69,856 results on '"CARBON sequestration"'
Search Results
2. Gaseous gold.
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Dinneen, James
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GOLD mining , *GAS well drilling , *CARBON sequestration , *HYDROGEN as fuel - Abstract
The article discusses the potential of a clean fuel called "gold hydrogen" that could accelerate the transition to a net-zero economy. Gold hydrogen is a naturally occurring gas that burns cleanly and produces only water when burned. It is found underground in areas with specific geology, such as the mountains of Oman. Researchers and start-ups are prospecting for gold hydrogen, but there are still uncertainties about its abundance and extraction methods. Efforts are being made to stimulate the ground to increase hydrogen production, and a pilot project is planned in Oman to test this approach. However, there are challenges and risks associated with extracting and using geologic hydrogen, including the need for compression and transportation infrastructure, as well as potential environmental impacts. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
3. Direct observations of microbial community succession on sinking marine particles.
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Stephens, Brandon, Durkin, Colleen, Sharpe, Garrett, Nguyen, Trang, Albers, Justine, Estapa, Margaret, Steinberg, Deborah, Levine, Naomi, Gifford, Scott, Carlson, Craig, Boyd, Philip, and Santoro, Alyson
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16S rRNA ,bacterial community diversity ,carbon export ,community succession ,individual particles ,island biogeography ,metagenomes ,particle lability ,sinking particles ,Seawater ,Microbiota ,Carbon ,Carbon Sequestration - Abstract
Microbial community dynamics on sinking particles control the amount of carbon that reaches the deep ocean and the length of time that carbon is stored, with potentially profound impacts on Earths climate. A mechanistic understanding of the controls on sinking particle distributions has been hindered by limited depth- and time-resolved sampling and methods that cannot distinguish individual particles. Here, we analyze microbial communities on nearly 400 individual sinking particles in conjunction with more conventional composite particle samples to determine how particle colonization and community assembly might control carbon sequestration in the deep ocean. We observed community succession with corresponding changes in microbial metabolic potential on the larger sinking particles transporting a significant fraction of carbon to the deep sea. Microbial community richness decreased as particles aged and sank; however, richness increased with particle size and the attenuation of carbon export. This suggests that the theory of island biogeography applies to sinking marine particles. Changes in POC flux attenuation with time and microbial community composition with depth were reproduced in a mechanistic ecosystem model that reflected a range of POC labilities and microbial growth rates. Our results highlight microbial community dynamics and processes on individual sinking particles, the isolation of which is necessary to improve mechanistic models of ocean carbon uptake.
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- 2024
4. Integrated global assessment of the natural forest carbon potential
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Mo, Lidong, Zohner, Constantin M, Reich, Peter B, Liang, Jingjing, de Miguel, Sergio, Nabuurs, Gert-Jan, Renner, Susanne S, van den Hoogen, Johan, Araza, Arnan, Herold, Martin, Mirzagholi, Leila, Ma, Haozhi, Averill, Colin, Phillips, Oliver L, Gamarra, Javier GP, Hordijk, Iris, Routh, Devin, Abegg, Meinrad, Adou Yao, Yves C, Alberti, Giorgio, Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M, Alvarado, Braulio Vilchez, Alvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alves, Luciana F, Amaral, Iêda, Ammer, Christian, Antón-Fernández, Clara, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Arroyo, Luzmila, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard, Gerardo A, Baker, Timothy R, Bałazy, Radomir, Banki, Olaf, Barroso, Jorcely G, Bastian, Meredith L, Bastin, Jean-Francois, Birigazzi, Luca, Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Boeckx, Pascal, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro HS, Brandl, Susanne, Brearley, Francis Q, Brienen, Roel, Broadbent, Eben N, Bruelheide, Helge, Bussotti, Filippo, Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto, César, Ricardo G, Cesljar, Goran, Chazdon, Robin L, Chen, Han YH, Chisholm, Chelsea, Cho, Hyunkook, Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie, Clark, David, Colletta, Gabriel D, Coomes, David A, Cornejo Valverde, Fernando, Corral-Rivas, José J, Crim, Philip M, Cumming, Jonathan R, Dayanandan, Selvadurai, de Gasper, André L, Decuyper, Mathieu, Derroire, Géraldine, DeVries, Ben, Djordjevic, Ilija, Dolezal, Jiri, Dourdain, Aurélie, Engone Obiang, Nestor Laurier, Enquist, Brian J, Eyre, Teresa J, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Fayle, Tom M, Feldpausch, Ted R, Ferreira, Leandro V, Finér, Leena, Fischer, Markus, Fletcher, Christine, Frizzera, Lorenzo, Gianelle, Damiano, Glick, Henry B, Harris, David J, Hector, Andrew, Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten, Hérault, Bruno, Herbohn, John L, Hillers, Annika, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N, Hui, Cang, Ibanez, Thomas, Imai, Nobuo, and Jagodziński, Andrzej M
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Agricultural ,Veterinary and Food Sciences ,Ecological Applications ,Environmental Sciences ,Forestry Sciences ,Life on Land ,Humans ,Ecosystem ,Carbon ,Conservation of Natural Resources ,Forests ,Biodiversity ,Carbon Sequestration ,General Science & Technology - Abstract
Forests are a substantial terrestrial carbon sink, but anthropogenic changes in land use and climate have considerably reduced the scale of this system1. Remote-sensing estimates to quantify carbon losses from global forests2-5 are characterized by considerable uncertainty and we lack a comprehensive ground-sourced evaluation to benchmark these estimates. Here we combine several ground-sourced6 and satellite-derived approaches2,7,8 to evaluate the scale of the global forest carbon potential outside agricultural and urban lands. Despite regional variation, the predictions demonstrated remarkable consistency at a global scale, with only a 12% difference between the ground-sourced and satellite-derived estimates. At present, global forest carbon storage is markedly under the natural potential, with a total deficit of 226 Gt (model range = 151-363 Gt) in areas with low human footprint. Most (61%, 139 Gt C) of this potential is in areas with existing forests, in which ecosystem protection can allow forests to recover to maturity. The remaining 39% (87 Gt C) of potential lies in regions in which forests have been removed or fragmented. Although forests cannot be a substitute for emissions reductions, our results support the idea2,3,9 that the conservation, restoration and sustainable management of diverse forests offer valuable contributions to meeting global climate and biodiversity targets.
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- 2023
5. Effect of the solvent quadrupolarizability on the strength of the hydrogen bond: Theory vs data for the Gibbs energy and enthalpy of homo- and heteroassociation between carboxylic acids and water.
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Farren, Lana J., Sharifi, Najib, Clarke, Stuart M., and Slavchov, Radomir I.
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GIBBS' free energy , *NONAQUEOUS solvents , *COMPUTATIONAL chemistry , *CARBON sequestration , *HYDROGEN bonding , *STEARIC acid , *SOLVENTS , *CARBOXYLIC acids - Abstract
A cavity model of the effect of a solvent on thermodynamic parameters of dimerization of polar species in non-polar liquids has been developed and compared to experimental data. Bulk solution data have been collected for stearic acid in cyclohexane and in toluene to quantify the extent of self-association of the acid in terms of the dimer self-dissociation constant, Kd. Composition and temperature-dependent experimental data have been collected to determine Kd, the enthalpy of dissociation, and temperature-dependent infrared molar absorption coefficients. The interaction of stearic acid with small amounts of water present in non-aqueous solvents is also addressed and quantified with a hetero-dissociation (or dehydration) constant, Kh. Existing data for acetic acid are also considered. The model connects Kd and Kh to the vapor-phase association equilibria. Solute dipole–solvent quadrupole interactions are shown to have a major effect on Kd in quadrupolar liquids, such as toluene, benzene, and CS2. This work provides important background as a prelude to adsorption studies of these additives from non-aqueous solvents to solid surfaces with relevance to commercial fluids, such as oil-based corrosion inhibitors and friction modifiers. Moreover, the presented theory of the solvent effect on Kd is a first step to generalization of standard implicit solvent models in computational chemistry (such as the polarizable continuum model) to media of significant quadrupolar strength. This is expected to be particularly important for polar species dissolved in CO2 relevant for carbon capture and storage where appropriate models do not currently exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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6. Energy analysis of chemical looping combustion based power cycles with natural gas and syngas.
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Chakraborty, Aritra, Seepana, Sivaji, Kaliyaperumal, Kannan, Saminathan, Guruchandran Pocha, and Sivan, Suresh
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CHEMICAL-looping combustion , *ANALYTICAL chemistry , *CARBON sequestration , *NATURAL gas , *SYNTHESIS gas , *CHEMICAL energy , *BIOMASS gasification , *FLUE gases - Abstract
Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) is one of the viable and efficient technology to capture the carbon dioxide from combustion process due to inherent removal of nitrogen. In a typical CLC, combustion of fuel takes place in absence of air, where metal oxides such as ilmenite acts as oxygen carriers therefore, the resultant flue gas contains ∼99% by volume of carbon dioxide. The current work focuses on energy analysis of the chemical looping combustion using Rankine cycles of 662 MWth power plant. The thermal cycle under consideration is conceived with idea of integrating the energy flow between fuel and air reactor and as well as preheating the air and fuel before entering the respective reactors. For the comparative study of thermal performance natural gas and syngas with oxygen carriers nickel oxide with alumina and ilmenite are considered respectively. The composition of syngas under consideration is assumed to be the same as that of generated from gasification of bituminous coal. The energy balance shows that the gross thermal efficiency of the natural gas based CLC thermal cycle and syngas based CLC cycles are 44.99% and 44.80% respectively whereas the net efficiency is found to be 40.13% and 37.6% with carbon capture and compression respectively. The reason for large reduction in net efficiency in the case of syngas-CLC plant is attributed to increase in auxiliary power consumption than natural gas-CLC power plant. The carbon dioxide concentration is higher in case of syngas as it contains higher carbon to hydrogen ratio than that of natural gas. It is also found in the study that carbon capture efficiency is 100% in case of natural gas-CLC power plant whereas for syngas-CLC power plant CO2 capture efficiency is 89.55%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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7. Fly ash grafted poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) composite hydrogel as the carbon dioxide adsorbent.
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Ghani, Siti Musliha Mat, Kumeresan, Rowin, Rabat, Nurul Ekmi, Marzuki, Marina Aqilah, Sami, Abdul, Azleen, Farah Najihah, and Chow, Xi Enna
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FLY ash , *CARBON dioxide , *CARBON composites , *CARBON sequestration , *HYDROGELS , *ACRYLIC coatings , *COAL ash - Abstract
The unique tuneable properties of hydrogel have served many purposes in various application. In this study, crosslinked poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)(AAc/AAm) composite hydrogels was incorporated with coal fly ash (FA) was synthesised, characterized and analysed as adsorbent for carbon dioxide capture. The high alumina and silica content in the FA make it exploitable as the inorganic filler in the composite hydrogel. N,N'-methylenebis(acrylamide)(MBA) was used as crosslinker and ammonium peroxodisulphate (APS) as the initiator. Neat AAc/AAm hydrogel and FA-AAc/AAm hydrogels with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 wt% FA loading were synthesis using solution polymerization. Then, the hydrogels samples infused using monoethanolamine (MEA). The disappearance bands 1100 and 936 cm−1 in 0.5FA-AAc/AAm FTIR spectra indicates the FA as grafted into the AAc/AAm hydrogel matrices. The morphology of 0.5FA-AAc/AAm shows increment in pore volume after the addition of of FA. The TGA curves of 0.5FA-AAc/AAm displays the desorption and evaporation of carbon dioxide (CO2) and MEA occurred at 160°C and 220°C, respectively. The MEA uptake rate was also studied to understand the effect of FA on the absorption rate of MEA. The 2.0FA-AAc/AAm composite hydrogel showed 100% improvement in CO2 adsorption capacity compared to neat AAc/AAm. Due to the presence of FA and amine, it allowed more carbon dioxide gas molecule to absorbed into the hydrogel. The FA-AAc/AAm composite hydrogel has showed considerable potency as the CO2 adsorbent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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8. Preliminary study on carbon capture to precipitate zinc from industrial wastewater.
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Lee, Alvin Guo Jian, Damu, Daniel Nyuin Anak Alfred, Chai, Slyvester Yew Wang, and Ngu, Lock Hei
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SEWAGE , *INDUSTRIAL wastes , *CARBON sequestration , *WASTEWATER treatment , *PACKED towers (Chemical engineering) - Abstract
Rapid industrial development has led to a high discharge of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hazardous industrial wastewater. These industrial wastes are sources of well-known environmental problems such as global warming and pollution. This preliminary study aims to evaluate the potential of using accelerated weathering of limestone (AWL), a low-tech, inexpensive and eco-friendly CO2 capture process for industrial wastewater treatment. This idea stems from the high bicarbonate effluent produced via the AWL process, which can be suitable for heavy metal precipitation. The AWL process was carried out using a counter-current absorption tower packed with limestone chips to capture CO2 from ambient air. Two conditions, continuous flow and semi-batch, were tested to determine the absorption configuration to achieve maximum alkalinity effluent production. The continuous flow condition achieved a higher calcium bicarbonate effluent concentration of 80 mg/L (with 2.20 hrs retention time) compared to the semi-batch operation of 75.00 mg/L (at 2.50 hrs retention time). Hence the continuous flow condition was more favorable for operation. Apart from that, the effluent volume producible by the continuous flow method was 44 % higher compared to a semi-batch process. Thereafter, the bicarbonate effluent was used to evaluate its potential for precipitating zinc (Zn) from industrial wastewater to produce zinc carbonate (ZnCO3) solid. A parametric study on the effect of pH and bicarbonate ion (HCO3−) deficit or excess on Zn removal efficiency was conducted for this evaluation. It was shown that as pH increased from 7 to 8, 9 and 10, it achieves high Zn removal efficiency ranging from 98.79 % to 99.74 %. The precipitation condition with no excess of HCO3− achieved high Zn removal of 96.51%. With excess HCO3−, it precipitated both Zn (89.55 % to 94.83 %) and Ca (8.89 % to 21.78 %). This study shows that the AWL process effluent can be utilized to effectively remove heavy metals from industrial wastewater while achieving carbon capture and storage at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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9. Carbon capture and storage to simultaneous biogas purification and precipitated calcium carbonate production using Ca(OH)2 aqueous solution in a bubble column reactor.
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Madhania, Suci, Hubbal, Muhammad, Virgiansyah, Faris, Firdaus, M. Fauzan, Kusdianto, Kusdianto, Machmudah, Siti, and Winardi, Sugeng
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CARBON sequestration , *BUBBLE column reactors , *BIOGAS production , *BIOGAS , *ANAEROBIC reactors , *AQUEOUS solutions , *CALCIUM carbonate , *BIOGAS industry , *ENERGY consumption - Abstract
Anaerobic digestion in biogas industry is associated to the production of several greenhouse gases, namely carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. As a consequence, dedicated measures should be taken in order to reduce these emissions. Efforts to limit the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations while meeting increasing global energy demand can only be achieved by implementing a comprehensive technology portfolio, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) measures. In this work, CCS technology was applied to remove CO2 in biogas with Ca(OH)2 aqueous solution using a continuous bubble column reactor. The bubble column with diameter D = 13.95 cm and the ratio of liquid height to diameter H⁄D = 4. The raw biogas was introduced into the bottom of the column to flow upward, while the Ca(OH)2 aqueous solution introduced into the top to flow downward. It was found that CO2 removal increases with decreasing the ratio of the superficial velocity of biogas to the superficial velocity of the Ca(OH)2 aqueous solution. About 70% CO2 removal is achieved at the ratio of the superficial velocity of biogas to the superficial velocity of the Ca(OH)2 aqueous solution of 0.4. The obtained PCC showed dominant morphology identical with calcite which is rhombohedral or cube form calcite with a size range of 600 - 1000 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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10. Comparing options of BECCS in Indonesia using energy system modelling.
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Raksajati, Anggit, Sutrisno, Zefania P., and Meiritza, Attaya A.
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FLUE gases , *REFUSE as fuel , *CARBON pricing , *ENERGY consumption , *CARBON sequestration , *OIL palm , *PLANT biomass , *CARBON offsetting - Abstract
Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is expected to contribute 8% of Indonesia's electricity generation by 2050. However, there is a lack of study assessing BECCS in Indonesia. This study aims to provide key insights for preliminary assessment of BECCS options by varying the biomass type, power generation capacity, and firing mode. The 6 cases studied are bagasse, palm kernel shell, rice straw, empty fruit bunch, refuse derived fuel (firing, co-firing). Simple levelized cost of electricity (sLCOE) is evaluated, with findings that the dominant factors for sLCOE reduction are capacity and flue gas CO2 composition. BECCS in Indonesia is preferrable for plant with capacity above 20 MW and CO2 concentration above 12.1%. Biomass with calorific value less than 23.14 MJ/kg is not suitable for BECCS. Since biomass power plant is carbon neutral, BECCS can be an option of negative emission technology by further capturing the emission that is by default released to be absorbed by the initial biomass plant. Sensitivity analysis for finding the appropriate carbon tax policy is further divided into 2 analyses based on the definition of the breakeven point of the carbon price. First, the breakeven point can be considered as the carbon price that can make biomass power plant (without CCS) becomes competitive compared to conventional coal power plant. The first definition shows that DPP factor needs to be at least 0.5 to push for biomass PP with reasonable carbon price at 69.93 USD/ton CO2 for both SCB and RS, and 13.99 USD/ton CO2 for PKS. Pushing further to DPP factor of 0 will result in lower carbon price for the three cases in the range of 5.59-28.67 USD/ton CO2. Second, another sensitivity analysis can be performed to obtain biomass PP sLCOE to be equal to BECCS sLCOE by finding the minimum carbon price that can be a revenue for BECCS (hence reducing BECCS sLCOE). It is found that the minimum carbon price should be in the range of 42 – 46 USD/ton CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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11. Review article: Application of integrated electrodes materials for enhancing the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide.
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Devianto, Hary, Eviani, Mitra, and Prakoso, Tirto
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ELECTROLYTIC reduction , *CARBON dioxide reduction , *CLEAN energy , *CARBON sequestration , *RENEWABLE energy sources , *GREENHOUSE gases - Abstract
Carbon dioxide, a "greenhouse gas" resulted from industrial fossil fuels combustion, is a major driver of global warming and climate change. Several works have been pursued to reduce atmospheric concentrations of CO2. The most attractive and feasible approach to address this issue and maintain sustainable energy development for generations is carbon capture and storage or sequestration (CCS) via electrochemical reduction. Electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECO2R) is an integrated step of CO2 capture and electrochemical CO2 conversion, using water and electricity to convert CO2 into fuels and valuable chemicals, especially formic acid. Multiple benefits of CO2 Electrochemical conversion include the ability to regulate reaction rates or selectivity finely through the applied voltage, modularity of electrolytic cells that allows extensive scalability, and effective integration with intermittent renewable energy sources. The efficiency of ECO2R processes can be improved through (i) electrode structure and modification, (ii) electrolytic cell (reactor), (iii) electrolyte selection and pH control, and (iv) operating conditions (pressure and temperature). However, finding suitable electrodes with high selectivity for formic acid formation remains the biggest challenge at the fundamental level. This article provides an overview of recent research on ECO2R electrodes, focusing on the application of different types of integrated electrodes (e.g., metals, metal oxides, alloys) and the effect of adding promoters or/and carbon supports. The synergistic effect of different materials, promoters, and carbon supports in the electrodes is essential for the enhancement of the ECO2R performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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12. Viral lysing can alleviate microbial nutrient limitations and accumulate recalcitrant dissolved organic matter components in soil.
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Tong, Di, Wang, Youjing, Yu, Haodan, Shen, Haojie, Dahlgren, Randy A, and Xu, Jianming
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Carbon ,Soil ,Carbon Cycle ,Carbon Sequestration ,Dissolved Organic Matter ,Life Below Water ,Environmental Sciences ,Biological Sciences ,Technology ,Microbiology - Abstract
Viruses are critical for regulating microbial communities and biogeochemical processes affecting carbon/nutrient cycling. However, the role of soil phages in controlling microbial physiological traits and intrinsic dissolved organic matter (DOM) properties remains largely unknown. Herein, microcosm experiments with different soil phage concentrates (including no-added phages, inactive phages, and three dilutions of active phages) at two temperatures (15 °C and 25 °C) were conducted to disclose the nutrient and DOM dynamics associated with viral lysing. Results demonstrated three different phases of viral impacts on CO2 emission at both temperatures, and phages played a role in maintaining Q10 within bounds. At both temperatures, microbial nutrient limitations (especially P limitation) were alleviated by viral lysing as determined by extracellular enzyme activity (decreased Vangle with active phages). Additionally, the re-utilization of lysate-derived DOM by surviving microbes stimulated an increase of microbial metabolic efficiency and recalcitrant DOM components (e.g., SUV254, SUV260 and HIX). This research provides direct experimental evidence that the "viral shuttle" exists in soils, whereby soil phages increase recalcitrant DOM components. Our findings advance the understanding of viral controls on soil biogeochemical processes, and provide a new perspective for assessing whether soil phages provide a net "carbon sink" vs. "carbon source" in soils.
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- 2023
13. Microbial carbon use efficiency promotes global soil carbon storage
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Tao, Feng, Huang, Yuanyuan, Hungate, Bruce A, Manzoni, Stefano, Frey, Serita D, Schmidt, Michael WI, Reichstein, Markus, Carvalhais, Nuno, Ciais, Philippe, Jiang, Lifen, Lehmann, Johannes, Wang, Ying-Ping, Houlton, Benjamin Z, Ahrens, Bernhard, Mishra, Umakant, Hugelius, Gustaf, Hocking, Toby D, Lu, Xingjie, Shi, Zheng, Viatkin, Kostiantyn, Vargas, Ronald, Yigini, Yusuf, Omuto, Christian, Malik, Ashish A, Peralta, Guillermo, Cuevas-Corona, Rosa, Di Paolo, Luciano E, Luotto, Isabel, Liao, Cuijuan, Liang, Yi-Shuang, Saynes, Vinisa S, Huang, Xiaomeng, and Luo, Yiqi
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Agricultural ,Veterinary and Food Sciences ,Biological Sciences ,Ecology ,Forestry Sciences ,Climate Action ,Carbon ,Carbon Sequestration ,Climate Change ,Ecosystem ,Plants ,Soil ,Soil Microbiology ,Datasets as Topic ,Deep Learning ,General Science & Technology - Abstract
Soils store more carbon than other terrestrial ecosystems1,2. How soil organic carbon (SOC) forms and persists remains uncertain1,3, which makes it challenging to understand how it will respond to climatic change3,4. It has been suggested that soil microorganisms play an important role in SOC formation, preservation and loss5-7. Although microorganisms affect the accumulation and loss of soil organic matter through many pathways4,6,8-11, microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) is an integrative metric that can capture the balance of these processes12,13. Although CUE has the potential to act as a predictor of variation in SOC storage, the role of CUE in SOC persistence remains unresolved7,14,15. Here we examine the relationship between CUE and the preservation of SOC, and interactions with climate, vegetation and edaphic properties, using a combination of global-scale datasets, a microbial-process explicit model, data assimilation, deep learning and meta-analysis. We find that CUE is at least four times as important as other evaluated factors, such as carbon input, decomposition or vertical transport, in determining SOC storage and its spatial variation across the globe. In addition, CUE shows a positive correlation with SOC content. Our findings point to microbial CUE as a major determinant of global SOC storage. Understanding the microbial processes underlying CUE and their environmental dependence may help the prediction of SOC feedback to a changing climate.
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- 2023
14. Increasingly negative tropical water-interannual CO2 growth rate coupling.
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Liu, Laibao, Ciais, Philippe, Wu, Mengxi, Padrón, Ryan S, Friedlingstein, Pierre, Schwaab, Jonas, Gudmundsson, Lukas, and Seneviratne, Sonia I
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Carbon Dioxide ,Carbon ,Water ,Ecosystem ,Atmosphere ,Tropical Climate ,Rain ,Feedback ,Climate Change ,Carbon Cycle ,Carbon Sequestration ,El Nino-Southern Oscillation ,Spatio-Temporal Analysis ,Climate Action ,Life on Land ,General Science & Technology - Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystems have taken up about 32% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions in the past six decades1. Large uncertainties in terrestrial carbon-climate feedbacks, however, make it difficult to predict how the land carbon sink will respond to future climate change2. Interannual variations in the atmospheric CO2 growth rate (CGR) are dominated by land-atmosphere carbon fluxes in the tropics, providing an opportunity to explore land carbon-climate interactions3-6. It is thought that variations in CGR are largely controlled by temperature7-10 but there is also evidence for a tight coupling between water availability and CGR11. Here, we use a record of global atmospheric CO2, terrestrial water storage and precipitation data to investigate changes in the interannual relationship between tropical land climate conditions and CGR under a changing climate. We find that the interannual relationship between tropical water availability and CGR became increasingly negative during 1989-2018 compared to 1960-1989. This could be related to spatiotemporal changes in tropical water availability anomalies driven by shifts in El Niño/Southern Oscillation teleconnections, including declining spatial compensatory water effects9. We also demonstrate that most state-of-the-art coupled Earth System and Land Surface models do not reproduce the intensifying water-carbon coupling. Our results indicate that tropical water availability is increasingly controlling the interannual variability of the terrestrial carbon cycle and modulating tropical terrestrial carbon-climate feedbacks.
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- 2023
15. The Wealth of Wetlands: An Economic Valuation of San Diego's Dynamic Edge
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Scharnhorst, Beverly
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Ecosystem Services ,Coastal Wetlands ,California Halibut ,Commercial Fisheries ,Fish Nursery Habitats ,Blue Carbon ,Carbon Sequestration ,Natural Resources ,San Diego County ,Conservation Management ,Wetland Restoration ,Monte Carlo Simulation ,Economic Benefits ,Wetland Economic Valuation ,Climate Change Mitigation - Abstract
Coastal wetlands in San Diego County have experienced a significant decline in their extent over the past century due to erosion, sea-level rise, and development. Understanding the historical and current conditions of these wetlands is essential for effective management and restoration efforts. Furthermore, assessing the economic value of the ecosystem services provided by these wetlands is crucial for making informed decisions regarding their conservation and restoration. This paper presents a detailed valuation of two ecosystem services provided by San Diego County wetlands: nursery habitats for California halibut and carbon sequestration through blue carbon ecosystems. The valuation is based on existing scientific literature and government reports, and a Monte Carlo simulation is employed to account for the uncertainties associated with the complex and dynamic nature of coastal wetlands. The results indicate that these wetlands provide substantial economic benefits to the California halibut commercial fishery, valued at almost $998 thousand annually. The net present value analysis suggests that these wetlands could generate over $30.7 million in net benefits to the commercial fishery through the end of the century, assuming the habitats remain intact. Additionally, the wetlands contribute almost $5 million annually in natural capital through the production of juvenile California halibut. Utilizing a social cost of carbon value of $120/metric ton of CO2, local eelgrass beds, salt marshes, and mudflats are valued at over $1.6 million annually, with over 50% coming from eelgrass beds. The net present value analysis suggests that these wetlands could generate over $50 million in net benefits via carbon sequestration through the end of the century, assuming the habitats remain intact. This detailed valuation approach provides valuable information for policymakers and the public, facilitating better decision-making and increased awareness of the importance of protecting and restoring coastal wetland ecosystems for their ecological and economic contributions.See full project here: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/d3456f12100047b2a979df40a59c8357
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- 2023
16. Influence of Biochar Fortified with Fungi (Termitomyces) on Carbon Stock, Flux, and Yield of Groundnut
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Habib Dahiru Wakili, Khalid Abdulsalam, and Habib Hafsah Wakili
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biochar ,carbon emission ,carbon sequestration ,groundnut ,soil carbon stock ,Education ,Technology ,Social Sciences - Abstract
The study was conducted to investigate carbon stock, flux, and sequestration potential as well as the response of groundnut (yield) to different fortification approaches. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using four treatment combinations, fortified biochar with T. albuminosus (B + T), biochar (B), T. albuminosus, and control laid in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD). The result showed increased carbon sequestration, stock, and a subsequent decrease in carbon emission in treatment B + T relative to other treatments. Untreated samples recorded the lowest values with 3.69 g kg-1 sequestered carbon 24.97 kg ha- stock 4.92% carbon emission and a net flux of -20.70. The highest groundnut yield was also recorded in the B + T treatment with a value of 1131.10 kg ha-1. However, biochar treatment recorded the highest biomass and stover yield 5.62 t ha-1 and 3.82 t ha-1 respectively. In conclusion, the Fortification of biochar with T. albuminosus proved efficient in improving carbon sequestration, increasing carbon stock, and reducing emission as well as other nutrients in soils under cultivation. Also, using B + T as an amendment under optimal growth conditions is recommended for better groundnut production. The study's constraints lie in its execution within controlled greenhouse settings, potentially limiting its applicability to real-world field conditions. Thus, caution should be exercised when extending these findings to field applications, ensuring the validation of the approach's effectiveness.
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- 2024
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17. Forest cover change and its carbon dynamic of the karst area in Bulusaraung, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
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Fajri Ansari, Budi Hadi Narendra, Indra A.S.L.P. Putri, Hesti Lestari Tata, I Wayan Susi Dharmawan, Henti Hendalastuti Rachmat, Sri Suharti, Ayun Windyoningrum, Husnul Khotimah, Tri Sayektiningsih, and Supratman Tabba
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carbon sequestration ,secondary karst forest carbon ,forest cover change ,Maros-Pangkep Karst ,UNESCO Global Geopark ,Forestry ,SD1-669.5 - Abstract
AbstractInformation on land forest cover changes and carbon stocks in karst areas is vital for management planning. Therefore, an analysis of the dynamics of land forest cover, carbon stocks of secondary karst forests, and their future projections is necessary. This study aimed to analyze the carbon stocks of secondary forests, forest cover change, and their projections in karst areas. We used 43 sample plots of 20 m x 20 m to measure Above Ground Biomass (AGB) and soil organic carbon stocks. Forest cover data were collected using remote sensing and GIS tools. Data analysis of the ABG of the secondary forest for the karst plain and karst tower was conducted using the Chave equation. Land-cover change was analyzed by delineating the 2011, 2016, and 2021 land-cover data from satellite imagery and testing the accuracy using survey data fields and high-resolution images. Land-cover projections for 2026 and 2031 were obtained using Cellular Automata Markov (CA-Markov) analysis. The results revealed ten land cover types in the karst area of the Bulusaraung Forest Management Unit (FMU). Secondary dryland karst forests (tower and plain karst) were the dominant forest types (60%) in the Maros-Pangkep essential karst ecosystem area. Both karst types of secondary forests are relatively high carbon stores. Data projection shows that the mining area will grow extensively by 2031. Secondary dryland karst forests will be degraded by 15.5% in 20 years due to increased mining activities, conversion to paddy fields, dryland agriculture, and mixed dryland agriculture. Karst ecosystems are vital for carbon and water storage. Therefore, some strategies are required for the sustainable management of Maros-Pangkep Karst are as follows: (i) controlling the opening of mining areas according to sustainable environmental principles, (ii) encouraging the implementation of post-mining land rehabilitation, (iii) increasing public awareness of the importance of preserving karst areas, and (iv) implementing soil conservation rules by prioritizing agroforestry systems in dryland farming.
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- 2024
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18. Utilization of cotton byproduct-derived biochar: a review on soil remediation and carbon sequestration
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Yingru Tao, Weiying Feng, Zhongqi He, Beibei Wang, Fang Yang, Aainaa Izyan Nafsun, and Yazhai Zhang
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Cotton ,Biochar ,Soil remediation ,Carbon sequestration ,Byproducts ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 ,Environmental law ,K3581-3598 - Abstract
Abstract Biochar can improve soil health and fix CO2 by altering soil microenvironment, thus impacting the global carbon cycle and the change of soil ecological environment. Recent studies show that cotton byproduct-derived biochar is a potential effective amendment for soil improvement so that it could play an important role in agricultural and environmental conservation. In this work, research topics on cotton byproduct-derived biochar in soil in last decade and so are systematically reviewed for better understanding of the progresses of cotton byproduct-derived biochar in (i) the morphologic and physicochemical characterization, (ii) latest research hotspots and trends, (iii) the roles in soil reclamation, and (iv) relevant carbon sequestration mechanisms. Finally, the future research directions regarding cotton byproduct-derived biochar mingled to soil environment are discussed. Insight derived from this work would provide scientific basis for promoting more applications of cotton byproduct-derived biochar in soil ecological restoration and carbon fixation. Graphical Abstract
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- 2024
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19. Effect mechanism of phosphorous-containing additives on carbon structure evolution and biochar stability enhancement
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Haiping Yang, Yamian Yu, Han Zhang, Wanwan Wang, Jinjiao Zhu, Yingquan Chen, Shihong Zhang, and Hanping Chen
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Biochar stability ,Microwave pyrolysis ,K3PO4 ,Carbon sequestration ,2D-PCIS ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 ,Agriculture - Abstract
Abstract The regulation of the pyrolysis process is a key step in increasing the carbon sequestration capacity of biochar. The effect of K3PO4 addition on the yield, chemical composition, characteristic functional groups, macromolecular skeleton, graphite crystallites, and stability of biochar was studied in this paper using two-dimensional infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-PCIS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectrum, and other characterization methods combined with thermal/chemical oxidation analysis. It is discovered that adding K3PO4 may effectively minimize the graphitization temperature range and increase biochar's yield, aromaticity, H/C ratio, and proportion of refractory/recalcitrant organic carbon. The 2D-PCIS and Raman analysis revealed that K3PO4 mostly promoted the dehydrogenation and polycondensation process of the aromatic rings in the char precursor, transforming the amorphous carbon structure of biochar into an ordered turbostratic microcrystalline structure. K3PO4 enhanced biochar stability mostly at medium-high temperatures (350 ~ 750℃) by stimulating the transformation of unstable structures of biochar to stable carbon-containing structures or by inhibiting the interaction of its active sites with oxidants through the mineralization process. A 20% phosphorus addition increased biochar's refractory index (R50) by roughly 11%, and it also boosted biochar's oxidation resistance (H2O2 or K2CrO4) efficiency, reducing carbon oxidation loss by up to 7.31%. However, at higher temperatures (> 750 ℃), the doping of phosphorus atoms into the carbon skeleton degraded the biochar structure's stability. The results of this study suggest that using exogenous phosphorus-containing additives is an efficient way to improve the stability of biochar. Graphical abstract
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- 2024
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20. Carbon stock of shatto forest along altitudinal gradients in masha district, southwest ethiopia: a contribution to climate change mitigation
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Solomon Tadesse and Ayehu Tamiru
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Biomass ,carbon sequestration ,elevation ,woody plants ,Forestry ,SD1-669.5 - Abstract
AbstractForests play a significant role in climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration from the atmosphere and retaining carbon in above and belowground biomass of trees, litter biomass and soil. However, there is little empirical data on the potential carbon stock of Ethiopia’s various forests. Therefore, this study was carried out to estimate the carbon stock potential of Shatto Forest along altitudinal gradients and its contribution to climate change mitigation in Masha district, southwest Ethiopia. Using a systematic sampling design, a total of 30 plots measuring 20 x 20 m were established at 200 m intervals along seven transect lines in order to inventory the woody species. Within the main plot, a 1 m x 1 m sub-plot was used to collect soil samples and litter biomass. The biomass carbon stock was estimated using allometric equations. Results revealed that the mean total carbon stock of the study forest was 714.4 ton/ha, of which 337.38ton/ha, 67.48 ton/ha, 0.79 ton/ha and 308.75 ton/ha were stored in the aboveground carbon, belowground carbon, leaf litter carbon and soil organic carbon, respectively. The mean total CO2 equivalent of the study forest was also 2621.85 ton/ha. Along the altitudinal gradients of the study forest, the total carbon stocks contributed by the forest varied significantly at (p < 0.05), with the largest stock found at lower elevation and the lowest stock found at higher elevation. Based on the study findings, it is concluded that the forest under investigation possessed a substantial carbon stock capacity, allowing it to sequester a significant amount of CO2 and mitigate climate change while offering other ecosystem services. Thus, in order to optimize the forest’s capacity to store carbon and obtain the financial benefits of CO2 mitigation, reduced emission from deforestation and degradation (REDD+) program in the area should be integrated with carbon sequestration.
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- 2024
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21. Carbon sequestration potential of plantation forests in New Zealand - no single tree species is universally best
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Serajis Salekin, Yvette L. Dickinson, Mark Bloomberg, and Dean F. Meason
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Carbon forestry ,Plantation forest ,Carbon sequestration ,Site-species matching ,Forest carbon ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Abstract Background Plantation forests are a nature-based solution to sequester atmospheric carbon and, therefore, mitigate anthropogenic climate change. The choice of tree species for afforestation is subject to debate within New Zealand. Two key issues are whether to use (1) exotic plantation species versus indigenous forest species and (2) fast growing short-rotation species versus slower growing species. In addition, there is a lack of scientific knowledge about the carbon sequestration capabilities of different plantation tree species, which hinders the choice of species for optimal carbon sequestration. We contribute to this discussion by simulating carbon sequestration of five plantation forest species, Pinus radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Eucalyptus fastigata, Sequoia sempervirens and Podocarpus totara, across three sites and two silvicultural regimes by using the 3-PG an ecophysiological model. Results The model simulations showed that carbon sequestration potential varies among the species, sites and silvicultural regimes. Indigenous Podocarpus totara or exotic Sequoia sempervirens can provide plausible options for long-term carbon sequestration. In contrast, short term rapid carbon sequestration can be obtained by planting exotic Pinus radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii and Eucalyptus fastigata. Conclusion No single species was universally better at sequestering carbon on all sites we tested. In general, the results of this study suggest a robust framework for ranking and testing candidate afforestation species with regard to carbon sequestration potential at a given site. Hence, this study could help towards more efficient decision-making for carbon forestry.
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- 2024
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22. Soil pore characteristics and the fate of new switchgrass-derived carbon in switchgrass and prairie bioenergy cropping systems
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Kyungmin Kim, Archana Juyal, and Alexandra Kravchenko
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Switchgrass ,Prairie ,Topography ,Carbon sequestration ,Soil pore ,Plant biodiversity ,Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Abstract Monoculture switchgrass and restored prairie are promising perennial feedstock sources for bioenergy production on the lands unsuitable for conventional agriculture. Such lands often display contrasting topography that influences soil characteristics and interactions between plant growth and soil C gains. This study aimed at elucidating the influences of topography and plant systems on the fate of C originated from switchgrass plants and on its relationships with soil pore characteristics. For that, switchgrass plants were grown in intact soil cores collected from two contrasting topographies, namely steep slopes and topographical depressions, in the fields in multi-year monoculture switchgrass and restored prairie vegetation. The 13C pulse labeling allowed tracing the C of switchgrass origin, which X-ray computed micro-tomography enabled in-detail characterization of soil pore structure. In eroded slopes, the differences between the monoculture switchgrass and prairie in terms of total and microbial biomass C were greater than those in topographical depressions. While new switchgrass increased the CO2 emission in depressions, it did not significantly affect the CO2 emission in slopes. Pores of 18–90 µm Ø facilitated the accumulation of new C in soil, while > 150 µm Ø pores enhanced the mineralization of the new C. These findings suggest that polyculture prairie located in slopes can be particularly beneficial in facilitating soil C accrual and reduce C losses as CO2.
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- 2024
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23. Carbon storage and economic efficiency of fruit-based systems in semi-arid region: a symbiotic approach for sustainable agriculture and climate resilience
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Manoj Kumar Singh, Sarwan Kumar Yadav, Bhalendra Singh Rajput, and Prashant Sharma
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Agroforestry systems ,Carbon credit ,Biomass accumulation ,Carbon sequestration ,Economic efficacy ,Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations ,TK1001-1841 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Abstract Enhancing our understanding of carbon (C) stock in diverse horticulture and fruit-based agroforestry systems has potential to provide farmers with supplementary advantages in terms of poverty alleviation and livelihood development which can significantly benefit C market initiatives like UN-REDD (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation). Therefore, the current study aimed to assess the biomass accumulation, C storage and economic efficacy of seven agro-ecosystems, namely guava-based agri-horticulture system (AHS), mango-AHS, guava- pure orchard (PO), mango-PO, Indian gooseberry -PO, teak boundary plantation (TBP) and annual cropping system (ACS) under two different landscape positions viz., upland and lowland in the semi-arid region of Vindhyan ranges. The result indicated that mango-AHS accumulated significantly (p
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- 2024
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24. Carbon Sequestration and Environmental Service Assessment in the Special Purpose Forest Area of Mount Bromo, Indonesia
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Sapta Suhardono, Bagus Hermawan, Azrhi Nurfia Ahdha Aulia, Arlinda Dwi Restanti, Auriga Wahyu Widyadana Ramadhan, Iva Yenis Septiariva, Mega Mutiara Sari, and I Wayan Koko Suryawan
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carbon sequestration ,environmental services ,forest ecosystem ,sustainable forest management ,Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,TD1-1066 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the carbon and environmental service potential in the Natural Tourism Zone of Special Purpose Forest Areas Mount Bromo. The study focuses on understanding how this area, with its specific tree compositions and sizes, contributes to carbon absorption and environmental benefits, which can also translate into carbon credits, a form of state revenue. The methodology involves Purposive Sampling to create Observational Sample Plots (OSP) of varying sizes based on tree diameter. These plots are designed to measure the biomass, carbon potential, and environmental service potential of the area's trees. The collected data includes the composition of tree species, the number of each type of tree, their diameters, and heights. The study applies specific formulas to determine the potential of biomass, carbon, and environmental services in the area. Key findings reveal a dominance of Mahogany trees (83 trees per hectare) among ten identified plant species, indicating a specific but lower biodiversity in this zone. The study's significant results include the quantification of biomass potential, which was found to be 787.84 tons/ha above-ground and 228.47 tons/ha below-ground, totaling 1016.31 tons/hectare. The study also evaluated the environmental service potential, including CO2 absorption and O2 production. The CO2 absorption capacity of the area was estimated at 1753.04 tons/ha, with a corresponding high O2 production of 1279.72 tons/ha. Additionally, the potential for carbon credits in the area was calculated at approximately 70.12 US$/ha. This research is crucial in understanding how specific forest areas, like Special Purpose Forest Areas Mount Bromo, can play a significant role in global environmental sustainability efforts.
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- 2024
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25. CO2 storage potential of coal seam in Sanhejian closed coal mine
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Jing QIAN, Gaofeng YI, Qizhong ZHOU, Zhigang TANG, Yixuan PENG, Yang WANG, and Shangbin CHEN
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closed coal mines ,co2 storage in coal seams ,stability evaluation ,storage potential ,sanhejian coal mine ,carbon sequestration ,Mining engineering. Metallurgy ,TN1-997 - Abstract
Geological sequestration of CO2 in closed coal mines' coal seams is a significant method for CO2 sequestration and an effective strategy to achieve short-term carbon emission reduction goals. This study focuses on the Sanhejian coal mine in Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province. The study scrutinizes the features of the coal rock and the quality of the mined No. 7 and No. 9 coal seams. Additionally, it calculates the remaining coal resource reserves. The study also applies the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to identify nine main influencing factors for the CO2 storage stability of the No. 7 and No. 9 coals. These factors include the stability factor, the nature of the overlying rock strata, the complexity of the geotectonic structure, the index of groundwater, the ratio of the sealed coal bed pressure to temperature, the ratio of the sealed coal bed depth to depth, the permeability of sealed coal beds, the degree of the hollowing-out collapse, and other relevant factors. We assessed the stability of CO2 storage in No. 7 and No. 9 coals based on key influencing elements. We developed a CO2 storage evaluation method to assess the CO2 storage capacity of coal seams in sealed coal mines. The findings indicate that the remaining reserves of No. 7 coal and No. 9 coal in the Sanhejian closed coal mine are substantial. The comprehensive evaluation results for CO2 storage stability are 86.209 and 87.698, respectively, indicating a higher level of stability and greater potential for storage. The CO2 storage capacity of the No. 7 and No. 9 coal seams in the closed coal mines of Sanhejian was determined using the established evaluation method. We calculated the theoretical storage capacity to be 207.6 Mt and 80.9 Mt, respectively. This led to the division of the storage area into three levels: favorable, more favorable, and unfavorable. The work can establish a fundamental foundation for investigating the storage of CO2 in coal seams within decommissioned coal mines.
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- 2024
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26. Eggplant growth in wheat straw-, wheat straw biochar- and compost-amended soils: a field study of CO2 emission dynamics, soil physicochemical, microbial, and nutrient effects
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Dinesh Mohan, Brahmacharimayum Preetiva, Abhishek Kumar Chaubey, Jonathan S. Singsit, Usha Mina, and Charles U. Pittman Jr.
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Biochar ,Soil fertility ,Carbon sequestration ,Agriculture residue ,Stubble burning ,Circular economy ,Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,TD1-1066 ,Standardization. Simplification. Waste ,HD62 - Abstract
The growth of eggplant (Pusa Safed Baingan-1) was studied during the semi-arid (March to June) and humid sub-tropical (July to September) seasons of New Delhi, India. The individual effects of wheat straw biomass (WSBM), wheat straw biochar (WSBC) and compost versus the combined effect of WSBM plus compost and WSBC plus compost were determined under field conditions. The amendments were made at two different application rates: 1 wt% and 2 wt%. WSBC was successfully prepared in a proprietary kachcha reactor (Indian patent no. 380921), designed using locally sourced clay. Amendments were characterized using elemental analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron (TEM) microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The field study was conducted in 11 (1x1-meter) plots with two replicates. Basic soil health parameters including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), water holding capacity (WHC), bulk density (BD), cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil total nitrogen (STN), soil available nitrogen (SAN), soil organic carbon (SOC), soil available phosphorus (SAP), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and mineral contents are analyzed. Observable plant growth characteristics (germination percentage, height, number of leaves, fruits, and plant biomass) were also recorded. Biochar amendment was most beneficial for enhancing the majority of these parameters. With respect to the control, a 20% decrease in bulk density, a 30% increase in water holding capacity, a 122% increase in organic carbon, a 175% increase in total nitrogen, a 23% increase in available nitrogen, and a 473% increase in available phosphorus were recorded. Furthermore, with respect to the control, a 115% increase in CEC was recorded using the compost amendment vs 84% with WSBC. Synergism between biochar and compost was reflected by high germination percentage (44%), number of fruits (600%), plant biomass weight (243%) and soil microbial biomass carbon (286%). Biomass amendment failed to show any positive influence. In summary, biochar emerges as a superior choice compared to both biomass and compost when it comes to soil amendments.
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- 2024
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27. Role of phytolith occluded carbon of cereales plants for climate change mitigation
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Beata Rutkowska, Peter Schröder, Michel Mench, Francois Rineau, Witold Szulc, Wiesław Szulc, Jarosław Pobereżny, Kristjan Tiideberg, Tomasz Niedziński, and Evelin Loit
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carbon sequestration ,cereals ,climate change ,compost ,phytolith occluded carbon ,silicon ,River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General) ,TC401-506 ,Irrigation engineering. Reclamation of wasteland. Drainage ,TC801-978 - Abstract
Phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) is highly stable, and constitutes an important source of long-term C storage in agrosystems. This stored carbon is resistant to the processes of oxidation of carbon compounds. In our research phytolith content in barley (Estonia) and oat (Poland) grain and straw was assessed at field trials, with Si as a liquid immune stimulant OPTYSIL and compost fertilisation. We showed that cereals can produce relatively high amounts of phytoliths. PhytOC plays a key role in carbon sequestration, particularly for poor, sandy Polish and Estonian soils. The phytolith content was always higher in straw than in grain regardless of the type of cereals. The phytolith content in oat grains varied from 18.46 to 21.28 mg∙g−1 DM, and in straw 27.89–38.97 mg∙g−1 DM. The phytolith content in barley grain ranged from 17.24 to 19.86 mg∙g−1 DM, and in straw from 22.06 to 49.08 mg∙g−1 DM. Our results suggest that oat ecosystems can absorb from 14.94 to 41.73 kg e-CO2∙ha−1 and barley absorb from 0.32 to 1.60 kg e-CO2∙ha−1. The accumulation rate of PhytOC can be increased 3-fold in Polish conditions through foliar application of silicon, and 5-fold in Estonian conditions. In parallel, the compost fertilisation increased the phytolith content in cereals.
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- 2024
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28. Atmospheric Carbon Sequestration Using Microalgae
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D. M. Glazunova, P. Yu. Galitskaya, and S. Yu. Selivanovskaya
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carbon dioxide ,carbon sequestration ,microalgae ,microalgae biomass ,biotechnological facilities for growing microalgae ,Science - Abstract
This article outlines biotechnological methods that can help reduce atmospheric and industrial carbon dioxide emissions through the use of microalgae. A general description of microalgae was provided, and the most promising species for microalgal biotechnology were identified. The metabolic process by which microalgae capture and degrade carbon dioxide was described. The microalgae-based biotechnological systems and devices available today were analyzed. The key factors that need to be considered for the effective and successful use of microalgae were highlighted. Different products obtained from microalgal biomass after atmospheric carbon dioxide sequestration were overviewed.
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- 2024
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29. Mineral-mediated stability of organic carbon in soil and relevant interaction mechanisms
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Zibo Xu and Daniel C.W. Tsang
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Carbon stability ,Mineral transformation ,Carbon sequestration ,Bio-geochemistry ,Soil carbon management ,Sustainable waste management ,Ecology ,QH540-549.5 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Soil, the largest terrestrial carbon reservoir, is central to climate change and relevant feedback to environmental health. Minerals are the essential components that contribute to over 60% of soil carbon storage. However, how the interactions between minerals and organic carbon shape the carbon transformation and stability remains poorly understood. Herein, we critically review the primary interactions between organic carbon and soil minerals and the relevant mechanisms, including sorption, redox reaction, co-precipitation, dissolution, polymerization, and catalytic reaction. These interactions, highly complex with the combination of multiple processes, greatly affect the stability of organic carbon through the following processes: (1) formation or deconstruction of the mineral–organic carbon association; (2) oxidative transformation of the organic carbon with minerals; (3) catalytic polymerization of organic carbon with minerals; and (4) varying association stability of organic carbon according to the mineral transformation. Several pieces of evidence related to the carbon turnover and stability during the interaction with soil minerals in the real eco-environment are then demonstrated. We also highlight the current research gaps and outline research priorities, which may map future directions for a deeper mechanisms-based understanding of the soil carbon storage capacity considering its interactions with minerals.
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- 2024
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30. An economic study of hydrogen and ammonia generation from the reforming of biogas from co-digestion of municipal solid waste and wastewater sludge in a Brazilian state.
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Crispim, Adriele Maria de Cassia, Barros, Regina Mambeli, Tiago Filho, Geraldo Lúcio, and dos Santos, Ivan Felipe Silva
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- *
SEWAGE sludge digestion , *SEWAGE sludge , *SOLID waste , *INTERSTITIAL hydrogen generation , *CARBON sequestration , *STEAM reforming - Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate the economic feasibility of leveraging H 2 generated from biogas for 28 sanitary landfill consortia in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two processes were analyzed: steam methane reforming (SMR) and pyrolysis reforming. Both were assessed via the economic analyses of Net Present Value (NPV), Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Potential biogas production from sanitary landfills was estimated along with the production of hydrogen and ammonia. Installation (CAPEX) along with operation and maintenance (OPEX) costs were estimated for the biogas purification processes and attainment of H 2. The sales rate for H 2 as a fuel source was derived for each consortium. The capacity for ammonia attainment from H 2 was determined as well as the Levelized Cost of Ammonia (LCOA). The installed capacity of the consortia varied from 18,332.05 to 2,470,525.30 kg H 2 /year. The LCOH varied from 7.01 US$/kg to 44.45 US$/kg. Comparing the three scenarios, the Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) without CO 2 capture obtained the best economic results; however, this scenario leads to the emission of CO 2. The novelty of this research resides in the use of biogas to obtain H 2 and ammonia, as well as in comparing SMR with pyrolysis. The consortium CIDES showed the best economic results. The reformation processes of CH 4 in H 2 with zero CO 2 emissions obtained the best LCOH values, thus making it less competitive in relation to fossil fuels. Public policy changes are necessary to incentivize the production and use of H 2 and ammonia from biogas. • Economic feasibility of leveraging H 2 from biogas for sanitary landfill in Brazil. • Two processes were analyzed: steam methane reforming and pyrolysis reforming. • Biogas production was estimated along with the production of hydrogen and ammonia. • Ammonia attainment from H 2 and the Levelized Cost of Ammonia were determined. • Installed capacity of consortia varied from 12,738.08 to 1,716,651.77 kgH 2 /year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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31. The integrated hydro-solar e-fuel production for a tea factory: Preliminary design and thermodynamic analysis.
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Inac, Selcuk and Midilli, Adnan
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FACTORY design & construction , *CARBON sequestration , *HYDROELECTRIC power plants , *METHANOL as fuel , *SOLAR power plants , *CARBON emissions , *GREEN fuels , *PHOTOVOLTAIC power systems - Abstract
This paper presents the preliminary design and thermodynamic analysis of hydropower and solar integrated e-fuel production system for a tea factory. In this regard, an integrated hydro-solar e-fuel production system has been developed, which is mainly able to produce e-methanol and green hydrogen. The system contains five main subsystems: i) Proton exchange membrane electrolyzer system, ii) CO 2 capture and storage system, iii) Methanol production system, iv) Photovoltaic system, and v) Penstock hydroelectric power plant. In terms of the general system operating principle, it is important to emphasize that the energy need of the system is supplied by solar power plant during the sunshine duration (the case 1) and provided by hydropower plant in the period when solar energy is not sufficient (the case 2). Considering the required assumptions, in the first step, preliminary design was performed, and in the second step, the energy and exergy analyzes were achieved, and in the final step, the effects of parameters such as CO 2 capture efficiency, methanol reactor conversion ratio, and environmental temperature on the system performance were parametrically investigated. Accordingly, in the case 1, the maximum energy and exergy efficiencies of the integrated e-fuel production system were respectively obtained to be 7.132% and 6.569% while, in the case 2, those were respectively calculated to be 39.44% and 42.36%. Moreover, approximately 235.9 tons of CO 2 emission in operation period of the tea factory considered in this work can be reduced by the integrated hydro-solar e-fuel production system that has a production capacity of 399.8 kg/h for methanol and 37.73 kg/h for hydrogen. It is expected that the integrated system concept may contribute to the researchers, system designers, policy makers, investors, and different enterprises for practical applications. • Hydropower and solar integrated e-fuel production system for a tea factory is proposed. • The preliminary design and thermodynamic analysis have been performed. • Thanks to the developed systems, 235.9 tons of CO 2 emissions can be reduced. • The maximum exergy efficiency of case-1 and case-2 are obtained to be 6.569% and 42.36%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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32. Potential model of Scalesia pedunculata carbon sequestration through restoration efforts in agricultural fields of Galapagos.
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Velasco, Nicolás and Diaz, Patricia Jaramillo
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CARBON sequestration , *AGRICULTURE , *SCIENTIFIC literature , *BROWNIAN noise , *ECOLOGICAL impact , *DENSITY , *ESTIMATES - Abstract
Scalesia pendunculata Hook.f. is the dominant tree in several highlands' areas of the Galapagos Archipelago, yet in inhabited islands the conversion to agricultural fields has reduced its cover. The transition to agroforestry systems including the species shows promising scenarios to restore its cover and to provide ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration. Here, based on field gathered data, we model the potential contribution of S. pedunculata stands in the carbon sequestration of Galapagos. Between 2013–2021, 426 S. pedunculata seedlings were planted in the highlands of Santa Cruz and Floreana islands using several restoration technologies, and their height and survival were monitored every three months. A sub-sample of 276 trees alive since 2020 was used to estimate the DBH based on plant age and height. Based on scientific literature, biomass and carbon content were estimated across time. The final modelling included the density of plants in the restoration sites, estimated DBH, potential survival by restoration treatment, and a Brownian noise to add stochastic events. Overall, survival of S. pedunculata was high in control and slightly increased by most restoration treatments. A stand of 530 trees/ha was projected to sequester ~21 Mg C/ha in 10 years. If this is replicated over all Galapagos coffee production would contribute to the reduction of -1.062% of the Galapagos carbon footprint for the same period. This study adds to compiling benefits of restoring Galapagos flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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33. Ectomycorrhizal fungi integrate nitrogen mobilisation and mineral weathering in boreal forest soil.
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Mahmood, Shahid, Fahad, Zaenab, Bolou‐Bi, Emile B., King, Katharine, Köhler, Stephan J., Bishop, Kevin, Ekblad, Alf, and Finlay, Roger D.
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ECTOMYCORRHIZAL fungi , *TAIGAS , *FOREST soils , *SOIL mineralogy , *SOIL horizons , *CARBON sequestration - Abstract
Summary: Tree growth in boreal forests is driven by ectomycorrhizal fungal mobilisation of organic nitrogen and mineral nutrients in soils with discrete organic and mineral horizons. However, there are no studies of how ectomycorrhizal mineral weathering and organic nitrogen mobilisation processes are integrated across the soil profile.We studied effects of organic matter (OM) availability on ectomycorrhizal functioning by altering the proportions of natural organic and mineral soil in reconstructed podzol profiles containing Pinus sylvestris plants, using 13CO2 pulse labelling, patterns of naturally occurring stable isotopes (26Mg and 15N) and high‐throughput DNA sequencing of fungal amplicons.Reduction in OM resulted in nitrogen limitation of plant growth and decreased allocation of photosynthetically derived carbon and mycelial growth in mineral horizons. Fractionation patterns of 26Mg indicated that magnesium mobilisation and uptake occurred primarily in the deeper mineral horizon and was driven by carbon allocation to ectomycorrhizal mycelium. In this horizon, relative abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi, carbon allocation and base cation mobilisation all increased with increased OM availability.Allocation of carbon through ectomycorrhizal fungi integrates organic nitrogen mobilisation and mineral weathering across soil horizons, improving the efficiency of plant nutrient acquisition. Our findings have fundamental implications for sustainable forest management and belowground carbon sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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34. Deep learning and big data mining for Metal–Organic frameworks with high performance for simultaneous desulfurization and carbon capture.
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Guan, Kexin, Xu, Fangyi, Huang, Xiaoshan, Li, Yu, Guo, Shuya, Situ, Yizhen, Chen, You, Hu, Jianming, Liu, Zili, Liang, Hong, Zhu, Xin, Wu, Yufang, and Qiao, Zhiwei
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DEEP learning , *METAL-organic frameworks , *CARBON sequestration , *DATA mining , *MACHINE learning , *FLUE gas desulfurization - Abstract
[Display omitted] Carbon capture and desulfurization of flue gases are crucial for the achievement of carbon neutrality and sustainable development. In this work, the "one-step" adsorption technology with high-performance metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) was proposed to simultaneously capture the SO 2 and CO 2. Four machine learning algorithms were used to predict the performance indicators (N CO2+SO2 , S CO2+SO2/N2 , and TSN) of MOFs, with Multi-Layer Perceptron Regression (MLPR) showing better performance (R 2 = 0.93). To address sparse data of MOF chemical descriptors, we introduced the Deep Factorization Machines (DeepFM) model, outperforming MLPR with a higher R 2 of 0.95. Then, sensitivity analysis was employed to find that the adsorption heat and porosity were the key factors for SO 2 and CO 2 capture performance of MOF, while the influence of open alkali metal sites also stood out. Furthermore, we established a kinetic model to batch simulate the breakthrough curves of TOP 1000 MOFs to investigate their dynamic adsorption separation performance for SO 2 /CO 2 /N 2. The TOP 20 MOFs screened by the dynamic performance highly overlap with those screened by the static performance, with 76 % containing open alkali metal sites. This integrated approach of computational screening, machine learning, and dynamic analysis significantly advances the development of efficient MOF adsorbents for flue gas treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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35. Sustainable Production of Chemicals via Hydrotreating of CO2 and Biomass Derived Molecules Using Heterogeneous Noble Metal Oxide Catalysts.
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Naranov, Evgeny
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SUSTAINABILITY , *PRECIOUS metals , *METAL catalysts , *METALLIC oxides , *CARBON sequestration , *BIMETALLIC catalysts , *HETEROGENEOUS catalysts - Abstract
The noble metals are widely used in heterogeneous catalysis and automobile industry. The limited natural sources and high cost of noble metals dictates improving the efficiency of modern industry. This review considers the applications of noble metal oxide as potential solutions to the sustainability issues, including biomass conversion, CO2 capture and conversion, green fuel production, etc. Noble metal oxides with their different compositions (monometallic and bimetallic) and structures exhibit a wide range of properties in heterogeneous catalysis. Although platinum metals in an oxidized form may not be the most common choice in hydroprocesses; recently, there have been studies indicating that they were highly active and selective catalysts in hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis. This review outlines the most established noble metal oxide catalysts used in hydrogenation catalysis and shed the light on the relation of noble metal oxide species to catalyst selectivity based on state‐of‐the‐art techniques. Finally, the perspectives on the application of noble metal oxide catalysts to produce value‐added chemicals are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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36. Cover crops support the climate change mitigation potential of agroecosystems.
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Schön, Jonas, Gentsch, Norman, and Breunig, Peter
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CLIMATE change mitigation , *COVER crops , *AGRICULTURAL climatology , *AGRICULTURAL pollution , *AGRICULTURAL ecology , *CARBON sequestration - Abstract
Cover crops have the potential to mitigate climate change by reducing negative impacts of agriculture on ecosystems. This study is first to quantify the net climate change mitigation impact of cover crops including land-use effects. A systematic literature and data review was conducted to identify major drivers for climate benefits and costs of cover crops in maize (Zea maize L.) production systems. The results indicate that cover crops lead to a net climate change mitigation impact (NCCMI) of 3.30 Mg CO2e ha-1 a-1. We created four scenarios with different impact weights of the drivers and all of them showing a positive NCCMI. Carbon land benefit, the carbon opportunity costs based on maize yield gains following cover crops, is the major contributor to the NCCMI (34.5% of all benefits). Carbon sequestration is the second largest contributor (33.8%). The climate costs of cover crops are mainly dominated by emissions from their seed production and foregone benefits due to land use for cover crops seeds. However, these two costs account for only 15.8% of the benefits. Extrapolating these results, planting cover crops before all maize acreage in the EU results in a climate change mitigation of 49.80 million Mg CO2e a-1, which is equivalent to 13.0% of the EU's agricultural emissions. This study highlights the importance of incorporating cover crops into sustainable cropping systems to minimize the agricultural impact to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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37. Biodiversity is central for restoration.
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Edwards, David P. and Cerullo, Gianluca R.
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BIODIVERSITY , *CARBON sequestration , *LAND degradation , *CLIMATE change , *SOIL erosion , *BIODIVERSITY conservation - Abstract
The global restoration agenda can help solve the biodiversity extinction crisis by regenerating biodiversity-rich ecosystems, maximising conservation benefits using natural regeneration. Yet, conservation is rarely the core objective of restoration, and biodiversity is often neglected in restoration projects targeted towards carbon sequestration or enhancing ecosystem services for improved local livelihoods. Here, we synthesise evidence to show that promoting biodiversity in restoration planning and delivery is integral to delivering other long-term restoration aims, such as carbon sequestration, timber production, enhanced local farm yields, reduced soil erosion, recovered hydrological services and improved human health. For each of these restoration goals, biodiversity must be a keystone objective to the entire process. Biodiversity integration requires improved evidence and action, delivered via a socio-ecological process operating at landscape scales and backed by supportive regulations and finance. Conceiving restoration and biodiversity conservation as synergistic, mutually reinforcing partners is critical for humanity's bids to tackle the global crises of climate change, land degradation and biodiversity extinction. David Edwards and Gianluca Cerullo discuss how promoting biodiversity in restoration planning and delivery is integral to delivering long-term restoration aims, including carbon sequestration, timber production, enhanced local farm yields, reduced soil erosion, recovered hydrological services and improved human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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38. Maps of Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration Potential in the Russian Croplands.
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Romanenkov, V. A., Meshalkina, J. L., Gorbacheva, A. Yu., Krenke, A. N., Petrov, I. K., Golozubov, O. M., and Rukhovich, D. I.
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- *
CARBON sequestration , *FARMS , *CARBON in soils , *SOIL management , *SOIL mapping , *GEOLOGICAL surveys - Abstract
Adoption of the farming systems that aim to sequester carbon in agricultural soils is one of the ways to mitigate global climate change. This study focuses on the estimation of organic carbon sequestration potential of the Russian croplands in the upper (0–30 cm) soil layer by creating a set of maps using the data from global and national databases as the input data. The maps are generated within the FAO Global Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration Potential Map (GSOCseq) project according to the unified methodology using the RothC model to predict the rate of carbon sequestration in 2020–2040 under a business as usual scenario (BAU), as well as under sustainable soil management scenarios with additional different C input (+5, +10, and +20%) resulting from the use of sustainable soil management (SSM) scenarios. The total potential sequestration rate by the croplands of the Russian Federation in the 0–30-cm layer under a BAU scenario is assessed at 8.5 Mt/year and the estimate under SSM scenarios, up to 25.5 Mt/year. The carbon sequestration by the cropland of each soil ecological zone (except for the light chestnut (Eutric Cambisols (Protocalcic)) and brown semidesert (Luvic Calcisols) soils, where it is around zero) and on a national scale is positive. The Altai krai, Omsk oblast, Novosibirsk oblast, and Krasnoyarsk krai have the greatest potential for sequestration. Several subjects of the Russian Federation—Krasnodar krai, Republic of Crimea, Rostov oblast, Primorskii krai, Republic of Adygea, and Kaliningrad oblast—demand the adoption of sustainable management of soil resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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39. Fire facilitates ground layer plant diversity in a Miombo ecosystem.
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Wieczorkowski, Jakub D, Lehmann, Caroline E R, Archibald, Sally, Banda, Sarah, Goyder, David J, Kaluwe, Mokwani, Kapinga, Kondwani, Larridon, Isabel, Mashau, Aluoneswi C, Phiri, Elina, and Syampungani, Stephen
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PLANT diversity , *CARBON offsetting , *SPECIES diversity , *CARBON sequestration , *NUMBERS of species , *FIRE ecology , *ECOSYSTEMS - Abstract
Background and Aims Little is known about the response of ground layer plant communities to fire in Miombo ecosystems, which is a global blind spot of ecological understanding. We aimed: (1) to assess the impact of three experimentally imposed fire treatments on ground layer species composition and compare it with patterns observed for trees; and (2) to analyse the effect of fire treatments on species richness to assess how responses differ among plant functional groups. Methods At a 60-year-long fire experiment in Zambia, we quantified the richness and diversity of ground layer plants in terms of taxa and functional groups across three experimental fire treatments of late dry-season fire, early dry-season fire and fire exclusion. Data were collected in five repeat surveys from the onset of the wet season to the early dry season. Key Results Of the 140 ground layer species recorded across the three treatments, fire-maintained treatments contributed most of the richness and diversity, with the least number of unique species found in the no-fire treatment. The early-fire treatment was more similar in composition to the no-fire treatment than to the late-fire treatment. C4 grass and geoxyle richness were highest in the late-fire treatment, and there were no shared sedge species between the late-fire and other treatments. At a plot level, the average richness in the late-fire treatment was twice that of the fire exclusion treatment. Conclusions Heterogeneity in fire seasonality and intensity supports diversity of a unique flora by providing a diversity of local environments. African ecosystems face rapid expansion of land- and fire-management schemes for carbon offsetting and sequestration. We demonstrate that analyses of the impacts of such schemes predicated on the tree flora alone are highly likely to underestimate impacts on biodiversity. A research priority must be a new understanding of the Miombo ground layer flora integrated into policy and land management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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40. Methoden zur Abschätzung des CO2‐Speicherpotenzials rezyklierter Gesteinskörnung.
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Hron, Johannes, Zeman, Oliver, Voit, Klaus, Wriessnig, Karin, and Bergmeister, Konrad
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RECYCLED concrete aggregates , *CARBON sequestration , *CONSTRUCTION & demolition debris , *CONCRETE waste , *INDUSTRIAL goods - Abstract
Methods for quantifying the CO2 storage potential of recycled aggregates The necessity of utilizing CO2 sinks is becoming increasingly relevant for the construction industry, as the manufacturing of certain industrial goods will process‐related continue to produce emissions. An innovative approach to this is the utilization of waste concrete respectively recycled aggregates produced from it for CO2 sequestration, which expands the recycling of construction waste in the context of resource conservation (Urban Mining) to include climate compatibility. Initial implementations in practice have already occurred, and an increasing future application is emerging. One challenge lies in the uncertainty regarding the CO2 uptake potential of the recycled aggregates. Accurate assessment is essentially possible only after carbonation has taken place by determining the masses and monitoring the experimental conditions. The primary influencing parameters are the grain size and the time available for carbonation, as well as the concrete properties and exposure conditions of the available waste concrete. This article presents a practical method by which the respective carbonation potential can be determined prior to demolition of a structure providing a simple, manageable means to evaluate the effectiveness of the additional required processing step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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41. Performance Characteristics and Optimization of a Single-Stage Direct Air Capture Membrane System in Terms of Process Energy Intensity.
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Niesporek, Kamil, Kotowicz, Janusz, Baszczeńska, Oliwia, and Maj, Izabella
- Abstract
The increase in emissions and concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere necessitates the implementation of direct carbon dioxide capture technologies. The article presents the characteristics of a single-stage membrane unit for the direct capture of carbon dioxide from the air. A membrane with a selectivity of α C O 2 / N 2 = 70 and permeability P C O 2 = 108 m 3 (S T P) (m 2 · h · b a r) is chosen as the reference variant. It is demonstrated that increasing the pressure difference in the system by reducing the pressure of the permeate stream results in an improvement of all analyzed parameters. Manipulating both the membrane surface and its CO2 permeability yields similar results. With an increase in permeability or membrane surface area, the proportion of CO2 in the retentate and permeate decreases, while the degree of carbon dioxide recovery increases. However, the energy intensity of the process is a complex issue due to the presence of a local minimum in the obtained characteristics. Therefore, a relationship between the constants of energy intensity values for the separation process on the surface area field and CO2 membrane permeability is presented. The minimum energy intensity of the process obtained is 22.5 k W h / k g C O 2 . The CO2 content in the retentate for all analyses did not exceed 280 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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42. Maximising Economic Recovery – A New Approach to Regulating the UK's Offshore Oil and Gas Industry: by Judith Aldersey-Williams and Valerie Allan (foreword by Andy Samuel, North Sea Transition Authority CEO, 2015–22), Surrey, UK, Globe Law and Business, 2023, 278 pp, £195 (hardback), ISBN 9781787429703
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Dunkley, Sam
- Subjects
- *
OFFSHORE oil & gas industry , *ECONOMIC recovery , *CARBON sequestration - Abstract
"Maximising Economic Recovery – A New Approach to Regulating the UK's Offshore Oil and Gas Industry" by Judith Aldersey-Williams and Valerie Allan provides an authoritative analysis of the UK's new upstream regulatory regime. The book explores the challenges faced by the industry and its lead regulator in balancing the objective of maximizing economic recovery with the energy transition. It has received high praise from experts in the field and offers valuable insights into the ongoing changes in the sector. The book remains relevant despite subsequent developments, such as the COP agreement and potential changes in government. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
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43. Integrating functional traits into trophic rewilding science.
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Atkinson, Joe, Gallagher, Rachael, Czyżewski, Szymon, Kerr, Matthew, Trepel, Jonas, Buitenwerf, Robert, and Svenning, Jens‐Christian
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- *
WILDLIFE reintroduction , *PLANT invasions , *CARBON sequestration , *NUTRIENT cycles , *SPECIES diversity , *CHEMICAL composition of plants , *PLANT productivity , *BALLAST water - Abstract
Trophic rewilding is gaining rapid momentum as a means of restoration across the world. Advances in research are elucidating the wide‐ranging effects of trophic rewilding and megafauna re‐establishment on ecosystem properties and processes including resilience, nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, productivity and plant richness.A substantial gap remains in trophic rewilding research on how rewilding affects the frequency and expression of plant functional traits, a key hypothesised avenue by which megafauna can affect biodiversity and ecosystem processes. Yet, there is extensive literature examining the effects of mammal herbivory and exclusion on plant traits from which we may infer potential effects of megafauna reintroductions.Here, we synthesise the literature to show the multifaceted ways that plant functional composition responds to mammalian herbivory and explore how these responses are modulated by the density and identity of herbivores as well as resource availability, ecosystem productivity and historical contingency. We further explore these interactions in a quantitative analysis on European plant species. In addition, we link these broad patterns between mammal herbivory and traits to literature on plant invasions to predict how trophic rewilding may be able to reduce invasive plant dominance, as ecosystems around the world are transitioning towards novel states, occupied by a mix of native and introduced species.Expanding current research on herbivore effects (and their implications for trophic rewilding) beyond plant species richness and towards measurable functional traits can help assess and quantify processes that were not previously possible. Trait approaches can help to test mechanistic hypotheses on the top‐down impacts of large herbivores on plant communities to reveal links between trophic rewilding and ecosystem processes and properties.Synthesis. Given the rapid, much‐needed expansion of restoration and rewilding activities across the world, trait‐based ecology offers a pathway to generalisable predictions of the ecosystem impacts of rewilding, particularly in the context of both the unique landscape processes associated with rewilding (e.g. landscape scale spatiotemporal variability, dispersal) and of widely emerging novel ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Sustainable hydrogen supply chain development for low-carbon transportation in a fossil-based port region: A case study in a tourism hub.
- Author
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Maleki, Farhad, Bararzadeh Ledari, Masoumeh, Fani, Maryam, and kamelizadeh, Davood
- Subjects
- *
CARBON sequestration , *SUSTAINABLE tourism , *ENVIRONMENTAL management , *RENEWABLE energy transition (Government policy) , *GREEN fuels - Abstract
This study combines an investigation of Kish Island's transition to sustainable energy and transportation with a focus on the integration of hydrogen port infrastructure, employing nonlinear optimization to chart the path forward. It emphasizes the pivotal role of such infrastructure in transitioning from traditional vehicles and gas-fired power, evaluating scenarios like a 30% reduction in fossil fuels and the implementation of carbon taxes to encourage a shift to electric and hydrogen-powered vehicles. Forecasts suggest an increase in electric vehicle adoption to 46% by 2023, with a goal of complete electrification by 2042, thereby transforming the energy landscape and reducing emissions. Key to this transition is a 25% government subsidy on hydrogen vehicles to enhance market competitiveness, alongside the strategic embedding of hydrogen infrastructure within sustainable tourism zones. This approach creates a synergistic model of energy, transport, and environmental stewardship, aiming to elevate regional prosperity and sustainability. The study extends its innovative perspective to include the exploration of methanol production, the development of carbon markets, and the advancement of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology, positioning the hydrogen port as a crucial element in Kish Island's sustainable development strategy. • Study pioneers sustainable hydrogen in ports. • Novel model optimizes low-carbon transport. • Integrates green hydrogen in tourism hubs. • Enhances port's green energy transition. • Promotes economic growth through tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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45. Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Ecosystem Service Supply and Demand in the Tibetan Plateau: Implications for Land Use Patterns and Relationships.
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Tang Hong and Yang Chongjian
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- *
ECOSYSTEM services , *LAND use , *ECOSYSTEMS , *SUPPLY & demand , *MOUNTAIN ecology , *CARBON sequestration - Abstract
The Tibetan Plateau, the world's largest critical ecological hotspot, teems with valuable ecosystem services. Yet, its expansive alpine ecosystems face growing anthropogenic pressures, particularly intensified land use. This study delves into ecosystem service supply-demand ratio, land use patterns, and their spatiotemporal evolution on the Tibetan Plateau from 1980 to 2020. We employed ecosystem service supply-demand ratios and trade-off models to reveal trends in three key ecosystem services: soil conservation, carbon sequestration, and water provisioning. We also examined the impact of land use development on these ratios. The land use landscape remained relatively stable during 1980-2020, dominated by alpine grasslands and deserts. Soil conservation services showed an increasing supplydemand ratio, while carbon sequestration and water provisioning initially rose, then declined. These ratios displayed a spatial pattern, increasing from northwest to southeast, mirroring land use transitions. We found distinct spatial disparities in the correlation between land use intensity and ecosystem service supply-demand ratio, concentrated in the west-central, southern, and east-central Tibetan Plateau. This research is pivotal for shaping land use policies and patterns in the unique Tibetan Plateau alpine ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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46. Chewing through challenges: Exploring the evolutionary pathways to wood‐feeding in insects.
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Beza‐Beza, Cristian F., Wiegmann, Brian M., Ware, Jessica A., Petersen, Matt, Gunter, Nicole, Cole, Marissa E., Schwarz, Melbert, Bertone, Matthew A., Young, Daniel, and Mikaelyan, Aram
- Subjects
- *
WOOD decay , *INSECTS , *CARBON sequestration , *MASTICATION , *GUT microbiome - Abstract
Decaying wood, while an abundant and stable resource, presents considerable nutritional challenges due to its structural rigidity, chemical recalcitrance, and low nitrogen content. Despite these challenges, certain insect lineages have successfully evolved saproxylophagy (consuming and deriving sustenance from decaying wood), impacting nutrient recycling in ecosystems and carbon sequestration dynamics. This study explores the uneven phylogenetic distribution of saproxylophagy across insects and delves into the evolutionary origins of this trait in disparate insect orders. Employing a comprehensive analysis of gut microbiome data, from both saproxylophagous insects and their non‐saproxylophagous relatives, including new data from unexplored wood‐feeding insects, this Hypothesis paper discusses the broader phylogenetic context and potential adaptations necessary for this dietary specialization. The study proposes the "Detritivore‐First Hypothesis," suggesting an evolutionary pathway to saproxylophagy through detritivory, and highlights the critical role of symbiotic gut microbiomes in the digestion of decaying wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
- Full Text
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47. Clinker based on calcium looped meals from the Cleanker Project.
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Gastaldi, Daniela, Canonico, Fulvio, Merlo, Valentino, and Magli, Francesco
- Subjects
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CARBON sequestration , *CALCIUM , *FLUE gases , *CEMENT plants , *PARTICLE size distribution , *MEALS , *FISH meal - Abstract
The Cleanker (CLEAN clinKER production by Calcium Looping process) project, financed in the framework of Horizon 2020 EU funding program, has demonstrated the feasibility of the integrated CaL concept at industrial scale in a new demo system realised in the Buzzi Unicem cement plant in Vernasca (IT). The Calcium Looping (CaL) CO2 capture process exploits the reversible reaction of limestone calcination/carbonation (CaCO3 ↔ CaO + CO2). The Cleanker pilot plant consists of the coupling of a carbonator and an oxyfuel calciner. When the flue gases from kiln (containing CO2) flow through the carbonator together with calcined meal, which acts as a CO2 sorbent, carbonation takes place and CO2 is fixed in calcium carbonate. CaO is then regenerated in the calciner, where the opposite reaction takes place, and the captured CO2 is released. When the lime/limestone looping is carried out through a carbonator and a calciner operated in oxyfuel, a concentrated CO2 stream is obtained that can be efficiently addressed towards CCS or CCUS processes. In the Cleanker Project, the possibility to use raw meal for clinker production has been exploited and the meals sampled at the outlet of the oxyfuel calciner have been characterised and used for producing clinker at a lab scale. Calcium looped (CaL) meals collected at different sampling point during the operation of the CaL plant were characterised by means of X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and particle size distribution. Electron scanning microscopy revealed significant differences in the surface of particles of the looped meals with respect to the original one, resulting from the loading and unloading of CO2 during the looping cycles. The meals were burnt in a laboratory furnace and the obtained clinkers have been characterised on a chemical, mineralogical and microscopical point of view, revealing the good burnability of all the meals and attesting the possibility to reintegrate the materials in the clinker production process. A lower alite/belite ratio in the clinker produced from the looped meals was observed: actually, the depletion of calcium during the recirculation of the meal in the calciner/carbonator system led to a reduction of the lime saturation factor influencing the mineralogical composition of the product. LAY DESCRIPTION: The reduction of CO2 emission associated to cement production is a challenge of last decades, and it can be reached only combining the use of alternative materials (natural or recycled) with new innovative technologies. Within the Cleanker (CLEAN clinKER production by Calcium Looping process) project, a European project financed in the framework of Horizon 2020 EU funding program, a system called 'calcium looping process' was successfully integrated in the cement production technology. Calcium looping consists of using calcium oxide to adsorb diluted CO2 and release it in a more concentrate gas flow that can be subsequently captured and reused or stored. The great innovation in the Cleanker Project was to combine the calcium looping technology with the ordinary production of clinker. Moreover, the raw meal commonly used for clinker production was used as adsorber instead of calcium oxide, in such a way that all the materials involved in the looping were already originally part of the clinker production process. A pilot plant was realised in Italy, demonstrating the feasibility of the project. Few meals were collected during the trials of the plant and the paper presents the result of a study conducted in order to verify the possibility of using such meals for the production of ordinary Portland clinker. The results were encouraging: all the meals revealed very good burnability and the differences in the mineralogical composition of the clinkers could be ascribed to the composition of the meals, more than to the technological process they underwent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Current challenges of microalgae applications: exploiting the potential of non‐conventional microalgae species.
- Author
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Occhipinti, Paride Salvatore, Russo, Nunziatina, Foti, Paola, Zingale, Irene Maria, Pino, Alessandra, Romeo, Flora Valeria, Randazzo, Cinzia L., and Caggia, Cinzia
- Subjects
- *
CAROTENOIDS , *CARBON sequestration , *LUTEIN , *MICROALGAE , *CARBON dioxide mitigation , *UNSATURATED fatty acids , *OLDER people , *GREENHOUSE gas mitigation - Abstract
The intensified attention to health, the growth of an elderly population, the changing lifestyles, and the medical discoveries have increased demand for natural and nutrient‐rich foods, shaping the popularity of microalgae products. Microalgae thanks to their metabolic versatility represent a promising solution for a 'green' economy, exploiting non‐arable land, non‐potable water, capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) and solar energy. The interest in microalgae is justified by their high content of bioactive molecules, such as amino acids, peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, polysaccharides, polyunsaturated fatty acids (as ω‐3 fatty acids), pigments (as β‐carotene, astaxanthin, fucoxanthin, phycocyanin, zeaxanthin and lutein), or mineral elements. Such molecules are of interest for human and animal nutrition, cosmetic and biofuel production, for which microalgae are potential renewable sources. Microalgae, also, represent effective biological systems for treating a variety of wastewaters and can be used as a CO2 mitigation approach, helping to combat greenhouse gases and global warming emergencies. Recently a growing interest has focused on extremophilic microalgae species, which are easier to cultivate axenically and represent good candidates for open pond cultivation. In some cases, the cultivation and/or harvesting systems are still immature, but novel techniques appear as promising solutions to overcome such barriers. This review provides an overview on the actual microalgae cultivation systems and the current state of their biotechnological applications to obtain high value compounds or ingredients. Moreover, potential and future research opportunities for environment, human and animal benefits are pointed out. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Wilder rangelands as a natural climate opportunity: Linking climate action to biodiversity conservation and social transformation.
- Author
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Simba, Lavhelesani D., te Beest, Mariska, Hawkins, Heidi-Jayne, Larson, Keith W., Palmer, Anthony R., Sandström, Camilla, Smart, Kathleen G., Kerley, Graham I. H., and Cromsigt, Joris P. G. M.
- Subjects
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RANGELANDS , *CLIMATE change mitigation , *BIODIVERSITY conservation , *ENVIRONMENTAL degradation , *TRADITIONAL knowledge , *TREE planting - Abstract
Rangelands face threats from climate and land-use change, including inappropriate climate change mitigation initiatives such as tree planting in grassy ecosystems. The marginalization and impoverishment of rangeland communities and their indigenous knowledge systems, and the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, are additional major challenges. To address these issues, we propose the wilder rangelands integrated framework, co-developed by South African and European scientists from diverse disciplines, as an opportunity to address the climate, livelihood, and biodiversity challenges in the world's rangelands. More specifically, we present a Theory of Change to guide the design, monitoring, and evaluation of wilder rangelands. Through this, we aim to promote rangeland restoration, where local communities collaborate with regional and international actors to co-create new rangeland use models that simultaneously mitigate the impacts of climate change, restore biodiversity, and improve both ecosystem functioning and livelihoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Hydrogen production and solar energy storage with thermo-electrochemically enhanced steam methane reforming.
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Guo, Ke, Liu, Mingkai, Wang, Bin, Lou, Jiahui, Hao, Yong, Pei, Gang, and Jin, Hongguang
- Subjects
- *
HYDROGEN production , *SOLAR energy , *CARBON sequestration , *CLEAN energy , *STEAM reforming , *ENERGY storage , *HYDROGEN as fuel , *SOLAR thermal energy - Abstract
[Display omitted] Hydrogen is widely regarded as a sustainable energy carrier with tremendous potential for low-carbon energy transition. Solar photovoltaic-driven water electrolysis (PV-E) is a clean and sustainable approach of hydrogen production, but with major barriers of high hydrogen production costs and limited capacity. Steam methane reforming (SMR), the state-of-the-art means of hydrogen production, has yet to overcome key obstacles of high reaction temperature and CO 2 emission for sustainability. This work proposes a solar thermo-electrochemical SMR approach, in which solar-driven mid/low-temperature SMR is combined with electrochemical H 2 separation and in-situ CO 2 capture. The feasibility of this method is verified experimentally, achieving an average methane conversion of 96.8% at a dramatically reduced reforming temperature of 400–500 °C. The underlying mechanisms of this method are revealed by an experimentally calibrated model, which is further employed to predict its performance for thermo-electrochemical hydrogen production. Simulation results show that a net solar-to-H 2 efficiency of 26.25% could be obtained at 500 °C, which is over 11 percentage points higher than that of PV-E; the first-law thermodynamic efficiency reaches up to 63.27% correspondingly. The enhanced efficiency also leads to decreased fuel consumption and lower CO 2 emission of the proposed solar-driven SMR system. Such complementary conversion of solar PV electricity, solar thermal energy, and low-carbon fuel provides a synergistic and efficient means of sustainable H 2 production with potentially long-term solar energy storage on a vast scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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