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The type specimens of the subclass Elasmobranchii deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo are compiled in an annotated list, including updated measurements, verified collection data and recent photographs of holotypes and selected paratypes. Relevant information on the preservation condition of the specimens and their current taxonomic status are also provided. The collection holds a total of 135 lots of type specimens of elasmobranchs, three holotypes and seven paratypes in the division Selachii plus 16 holotypes, one neotype, and 108 paratypes in the division Batoidea (total specimen count: 137). Four paratypes were not located and one was donated to another institution, and publication mistakes in catalog numbers and locality assignments are corrected. The vast majority of specimens belong to the neotropical freshwater stingrays (subfamily Potamotrygoninae). The present catalogue intends to facilitate taxonomic research by providing access to updated information on type specimens of mostly large-sized taxa, which are notoriously difficult or impossible to examine outside of their home institution.

The milk-eye catshark Apristurus nakayai Iglésias, 2012 was known from three specimens in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. Six specimens were recently collected from the South China Sea. It belongs to the brunneus group, and superficially resembles A. platyrhynchus Tanaka, 1909. Apristurus nakayai differs from A. platyrhynchus by the following characters: iris shiny white when fresh; body brownish black to black; second dorsal-fin insertion above or slightly in front of the anal-fin insertion; denticles absent inside mouth; and maturing at about 400 mm TL in both sexes. The occurrence of Apristurus nakayai from the South China Sea represents the first record in the northern Hemisphere, and a substantial distributional range extension (ca. 4665 km).

The longnose houndshark, Iago garricki Fourmanoir & Rivaton 1979, was described based on five specimens collected from Vanuatu. Five additional specimens were recently collected from the waters off Dongsha Atoll, South China Sea. A redescription of this species is provided based on the holotype, non-types collected near the type locality and off Dongsha Atoll. The species is characterized by eye length larger than gill slit height; first dorsal-fin origin not reaching a vertical line through pectoral-fin base; head length 20.2–22.2% TL; preoral length 7.2–8.3% TL; upper labial furrow 2.2–3.4% TL; lateral teeth with 1–3 small cusplets on lateral side basally; diplospondylous centra 53–61; precaudal centra 94–102; and total centra 149–157. The specimens collected from the South China Sea represent the northernmost distributional record of this species.

FAMILY Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus leucas (Müller & Henle, 1839); Native; Bull Shark; Found in coastal rivers of Palawan, Visayas and Mindanao Island groups; Taniuchi, 1979, Kottelat 2013; VU Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824); Native; Blacktip Reef Shark; Found in coastal rivers of Palawan, Visayas and Mindanao Island groups; MAGNT S.15032-001; Taniuchi 1979, Kottelat 2013; VU, Published as part of Jamandre, Brian Wade, 2023, Freshwater fishes of the Philippines: a provisional checklist, pp. 151-181 in Zootaxa 5301 (2) on page 162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5301.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8030274, {"references":["Taniuchi, T. (1979) Freshwater elasmobranchs from lake Naujan, Perak River, and Indragiri River, Southeast Asia. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 25 (4), 273 - 277.","Kottelat, M. (2013) The fishes of the inland waters of Southeast Asia: A catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves and estuaries. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 27, 1 - 663."]}

Jamandre, Brian Wade (2023): Freshwater fishes of the Philippines: a provisional checklist. Zootaxa 5301 (2): 151-181, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5301.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5301.2.1

Parmaturus angelae Soares, Carvalho, Schwingel & Gadig, 2019 Holotype: MZUSP 124000; one adult female; 407 mm TL (cited as 398 mm TL in Soares et al., 2019) (Fig. 6); Southern Atlantic, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 30º0’S, 48º0’W; 600m; collector not listed; collection date not listed. Paratype: MZUSP 124001; one adult female; 419 mm TL (cited as 425 mm TL in Soares et al., 2019); Southern Atlantic, Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 24º0’S, 41º0’W); 500m; collector not listed; collection date not listed. Notes: Specimen pregnant and ventrally dissected with digestive tract, reproductive tract and heart removed; lower jaw and branchial basket medially sectioned., Published as part of Lima, Arthur De, Loboda, Thiago Silva, Gianeti, Michel Donato, Silva, João Paulo Capretz Batista Da & Pinna, Mario De, 2023, Type specimens of Elasmobranchii in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP), pp. 301-332 in Zootaxa 5296 (3) on pages 304-307, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7983829, {"references":["Soares, K. D. A., Carvalho, M. R., Schwingel, P. R. & Gadig, O. F. B. (2019) A new species of Parmaturus (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae) from Brazil. Southwestern Atlantic. Copeia, 107 (2), 314 - 322. https: // doi. org / 10.1643 / CI- 18 - 152"]}

Scyliorhinus ugoi Soares, Gadig & Gomes, 2015 Paratypes: MZUSP 110448; one adult male; 480 mm TL (cited as 465 mm TL in Soares et al., 2015); Alagoas, North-eastern Brazil, 9ºS, 34º50’W; depth not listed; collector not listed; 07 Nov 1997; MZUSP 110449; one adult male; 437 mm TL (cited as 445 mm TL in Soares et al., 2015); Rio Grande do Norte, North-eastern Brazil,; 6º14’S, 34º51’W); depth not listed; collector not listed; 30 Nov 1998.

Schroederichthys saurisqualus Soto, 2001 Paratype: MZUSP 52903; one male; 400 mm TL (cited as 404 mm TL in Soto, 2001) (Fig. 7); Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 30°14’ S, 048°03’ W; 430m; Barco de Pesca Experimental; 04 Apr 1988. Notes: Specimen ventrally dissected, with digestive tract and heart removed., Published as part of Lima, Arthur De, Loboda, Thiago Silva, Gianeti, Michel Donato, Silva, João Paulo Capretz Batista Da & Pinna, Mario De, 2023, Type specimens of Elasmobranchii in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP), pp. 301-332 in Zootaxa 5296 (3) on page 308, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7983829, {"references":["Soto, J. M. R. (2001) Schroederichthys saurisqualus sp. nov. (Carcharhiniformes, Scyliorhinidae), a new species of catshark from southern Brazil, with further data on Schroederichthys species. Mare Magnum, 1 (1), 37 - 50."]}

Sphyrna nana Sadowsky, 1965 Holotype: MZUSP 4304; adult female; 1230 mm TL (cited as 1330 mm TL in Sadowsky, 1965) (Fig. 5); Cananéia, S ã o Paulo, Brazil, 25ºS, 47º52’W; 8m; collector not listed; 15 Jan 1963. Notes: Distal end of upper lobe of caudal fin detached; specimen strongly shrivelled. Taxonomic note: Synonym of Sphyrna media Springer, 1940., Published as part of Lima, Arthur De, Loboda, Thiago Silva, Gianeti, Michel Donato, Silva, João Paulo Capretz Batista Da & Pinna, Mario De, 2023, Type specimens of Elasmobranchii in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP), pp. 301-332 in Zootaxa 5296 (3) on page 304, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7983829, {"references":["Sadowsky, V. (1965) The hammerhead sharks of the littoral zone of S \" o Paulo, Brazil, with the description of a new species. Bulletin of Marine Science, 15 (1), 1 - 12."]}

Rhizoprionodon longurio (class-specific) Regression of 11 morphological measurements against PL in all R. longurio individuals from Class Two recovered ten cases of isometric growth and one case of allometric growth (Table 9). R 2 values varied from 0.19 (KC; Table 10) to 0.81 (FS; Table 9). The measurement DL showed significant negative allometry (Fig. 8b; Table 9). Regression of 11 morphological measurements against PL in all R. longurio individuals from Class Three recovered ten cases of isometric growth and one case of allometric growth (Table 10). R 2 values varied from 0.02 (UL; Table 11) to 0.49 (LS; Table 10). The measurement UL showed significant negative allometry (Fig. 8c; Table 10). PHYLOGENETIC GENERALIZED LEAST SQUARES (PGLS) Phylogenetic generalized least squares regression against PL of mean trait values for both S. leaeini and R. longurio, together with the eight taxa studied by Irschick et al. (2017), yielded statistical evidence of interspecific allometry in LS (Table 11). All other measurements did not differ significantly from isometry., Published as part of Gayford, Joel H, Whitehead, Darren A, Ketchum, James T & Field, Daniel J, 2023, The selective drivers of allometry in sharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii), pp. 257-277 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (1) on pages 265-267, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac110, http://zenodo.org/record/7926996, {"references":["Irschick DJ, Fu A, Lauder G, Wilga C, Kuo CY, Hammerschlag N. 2017. A comparative morphological analysis of body and fin shape for eight shark species. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 122: 589 - 604."]}

Sphyrna leaeini (all classes) Regression of 12 morphological measurements against PL in all S. leaeini individuals recovered seven cases of isometric growth and five cases of allometric growth (Table 4). R 2 values varied from 0.39 (KC; Table 4) to 0.85 (EE; Table 4). The measurements PS, KC, UL, CH and EE all showed significant negative allometry (Fig. 4; Table 4). Sphyrna leaeini (class-specific) Regression of 12 morphological measurements against PL in S. leaeini Class One individuals recovered five cases of isometric growth and seven cases of allometric growth (Table 5). R 2 values varied from 0.16 (KC; Table 5) to 0.78 (UL; Table 5). The measurements FS, PS, KC, DL, UL, PF and EE all showed significant negative allometry (Fig. 5; Table 5). Regression of 12 morphological measurements against PL in S. leaeini Class Two individuals recovered five cases of isometric growth and seven cases of allometric growth (Table 6). R 2 values varied from 0.08 (KC and UL; Table 6) to 0.75 (EE; Table 6). The measurements LS, PS, KC, UL, LL, CH and EE all showed significant negative allometry (Fig. 6; Table 6)., Published as part of Gayford, Joel H, Whitehead, Darren A, Ketchum, James T & Field, Daniel J, 2023, The selective drivers of allometry in sharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii), pp. 257-277 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (1) on page 263, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac110, http://zenodo.org/record/7926996

In addition to the selective importance of interspecific morphological variation, ontogenetic morphological variation may reflect different selective regimes to which successive developmental stages are subjected. The typical body form of carcharhiniform sharks is considered relatively conserved, yet sharks exhibit a wide range of body sizes and shapes, representing adaptations to distinct ecological niches. Previous investigations of ontogenetic shifts in shark body form have provided evidence for both isometric and allometric changes, depending on the morphological characters and species investigated. These findings have led to suggestions of a relationship between body size and allometric growth in sharks. In this study we present evidence of ontogenetic allometric shifts in two species of carcharhiniform sharks (Sphyrna lewini and Rhizoprionodon longurio) from novel measurements. Our results are generally consistent with previous suggestions of body form conservatism across shark phylogeny, yet also suggest potential selective factors underlying observed instances of ontogenetic allometric shifts, and highlight where additional studies are required. We propose the ‘allometric niche shift’ hypothesis for interspecific differences in scaling trends, suggesting that long-distance movements and ontogenetic trophic niche shifts represent key drivers of allometry in sharks.

Apristurus nakayai Iglésias, 2012 Figs. 1–7; Table 1 Diagnosis. Pre-outer nostril length 4.2–4.9 % TL; upper labial furrows longer than the lower furrows; first dorsal fin smaller than second dorsal fin; first dorsal-fin origin situated well behind pelvic-fin insertion, at or slightly behind a vertical line through pelvic-fin tip; second dorsal-fin insertion above or just slightly anterior to anal-fin insertion; snout rather long, tip rounded; abdomen very short; pectoral-fin tip at or slightly extending after the midpoint of P1- P2 space; intestinal spiral valves 14–16; monospondylous centra 32–36; precaudal diplospondylous centra 34–37; clasper hook present on the inner margin of exorhipidion; body uniformly brownish black to black; iris shiny white when fresh; maturing size at about 400 mm TL in both sex. Description of the specimens from the South China Sea. Proportional measurements are given in Table 1. Body slender, cylindrical before pelvic fins, gradually compressed laterally after pelvic fins. Caudal-peduncle height 49.2–67.6% head height. Abdomen narrow, pectoral-fin free rear tip to pelvic-fin origin 54.3–86.2% internarial width; pectoral-fin tip at or slightly extending after midpoint of space between pectoral and pelvic fins. Midpoint of the total length well behind cloaca. Head dorsoventrally flattened, its height 66.9–98.6% greatest width of head. Snout rather long, tip rounded (Fig. 3). Pre-outer nostril length 42.2–49.4% preorbital length, 83.6–101.3% interorbital width. Nostril large, its length subequal to orbit length and internarial width, expanding obliquely inward towards mouth. Mouth considerably arched, its length 58.4–72.3% width. Labial furrows well developed, length of lower labial furrows 44.5–77.3% upper furrows; length of upper furrows 51.3–57.8% mouth width. Orbit narrowly elliptical, with a poorly developed subocular fold. Spiracle small, bean-shaped, situated below a horizontal line through mid-eye. Five gill slits present; the 5th gill slit located above pectoral-fin origin. Pectoral fin broadly triangular, its width subequal to base length. Pelvic fin slightly elongated, its length 59.2– 65.7% (92.2% for the female specimen) distance between pelvic-fin and anal-fin origin. Anal fin long, narrowly triangular, anal-fin base length (ceratotrichia) longer than distance between origins of the first and the second dorsal fins, its height (muscle) 21.0–33.0% base length (muscle). First dorsal fin situated well behind pelvic-fin insertion, at or slightly behind a vertical line through pelvic-fin tip; first dorsal fin much smaller than second dorsal fin, the height of first dorsal fin 41.2–62.2% height of second dorsal fin; apexes of dorsal fin rounded. Second dorsal-fin length 66.9–88.7% distance between origins of the first and the second dorsal fins. Second dorsal-fin insertion above or just slightly anterior to anal-fin insertion. Caudal fin very long, its length 43.0–46.5% precaudal length; ventral lobe broad, apex rounded. Caudal terminal lobe well developed, its length 69.5–93.9% caudal-fin height. Teeth small and numerous on both jaws, 28–37 + 32–36 = 61–73 on upper jaw and 28–31 + 28–31 = 56–60 on lower jaw. Each tooth with a long central cusp, with mostly a pair of smaller lateral cusps, or additional rudimentary lateral cusps. Streaks present on central cusps. No naked space at symphysis of upper jaw. Naked space present at symphysis of lower jaw in males, but absent in the female specimen (Fig. 4). Denticles small, overlapping each other, tricuspid, central cusp with strong median ridge and distinctly longer than lateral cusps; lateral cusps with weak ridges; surface of denticles with reticulations (Fig. 5). Denticles present around gill openings, but absent from palate and tongue, and on dorsal margin of caudal fin. Clasper robust at base, gradually tapering posteriorly; ventral and outer surface densely covered with denticles; dorsal surface naked, except for outer half of exorhipidion; exorhipidion flat, its inner margin with small clasper hooks; pseudosiphon narrow and deep; cover rhipidion not developed; pseudopera fairly long (Fig. 6). Duodenum developed but not especially elongated. The sole female specimen with ripe ova in the left ovary only. No egg case was found. Intestinal spiral valves 14–16; Monospondylous vertebrae 32–34; precaudal diplospondylous vertebrae 34–37. Coloration. (When fresh) body and fins uniformly brownish black to black; palate and tongue black; iris distinctly shiny white (Fig. 7). (In preservative) Body color less dark; iris pale. ......continued on the next page Size. The largest known specimen is the holotype, which is a mature male measuring 676 mm TL (Iglésias 2012). The sole female specimen measuring 408 mm TL, and the smallest male specimen measuring 415 mm TL were mature. Distribution. Known from western Pacific, including New Caledonia (Iglésias 2012), Papua New Guinea (White et al. 2017; Ebert et al. 2021), and the South China Sea. This species may eventually be found in other regions within the western Pacific. Remarks. Apristurus nakayai can be assigned to the ‘ brunneus group’ as defined by Nakaya & Sato (1999) by having the following combination of characters: wide and relatively short snouts, pre-outer nostrils length less than 6% total length TL; intestine spiral valves 13–22; and upper labial furrows longer than lower furrows. Within this group, A. nakayai superficially resembles A. platyrhynchus, which also co-occurs in all known distributions of A. nakayai. Both species share the combination of characteristics: abdomen short, space between pectoral and pelvic fins much shorter than anal-fin base length (ceratotrichia); first dorsal fin much smaller than second dorsal fin; and origin of the first dorsal fin situated well behind pelvic-fin base (Iglésias 2012; Nakaya & Kawauchi 2013). Iglésias (2012) found some morphometrical differences between the two species (i.e., pre-branchial length; mouth width; nostril length; distance between origins of dorsal fins; distance between insertions of dorsal fins; and pelvic-fin length). However, when comparing all the known A. nakayai specimens to the data of A. platyrhynchus in Nakaya & Kawauchi (2013), the above morphometrics significantly overlapped, thus solely using morphometrics may not separate the two species. Counts of intestinal spiral valves (14–16 vs. 16–20 in A. platyrhynchus; Nakaya & Kawauchi 2013), monospondylous vertebrae (32–34 vs. 33–40), and precaudal diplospondylous vertebrae (34–37 vs. 37–45) may separate the two species, but the values still overlap slightly. Nevertheless, the two species can be readily distinguished by several aspects: iris shiny white when fresh in A. nakayai (vs. black in A. platyrhynchus); body brownish black to black (vs. light to dark brown); second dorsal-fin insertion above or slightly in front of the anal-fin insertion (vs. well before the anal-fin insertion); denticles absent inside mouth (vs. present in specimens larger than 500 mm TL); and maturing at about 400 mm TL in both sexes (maturing size larger than 550 mm TL) (Data of A. platyrhynchus are modified from Nakaya & Kawauchi 2013). The specimens from the South China Sea are mostly consistent with the holotype of A. nakayai in morphometrics, but are slightly different in counts. For example, the holotype has slightly more monospondylous centra (36, Iglésias 2012 vs. 32–34); and higher tooth counts (79/72, Iglésias 2012 vs. 61–73/56–60). The difference may be attributed to intraspecific or geographical variations, which require more specimens from different localities to confirm. In addition, the sole female specimen (NMMB-P36993) differs from the male specimens by lacking a naked space at symphysis of lower jaw (Fig. 4), which may be a character of sexual dimorphism. Apristurus nakayai was formerly known from three specimens, one from New Caledonia (Iglésias 2012), and two from Papua New Guinea (White et al. 2017; Ebert et al. 2021). The occurrence of A. nakayai in the South China Sea is very far away (ca. 4665 km) from its previous record in Papua New Guinea (White et al. 2017), which is also the first record in the northern hemisphere. Most of the Apristurus species show high level of endemism, which are often confined to one single ocean region, with only a few exceptions (e.g., A. macrostomus, A. melanoasper, A. laurussonii, A. platyrhynchus; Ebert et al. 2021). In addition, no evidence shows that the deepwater catsharks, including genus Apristurus, have large scale horizontal migration or high dispersal ability.. This example suggests that at least some Apristurus species may have a much wider distributional range than previously recognized. Further exploration of remote deepsea habitats may further elucidate the distribution of deepsea chondrichthyans, including those of the genus Apristurus. Materials examined. A. nakayai: EBFS 00138, 425 mm TL, adult male, NMMB-P 36993, 408 mm TL, adult female, NMMB-P 36994, 451 mm TL, adult male, NMMB-P 36995, 415 mm TL, adult male, NMMB-P 36996, 424 mm TL, adult male, NMMB-P 36997, 435 mm TL, adult male, ca. 19°N, 114°E, off western Dongsha Atoll, South China Sea, ca. 500 m depth, bottom trawl, 12 May 2022., Published as part of Ng, Shing-Lai, Liu, Kwang-Ming & Joung, Shoou-Jeng, 2023, Occurrence of the milk-eye catshark Apristurus nakayai (Carcharhiniformes: Pentanchidae) from the South China Sea, pp. 51-60 in Zootaxa 5244 (1) on pages 52-59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5244.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7645767, {"references":["Iglesias, S. P. (2012) Apristurus nakayai sp. nov., a new species of deepwater catshark (Chondrichthyes: Pentanchidae) from New Caledonia. Cybium, 36 (4), 511 - 519.","White, W. T., Mana, R. R. & Naylor, G. J. P. (2017) Description of a new species of deepwater catshark Apristurus yangi n. sp. (Carcharhiniformes: Pentanchidae) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa, 4320 (1), 25 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4320.1.2","Ebert, D. A., Dando, M. & Fowler, S. (2021) Sharks of the World: A complete guide. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 607 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9780691210872","Nakaya, K. & Sato, K. (1999) Species grouping within the genus Apristurus (Elasmobranchii, Scyliorhinidae). In: Seret, B. & Sire, J. Y. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Indo-Pacific Fish Conference, Noumea. Societe Francaise d'Ichtyologie & Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Paris, pp. 307 - 320.","Nakaya, K. & Kawauchi, J. (2013) A review of the genus Apristurus (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae) from Taiwanese waters. Zootaxa, 3752 (1), 130 - 171. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3752.1.9"]}

Three species of Sphyrna (S. lewini, S. mokarran and S. zygaena) are known to inhabit the present-day Mediterranean Sea, whereas uncertainties exist about the presence of S. tudes in the same basin. Indeed, the presence of this typically western Atlantic shark in the Mediterranean Sea is supported by as few as two historical specimens that were captured at Nice (southeastern France) and Leghorn (northern Tyrrhenian coast of central Italy). Here, we provide a redescription and an updated taxonomic identification of the Leghorn specimen of smalleye hammerhead, which is currently kept in the zoological collection of the Natural History Museum of the University of Pisa and is believed by some authors to represent a misidentified representative of S. lewini. Based on first-hand observations, we confirm the taxonomic identification of this specimen as belonging to S. tudes. Considering the ontogenetically young nature of both the Nice and the Leghorn specimens of S. tudes, parturition in the Mediterranean Sea is hypothesised, which in turn may evoke the occurrence of a population of smalleye hammerheads inhabiting this basin at least as recently as the early 19th century., Tri vrste roda Sphyrna (S. lewini, S. mokarran i S. zygaena) nastanjuju današnje Sredozemno more, no postoje nejasnoće oko prisutnosti vrste S. tudes u istom području. Prisutnost ovog tipično zapadno-atlantskog morskog psa u Sredozemnom moru podupiru samo dva povijesna primjerka uhvaćena kod Nice (jugoistočna Francuska) i Leghorna (sjeverna tirenska obala središnje Italije). U ovom radu iznosi se ponovni opis te ažurirana taksonomska identifikacija primjerka malookog mlata iz Leghorna, koji se trenutno čuva u zoološkoj zbirci Prirodoslovnog muzeja Sveučilišta u Pisi, a za kojeg neki autori vjeruju da predstavlja pogrešno identificiranog predstavnika vrste S. lewini. Na temelju izravnih promatranja, autori potvrđuju taksonomsku identifikaciju analiziranog primjerka kao pripadnika vrste S. tudes. S obzirom da su primjerci vrste S. tudes iz Nice i Leghorna mlade jedinke, pretpostavlja se da su okoćeni na području Sredozemog mora što može sugerirati prisutstvo populacije ove vrste na tom području barem do početka devetnaestog stoljeća.

Iago garricki Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979 Figs. 1–5; Table 1 Iago garricki Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979: 434, figs. 22 (Efate, Vanuatu, western-central Pacific Ocean). Compagno 1984: 395–396; Last & Stevens 1994: 212–213; White et al. 2006: 190–191; White et al. 2018: 120–121 Ebert et al. 2021: 475. Materials examined. Holotype. MNHN-IC-1978-0694, 620 mm TL, mature female, 17°05’S; 167°05’E, Vanuatu, Coral Sea, 350 m depth, 1978. Non-types. MHNH-IC- 1997-3572, 508 mm TL, adult male, 16°65’S; 168°02’E, Vanuatu, western-central Pacific Ocean, 541–577 m depth, 1994. MHNH-IC- 2008-1304, 244 mm TL, juvenile male, 15°69’S; 167°01’E, Vanuatu, western-central Pacific Ocean, 509–659 m depth, 2006. MHNH-IC- 2008-1346, 250 mm TL, juvenile female, 15°68’S; 167°01’E, Vanuatu, western-central Pacific Ocean, 503–600 m depth, 2006. ASIZP 81240, 280 mm TL, juvenile female, ca. 19°N, 114°E, off western Dongsha Atoll, South China Sea, ca. 300 m depth, bottom trawl, 19 February 2021, coll. Y.- T. Lee. ASIZP 81241, 435 mm TL, adult male, NMMB-P 36356, 495 mm TL, adult male, NMMB-P 36357, 500 mm TL, adult male, ASIZP 81242, 515 mm TL, adult male, ca. 19°N, 114°E, off western Dongsha Atoll, South China Sea, ca. 300 m depth, bottom trawl, 19 February 2021, coll. C.-H. Lin. Diagnosis. A species of Iago with a long, narrow snout, preoral length 35.1% (34.9–38.7%) head length; eye large, length 18.5% (17.0–24.1%) head length; gill slit rather short, the first gill slit height 47.8% (31.4–51.6%) eye length; anterolateral teeth straight to slightly oblique, blade-like, with 1–3 broad, smooth distal cusplets (Fig. 4c); first dorsal-fin origin not reaching a vertical line through pectoral-fin base; caudal-fin ventral lobe moderately developed in adults; body color generally grey, with faint dark edges on dorsal-fin apexes, more prominent in juveniles (Fig. 2). Description. Morphometric data are provided in Table 1. The following data are provided for the holotype, followed by the range of measured or counted non-types in parentheses. ......Continued on the next page TABLE 1. (Continued) ......Continued on the next page TABLE 1. (Continued) Body subtriangular in cross-section at first dorsal-fin base; pectoral–pelvic space 19.0% (18.1–24.1%) TL, pelvic–caudal space 28.8% (23.9–28.1%) TL; second dorsal-fin origin to anal-fin origin 88.4% (66.7–99.1%) analfin base length; anal–caudal space 20.5% (16.1–18.2%) preanal length; a distinct hump present at dorsal profile above pectoral fins in holotype (hump absent in other non-types); interdorsal and postdorsal ridge absent. Caudal peduncle long, slender, elliptical in cross-section, tapering towards caudal fin, without lateral keels; height 128% (129–252%) width at upper caudal-fin origin, 25.0% (17.5–38.2%) dorsal–caudal space. Precaudal pits absent. Head length 108% (90.5–112%) pectoral–pelvic space; head slightly depressed, rather flat in lateral view, slightly convex over eye, slightly concave on preorbital snout, post-oral head straight. Snout tip narrowly rounded in dorsoventral view; moderately pointed in lateral view, narrowly rounded in ventral view in both juveniles and adults (Fig. 3); preoral snout 35.1% (34.9–38.7%) head length. Eyes elliptical, large, eye length 18.5% (17.0–24.1%) head length; positioned laterally on head; fleshy subocular ridges vestigial; anterior notch absent, posterior notch not prominent; nictitating lower eyelids external; subocular pouches shallow, scaled with secondary lower eyelids. Spiracles very small, bean-shaped, positioned below middle of eye. Gill slits rather short; first and second gill slits tallest, fifth shortest; height of the fifth 74.8% (56.8–87.8%) height of the first; height of the first 8.8% (7.6–9.2%) head, 47.8% (31.4–51.6%) eye length. Upper margin of gill slits barely reaching a horizontal line through lower margins of eyes. Nostrils moderately large, with circular incurrent apertures; well separated from mouth; width 57.8% (45.5– 79.5%) internarial space, 43.9% (33.3–61.5%) eye length, 91.9% (80.0–137%) in first gill slit height; excurrent apertures small, bean-shaped; anterior nasal flaps broadly triangular, large; mesonarial flaps and posterior nasal flaps poorly developed. Mouth considerably arched (less arched in juveniles), width 36.9% (25.7–41.6%) head length; length 48.5% (37.1–65.5%) width; tongue very large, flat, blunted apically, covering almost the entire floor; buccal papillae absent, buccopharyngeal denticles present on anterior part of the palate to the level of spiracle. Labial furrows moderately elongate; lower furrows distinctly shorter than upper furrows, length 71.6% (39.2–91.9%) length of upper furrows; length of upper furrows 73.6% (58.7–91.3%) mouth length; anterior tip of upper furrows anterior to vertical mid-orbit, reaching about level of lower jaw symphysis. Teeth including symphysials in 50/44 (43–54/36–41) rows, 2–4 series functional. Tooth formula of upper jaw 24+3+23 (20–25+1–4+20–25), lower jaw 22+1+21 (18–20+1–2+17–20). Teeth not arranged in diagonal files, no toothless spaces at symphysis. Tooth size similar between jaws, but different in shape between and along jaws (Fig. 4). Symphyseal teeth in upper jaw only slightly smaller than anterolateral teeth, with erect, slender, symmetrical cusp, notched medially and laterally, medial and lateral margins smooth, moderately notched (Fig. 4A). Anterolateral teeth in upper jaw with somewhat broad, straight to slightly oblique, blade-like cusps; mesial margins weakly convex basally, straight distally; 1–3 broad, smooth distal cusplets present; both margins and basal cusplets without serrations (Fig. 4C). Lateral teeth in upper jaw becoming more oblique gradually towards posterolateral side. Symphyseal teeth size in lower jaw same as anterolateral teeth (Fig. 4B). Anterolateral teeth shape in lower jaw similar to upper jaw, but with straight cusps, becoming somewhat oblique gradually towards posterolateral side (Fig. 4D). Lateral trunk denticles below first dorsal fin small and imbricated; crowns narrowly pointed distally; apices narrowly pointed; crowns with 2–4 longitudinal ridges; no prominent reticulations on crown; crown length much longer than width (Fig. 5). Pectoral fins triangular; subequal or slightly larger than first dorsal fin; anterior margin straight; posterior margin 78.6% (58.9–79.6%) anterior margin; base narrow, its length 30.4% (29.6–41.2%) anterior margin; apex broadly rounded; posterior margin moderately concave; free rear tips broadly round; inner margins straight; origin under fourth gill opening to midway between fourth and fifth gill openings. Pelvic fins very narrowly subtriangular; anterior margin somewhat convex, 33.8% (36.2–42.3%) pectoral-fin anterior margin; apex very broadly rounded; posterior margin concave; free rear tip acutely pointed; inner margins straight. Claspers of four adult males long, slender and narrow-based; length (56.8–82.0%) pelvic-anal space; apex narrowly rounded, extending to near midway of pelvic-anal space. First dorsal fin falcate; anterior margin concave basally, slightly convex distally; apex narrowly rounded (broadly rounded in juveniles); posterior margin deeply concave to the free rear tip; free rear tip narrowly pointed; inner margin straight; origin reaching a vertical line through anterior half of middle pectoral-fin inner margin, before pectoral-fin base; free rear tip slightly posterior to midway between pectoral-fin base and pelvic fin origin; insertion about opposite to pectoral fin apex; first dorsal-fin base 29.7% (28.1–40.5%) interdorsal space, 71.1% (54.6–95.2%) dorsal–caudal-fin space; fin height 70.8% (68.6–93.5%) base length; inner margin 39.4% (47.4–84.3%) height, 27.9% (37.5–68.7%) base length. Second dorsal fin slightly falcate, smaller than the first dorsal fin, height 74.5% (48.9–86.1%) first dorsal-fin height, base length 76.4% (56.6–107%) first dorsal-fin base length; anterior margin slightly concave basally, straight distally; apex narrowly rounded (broadly rounded in juveniles); posterior margin upright, deeply concave before the free rear tip; free rear tip pointed, terminating barely anterior to anal-fin free rear tip; inner margin straight; origin slightly anterior to anal-fin origin; insertion well posterior to fin apex, opposite to anal-fin insertion; second dorsalfin base length 54.4% (40.8–81.0%) dorsal–caudal space; height 69.1% (57.0–77.5%) base length; inner margin 77.2% (35.8–67.9%) height, 53.4% (26.6–39.9%) base length. Anal fin low and weakly falcate, about half of second dorsal fin; height 69.1% (35.8–62.3%) second dorsalfin height, base length 82.6% (62.4–96.1%) second dorsal-fin base length; anterior margin weakly convex; apex broadly rounded; posterior margin concave; free rear tip short, narrowly pointed, well separated from lower caudalfin origin; inner margin straight; insertion nearly opposite to fin apex, just posterior to second dorsal-fin insertion; anal-fin base length 40.8% (40.6–61.4%) anal–caudal space; fin height 57.8% (27.7–69.6%) base length; inner margin 78.8% (39.7–93.3%) height, 45.6% (27.7–53.8%) base length; preanal ridges and grooves absent. Caudal fin asymmetrical, upper lobe moderately narrow; terminal lobe enlarged, ventral lobe narrow, moderately developed in adults, weakly developed in juveniles; dorsal margin moderately long, 28.8% (27.6–33.3%) precaudal length, nearly straight to weakly convex, slightly concave above terminal lobe, without lateral undulations; preventral margin slightly convex, 73.3% (59.2–83.3%) in dorsal–caudal space, apex broadly rounded; lower postventral margin very short, moderately concave; upper postventral margin slightly concave anteriorly, slightly convex near subterminal notch; subterminal notch very short; subterminal margin weakly convex, terminal margin nearly straight to slightly convex; subterminal margin length 67.1% (71.8–88.5%) terminal margin length; terminal lobe margins straight to slightly concave; terminal lobe length 75.7% (63.6–73.8%) dorsal-caudal margin. Total vertebral centra 156 (149–157), precaudal centra 98 (94–102), monospondylous centra 41 (39–42), diplospondylous precaudal centra 57 (53–61). Coloration. When fresh, grey to brownish grey dorsally, gradually becoming paler ventrally. In adults, dorsal fins dusky, with narrow dark edges on apexes; dark blotches on dorsal-fin apexes present in juveniles. Caudal fin generally greyish brown with narrow white margins on terminal and lower lobe; weak black edges on dorsal margin, more prominent in juveniles; anal fin dusky, with inconspicuous white margin on apex; pectoral fins mostly dusky, with narrow dark edges on anterior margins; posterior margins somewhat whitish; pelvic fins uniformly dusky, without any dark edges; ventral surface completely white. In preservative, eyes white, others very similar to fresh color. Size. To about 750 mm TL (Fourmanoir & Rivaton 1979). Length-at-birth is estimated approximately 280 mm TL, given the presence of umbilical scar in the small specimens (ASIZP 81240). Distribution. Known from Indo-Pacific, from the South China Sea to northwestern and northeastern Australia, including Indonesia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu. Bathymetric range 250– 659 m.The occurrence of I. garricki from the South China Sea represents the northernmost distributional record (ca. 700 km northward extension from the Philippines). Ecology. Stomach contents of one specimen (ASIZP 81242) and six adult males (470–500 mm TL, not retained) included small Macrouridae (Hymenocephalus sp., Nezumia sp., Ventrifossa spp.), crustaceans (Penaeoidea, Munidae) and cephalopods. This species is assumed benthic and has a generalist diet. Remarks. Fourmanoir & Rivaton (1979) described I. garricki based on five specimens. One of the specimens was designated as holotype and preserved in MHNH, but the whereabouts of other specimens is unknown. A search for those paratypes in MHNH by HCH was unsuccessful. Iago garricki can be distinguished from its only congener, I. omanensis, by having a shorter head, its length 20.2–22.2% TL (vs. 23.0–27.5% TL) and longer upper labial furrow (2.2–3.4% TL, vs. 1.1–2.0% TL). The two species can further be separated by the preoral length, which is slightly longer in I. garricki (7.2–8.3% TL, vs. 5.7–7.6% TL in I. omanensis), although the values slightly overlap. The shape of lateral teeth is also unique in I. garricki, in which small cusplets on lateral side present basally (vs. cusplets absent in I. omanensis). Vertebral count also separates the two species, I. garricki has more diplospondylous centra (53–61, vs. 45–52 in I. omanensis), more precaudal centra (94–102, vs. 81–91), and more total centra (149–157, vs. 129–147) (data taken from Compagno & Springer, 1971). According to Ebert et al. (2021), I. garricki is further distinguished from I. omanensis by having much smaller gill slits, their length smaller than eye length (vs. longer than eye length in I. omanensis), and the first dorsal-fin origin over pectoral-fin inner margin (vs. situated well over the pectoral-fin base). Geographically, the distribution of I. garricki does not overlap with that of I. omanensis, the former is restricted to the western Pacific and the southeastern Indian Ocean, while the latter occurs in the northern Indian Ocean, including the Red Sea. Although having similar morphometrics, juveniles of I. garricki generally process broader dorsal-fin tips, a less arched mouth, and a poorly developed caudal-fin ventral lobe when compared to adults. Juveniles have large dark blotches on the dorsal fins (vs. only narrow dark margins present on fin edges in adults), and prominent black edges on caudal fin dorsal margin (vs. poorly-defined black edges present in adults). Difference in morphometrics and counts between the holotype and the other non-types are observed. For example, the holotype has three more lower jaw teeth than the other non-types. Some morphometrics (e.g. first dorsal-fin height, caudal-fin proportions) of the holotype are also not within the range of the non-types. Furthermore, the holotype processes a distinct hump on the dorsal profile above pectoral fins, but it was not observed in other examined specimens. The hump is not likely a result of preservation condition, as it already existed when fresh (Fourmanoir & Rivaton 1979: fig. 22a). We assume the difference as sexual dimorphism, mature female processes a humped dorsal profile above pectoral fins, and may have difference in morphometrics and counts. Since only one mature female (the holotype) was examined, however, it warrants further investigation given the smaller size of other examined male specimens comparing to the holotype., Published as part of Ng, Shing-Lai, Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Liu, Kwang-Ming & Joung, Shoou-Jeng, 2022, Redescription of the longnose houndshark Iago garricki (Carcharhiniformes Triakidae), based on specimens recently collected from the South China Sea, pp. 67-77 in Zootaxa 5189 (1) on pages 68-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5189.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/7119763, {"references":["Fourmanoir, P. & Rivaton, J. (1979) Poissons de la pente recifale externe de Nouvelle-Caledonie et des Nouvelles-Hebrides. Cahiers de l'Indo-Pacifique, 1 (4), 405 - 443.","Compagno, L. J. V. (1984) Sharks of the world: an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date: FAO Species Catalogue, volume 4, sharks of the world, part 2, carcharhiniformes. In: Fischer, W. & Nauen, C. E. (Eds.), FAO Fisheries Synopsis, Italy. United Nations Development Programme","Last, P. R. & Stevens, J. D. (1994) Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia, 513 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1446735","White, W. T., Last, P. R., Stevens, J. D., Yearsly, G. K., Fahmi & Dharmadi (2006) Economically important sharks and rays of Indonesia. Australian Centre for international Agricultural research, Canberra, Australia, 329 pp.","Ebert, D. A., Dando, M. & Fowler, S. (2021) Sharks of the world: a complete guide. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, United States, 607 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9780691210872","Compagno, L. J. V. & Springer, S. (1971) Iago, a new genus of carcharhinid sharks, with a redescription of I. omanensis. Fishery Bulletin, 69 (3), 615 - 626."]}

CT scan of bonnethead shark neonate - head & pectoral girdle region

The Cephaloscyllium ventriosum shark is present in the artisanal fisheries of elasmobranchs on the western coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. The main characteristics of the sexual maturation of this species based on individuals captured from off north-west Mexico in 2013-2016 are described. The size at maturity of this species was determined for the first time (total length 82 cm for females and 76 cm for males). Most females had one egg case per one uterus, and two per one uterus was an isolated event of low incidence. From the histological analysis of females, it was possible to show sperm storage in the oviducal gland. Fully developed sperm in immature organisms were identified in the testes. The main indicator of the maturity stage of males and their mating activity is the clasper. The present study provides evidence for a reliable estimation of the sexual maturity of these organisms, demonstrating the need for the combination of macroscopic and microscopic methods.

The definition and scope of the genus Carcharhinus has undergone several changes over the years and recent molecular studies have questioned its monophyly by the inclusion of other carcharhinid genera. Although many descriptions of chondrocranium are available for Carcharhinus species, some inconsistences and divergences are found in the literature, mainly regarding the foramina of the orbital region. In this study, the chondrocranium of the silky shark, Carcharhinus falciformis, from specimens caught at the Brazilian coast and the terminology of its components is revised has been described. Chondrocrania of other Carcharhinus species and carcharhinid genera are also examined in order to investigate the phylogenetic significance of chondrocranial morphology. Three new anatomical terms and nine chondrocrania characters are proposed and described in detail. The chondrocranial morphology varies widely among Carcharhinus species mainly regarding the rostrum and nasal capsules. The chondrocrania of Prionace, Nasolamia, and Negaprion are similar to Carcharhinus species and reveal the need to further explore the relationships among these genera. Characters potentially informative for systematics are the shape of rostral node, the preorbital process, and the subethmoidal fossa, and the occurrence of an epiphyseal notch and foramen, and must be included in phylogenetic studies encompassing other carcharhiniforms.

A single specimen (c. 86.2 cm) juvenile of Bull shark Carcharhinus leucas (Müller & Henle, 1839) was captured and photographed by local fisherman using a casting net on 13 February 2018 in Pangkajene River, about 16 km inland, Pangkajene District, South Celebes, Indonesia. This finding is considered as a first inland record of C. leucas in Celebes, and fourth inland records in Indonesia after Papua, Sumatra and Borneo. Monitoring is needed to asses the possibility of Celebes as a migration route and breeding ground of C. leucas.

Eighteen monocotylid species were collected from elasmobranchs during surveys of the parasites of fishes of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Two new species, Calicotyle cutmorei n. sp. (Calicotylinae) from Carcharhinus sorrah (Valenciennes) (Carcharhiniformes) and Dendromonocotyle raiae n. sp. (Monocotylinae) from Hemitrygon fluviorum (Ogilby) and Neotrygon trigonoides (Castelnau) (both Myliobatiformes) are described and illustrated. Six new faunal records for Moreton Bay are reported: Thaumatocotyle australensis Beverley-Burton & Williams, 1989 (Merizocotylinae) from Maculabatis toshi (Whitley) (Myliobatiformes); Monocotyle corali Chisholm, 1998 (Monocotylinae) from Pastinachus ater (Macleay) (Myliobatiformes); Neoheterocotyle rhynchobatis (Tripathi, 1959) Chisholm, 1994 (Heterocotylinae) from Glaucostegus typus (Anonymous [Bennett]) and Aptychotrema rostrata (Shaw) (both Rhinopristiformes); and Decacotyle elpora Marie & Justine, 2005 (Decacotylinae), Dendromonocotyle torosa Chisholm & Whittington, 2004 (Monocotylinae), and Clemacotyle australis Young, 1967 (Monocotylinae) from Aetobatus ocellatus (Kuhl) (Myliobatiformes). Maculabatis toshi is a new host record for T. australensis, and A. rostrata is a new host record for N. rhynchobatis. Ten species previously recorded from Moreton Bay were collected: Monocotyle caseyae Chisholm & Whittington, 2005 (Monocotylinae) and Heterocotyle whittingtoni Chisholm & Kritsky, 2020 (Heterocotylinae) from M. toshi; Monocotyle sp. A of Chisholm (1998a) (Monocotylinae) from H. fluviorum; Dendromonocotyle kuhlii Young, 1967 and Monocotyle kuhlii Young, 1967 (both Monocotylinae) from N. trigonoides; Thaumatocotyle cf. pseudodasybatis Hargis, 1955 (Merizocotylinae), Empruthotrema kearni Whittington, 1990 (Merizocotylinae) and Decacotyle octona Young, 1967 (Decacotylinae) from A. ocellatus; and Mycteronastes icopae (Beverley-Burton & Williams, 1989) Kearn & Beverley-Burton, 1990 (Merizocotylinae) and Troglocephalus rhinobatidis Young, 1967 (Dasybatotreminae) from G. typus.

Descriptions of egg cases and hatchlings of the Bali catshark Atelomycterus baliensis and the Australian marbled catshark Atelomycterus macleayi are provided. Comparisons are made with two of their congeners, banded sand catshark Atelomycterus fasciatus and coral catshark Atelomycterus marmoratus. The Atelomycterus egg cases have the same general morphology, i.e., elongate with anterior and posterior waists, a depressed and truncate anterior end sometimes with attachment fibres, a medially tapered posterior end with two horns sometimes terminating in short, tightly curled tendrils and four respiratory fissures (one at each left corner on opposing sides). Morphometric measurements taken of the egg cases of the four species differed significantly when subjected to multivariate analysis, with unique characters enabling distinction between them. The morphological characters that best distinguished the Atelomycterus species from each other were anterior border width, posterior waist width and posterior case width. Thus, egg case morphology could be used to distinguish the egg cases of the four Atelomycterus species examined, consistent with other studies on scyliorhinid and pentanchid egg cases. Colouration of A. baliensis and A. macleayi juveniles was similar to that of other Atelomycterus juveniles in being pale with a series of dark-brown distinct dorsal saddles along the body, blotches and sometimes with a low number of small dark spots.

A new species of catshark genus Scyliorhinus, S. hachijoensis sp. nov., is described for the islands of Mikurajima, Hachijojima, and Torishima in southeastern Japan. Scyliorhinus hachijoensis has clasper hooks, which is a common feature in males of the most closely related species (S. torazame), but is distinguished by its coloration (presence of dark spots), the height of its anal fin (higher than the caudal peduncle), and the shape of pectoral and pelvic fins, and dermal denticles. Molecular data also corroborates the new species as a distinct and monophyletic taxon by nucleotide sequence analysis of three mitochondrial DNA regions.

Scyliorhinus hachijoensis sp. nov. (Table 1 and Figs. 1���9) New English name: Cinder cloudy catshark; new Japanese name: Fukami-torazame. Scyliorhinus sp.: Hagiwara, 1993: 1, 9, Tables 1 ���3, Fig. 3 (keeping and reproduction) Holotype. NSMT-P135960, adult male, 370 mm TL (off the east coast of Hachijojima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 200���300 m depth, 24 October 2018). Paratypes. MSM-19-292, female, 331 mm TL (off the east coast of Hachijojima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 300���400 m depth, 12 July 2018); MSM-19-293, female, 354 mm TL (off the east coast of Hachijojima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 300��� 400 m depth, 12 July 2018); MSM-19-294, female, 326 mm TL (off the east coast of Hachijojima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 300���400 m depth, 12 July 2018); MSM-19-295, female, 354 mm TL (off the east coast of Hachijojima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 300���400 m depth, 12 July 2018); MSM-19-296, female, 368 mm TL (off the east coast of Hachijojima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 300���400 m depth, 12 July 2018); MSM-19-297, female, 382 mm TL (off the east coast of Hachijojima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 300���400 m depth, 12 July 2018); MSM-19-298, female, 366 mm TL (off the east coast of Hachijojima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 200���300 m depth, 18 August 2018); MSM-19-299, female, 350 mm TL (off the east coast of Hachijojima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 200���300 m depth, 18 August 2018); MSM- 19-300, female, 356 mm TL (off the east coast of Hachijojima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 200���300 m depth, 18 August 2018); MSM-19-301, female, 368 mm TL (off the east coast of Hachijojima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 200���300 m depth, 18 August 2018); NSMT-P 135961, female, 322 mm TL (off the east coast of Hachijojima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 400���500 m depth, 12 July 2018); NSMT-P 135962, female, 348 mm TL (off the east coast of Hachijojima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 500 m depth, 11 July 2018); NSMT-P 135963, male, 384 mm TL (off the east coast of Mikurajima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 100���200 m depth, 24 October 2018); NSMT-P 135964, female, 364 mm TL (off the east coast of Mikurajima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 100���200 m depth, 24 October 2018); NSMT-P 135965, male, 419 mm TL (off the east coast of Torishima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 600���650 m depth, 27 June 2018); NSMT-P 136476, female, 386 mm TL (off the east coast of Hachijojima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 300 m depth, 15 November 2018); NSMT-P 136477, female, 342 mm TL (off the east coast of Mikurajima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 100���200 m depth, 24 October 2018); NSMT-P 136478, male, 346 mm TL (off the east coast of Mikurajima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 100���200 m depth, 24 October 2018); SPMN-PI 45542, female, 370 mm TL (off the east coast of Hachijojima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 300 m depth, 15 November 2018); SPMN-PI 45543, female, 364 mm TL (off the east coast of Hachijojima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 300 m depth, 15 November 2018); SPMN-PI 45544, female, 345 mm TL (off the east coast of Hachijojima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 300 m depth, 15 November 2018); SPMN-PI 45545, female, 372 mm TL (off the east coast of Hachijojima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 300 m depth, 15 November 2018); SPMN-PI 45546, female, 301 mm TL (off the east coast of Mikurajima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 100���200 m depth, 24 October 2018); SPMN-PI 45547, female, 355 mm TL (off the east coast of Mikurajima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 100���200 m depth, 24 October 2018); SPMN-PI 45548, female, 305 mm TL (off the east coast of Mikurajima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 100���200 m depth, 24 October 2018); SPMN-PI 45549, male, 294 mm TL (off the east coast of Mikurajima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 100���200 m depth, 24 October 2018); SPMN-PI 45550, male, 335 mm TL (off the east coast of Mikurajima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 100���200 m depth, 24 October 2018); SPMN-PI 45551, female, 356 mm TL (off the east coast of Mikurajima Island, Tokyo, Japan, 100���200 m depth, 24 October 2018). Other materials. HUMZ113575, female, 353 mm TL (off Torishima Island, Tokyo, Japan); HUMZ113576, male, 372 mm TL (off Torishima Island, Tokyo, Japan). Diagnosis. A species of Scyliorhinus distinguished by its anterior nasal flaps not reaching the upper lip (vs. flaps reaching upper lip, and sometimes covering it, in S. canicula, S. cervigoni, S. comoroensis, S. duhamelii, S. garmani and S. stellaris); nasoral grooves absent and posterior nasal flaps situated posterior to excurrent apertures (vs. nasoral grooves prexents and posterior nasal flaps laterally situated in S. canicula and S. duhamelii); mouth length less than half of mouth width (vs. mouth length more than or equal half of mouth width except in S. torazame and S. ugoi); anal fin height more than caudal peduncle height (vs. less than caudal peduncle height in S.boa, S. duhamelii, S. torazame and S. torrei), and greater than or equal to half of mouth width (vs. less than half of mouth width in S. boa, S. capensis, S. duhamelii, S. haeckelii, S. hesperius, S.meadi, S. torazame, S. torrei and S. ugoi); saddles darker than the background color (vs. inconspicuous or absent in S. boa, S. cabofriensis, S. cervigoni, S. duhamelii, S. garmani and S. torrei, and dark lines in S. retifer); body grayish brown to dark brown with well-defined light spots and small dark spots (vs. spots absent in S. retifer, yellow to golden spots in S. capensis, light spots absent in S. cervigoni, S. garmani, S. meadi and S. retifer, and dark spots absent in S. capensis, S. comoroensis, S. hesperius, S. meadi, S. torazame and S. torrei); light spots spiracle-sized or larger (vs. predominantly smaller than spiracles in S. boa, S. cabofriensis, S. canicula, S. duhamelii, S. stellaris and S. ugoi); dark spots smaller than spiracles (vs. predominantly larger than spiracles in S. cervigoni, S. duhamelii, S. garmani, S. haeckelii and S. stellaris); number of monospondylous vertebrae 34���36 (vs. counts higher except in S. duhamelii, S. torazame and S. torrei); clasper with hooks (vs. absent in all other species except S. torazame); accessory terminal cartilage present (vs. absent in S. cabofriensis, S. cervigoni, S. comoroensis, S. duhamelii, S. haeckelii, S. stellaris, S. torrei and S. ugoi); egg case surface with irregularities (vs. smooth in all other species). Description. Morphometric measurements are given in Table 1. Body slender and tapering to caudal fin (Fig. 1), precaudal length 77.3 %TL (72.0���76.4 %TL in palatypes). Prepectoral length 0.4 times prepelvic length. Pectoral���pelvic space 1.5 times pelvic���anal space (1.7���2.5 times in female, 1.4���1.9 times in male). Interdorsal space 1.6 times dorsal���caudal space. Trunk shorter than tail; snout���vent length 44.1 %TL (42.0���44.6 %TL). First dorsal origin above insertion of pelvic fin, second dorsal origin forward to anal insertion. No interdorsal, postdorsal, or postanal ridges; lateral crest on caudal peduncle absent. Head (Fig. 2) moderately broad and depressed. Head length (HL) 18.9 %TL (17.2���19.6 %TL) and 1.4 times head width. Snout short, prenasal length 2.3 %TL (2.1���2.6 %TL) and 0.6 times preoral length. Preoral length 3.8 %TL (3.2���4.4 %TL), 0.4 times mouth width and 0.9 times preorbital length. Preorbital length 4.1 %TL (4.1���5.1 %TL), 0.5 times interorbital space. Eyes (Fig. 2A) large and slitlike, eye length 4.1 %TL (3.3���4.4 %TL), 0.2 times head length, with lower edges medial to horizontal head rim in dorsal view; subocular ridge strong. Nictitating lower eyelid of rudimentary type, with shallow subocular pocket and secondary lower eyelid free from upper eyelid. Eye length 5.3 times and interorbital distance 9.6 times spiracle length. Spiracles (Fig. 2A) close behind but clearly separated from eyes, positioned dorsolaterally on head and somewhat lower than level of eye notch. ......Continued on the next page ......Continued on the next page First and second gill openings about equal in height, with last three tapering down to fifth (Fig. 2A, B). First gill opening height 1.6 times that of fifth. All gill openings slightly concave and not elevated on dorsolateral surface of head. Gill filaments not visible externally. Nostrils (Fig. 2C) with broad incurrent apertures, without nasoral grooves or nasal barbels and with small and oval excurrent apertures. Anterior nasal flaps large, triangular, and covering posterior nasal flap and excurrent aperture, extending just anterior to mouth, close to but not touching upper lip. Mesonarial ridge distinct but not exceeding posterior border of anterior nasal flap. Posterior nasal flaps small and rectangular, situated on posterior border of excurrent aperture. Internarial distance 0.3 times interorbital distance. Mouth (Fig. 2A, C) arched, moderately wide, and short. Mouth length 2.9 %TL (2.5���4.4 %TL), 0.3 times mouth width and 0.2 times head length; mouth width 0.7 times head width. Upper labial furrows absent. Lower labial furrows short and narrow, length 0.1 times mouth width. Tooth counts 39/36 (36���49/ 32���43 in paratypes); teeth morphologically similar in both jaws. Monognathic heterodonty gradual and well developed; anterolateral teeth abruptly larger than symphysial ones and smaller distally; posterior teeth with smaller principal cusps than anterolateral teeth (Fig. 3). Sexual heterodonty weak. Symphysial teeth with principal cusp and one weak cusplet on each side. Anterolateral teeth with more developed principal cusp than symphysial teeth and two to four cusplets; most outside cusplets small and undeveloped when with three or four cusplets. Posterior teeth have two or three cusplets and tilted to the outside; principal cusp weakly developed. Pectoral fins (Figs. 1, 4A, B) large and rounded-triangular, not falcate, with broadly convex anterior margins and almost straight posterior and inner margins. Pectoral fin inner corner obtuse angle (96�� in holotype, 90�����102�� in paratypes). Pectoral origin under third gill opening, with base length 0.8 times mouth width. Pectoral anterior margin 2.4 times base length and 1.5 times posterior margin. Pelvic fins (Figs. 1, 4A, B) broadly triangular, with rounded outer corner. Pelvic anterior margin 0.9 times base length. In males, pelvic inner margins fused together forming a pelvic apron, elongated posteriorly and covering claspers. In females, the pelvic fin apex located obviously posterior to middle of fin, and angle of pelvic fin inner corner 63�����75�� in paratypes. Claspers (Fig. 5A) moderately long and cylindrical, extending beyond free rear tips of pelvic fins in adult specimens. Clasper inner length 14.1 %TL (14.1���17.2 %TL in mature males of paratypes), 1.4 times (1.4���1.8 times in mature males of paratypes) pelvic anterior margin and 1.6 times (1.4���1.7 times) clasper outer length. Most of clasper surface (except part of medial surface of clasper shaft and part of exorhipidion, rhipidion, and terminal dermal cover) covered by dermal denticles with anteriorly directed crowns. Clasper hooks present, forming row from behind apopyle to posterior tip of exorhipidion, running along medial border of exorhipidion (Fig. 5A, B). Rhipidion well developed, partly covered medially by prominent exorhipidion and anteriorly by cover rhipidion. Rhipidion insertion point located in anterior portion of dorsal terminal 2 cartilage and extending to end of glans. Cover rhipidion expanded medially, reaching exorhipidion with nearly straight border at the shaft and meandering border at glans. Both cover rhipidion and exorhipidion cover clasper groove. Envelope, pseudopera, and pseudosiphon absent. Terminal dermal cover smooth, and contacting exorhipidion and rhipidion. Clasper skeleton relatively simple (Fig. 5C). Ventral and dorsal terminal cartilage forms spoon-shaped structure; dorsal terminal begins anteriorly but ends together with ventral cartilage. Accessory terminal cartilage quadrangle situated posteriorly and inside ventral marginal cartilage. Dorsal terminal 2 cartilage beginning posteriorly and ventrally to dorsal marginal cartilage, elongated and rod-like, laterally positioned on dorsal terminal cartilage and extending throughout its length. Ventral terminal 2 cartilage elongated and oval, laterally and posteriorly positioned on ventral terminal cartilage and extending to half its length. First dorsal fin (Fig. 1) sub-rectangular and triangular, not falcate, with nearly straight anterior margin, round apex, and angular free rear tip. First dorsal base 0.8 times the interdorsal space. First dorsal anterior margin length 1.5 times its base, and first dorsal height 0.9 times its base. Second dorsal fin (Fig. 1) triangular, not falcate and smaller than first dorsal fin, with nearly straight anterior margin, straight posterior margin, rounded apex, and sharper free rear tip than first dorsal fin. Second dorsal fin base 1.4 times its height and 0.9 times dorsal���caudal distance. Second dorsal anterior margin 1.3 times its base. Second dorsal fin base 0.8 times first dorsal fin base, second dorsal fin height 0.6 times first dorsal fin height. Anal fin (Fig. 1) triangular, slightly high, apically narrow, and not falcate. Anal fin anterior margin nearly straight, apex rounded, free rear tip acutely pointed, and posterior margin straight. Anal fin base 0.8 times interdorsal space and 1.3 times dorsal���caudal distance. Anal fin anterior margin 1.5 times its posterior margin and 1.0 times its base. Anal fin height 0.5 times its base and 1.4 times caudal peduncle height. Anal fin larger than second dorsal fin, base 1.4 times second dorsal fin base, and anal fin height 1.0 times second dorsal fin height. Caudal fin (Fig. 1) narrow-lobed and asymmetrical, with developed terminal lobe. All caudal fin margins nearly straight, all tips rounded. Dorsal caudal margin without lateral undulations and crest of denticles. Dorsal caudal margin 0.3 times precaudal length and 2.1 times preventral caudal margin. Subterminal margin 0.6 times terminal margin. Total vertebral counts 112 (109���115 in paratypes), monospondylous vertebral counts 34 (34���36), and precaudal vertebral counts 77 (71���78). Intestinal valve type conicospiral, with 8 turns (7���8 turns in paratypes). Dermal denticles (Fig. 6) with flat, elongated, teardrop-shaped crowns. Crown with a strong medial ridge extending its entire length onto a long principal cusp. Dermal denticles above pectoral fin present three ridges, with medial ridge less prominent than in denticles of other regions. Denticles below dorsal fins are longer and present a prominent medial ridge, extending to distal tip of cusplet. In all regions, lateral ridges do not extend beyond intersection between principal cusp and cusplets, and are less prominent. Lateral cusps of denticles well developed above pectoral fin, but not well developed below dorsal fins. Color pattern (Figs. 1, 4A, B) with dark brown saddles on a brown background. Light spots present on dorsolateral surfaces and fins, spiracle-sized or larger. Dark spots present on lateral body and fins, smaller than spiracles and light spots. Outlines of dark spots not distinct. Light spots on saddles slightly smaller than on body, with spots largest on fins and smallest on saddles. Saddles darker than background, with pectoral saddles extending diagonally forward. Ventral region white to cream, turning dark anterior of the nostrils. Distribution. This species was recorded from the waters around the Izu Islands, Japan (Fig. 7). All specimens were captured by longline fishing for Splendid alfonsino, at depths of ca. 100���200 m around Mikurajima Island, ca. 200���400 m around Hachijojima Island, and ca. 500���600 m around Torishima Island. Biological data. Males ranged in size from 294 to 416 mm TL (n = 6) and females from 301 to 386 mm TL (n = 22). Size at first maturity is not precisely defined, but males had well-developed claspers at 346 mm TL and females had egg cases at 342 mm. Reproduction is by single oviparity, one egg case for each oviduct. Egg cases are amber in color, with tendrils and surface irregularities that resemble wrinkles (Fig. 8). Maximum case length without tendrils (ML) was 44.6���56.25 mm, and maximum case width was 19.45���22.5 mm (33.4���42.1 %ML) (n = 7). Stomachs were found to contain small crustaceans, small bony fishes, and polychaets. Genetic data. A total of 2164 base pairs (bp) from three mitochondrial DNA regions were examined: 487 bp for the 16S region, 664 bp for COI, and 1013 bp for Cytb. The monophyly of S. hachijoensis was strongly supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 9). The genetic distances between S. hachijoensis and S. torazame were 0.3702 (16S), 0.0295 (COI) and 0.0403 (Cytb), respectively. Etymology. The species name ��� hachijoensis ��� refers to the species��� main collection area, Hachijojima Island. The English name is derived from ���Cinderella���, because the dark spots on the body surface are similar to black ashes ���cinder���. The Japanese name ���Fukami��� means ���deep sea���. Remarks. Clasper hooks are a unique character observed in S. torazame (Soares & de Carvalho 2019, 2020), and the same character was also observed in S. hachijoensis. Both male and female S. hachijoensis can be easily distinguished from eleven other Scyliorhinus species by color pattern: S. cervigoni Maurin & Bonnet, 1970, S. garmani (Fowler, 1934), S. meadi Springer, 1966 and S. retifer (Garman, 1881) have no light spots, S. capensis (M��ller & Henle, 1838) has light yellow to golden spots, and S. torrei Howell-Rivero, 1936 has beige to cream spots. Scyliorhinus canicula, S. cabofriensis Soares, Gomes & de Carvalho, 2016, S. cervigoni, S. garmani, S. haeckelii (Miranda Ribeiro, 1907) and S. stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758) have conspicuous dark spots, and S. boa (Goobe & Bean, 1896) has various dark spots (Springer 1979; Ebert et al. 2013a; Soares & de Carvalho 2019). Scyliorhinus comoroensis Compagno, 1988 and S. duhamelii (Garman, 1913) (as well as S. canicula, S. cervigoni, S. garmani and S. stellaris, which are also listed above) can be distinguished from S. hachijoensis because the nasal flaps reach or cover the upper lip (Springer 1979; Ebert et al. 2013a; Soares & de Carvalho 2019). Scyliorhinus hesperius Springer, 1966 and S. ugoi Soares, Gomes & Gadig, 2015 are very similar to S. hachijoensis in color pattern, but differ in the number of monospondylous vertebrae and size of maturity. The number of monospondylous vertebrae is 39���42 in S. hesperius and 38���39 in S. ugoi. Adult males mature at least 420 mm TL in S. hesperius, and by at least 450 mm TL and 470 mm TL in male and female specimens of S. ugoi, respectively. By contrast, the number of monospondylous ve, Published as part of Ito, Nanami, Fujii, Miho, Nohara, Kenji & Tanaka, Sho, 2022, Scyliorhinus hachijoensis, a new species of catshark from the Izu Islands, Japan (Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae), pp. 331-349 in Zootaxa 5092 (3) on pages 333-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5092.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5881301, {"references":["Hagiwara, S. (1993) Keeping and Reproduction of Chondrichthyans in Captivity at Shimoda Floating Aquarium. Report of Japanese Society for Elasmobranch Studies, 30, 1 - 18.","Soares, K. D. A. & de Carvalho, M. R. (2019) The catshark genus Scyliorhinus (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae): taxonomy, morphology and distribution. Zootaxa, 4601 (1), 1 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4601.1.1","Springer, S. (1979) A revision of the catsharks, family Scyliorhinidae. NOAA technical report NMFS circular, 422, 1 - 97. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 63029","Ebert, D. A., Fowler, S. & Compagno, L. (2013 a) Sharks of the World: A Fully Illustrated Guide. Wild Nature Press, Plymouth, 528 pp.","Compagno, L. J. V. (1988) Sharks of the Order Carcharhiniformes. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 542 pp.","Soares, K. D. A., Gadig, O. F. B. & Gomes, U. L. (2015) Scyliorhinus ugoi, a new species of catshark from Brazil (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae). Zootaxa, 3937 (2), 347 - 361. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3937.2.6","Carpenter, K. E. (1998) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 2. Cephalopods, crustaceans, holothurians and sharks. FAO, Rome, 710 pp. [pp. 687 - 1396]"]}