderate adverse effects, if found. The authors report that effects on elderly parents and caregiving children were insubstantial. Also, the well-being of elderly parents was found to be affected only weakly by the involvement of caregiving children. The authors note that the use of more complex models that address various aspects of intergenerational relationships could shed more light on the matter.

El artículo presenta reflexiones personales sobre el proceso de envejecimiento a partir de la experiencia de la autora con su madre de 89 años. La autora opina que la vejez no es un proceso, sino un acontecimiento. Se ofrece información aspectos físicos y sociales del envejecimiento.

Background: Research into burden among spouse and adult-child caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease has generated contradictory results as regards the group which suffers the greatest burden and the factors underlying any differences. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to identify and compare the factors associated with caregiver burden among spouse and adult-child caregivers. Design: Cross-sectional analytic study. Settings: All clinical subjects had been referred on an out-patient basis to the Memory and Dementia Assessment Unit of the Santa Caterina Hospital in Girona (Spain). Participants: Data were collected from 251 patients and their caregivers, 112 with spouse and 139 with adult-child caregivers. Methods: The association between caregiver burden and the socio-demographic and clinical variables of both patients and caregivers was analysed, the results being compared for spouse vs. adult-child caregivers. Burden was analysed using a multivariate linear regression including all the variables for the two groups of caregivers. Results: The results show greater burden among adult-child caregivers (p <.05), who experience more feelings of guilt (p <.001). In both groups the behavioural and psychological symptoms of patients were correlated with burden (p <.001). Living with the patient has a notable influence on burden among adult children (p <.001). Husbands, wives, daughters and sons, in this order, showed increasing levels of burden (p <.05) and progressively worse mental health (p <.01). However, the correlations between burden and mental health were strongest in daughters (p <.001). Conclusion: The differences in burden between spouse and adult-child caregivers were not associated with age, physical health or clinical factors of the patients. Overall burden was greater among adult-child caregivers, especially those who lived with the patient and who had other family duties. Feelings of guilt were associated with not living with the patient, and there was a strong correlation between burden and mental health. These results support the hypothesis that spouses regard caregiving as part of their marital duties, whereas for adult children such tasks imply an important change in their lifestyle. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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