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Presence of chronic diseases is associated to an imbalance in autonomic activity characterized by a predominance of sympathetic arousal. In turn, this arousal is related with comorbidities and symptoms worsening. The aim of this investigation is to know if this imbalance exists in chronic patients of Irapuato, Guanajuato. Through an accidental sample, it was included seven patients diagnosed whit chronic disease for more than a year. Using a psychophysiological profile, sympathetic activity was recording by Galvanic Skin Conductance (GSC) response, and parasympathetic activity was measured using both: Cardiac Frequency (CF) and cardiac bands recordings. Analyses of variance shows increases of GSC at the end of psychophysiological profile (a= 0.05, p= 0.018) and that there are no changes in CF (a= 0.05, p= 0.180) or in cardiac frequency bands (a= 0.05, p= 0.102). Appling a Student’s t to see differences in registers of cardiac bands at the beginning and at the end of profile conditions, there is neither statistics differences between registers (all comparisons was made with a= 0.05). Summarizing, GSC shows increases between conditions while parasympathetic activity remains stable. Autonomic imbalance underlies chronic diseases. To avoid symptoms’ worsening and physical and psychiatric comorbidities this imbalance should be corrected as a normal component of conventional medical treatment.

Background: this work is a suite of previous articles where it has been demonstrated that if the differential pressure remains constant, it allows when it is multiplied by cardiac frequency to determine the volumic cardiac power (KUNYIMA equation). Also it has afforded to calculate differential enthalpy ( that is exothermic energy in ejection fraction. In KUNYIMA Formula the differential pressure has allowed to assess in satisfactory way one part of total energy from cellular metabolism (Keith-Flack node) which enable the heart blood to circulate in the organism. In KUNYIMA relations, made possible the calculation of cardiac exergetic yield nowadays unrecognized by researchers, different from volumic yield defined by ejection fraction. This cardiac exergetic yield has been assimilated to the heart longevity. Aim and objective: this work gives in detail mathematical useful expressions, rational approaches to be followed when differential pressure substantially changes, for example when the blood contains an injected drug at initial concentration and when the kinetic of this drug should be followed. Methodology: Calculations have been our methodology using compartmental analysis. Results: It is shown hereby the use of differential equations in the determination of kinetic parameters Conclusion: Physical Cardiochemistry is improved with new theory.

This study combined user-avatar similarity and Proteus effect predictions to incentivize physical activity. 305 participants ran while wearing accelerometers and a heart rate monitor. They were randomly assigned to onscreen motion-capturing avatars displaying either participant or stranger faces dressed in sports or formal clothes. Participants assigned to avatars displaying their own face showed increased cardiac frequency compared with those exposed to avatars with a stranger's face. Relative to the remaining conditions, participants assigned to avatars with their own face also wearing sports clothes showed increased cardiac frequency but participants assigned to avatars with a stranger's face wearing formal clothes showed decreased cardiac frequency. The results imply that user-avatar similarity and the Proteus effect can be harnessed to influence physical activity.

espanolIntroduccion: La aplicacion de una ley exponencial para los sistemas dinamicos caoticos cardiacos ha sido reducida a 18 horas para el analisis del Holter, cuantificando las dinamicas cardiacas normales y patologicas, asi como la evolucion entre estos estados. Metodologia: Se analizaron 80 registros electrocardiograficos, 15 con dinamicas normales y 65 con diferentes patologias. Se construyo un atractor caotico para cada dinamica cardiaca a partir de la simulacion de la secuencia de las frecuencias cardiacas durante 18 horas, posteriormente se hallo la dimension fractal de cada atractor y su ocupacion espacial. Los parametros diferenciadores de la ley caotica exponencial fueron aplicados diferenciando dinamicas cardiacas normales de aquellas patologicas, finalmente se calculo la sensibilidad, especificidad y coeficiente Kappa. Resultados: Las dinamicas normales presentaron espacios de ocupacion por encima de 200 en la rejillla Kp, y para la rejilla Kg por encima de 67. Para los casos de enfermedad aguda los valores en las rejillas Kp y Kg estuvieron por debajo de 73 y 22 respectivamente. Los valores de sensibilidad y especificidad fueron de 100% y el coeficiente Kappa fue de 1. Conclusion: La aplicacion de la ley exponencial durante 18 horas mostro que fue posible caracterizar matematicamente las dinamicas cardiacas, permitiendo reducir el tiempo de evaluacion. EnglishIntroduction: The application of an exponential law for chaotic dynamic cardiac systems has been reduced to 18 hours for Holter analysis, quantifying normal and pathological cardiac dynamics, as well as the evolution between these states. Methodology: 80 electrocardiographic records were analyzed, 15 with normal dynamics and 65 with different pathologies. A chaotic attractor was constructed for each cardiac dynamic based on the simulation of the cardiac frequency sequence for 18 hours, after the fractal dimension of each attractor and its spatial occupation were found. The differentiating parameters of the chaotic exponential law were applied differentiating normal cardiac dynamics from those pathological, finally the sensitivity, specificity and Kappa coefficient were calculated. Results: The normal dynamics presented occupancy spaces above 200 in the Kp grid, and for the Kg grid above 67. In the cases of acute disease, the values in the Kp and Kg grids were below 73 and 22 respectively. The values of sensitivity and specificity were 100% and the Kappa coefficient was 1. Conclusion: The application of the exponential law for 18 hours showed that it was possible to characterize mathematically the cardiac dynamics, allowing reducing the time of evaluation.

Interoception (the sensing of inner-body signals) is a multi-faceted construct with major relevance for basic and clinical neuroscience research. However, the neurocognitive signatures of this domain (cutting across behavioral, electrophysiological, and fMRI connectivity levels) are rarely reported in convergent or systematic fashion. Additionally, various controversies in the field might reflect the caveats of standard interoceptive accuracy (IA) indexes, mainly based on heartbeat detection (HBD) tasks. Here we profit from a novel IA index (md) to provide a convergent multidimensional and multi-feature approach to cardiac interoception. We found that outcomes from our IA-md index are associated with –and predicted by– canonical markers of interoception, including the hd-EEG-derived heart-evoked potential (HEP), fMRI functional connectivity within interoceptive hubs (insular, somatosensory, and frontal networks), and socio-emotional skills. Importantly, these associations proved more robust than those involving current IA indexes. Furthermore, this pattern of results persisted when taking into consideration confounding variables (gender, age, years of education, and executive functioning). This work has relevant theoretical and clinical implications concerning the characterization of cardiac interoception and its assessment in heterogeneous samples, such as those composed of neuropsychiatric patients. Fil: Fittipaldi, María Sol. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt; Argentina Fil: Abrevaya, Sofia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt; Argentina Fil: de la Fuente de la Torre, Laura Alethia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Pascariello, Guido Orlando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Centro Internacional Franco Argentino de Ciencias de la Información y de Sistemas. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Centro Internacional Franco Argentino de Ciencias de la Información y de Sistemas; Argentina Fil: Hesse Rizzi, Eugenia Fátima. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt; Argentina Fil: Birba, Agustina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt; Argentina Fil: Salamone, Paula Celeste. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt; Argentina Fil: Hildebrandt, Malin. Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy; Alemania Fil: Alarco Martí, Sofía. Universidad Favaloro; Argentina Fil: Pautassi, Ricardo Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra; Argentina Fil: Huepe, David. Universidad Adolfo Ibañez; Chile Fil: Martorell Martorell, Miquel. Universidad Favaloro; Argentina Fil: Yoris, Adrián. Universidad Favaloro; Argentina Fil: Roca, María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt; Argentina Fil: García, Adolfo Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt; Argentina Fil: Sedeño, Lucas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt; Argentina Fil: Ibañez, Agustin Mariano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt | Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional. Fundación Ineco Rosario Sede del Incyt; Argentina. Universidad Adolfo Ibañez; Chile. Universidad Autónoma del Caribe; Colombia

Background : Several studies indicate that HRmax estimates using the traditional equation, HRmax = 220 - Age, may represent a regression slope and intercept that does reflect the true relationship between age and maximal cardiac frequency. Meta-analysis of several pertinent studies indicates that 220-Age significantly under-estimates the true HRmax, particularly in older patients. This is a critical issue in the exercise evaluation of pilots with CAD who seek reinstatement of an aviation medical certificate after a cardiac illness because end-points in exercise testing and fitness assessment are based upon the 220--Age method of HRmax estimation.

Objective: To study hypertension and its manifestations in Out-patients’ Department of Cardiology of Kati. Methods: The study was traversal and it was based on a sample of 300 patients, reached during the interval of 12 (twelve) months (from June 2012 to June 2013). Results: The predominance was among the females with 68.7%. The average age was about 55.8 ± 12.2 years old. The extreme ages were about 21 and 90 years old. In the set, 66% of the patients lived in the town of Kati. The symptoms of Dieulafoy were predominantly the reasons for consultation with 55.7%. The cardiac frequency in the vast majority of cases was normal (85.3%). The left ventricular hypertrophy in the electrocardiogram was observed in more than half of the cases, that is to say, 51.3%. In a bit higher proportion, the echocardiography Doppler became normal, that is to say, 54%. Brain scanner done on 9 patients found out signs of cerebrovascular stroke in 8 patients, that is to say, a frequency of 88.9%. In 76% of cases of orthostatic hypotension, the patients were hypertensive. The blood pressure was normal during the passage of orthostatism in the cases of 258 of our patients, that is to say, 86.0% of the cases. However, the orthostatic hypotension (OH) was observed in the cases of 42 patients, that is to say, 14.0% of the cases. In this set of patients, 41.6% of the moans were due to cephalgias and dizziness’s. The monotherapy of patients with OH represented 47.6% of the cases. Blood pressure was not controlled in 66.7% of the cases of OH. The biological examinations required were normal in 52.4% of the cases. Conclusion: The hypertension is a disease which is frequently the reason for consultation in cardiology. The symptoms of Dieulafoy can be the signs of call. The complications are sometimes recurrent. The orthostatic hypotension should be found out even under monotherapy on a balanced or non-balanced hypertensive patient through treatment.

Introduction In the field of cardiovascular diseases an ergometer test is a common diagnostical method in which a change in microcirculation can be reached. In this paper cardiac frequency and cutaneous microcirculation during and after exercising will be compared with each other. Materials and methods The cutaneous microcirculation of 6 healthy volunteers (2 females, 4 males) is measured. As an instrument the PeriFlux 5000 combined with a Laser-Doppler-Flow(LDF)-Probe (Perimed Instruments) is used. The cardiac frequency (CF) is measured by the POLAR T31 sensor and as an ergometer the ERGO-FIT ® 457 is used. Results The mean initial LDF (97,7±57,3 PU) decreases at the beginning (64,5±21,7 PU), increases during theexercise, reaches its maximum (247,8±82,1 PU) after the end of the exercise and drops to lower values (256,4±69,5 PU)after a few minutes. Contrasting to the LDF the mean initial CF (86±22/min) increases at the beginning (97±9/min),furthermore during the whole exercise (103±9/min) and then falls after having finished the exercise (96±3/min).Furthermore, during regeneration, one can see the CF decreasing towards its initial value, while LDF reaches its maximum. Conclusion In further studies, realized with volunteers with well-known levels of physical condition, a directconnection between cutaneous microcirculation and physical condition might be found.

Detection of the heart rate is part of the examination of a person’s heart condition by knowing the level of normal heart rate. This research utilizes the Wireless Body Network (WBN) system. This system consists of a pulse sensor as a sensor in detecting a heart rate, Bluetooth as a data transfer medium and a computer as a receiver and graphical viewer of heart rate signals. Pulse sensor as a heart rate sensor works through LEDs that will emit light on parts of the body that have capillary blood vessels. The output of the pulse sensor is a photoplethysmograph (PPG) signal. Through the PPG signal, analysis of cardiac frequency will be carried out using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method. Through the spectrum, we will see the shape of the normal heart rate data pattern and abnormal heart rate data. The object of research is limited to people who do not have heart disease and people who have heart disease. Based on the results of the tests conducted, the dominant frequency value for the heart rate data pattern is in the range 0.683594-0.927734 Hz. With details, for a normal heart rate is 0.732422-0.927734 Hz and an abnormal heart rate is 0.683594-0.78125 Hz.

Introduction: Despite the existence of some theories about the effect of Dry Needling on pain, there is still a lack of research using this technique in the treatment of temporomandibular disorder and its repercussions on the autonomic nervous system. Therefore, the aim was to analyze the effect of Dry Needling on the autonomic modulation of university students with temporomandibular disorders. Methods: This is an interventional, inferential study, carried out with university students with temporomandibular disorders. A frequency meter was used before, during, and after the application of the dry needle to verify its short and medium term effect on the autonomic nervous system. For statistical analysis, the ANOVA test was used. Results: Twenty volunteers with an average age of 21.3 years took part in the study, most of them male (65%). When the rMSSD and pNN50 indexes were analyzed, an increase was observed during dry needling (p = 0.701 and 0.452, respectively). However, after application, these indices fell, remaining above the base values. However, the triangular RR and TINN indices showed a constant increase during collection (p = 0.578 and 0.613, respectively). The high frequency component increased during the technique (p = 0.860), but the same did not happen with the low frequency component (p = 0.693), which suffered a constant increase, even with minor variation. Conclusion: The effect of this technique promotes the improvement of the heart rate variability values, maintaining the balance of the autonomic nervous system without generating cardiovascular risks, and its effects were immediate and lasting. Introducción: A pesar de la existencia de algunas teorías sobre el efecto de la Punción Seca sobre el dolor, aún existe una falta de investigación con esta técnica en el tratamiento del trastorno temporomandibular y sus repercusiones en el sistema nervioso autónomo. Por tanto, el objetivo fue analizar el efecto de la punción seca en la modulación autonómica de estudiantes universitarios con trastornos temporomandibulares. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio intervencionista, inferencial, realizado con estudiantes universitarios con trastornos temporomandibulares. Se utilizó un medidor de frecuencia antes, durante y después de la aplicación de la aguja seca para comprobar su efecto a corto y medio plazo sobre el sistema nervioso autónomo. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba ANOVA. Resultados: participaron del estudio 20 voluntarios con una edad media de 21,3 años, la mayoría varones (65%). Cuando se analizaron los índices rMSSD y pNN50, se observó un aumento durante la punción seca (p = 0,701 y 0,452, respectivamente). Sin embargo, luego de la aplicación, estos índices cayeron, manteniéndose por encima de los valores base. Sin embargo, los índices triangulares RR y TINN mostraron un aumento constante durante la recolección (p = 0.578 y 0.613, respectivamente). El componente de alta frecuencia aumentó durante la técnica (p = 0,860), pero no sucedió lo mismo con el componente de baja frecuencia (p = 0,693), que sufrió un aumento constante, incluso con poca variación. Conclusión: El efecto de esta técnica promueve la mejora de los valores de variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca, manteniendo el equilibrio del sistema nervioso autónomo, sin generar riesgos cardiovasculares, y sus efectos fueron inmediatos y duraderos. Introdução: Apesar da existência de algumas teorias sobre o efeito do Agulhamento Seco na dor, ainda faltam pesquisas que utilizem essa técnica no tratamento da disfunção temporomandibular e suas repercussões no sistema nervoso autônomo. Portanto, o objetivo foi analisar o efeito do Agulhamento a Seco na modulação autonômica de universitários com disfunção temporomandibular. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo intervencionista, inferencial, realizado com universitários com disfunção temporomandibular. Um frequencímetro foi utilizado antes, durante e após a aplicação da agulha seca para verificar seu efeito a curto e médio prazo sobre o sistema nervoso autônomo. Para análise estatística, foi utilizado o teste ANOVA. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 20 voluntários com idade média de 21,3 anos, a maioria do sexo masculino (65%). Quando analisados ​​os índices rMSSD e pNN50, observou-se aumento durante o agulhamento a seco (p = 0,701 e 0,452, respectivamente). Porém, após a aplicação, esses índices caíram, permanecendo acima dos valores de base. No entanto, os índices triangulares RR e TINN apresentaram aumento constante durante a coleta (p = 0,578 e 0,613, respectivamente). O componente de alta frequência aumentou durante a técnica (p = 0,860), mas o mesmo não aconteceu com o componente de baixa frequência (p = 0,693), que sofreu aumento constante, mesmo com pequena variação. Conclusão: O efeito dessa técnica promove a melhora dos valores da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca, mantendo o equilíbrio do sistema nervoso autônomo sem gerar riscos cardiovasculares, e seus efeitos foram imediatos e duradouros.

O presente relatório foi realizado para adquirir o título de Mestre em Exercício e Saúde da Faculdade de Motricidade Humana e traduz o trabalho realizado e o conhecimento adquirido ao longo de um ano letivo de estágio como fisiologista do exercício em Doenças Crónicas e Gestão do Peso, em contexto de ginásio, no Ginásio Clube Português (GCP). Na primeira parte do relatório, foi efetuado o enquadramento teórico da prática profissional, sistematizando informações sobre o individuo aparentemente saudável, com doença cardiovascular e com excesso de peso e obesidade. Descreve-se ainda para os mesmos indivíduos, a importância e benefícios do exercício físico e a prescrição do mesmo. Na segunda parte, foram descritas as experiências vividas neste local de estágio e todas as intervenções no mesmo, as razões que me moveram na escolha da instituição, todas as tarefas realizadas na mesma, os principais obstáculos ao longo do estágio, e o contributo feito no ginásio – Comportamento da Frequência Cardíaca nas aulas de Spinning. No final, realiza-se uma reflexão sobre o percurso realizado ao longo do presente ano letivo, salientando objetivos concretizados, objetivos não concretizados e dificuldades sentidas. The present report was developed in order to achieve the title of Master in Exercise and Health from Faculdade de Motricidade Humana and reflects the work developed and the knowledge acquired during one academic year of internship as exercise physiologist in chronic diseases and weight management, in gym context, at Ginásio Clube Português (GCP). In the first section of the report, it was developed a theoretical framework of the professional practice, systematising informations regarding an apparently healthy, with cardiovascular disease and over weighted with obesity individual. It is also described for the same individual, the importance and the benefits of physical exercise and its prescription. In the second section, there is a description of the experience lived within the internship local and all the interventions made, the reasons that moved me in choosing this institution, all the tasks performed, the main obstacles along the internship and the contributions made to the gym – behaviour of cardiac frequency in Spinning classes. At the end, a reflection regarding the path made along the present academic year, highlighting the objectives achieved and not achieved and the difficulties felt is made.

Background: Based on relation of pathological effects of stress on the body and its reflex on blood pressure, the high level of stress undergone by medical students becomes a concern about quality of medical training and its health. The aim is to verify the possible influence of stress during exam periods on the blood pressure of medical students.Method: The systemic arterial pressure (SAP) of 109 medical students of an institution was measured and analyzed in the period from March to September 2016, using the standardization recommended by the American Heart Association, in 3 time intervals: school holidays, classes without exams, and classes with exams.Results: The authors verified that the systolic arterial pressure and cardiac frequency values checked on exam days were statistically higher (mean of 121.60 mmHg and 85 bpm, respectively) than when measured on class days or during vacations. Whereas the systolic arterial pressure and cardiac frequency values measured on class days were significantly lower than those on the other days (mean of 112.75 mmHg and 74.86 bpm, respectively).Conclusion: The authors statistically verified that stress during exam periods had an influence on the arterial blood pressure of medical students, bringing into focus the need for teaching institutions to provide these students with psychosocial and pedagogical support.

The objective of this study was to determine whether infrared thermography is a useful tool for the recognition of dairy cows in a state of thermal heat stress, as well as to identify the best region of the animal to be evaluated for this recognition. Physiological variables, including rectal temperature, respiratory frequency, cardiac frequency, and panting score were recorded in 38 lactating cows. For the assessment of environmental parameters, a digital black globe thermometer (TGD-200 model) was used. Thermographic photographs of different regions of the body of cows were taken using an infrared camera (FLIR® System T300) and indicated respective superficial temperature. Physiological variables and superficial body temperature in different regions varied between genetic groups (Girolando: ½ Holstein × ½ Gir and ¾ Holstein × ¼ Gir; purebred Holstein). The environmental temperature ranged from 20.7 to 37.9 °C with a relative humidity reaching 95%. The mean rectal temperature (40.84 °C), respiratory frequency (111.36 breaths/min), and cardiac frequency (99.22 beats/min) were higher for pure Holstein than for Girolando cows. Positive correlations were found between the physiological parameters and thermographic measures. The highest positive correlation (0.74) was found between the temperature in the lateral region of the udder and rectal temperature. Thermography is a good indicator of thermal comfort. The best region to identify heat stress in cows using thermography is the lateral region of the udder.

The phonocardiogram (PCG) signal processing approach seems to be very revealing for the diagnosis of pathologies affecting the activity of the heart. The aim of this paper is the application of an algorithm to explore heart sounds with simplicity in order to provide statistical parameters to better understand the cardiac activity by the calculation of the cardiac frequency and examine the impact of minor and pronounced murmurs on the cardiac variability. This paper is conducted to clarify the variation of the cardiac frequency affected by several groups of murmurs and investigate the medical reasons behind the obtained results. A high number of cycles were used to better refine the expected results.

Clinical response of participants was evaluated in a Shelter-Garmedia underground mining refuge, which provides, at least, 48 h of breathable air, water, food, adequate temperature and humidity, as well as supplies in the event of an emergency. The objective was to validate the design of the Shelter-Garmendia underground mining refuge through the measurement of three clinical variables of twenty individuals confined during 48 h in a refuge and obtain their views concerning functional parameters of the refuge. Oxygen saturation, blood pressure and cardiac frequency showed average values of 96.9 ± 1.4%; 117/78 and 74.3 ± 8.1 beats/min, respectively. These values evidenced that available environmental concentrations of O2, CO2, temperature, and humidity inside the refuge were adequate for twenty people to survive in a shared confined space. Concerning the refuge functionality, quality perception of 13 functional parameters was assessed. Eleven categories, ranging from agree to strongly agree were evaluated in given responses. Only two variables, i.e., monitoring system of environmental parameters and seats were reported to be less acceptable. The field test showed that all functional parameters were positively ranked, thus providing realistic data about clinical response and physical discomfort inside a refuge.

Resume Objectifs Etudier la variabilite du rythme cardiaque de l’enfant polyhandicape pendant le sommeil afin d’observer le comportement de son systeme nerveux autonome. Materiel et methodes La variabilite de l’intervalle R-R d’enfants de 4 a 12 ans a ete enregistree avec un cardiofrequencemetre durant une nuit. La comparaison entre enfants polyhandicapes (G1) et enfants sains (G2) a ete realisee dans les domaines temporel, frequentiel et non lineaire. Resultats Diverses variables temporelles (p Discussion L’analyse temporelle et frequentielle a confirme une predominance du systeme nerveux sympathique pendant le sommeil du G1. Des variables non lineaires reduites peuvent expliquer un sommeil moins riche en informations (dimension de correlation : 2,203 ± 1,239 versus 3,842 ± 0,378 ; p 0,05). Les pathologies rencontrees sont probablement a l’origine de ces constatations, mais la diversite des troubles et des traitements des enfants polyhandicapes necessiterait l’etude d’un echantillon plus large et plus varie. Conclusion La predominance sympathique durant le sommeil de l’enfant polyhandicape est associee a une reduction des capacites d’adaptation de son systeme nerveux autonome.

Typhlogobius californiensis, a small fish living in tide pools, was exposed to 24–36 hr of hypoxia and instantly fixed by deep freezing. In freeze dried brain sections of hypoxic fish the capillary diameter increased 1.6 times and the % capillary area 2.4 times compared to normoxic controls. Since the average distance between open capillaries stayed constant the diameter increase accounted for the increase of capillary area. The fishes heart rate slows to 20% during hypoxia and does not overshoot on return to normoxia. The opercular frequency drops to 45%. The capillary dilatation may be important in surviving hypoxia and is discussed as an additional element of the diving response.

Cardiotocography is a diagnostic exam performed from the 28th week of pregnancy that registers the fetus cardiac frequency and uterine contractions. From this exam results a cardiotocogram whose reading and observation of the patterns contained in it allow an evaluation of the baby's condition and the fetal vitality in the maternal womb. This work aims the creation of a classification model using Learning Algorithms/Data Mining using the tool Rapid Miner. The subject of study was a Data Set with information registered from a total of 2126 cardiotograms, with 23 attributes, properly classified by 3 specialized obstetricians as to the baby status, in three possible states, namely: N = Normal; S = Suspect; P = Pathologic. All models tested showed an overall accuracy greater than 80%. Therefore the usefulness of creating predictive models for the classification of this type of diagnosis is great.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo determinar a carga fisica de trabalho e avaliar o esforco fisico na atividade de aplicacao manual de herbicida em plantios florestais, visando propor a melhoria das condicoes de conforto, seguranca e saude dos trabalhadores. A carga fisica de trabalho foi obtida por meio do levantamento da frequencia cardiaca dos trabalhadores na execucao das diversas fases do ciclo de trabalho e a atividade classificada conforme metodologia proposta por Apud (1989). Os resultados indicaram que a atividade de aplicacao manual de herbicida foi classificada como moderadamente pesada, apresentando carga cardiovascular abaixo do limite maximo recomendado de 40% e nao sendo necessario o estabelecimento de pausas adicionais de repouso. Abstract The objective of this research was to determine and evaluate the demanded physical effort in the activity of herbicide manual application in forest plantations, proposing an ergonomic reorganization to improve the workers’ comfort, security, safety and health. The demanded physical effort was gotten in a survey of the workers’ cardiac frequency while executing the work stages, and classified according to methodology proposed by Apud (1989). The results indicated that the activity of herbicide manual application was classified as moderately heavy, featuring cardiovascular load below the recommended limit of 40% and there is no need to establish additional break in the work.

Aims Players can wager on multiple lines of modern slot machines. When they spin and fail to gain any credits, the machine goes into a state of relative quiet. By contrast, when they spin and win, these spins are accompanied by reinforcing sights and sounds. Such reinforcement also occurs when the amount won is less than the spin wager. We sought to show that these ‘losses disguised as wins’, or LDWs, would be as arousing as wins, and more arousing than regular losses.Measurement and participants We measured skin conductance response (SCR) amplitudes and heartrate changes following wins, LDWs and losses for 40 novices playing a multi-line slot machine. Findings SCR amplitudes were similar for wins and LDWs—both were significantly larger than for regular losses. Conclusions For novice players, the reinforcing sights and sounds of the slot machine triggered arousal on wins, where the number of credits gained was greater than the spin wager, but also on ‘losses disguised as wins’ where the amount ‘won’ was less than the spin wager. Despite the fact that players lost money on these spins, these outcomes were more arousing than regular losses where no credits were gained. Although these findings involve novice players, the heightened arousal associated with these losses may have implications for the development of problem gambling, as arousal has been viewed as a key reinforcer in gambling behaviour.