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With the increasing pressure of resource decline and environmental pollution faced by the green transformation of marine fisheries, marine fishery carbon sinks are an increasingly close link to national strategic interests and economic lifelines. It is, therefore, necessary to explore paths for the enhancement and development of the carbon sink capacity of marine fisheries. Based on the economic data of marine fisheries from 2002 to 2021, this paper measures the capacity and characteristics of marine fishery carbon sinks in provincial areas, applies the kernel density estimation method to depict the dynamic evolution of the distribution of absolute differences in marine fishery carbon sinks, and at the same time, identifies the factors influencing the spatial imbalance in the development of marine fishery carbon sinks as well as the spatial spillover effects. The results show the following: (1) From the total amount, the fishery carbon sink capacity of China's three marine economic circles has fluctuated and increased over the past 20 years, with obvious differences among different circles, and the marine fishery carbon sink capacity of the eastern, northern, and southern marine economic circles has risen sequentially. This trend corresponds to the economic disparities among the three circles, demonstrating a transition from economic to industrial driving effects. (2) From the spatial point of view, the fishery carbon sink capacity shows a trend of increasing year by year, concentrating in the circles, and overflowing between the circles. (3) The results of a partial derivative test further show that among the main influencing factors of marine fishery carbon sinks, capital, labor, and market openness have direct positive effects on marine fishery carbon sinks, and the direct effect of innovation is the strongest, and the significance of the indirect effect of the three circles is weaker compared to the direct effect and total effect. As a result, the carbon sink of China's marine fisheries has a large room for improvement, and in order to promote the high-quality development of China's marine fisheries, it is still necessary to accelerate the circulation of resources within the marine economic circle, accelerate the research of fishery technology, actively develop the carbon sink fishery, and enhance the specialization of aquatic product processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wetland ecosystems have become one of the long-term solutions for mitigating global climate change due to their strong carbon sequestration potential. However, the key carbon cycle processes in wetland ecosystems still lack a systematic summary. In the context of wetland protection and restoration, there is still a lack of consensus on the technical pathways to realize carbon sink multiplication in wetland ecosystems. In this paper, the key processes of carbon cycle, such as photosynthetic carbon uptake, microbial carbon decomposition and carbon deposition and burial, are sorted out and summarized in four major wetland types, namely, swamp and peat wetlands, river and riparian wetlands, lake and lakeshore wetlands, and estuarine and coastal wetlands. Based on the key processes of carbon cycle, three technological pathways for carbon sink multiplication are proposed, including, vegetation carbon sequestration and sink enhancement technology, soil carbon emission reduction technology and carbon deposition and burial technology. The key technologies under each pathway are further refined. And the carbon sink effects of the carbon sink technologies in different wetland types are qualitatively described. Also, wetland protection and restoration methods in corresponding regions are given in the light of the regional characteristics of wetlands in China. This will provide a scientific basis for the strategy of doubling the carbon sinks of China's wetland ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the simple model of the total atmospheric carbon sink effect as a linear function of concentration has provided excellent prediction results, several problems remained to be investigated and solved. The most obvious open issue is the correct treatment of land use change emissions. It turns out that the model improves by mostly neglecting these emissions after 1950. This effectively implies that land use change emissions have been constant and small since then. The key investigation starts with the observation that the total carbon sink has a short-term component that can be explained by temperature changes. The apparent paradox, why contrary to the short-term changes no temperature-caused trend can be detected, despite the fact that several contributing processes exhibit clear temperature dependency, is analyzed and explained. The result of this analysis leads to the model extension, where the total effect of absorptions and natural emissions are a linear function of concentration and temperature. This extended model not only explains current measurements but also paleo-climate data from ice core time series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales is the property of Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the proposal of dual carbon goals, enhancing carbon sinks and reducing carbon emissions has become a critical issue. Fisheries, as a component of agriculture, possess the dual attributes of being a “carbon sink” (biological carbon fixation) and a “carbon source” (the carbon emissions from fishing vessels). Therefore, it is necessary to assess the carbon sink and carbon emission levels of fisheries. The northern marine economic circle, which includes Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, and Shandong, is an important site for fisheries in China, characterized by abundant aquatic resources. However, a comprehensive assessment of the carbon budget for fisheries in this region is still unclear. This study calculated the carbon sinks, carbon emissions, and net carbon emissions associated with fisheries in the region from 2013 to 2020. Additionally, we used sensitivity analysis and scenario simulation to explore the factors influencing the net carbon emissions. The results revealed that the carbon budget of the northern marine economic circle was in a carbon deficit (the amount of carbon emissions was higher than that of carbon sinks) from 2013 to 2020. However, a downward trend in the net carbon emissions was observed, indicating the potential of achieving carbon neutrality. From the perspective of provinces, significant differences among provinces (cities) were found in terms of carbon sinks, carbon emissions, and net carbon emissions, with Shandong having the largest net carbon emissions. Furthermore, the production of clams and the use of seawater trawl net have a significant impact on the net carbon emissions. Increasing the production of clams while reducing the power of trawling operations can significantly decrease net carbon emissions. Based on these results, this study provides relevant suggestions to enhance the carbon sink capacity and decrease the carbon emissions of fisheries in the northern marine economic circle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective]In an attempt to increase carbon stock in the agricultural sector, the marginalized and unstable lands were identified as the fallow plots, carbon sinks due to ecological fallowing under future multi-gradient fallowing scenarios were explored to provide an crucial basis for arranging the fallow of marginalised cropland and enriching the theory of carbon sequestration in the northeast black soil region. [Methods]Based on the 2005 and 2020 land use data in the central black soil area of Jilin Province, a multi-gradient fallow scenario was simulated by the PLUS-Markov coupled model and the InVEST model, and the carbon stock and the potential for carbon sequestration and sink enhancement due to ecological fallow in the study area were measured. [Results](1)The natural development scenario and three fallowing scenarios A, B, and C with increasing intensity were set in this study. The marginal unstable farmland fallow in scenarios A, B, and C were 1. 5 × 104 hm², 2. 65 × 104 hm², and 3. 8 × 104 hm², respectively. These scenarios were mainly driv-en by socio-economic factors, accounting for about 30％of the total contribution. In terms of fallow types, the returning-to-forest areas widely distributed, mainly concentrated in the places such as Siping, Dongliao, and Changchun, while the returning-to-grass areas were smaller but exhibited spatial aggregation features, which were mainly located in the places such as Shuangliao and Nong'an. (2)As the simulated fallow intensi-ty increased, the carbon stock in the study area also indicated an increasing trend. Under fallow scenarios A, B, and C, the estimated carbon storage would reach up to 7. 26 × 106 Mg, 7. 27 × 106 Mg和7. 27 × 106 Mg, respectively, which decreased from the southeast and the northwest. The areas with high carbon sinks concentrated mainly in areas such as Shulan, Yongji, and Huadian. (3)Under different fallow scenarios, the carbon sink pattern in the study area remained stable, mainly concentrated in the eastern and southern parts. Considering the factors of food security and agricultural carbon sequestration demand, it is recommended to refer to the fallowing scenario B, and Siping, Dongliao, and Changchun will become the key agricultural carbon sink units in the black soil area of central Jilin Province. It is estimated that carbon stock will increase to 1963. 4 Mg, 806. 48 Mg and 703. 06 Mg, respectively. [Conclusion]The carbon stock increase from the agricultural sector in the black soil region of central Jilin Province depends on the fallow of marginalized croplands in a rolling hilly region. The productivity and the ecological effects arising from cropland use should be balanced in the layout and priority of the fallow projects. Meanwhile, the food production capacity needs to be adjusted in conjunc-tion with comprehensive land reclamation in the entire region in order to achieve the aims of improving the spatial suitability of cropland and the sustainability of the agricultural system in the black soil area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation is the property of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Achieving spatiotemporal balance between carbon emissions and sinks at multiple spatial scales is vital for addressing climate change globally. The investigation of carbon budget variation and carbon balance zoning at the intra-city scale, however, has not received much scholarly attention. By integrating firm-level big data with other datasets, this paper aims to simulate high-resolution carbon emissions and sinks and to reveal the spatiotemporal variation of carbon budgets within Nanjing, one of metropolises in eastern China, between 2010 and 2019. We then formulated a carbon balance zoning scheme for 111 township-level regions of Nanjing based on the evaluation indicator system and clustering methods. Empirical results imply that the spatial pattern of carbon emissions has experienced a reshaping tendency from core-periphery to polycentric structure, while the scale and geography of territorial ecosystem carbon sinks remained stabilize during the past decade. There existed a spatial agglomeration effect in functional zones oriented by intra-city carbon balance of Nanjing. These are tied to determinants such as urban expansion, population redistribution, industrial restructuring, as well as regulations on energy use, natural resource supervision and ecosystem protection. The newly built urban sub-centers and new-towns in Nanjing were spatially overlapping with regions where significant changes in carbon budgets occurred. Our findings suggest that the current system of territorial governance should be reformed to support the adoption of major function and carbon balance zoning oriented by carbon peaking and neutrality at finer geographical scales in China.

Urban green infrastructure is recognized for its potential to combat biodiversity loss and enhance carbon sequestration in cities. While residential yards constitute a significant part of urban green infrastructure, their role in providing urban ecosystem services remains largely understated. There is a lack of systematic measures for effectively implementing urban vegetation to enhance ecosystem services. The aim of this study is to investigate how different vegetation types typically found in urban residential yards of apartment blocks can enhance carbon sequestration and biodiversity, and how these benefits can be supported through landscape design. The study encompasses an integrative literature review and qualitative analysis. Drawing from a review of previous research, this study identifies the drivers that indicate either carbon sink potential or biodiversity enhancement potential of urban vegetation types. The drivers are then cross-examined to identify the qualities of urban green that potentially strengthen carbon--biodiversity co-benefits. As the key findings we present versatile measures to enhance the potential co-benefits of carbon sinks and biodiversity within urban yards and summarize them in three main categories: plant diversity, provision of good growing conditions and maintenance. The study stresses that the several potential co-benefits of urban green can only be achieved through the selection and prioritization of solutions during the planning and design process. To exemplify this, we demonstrate how the findings from the literature review can be incorporated into the design and management of urban yards. We conclude that the main actions to be addressed in the future planning and design of urban residential yards are (i) establishing diverse planting areas with a mixture of woody and herbaceous plants to encourage species richness and complexity, (ii) optimizing the use of space and growth conditions, and, (iii) implementing maintenance practices that consider both carbon and biodiversity aspects. The study highlights that through enhancing carbon-biodiversity co-benefits urban yards can significantly contribute to major environmental challenges and provide vital ecosystem services within the built urban environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the impact of economic modernization on carbon balance is an essential endeavor to achieve carbon neutrality and combat climate change. However, the spatial impact of economic modernization on carbon balance remains ambiguous. Therefore, this study aims to explore the spatial spillover effects of agricultural modernization, industrialization, and urbanization on carbon balance during the economic modernization process in China, taking 30 provinces and cities in China as examples from 2010 to 2021. This study utilizes the spatial Durbin model to derive the following results: In the past decade, the carbon balance ratio has shown a fluctuating and decreasing dynamic evolution trend. There is an increase in regions with serious carbon deficits. Further investigation into the spatial spillover effect of carbon balance unveils that for every 1% increase in the carbon balance ratio of a province, neighboring provinces experience a decrease of 0.833%. Additionally, the spatial spillover effects of the three modernizations in China on the carbon balance ratio behave differently. Agricultural modernization and urbanization demonstrate negative spatial spillover effects on the carbon balance in neighboring regions, while industrialization exerts a significant positive spatial spillover effect on the carbon balance of neighboring regions. Regarding control variables, the level of innovation solely contributes to local carbon balance realization without generating a trickle-down effect, whereas infrastructure development operates inversely. At the same time, there are differences in the spatial effects of agricultural modernization and industrialization on the carbon balance between the eastern region and the central and western regions. The study underscores the importance of economic modernization and development processes focusing on fostering synergistic growth between economic and environmental benefits within both local and neighboring areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon ecological compensation involves providing economic compensation for the carbon sink region, covering the cost of carbon sequestration and forgoing development opportunities. Tailored and precise carbon ecological compensation among different counties (cities, districts) is of significant importance for provincial and municipal efforts to promote carbon reduction and achieve balanced and sustainable regional development under the dual carbon goals. Based on the land use classification results of Shijiazhuang in 2010, 2015 and 2020, carbon emissions were measured by remote sensing interpretation and carbon emission coefficient method, and carbon ecological compensation in 2020 from 20 counties (cities and districts) of Shijiazhuang area was divided into zones and grades. The results indicated carbon emissions in the study area increased and then decreased over time, with a spatial distribution characterized by "low in the north and south parts and high in the center" in 2010, while in 2015 and 2020, it showed a pattern of "higher in the center than in the north and south, and higher in the north than in the south". In the year 2020, regions such as Lingshou County and Qiaoxi District and in the central urban areas have been designated as carbon ecological compensation payment zones, and the southern parts of these central areas possessing a higher status than the northern. Peripheral counties like Pingshan County and Jingxing County are deemed as carbon ecological compensation beneficiary zones, and the western regions holding superiority over the eastern. In terms of management types and levels, the eastern plains and central urban areas are subject to strict control, whereas the western mountainous counties are largely classified under a relaxed control regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increasing the size of carbon sinks are closely related to food security in agricultural systems. This study conducted an in-depth data analysis of previous studies to explore the dynamic causal relationships among the reduction of emissions, carbon sink increases, and food security in agricultural systems. The fixed-effect regression model, causality tests, PVAR model, impulse response functions, and variance decomposition were used to explore correlations among the three variables. The results show that the national average carbon sinks surged from 2662.194 Mg in 2000 to 4010.613 Mg in 2020, with the food security index concurrently climbing from 0.198 to 0.308. Moreover, GHG emissions exhibited a negative growth rate from 2016 onwards, yet the 2020 mean remained 142.625 Mg above the 2000 baseline. The agricultural "three subsidies" reform has not directly promoted food security, but significantly inhibited GHG emissions. However, conflicts exist between emissions reduction and carbon sinks increase in agricultural systems and food security. At the whole level, changes in carbon sinks only have a positive effect on the increase in GHG emissions, whereas changes in GHG emissions have a positive effect on both carbon sinks and food security. Changes in food security strongly inhibit the increase in carbon sinks. This relationship varies among distinct grain functional zones. Policy objectives should be coordinated, target thresholds set, and policies classified according to different functional orientations, to achieve a win–win situation for food supply and low-carbon development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are integral to efforts to keep global warming below 2°C in accordance with the United Nations' 2015 Paris Agreement on Climate Change. Yet the transboundary governance dimensions of NbS remain unclear and largely undocumented. In Southeast Asia, NbS have emphasised the conservation and/ or sustainable commodification of carbon sinks found in terrestrial and mangrove forests, seagrass meadows, peatlands and agricultural soils. Mostly project-driven and fixed-term, these "solutions" have often failed to meet their social and ecological objectives. Increasingly, they have added to cross-border problems of: (1) displaced carbon emissions; and (2) economic migration and societal dispossession. This perspective paper delineates a transboundary governance research agenda to mitigate these trade-offs and enhance the co-benefits of NbS in carbon sinks. Building on NbS literature, it identifies cross-sector, multi-scalar and interdisciplinary pathways to improve transboundary cooperation, inclusion and equity in carbon sink governance in varying Southeast Asian contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the environmental impact of a tunnel composting system, quantifying greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sinks of compost throughout its life cycle and comparing outcomes to an alternative sanitary landfill scenario. The research applies a carbon footprint method incorporating the burden of waste input biomass, a key innovation particularly important in the circular economy thinking where organic waste is seen as a valuable resource. The functional unit was one ton of unpackaged compost. The greenhouse gas emissions were quantified using SimaPro software and the Ecoinvent database, supplementing with literature data for processes not covered in the database. Uncertainty analysis, supported by Monte Carlo simulations, was conducted on various parameters, while uncertainties related to biological processes, such as composting and soil emissions and sinks, were specifically addressed through sensitivity analysis. One ton of compost resulted in 453 ± 18 kg of carbon dioxide equivalents, excluding soil carbon sinks (− 8%). Monte Carlo simulations indicated a coefficient of variation of 4.08%, while sensitivity analysis pinpointed nitrous oxides emissions post-compost application as the key influencing factor (± 14%) of the carbon footprint. Environmental sustainability of composting becomes apparent when compared to landfilling; each ton of biomass waste composted instead of landfilled reduces approximately 110 kg of carbon dioxide equivalents. The study concludes that composting is environmentally advantageous over landfilling, underscoring the need to include environmental burden of waste input biomass, particularly food waste, in compost carbon footprint evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbonate rock chemical weathering carbon sinks reduce the rate of increase of the atmospheric CO2 concentration and global warming. However, uncertainty still exists in the estimation results of carbonate rock chemical weathering carbon sink fluxes (CCSF), and the contributions of climate change and ecological restoration to the CCSF are not clear. To this end, we compiled published site data on ion concentrations in different watersheds in China and used a classical thermodynamic dissolution model to reassess the potential and spatial and temporal patterns of the CCSF in China from 1991 to 2020. We quantified the contributions of temperature (MAT), precipitation (MAP), evapotranspiration (ET), soil water (SM), and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to the CCSF. The results revealed that (1) China's CCSF was 22.76 t CO2 km−2 yr−1, which was higher than the global average (15.771CO2 km−2 yr−1). The total carbonate rock chemical weathering carbon sink (CCS) was 4772.67×104 t CO2, contributing 14.91% of the global CCS through a carbonate rock area of 252.98×104 km−2. (2) China's CCSF decreased gradually from southeast to northwest, with values of 33.14, 12.93, and 7.27 t CO2 km−2 yr−1 in the southern karst, Qinghai-Tibetan karst, and northern karst regions, respectively. (3) The overall CCSF in China exhibited an increasing trend from 1991 to 2020, with a rate of increase of 0.16 t CO2 km−2 yr−1. (4) The contributions of the MAP, MAT, ET, SM, and NDVI to the CCSF were 63.3%, 3.02%, 27.5%, 3.1%, and 3.05%, respectively. Among them, the increase in precipitation was the main contributor to the increase in the CCSF in China over the last 30 years, while the enhancement of ET offset part of the positive contribution of the increase in precipitation to the CCSF. In conclusion, the results of this study provide a systematic quantification of the magnitude, the patterns, and the influencing factors of CCS over a long time series in China. The results are of great significance and provide a reference for the diagnosis and gap analysis of the national and global carbon neutrality capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineral extraction in resource-based cities has caused serious damage to the original ecology, resulting in poor regional vegetation growth, reduced carbon sequestration capacity, and reduced ecosystem resilience. Especially in resource-based cities with fragile ecology, the overall anti-interference ability of the environment is relatively worse. Seeking ecological network optimization solutions that can improve vegetation growth conditions on a large scale is an effective way to enhance the resilience of regional ecosystems. This paper introduces carbon sequestration indicators and designs a differential ecological networks (ENs) optimization model (FTCC model) to achieve the goal of improving ecosystem resilience. The model identifies the patches that need to be optimized and their optimization directions based on the differences in ecological function-topology-connectivity-carbon sequestration of the patches. Finally, the resilience of the ecological network before and after optimization was compared, proving that the model is effective. The results show that the sources in the Yulin ENs form three main clusters, with connectivity between clusters relying on only a few patches. The patches in the northeastern and southwest clusters are large but their ecological functions need to be improved. After optimization, 16 new stepping stones were added, 38 new corridors were added, and the ecological function of 39 patches was enhanced. The optimized ecological network resilience was improved in terms of structure, function, and carbon sinks, and carbon sinks increased by 6364.5 tons. This study provides a reference for measures to optimize landscape space and manage ecosystem resilience enhancement in resource-based cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazil, Mexico, Argentina and Chile are four large developing countries in Latin American that are going on their development stage comparable to China. Getting insight into the carbon emissions and the effectiveness of the carbon neutrality policies in these countries are expected to be beneficial for China s carbon neutrality aspirations. With the data of the national "fossil fuel carbon emissions and terrestrial carbon balance of the four countries from 1990 to 2016, this paper examined the individuality and commonality in the carbon emission and carbon sequestration features and the driving forces. Thereafter, based on a systematic and comprehensive review of policy planning related to long-term emission reduction goals in the four Latin American countries, the scenario analysis method was used to evaluate the carbon emission reduction effectiveness and carbon neutrality of each country from 2017 to 2050. It is found as follows. ➀ The economic growth and demographic expansion were the two most important factors that pushed the fossil fuel carbon emissions in all the four countries. The improvement in energy utilization intensity in Mexico, Argentina and Chile had the effect of mitigating carbon emissions. Deforestation deviated Brazil and Argentina from their carbon neutrality goals while Mexico and Chile s terrestrial ecosystems had sequestered amount of carbon from the atmosphere to offset their fossil fuel emissions, by which Chile is nearing its carbon neutrality. ➁ The scenario analysis suggested that the current policies might facilitate Brazil to commit its 2025 and 2030 goals and close to its 2050 carbon neutrality goal. The current policies may also support Argentina commit its 2030 goal and Chile commit its 2050 carbon neutrality goal. However, there are challenges to Argentina's 2050 goal and Mexico's all intermediate goals. In light of these results, China's carbon neutrality strategies should prioritize three aspects: optimizing the energy structure, promoting energy efficiency, and enhancing terrestrial carbon sink sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban cluster carbon sinks are key parts of the terrestrial carbon cycle, and play an important role in global climate change. Based on the inversion results of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River Urban Agglomeration (MRYRUA), this study considered the influence of both natural environmental and socioeconomic factors on NEP, and investigated the driving mechanism of carbon sink emphasizing spatial and temporal heterogeneity by the geographically and temporally weighted regression model (GTWR). Results demonstrated that (1) During 2008–2020, the annual average NEP was positive in MRYRUA, and the carbon sink effect of terrestrial ecosystem increased. (2) In MRYRUA, Precipitation and DEM were positively correlated with carbon sinks, opposite for temperature, percentage of water areas and population density. (3) During the study period, the influence of natural environmental factors, such as temperature and precipitation on NEP grew gradually weaker, whereas that of socioeconomic factors increased. The influence of urbanization rate, night lights index and factors of industrial structure changed from negative to positive, while percentage of built-up area had an increasing negative effect on NEP. Based on the conclusions above, this study proposed differentiated policy implications, including improving vegetation hydrothermal environment, controlling urban expansion and accelerating industrial transformation. It would provide empirical inspiration for attaining peak carbon, carbon neutrality, and sustainable development goals.

"Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality" is a major strategy for China to cope with climate change at present. We define the carbon neutrality capability (CNC) to reflect the current situation of regional carbon neutrality, and propose a new coupling model to explore the coupling relationship between regional economic development and carbon neutrality capability (CNC). Finally, the influence mechanism of the energy consumption structure on CNC was further discussed by using STRIPAT model. The results show that: during we study period, the national average carbon sink was about 77.89 Mt, and the carbon sinks in Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Sichuan and Yunnan were as high as 164 Mt, mainly concentrated in the western region. The national average carbon source is 222.12 Mt, which is about three times that of carbon sink. The carbon source in Shandong, Hebei and Jiangsu are as high as 400 Mt or more, mainly concentrated in the eastern region. In addition, the growth rate of carbon source is much faster than that of carbon sink, especially the carbon emission caused by energy consumption, which leads to a general decline in CNC, and the development of CNC in various provinces is not optimistic. CNC and economic development level of most provinces are in a state of recession decoupling, and the coupling state of the provinces studied in certain years is significantly different. The spatial distribution of CNC and GDP has shown a northeast-southwest pattern. In addition, the influence of coal consumption structure on CNC is significantly negative, so we should optimize the energy consumption structure and increase the proportion of clean energy consumption. This study can make clear the current carbon neutrality capability of provinces in China, facilitate the formulation and adjustment of emission reduction strategies of provinces and cities, and help China to achieve carbon neutrality as soon as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

⑴ Background——General Secretary Xi Jinping introduced the concept of “carbon pool” to the functions of forests, deepening the strategic position of forests in coping with climate change and promoting the construction of ecological civilization. Forest “carbon pool” not only brings ecological benefits such as emission reduction, increase in carbon sinks and environmental protection, but also contains important economic benefits. However, the current research on forest “carbon pool” focuses more on its ecological effects, and there are few studies on how to play the synergistic effect of ecological and economic benefits of forest “carbon pool”. How to coordinately develop ecology and economy through forest “carbon pool” and make “carbon pool” become “money pool” has become a research topic of important practical significance, and also has important research value for opening up the transformation channel of “clear waters and green mountains” and “mountains of gold and silver”. ⑵ Methods——This paper firstly analyzes the research status of the economic value of forest “carbon pool” and the important significance of realizing the economic value of forest “carbon pool”. Then, based on the external effect, marginal effect value, public goods, property rights and other related theories, this paper analyzes the realization mechanism of the economic value of forest “carbon pool” and concludes the logical framework of its ecological value and economic value circulation. At the same time, using this logical framework, this paper analyzes the “Fujian experience” and sums up the important experience logic. Finally, in order to better promote the realization of the economic value of forest “carbon pool”, some policy suggestions are put forward. ⑶ Results——First, the realization of the economic value of forest “carbon pool” has important practical significance, which helps to build a new pattern of ecological construction, open up a new path of green development and promote the new efficiency of group income increase. Second, through the analysis of the realization mechanism of the economic value of forest “carbon pool”, it can be found that, on one hand, the logical mechanism of realizing the economic value of forest “carbon pool” can be summarized as the process of “identification-definition-operation-exchange-feedback”, and the conversion mechanism of its ecological value and economic value is the value circulation process of forest realizing “carbon pool-money pool-carbon pool”. On the other hand, the benign value realization path can promote the sustainable and high-quality development of the forest “carbon pool”, and play a higher quality and more efficient role in carbon sinks increase. Third, the summary of “Fujian experience” shows that the realization of the economic value of forest “carbon pool” can open up diversified transformation channels in four aspects: “trading system”, “financial innovation”, “management intermediary” and “value-added function”. At the same time, the increase and efficiency of transformation channels will promote the realization of the economic value of forest “carbon pool” and promote the efficient and sustainable development of carbon sinks market. ⑷ Conclusions and Discussions——Based on the above research conclusions, the following policy recommendations are put forward: First, implement stock optimization and quality improvement on the basis of expanding increment, strengthen the rationality of the top-level design of carbon sinks methodology, and promote the application of digitization and intelligence in the whole process of forest “carbon pool” and its value realization. Second, promote the effective value exchange and flow between “carbon sinks highlands” and “economic highlands”, and strengthen the linkage and co-construction between provinces and cities. Third, actively explore the growth point of realizing the new value of forest “carbon pool”, and fully consider the non-carbon effects of forest “carbon pool” on vegetation and biological systems. Fourth, carbon sinks trading should gradually open up to a broader bottom main bodies, expand the overall utilization and development of the bottom scattered resources, and strengthen support for the development of third-party services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems is influenced by global climate change and human activities. Using remote sensing data and land cover products, the spatio-temporal variation characteristics and trends of NEP in the Yangtze River Delta from 2000 to 2020 were analyzed based on the soil respiration model. The driving influences of ecosystem structure evolution, temperature, rainfall, and human activities on NEP were studied. The results show that the NEP shows an overall distribution pattern of high in the southeast and low in the northwest. The area of carbon sinks is larger than that of the carbon sources. NEP spatial heterogeneity is significant. NEP change trend is basically unchanged or significantly better. The future change trend in most areas will be continuous decrease. Compared with temperature, NEP are more sensitive to precipitation. The positive influence of human activities on NEP is mainly observed in north-central Anhui and northern Jiangsu coastal areas, while the negative influence is mainly found in highly urbanized areas. In the process of ecosystem structure, the contribution of unchanged areas to NEP change is greater than that of changed areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban green infrastructure is recognized for its potential to combat biodiversity loss and enhance carbon sequestration in cities. While residential yards constitute a significant part of urban green infrastructure, their role in providing urban ecosystem services remains largely understated. There is a lack of systematic measures for effectively implementing urban vegetation to enhance ecosystem services. The aim of this study is to investigate how different vegetation types typically found in urban residential yards of apartment blocks can enhance carbon sequestration and biodiversity, and how these benefits can be supported through landscape design. The study encompasses an integrative literature review and qualitative analysis. Drawing from a review of previous research, this study identifies the drivers that indicate either carbon sink potential or biodiversity enhancement potential of urban vegetation types. The drivers are then cross-examined to identify the qualities of urban green that potentially strengthen carbon–biodiversity co-benefits. As the key findings we present versatile measures to enhance the potential co-benefits of carbon sinks and biodiversity within urban yards and summarize them in three main categories: plant diversity, provision of good growing conditions and maintenance. The study stresses that the several potential co-benefits of urban green can only be achieved through the selection and prioritization of solutions during the planning and design process. To exemplify this, we demonstrate how the findings from the literature review can be incorporated into the design and management of urban yards. We conclude that the main actions to be addressed in the future planning and design of urban residential yards are (i) establishing diverse planting areas with a mixture of woody and herbaceous plants to encourage species richness and complexity, (ii) optimizing the use of space and growth conditions, and, (iii) implementing maintenance practices that consider both carbon and biodiversity aspects. The study highlights that through enhancing carbon-biodiversity co-benefits urban yards can significantly contribute to major environmental challenges and provide vital ecosystem services within the built urban environments.

Whereas the current complex diversity in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems and the significant differences in net ecosystem productivity (NEP) among various regions, as well as the temporal effect between vegetation and climate factors, the NEP in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems was estimated between 2001 and 2020, and characterized the spatiotemporal dynamics of NEP and its driving mechanisms, taking into account geographic subdivisions. The results demonstrated that the multiannual mean of NEP in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems ranged from 42.79 to 61.91 g C/m2a over the past two decades, indicating a volatile upward trend. Spatially, the NEP of Chinese terrestrial ecosystems indicated significant spatial differentiation, with carbon sinks encompassing 68.83 %, primarily focused in Northeast Region (DB), East China (HD), South China (HN), and Central China (HZ). Moving forward, Chinese terrestrial ecosystems will be predominantly restored, with 40.88 % of the area going from degradation to improvement, and 14.17 % of the area undergoing sustained improvement. There were geographic differences in the temporal effects between NEP and climate elements (precipitation and temperature). Precipitation was identified as the dominant factor affecting the variation of NEP in DB, HB, HZ, XB, and XN. While solar radiation was the major factor influencing the variation of NEP in HD (51.72 %) and HN (76.07 %). Compared with human activities, climate change emerged as the primary driver impacting the spatiotemporal evolution of NEP in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems, with 61.40 % of the area of NEP increasing due to climate change, while 58.42 % increased due to human activities. Additionally, changes in land use/land cover played a crucial role in altering NEP of terrestrial ecosystems in China.

With the increasing pressure of resource decline and environmental pollution faced by the green transformation of marine fisheries, marine fishery carbon sinks are an increasingly close link to national strategic interests and economic lifelines. It is, therefore, necessary to explore paths for the enhancement and development of the carbon sink capacity of marine fisheries. Based on the economic data of marine fisheries from 2002 to 2021, this paper measures the capacity and characteristics of marine fishery carbon sinks in provincial areas, applies the kernel density estimation method to depict the dynamic evolution of the distribution of absolute differences in marine fishery carbon sinks, and at the same time, identifies the factors influencing the spatial imbalance in the development of marine fishery carbon sinks as well as the spatial spillover effects. The results show the following: (1) From the total amount, the fishery carbon sink capacity of China’s three marine economic circles has fluctuated and increased over the past 20 years, with obvious differences among different circles, and the marine fishery carbon sink capacity of the eastern, northern, and southern marine economic circles has risen sequentially. This trend corresponds to the economic disparities among the three circles, demonstrating a transition from economic to industrial driving effects. (2) From the spatial point of view, the fishery carbon sink capacity shows a trend of increasing year by year, concentrating in the circles, and overflowing between the circles. (3) The results of a partial derivative test further show that among the main influencing factors of marine fishery carbon sinks, capital, labor, and market openness have direct positive effects on marine fishery carbon sinks, and the direct effect of innovation is the strongest, and the significance of the indirect effect of the three circles is weaker compared to the direct effect and total effect. As a result, the carbon sink of China’s marine fisheries has a large room for improvement, and in order to promote the high-quality development of China’s marine fisheries, it is still necessary to accelerate the circulation of resources within the marine economic circle, accelerate the research of fishery technology, actively develop the carbon sink fishery, and enhance the specialization of aquatic product processing.

While the simple model of the total atmospheric carbon sink effect as a linear function of concentration has provided excellent prediction results, several problems remained to be investigated and solved. The most obvious open issue is the correct treatment of land use change emissions. It turns out that the model improves by mostly neglecting these emissions after 1950. This effectively implies that land use change emissions have been constant and small since then. The key investigation starts with the observation that the total carbon sink has a short-term component that can be explained by temperature changes. The apparent paradox, why contrary to the short-term changes no temperature-caused trend can be detected, despite the fact that several contributing processes exhibit clear temperature dependency, is analyzed and explained. The result of this analysis leads to the model extension, where the total effect of absorptions and natural emissions are a linear function of concentration and temperature. This extended model not only explains current measurements but also paleo-climate data from ice core time series.

Abstract Background The European Union (EU) has committed to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. This requires a rapid reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and ensuring that any remaining emissions are balanced through CO2 removals. Forests play a crucial role in this plan: they are currently the main option for removing CO2 from the atmosphere and additionally, wood use can store carbon durably and help reduce fossil emissions. To stop and reverse the decline of the forest carbon sink, the EU has recently revised the regulation on land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF), and set a target of − 310 Mt CO2e net removals for the LULUCF sector in 2030. Results In this study, we clarify the role of common concepts in forest management – net annual increment, harvest and mortality – in determining the forest sink. We then evaluate to what extent the forest sink is on track to meet the climate goals of the EU. For this assessment we use data from the latest national GHG inventories and a forest model (Carbon Budget Model). Our findings indicate that on the EU level, the recent decrease in increment and the increase in harvest and mortality are causing a rapid drop in the forest sink. Furthermore, continuing the past forest management practices is projected to further decrease the sink. Finally, we discuss options for enhancing the sinks through forest management while taking into account adaptation and resilience. Conclusions Our findings show that the EU forest sink is quickly developing away from the EU climate targets. Stopping and reversing this trend requires rapid implementation of climate-smart forest management, with improved and more timely monitoring of GHG fluxes. This enhancement is crucial for tracking progress towards the EU’s climate targets, where the role of forests has become – and is expected to remain – more prominent than ever before.

Abstract The oceans play an important role in mitigating climate change by acting as large carbon sinks, especially at high latitude regions. The Southern Ocean plays a major role in the global carbon dioxide (CO2) budget. This work aims to investigate the behavior of turbulent CO2 fluxes and quantify it under different atmospheric and oceanic conditions in the Drake Passage and Bransfield Strait regions on high spatiotemporal resolutions when compared with traditional CO2 fluxes estimations. The atmospheric stability condition was used to corroborate the description of CO2 fluxes. In situ, satellite, and reanalysis data from 08 to 22 November 2018, were used in this work. The Bransfield Strait uptaked 38.59% more CO2 than the Drake Passage due to the cold and fresh waters, allied to the influence of glacial meltwater dilution. Which increased the CO2 solubility, directing the CO2 fluxes to the ocean. The Bransfield Strait had predominantly stable atmospheric conditions, which contributed to this region acting as a CO2 sink. The Drake Passage, on average, behaved as a CO2 sink, mainly due to physical characteristics. This research contributes to a better understanding of the Southern Ocean’s role in the global carbon balance on scales that are very difficult to monitor.

AbstractThe planting industry plays a significant role as both a source of global greenhouse gas emissions and a carbon sink system. It is crucial to clarify the carbon sources and sinks of the planting industry for the development of low-carbon agriculture. This study calculates the carbon sources and sinks of the planting industry based on crop data from 2000 to 2020 and utilizes the Theil index for further analysis. The results indicate that the total carbon sources of the planting industry in China initially increased and then decreased, ranging from 75.71 million tons to 98.22 million tons, with an average annual growth rate of 2.06%. On the other hand, the carbon sinks of the planting industry increased from 563.805 million tons to 864.42 million tons, reflecting a 53.32% increase. Notably, the national net carbon sinks demonstrated a steady growth trend, rising from 488.10 million tons in 2000 to 766.21 million tons in 2020. Secondly, the differences of carbon sources and sinks have increased and the distribution differences were basically differences within regions. Thirdly, with regionally unbalanced distribution, there were obvious differences in the variation of regional net carbon sinks. Guangxi had the highest level of net carbon sinks. Consequently, the development of a low-carbon planting industry necessitates reduced reliance on agricultural inputs and the formulation of region-specific agricultural carbon reduction policies. It also involves exploring the potential for agricultural carbon reduction in each region, promoting regional cooperation, and improving the mechanism for dividing regional tasks.

The subalpine forests in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) act as carbon sinks in the context of climate change and ecosystem dynamics. In this study, we investigated the carbon sequestration function using the in-situ observations from an eddy covariance system for the subalpine forests. With two-year contiguous observations, the factors driving the seasonal variations in carbon sequestration potential were quantified. We first revealed the seasonal characteristics of carbon dynamics in the subalpine forests during the growing and dormant seasons, respectively. The diurnal carbon exchange exhibited significant fluctuations, as high as 10.78 μmol CO2 s-1 m-2 (12:30, autumn). The period from summer to autumn was identified as the peak in carbon sequestration rate in the subalpine forests. Subsequently, we explored the climatic factors influencing the carbon sequestration function. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was found to be a major climatic factor driving the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) within the same season, significantly influencing forest growth and carbon absorption. Increasing altitude negatively impacts carbon absorption at the regional scale and the rising annual temperature significantly enhances carbon uptake, while the average annual precipitation shows a minor effect on NEE. At the annual scale, the observations at the subalpine forests demonstrated a strong carbon sequestration capability, with an average NEE of 389.03 g C m-2. Furthermore, we roughly assessed the carbon sequestration status of subalpine forests in the QTP. Despite challenges caused by climate change, these forests possess enormous carbon sequestration potential. Currently, they represent the most robust carbon sequestration ecosystem in the QTP. We conclude that enhancing the protection and management of subalpine forests under future climate change scenarios will positively impact global carbon cycling and contribute to climate change mitigation. Moreover, this study provides essential insights for understanding the carbon cycling mechanism in plateau ecosystems and global carbon balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese government has officially announced that China's carbon dioxide emissions will reach to peak before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. Based on the carbon neutrality development of 12 provinces and cities in eastern China from 2010 to 2019, this paper constructs an evaluation index system, and it uses the entropy weight method and coefficient of variation method to measure the carbon neutrality development level in the eastern China. The results show that from 2010 to 2019, the changes of carbon source level in 12 provinces and cities in the eastern China are lower than the changes in carbon sink level, and the changes of carbon source and sink level in most provinces and cities show the increasing trend. Spatially, the carbon neutral development level shows the differentiation characteristics of "low in the middle, high in the north and south." The main factors affecting the carbon neutrality level of eastern provinces and cities include policy, economic development and industrial structure, energy intensity and structure, urban development, and population size ecological environment. High-value areas are mainly distributed in Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province and Fujian Province. Low-value areas are mainly distributed in Jiangsu Province and Shandong Province. Eastern China still needs to strengthen its emphasis on low-carbon policies. For Shandong Province, Jiangsu Province, and Hebei Province, policies should be introduced to reduce carbon sources, accelerate their industrial upgrading, and optimize their energy use structure. For Beijing City, Shanghai City, Heilongjiang Province, and Jilin Province, policies should be introduced to develop carbon sinks while maintaining their low carbon source levels. For Beijing City and Shanghai City, policies related to green and low-carbon technologies should be introduced to promote the development of carbon sink capacity through low-carbon technologies in limited urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Southwest China (SWC) holds the distinction of being the world's largest rock desertification area. Nevertheless, the impacts of climate change and ecological restoration projects on the carbon sinks in the karst area of Southwest China have not been systematically evaluated. In this study, we calculated carbon sinks by utilizing the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA) model, and the actual measurements, including the net primary productivity (NPP) data and soil respiration (Rs,) were calculated to obtain carbon sink data. Our findings suggest that the carbon sinks in the karst areas are displaying increasing trends or positive reversals, accounting for 58.47% of the area, which is larger than the overall average of 45.08% for Southwest China. This suggests that the karst areas have a greater carbon sequestration potential. However, approximately 10.42% of carbon sinks experience negative reversals. The regions with increasing and positive reversals are primarily located in the western parts of Guizhou and Guangxi, while negative reversals are observed in the eastern parts of Chongqing, Guangxi, and Guizhou. Ecological restoration projects are the main driving factors for the carbon sinks with increasing trends. Increased humidity and ecological restoration management are the main reasons for the positive reversals of carbon sinks. However, warming and drought shift the carbon sinks from increasing to decreasing in Chongqing, east of Guangxi and Guizhou. The findings of this study highlight the significant role of ecological restoration projects and reexamine the impact of climate change on carbon sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background——Driven by the “double carbon” policy, forestry development has ushered in new opportunities. The pledge financing of the expected revenue rights of forestry carbon sinks broadens the financing paths of forest operators. It is of great significance to transform the ecological value of forestry carbon sinks into economic value for the sustainable development of forestry and the realization of carbon neutrality. (2) Methods——Taking the forest quality and pledge rate of financial institutions as the key variables, this paper established the management decision model of forest operators and financial institutions under the expected revenue rights pledge financing, and combined with the relevant data of the actual cases, the numerical simulation method and Matlab software were used to analyze the optimal strategies of both sides of the loan. (3) Results——In terms of forest quality, the fluctuation risk of forestry carbon sinks output and the increase of forest scale are not conducive to the improvement of forest quality, while the increase of carbon sinks market price and financing subsidies are conducive to the improvement of forest quality. In terms of the pledge rate of financial institutions, the increase of the fluctuation risk of forestry carbon sinks output and the increase of forest area under large forest scale will inhibit the improvement of the pledge rate, thus aggravating the financing difficulties of forest operators, while the increase of carbon sinks market price, financing subsidies and the forest area under small forest scale will promote the improvement of the pledge rate. In terms of forestry profits, the increase of fluctuation risk of forestry carbon sinks output will reduce forestry profits, while the increase of carbon sinks price, financing subsidies and forest scale will help increase the revenue of forest operators. In terms of the effectiveness of the expected revenue rights of forestry carbon sinks on the improvement of forest quality, compared with sufficient funds, when the fluctuation risk of output is moderate, the forest scale is moderate and the price of carbon sinks is low, pledge financing is more conducive to improving the management enthusiasm of forest operators, and thus improve forest quality. When the fluctuation risk of output is too high or too low, the forest scale is too large or too small, and the carbon sinks market price is high, the forest operators with sufficient funds have a higher willingness to improve the forest quality. (4) Conclusions and Discussions——When implementing the pledge financing of forestry carbon sinks revenue rights, the following policy suggestions are put forward in order to achieve high-quality development of forests and alleviate the financing difficulties of forest operators: First, strengthen the monitoring of forestry carbon sinks projects. The operation status of carbon sinks forests should be monitored regularly in order to detect the hidden risks in time, so as to reduce the uncertain risks of the output of carbon sinks. Second, establish a control mechanism of carbon sinks price. On one hand, starting from the demand side of carbon sinks, the price of carbon sinks should be increased through multiple channels, such as encouraging large and medium-sized activities such as conferences, forums and performances to prioritize the purchase of forestry carbon sinks to offset carbon emissions and achieve carbon neutrality. On the other hand, we should be alert to the high price of carbon sinks leading to high emission reduction costs for the main bodies of social economy. Third, the government should introduce a special loan subsidy policy for the pledge financing of forestry carbon sinks. Fourth, the government should guide the forest operators to carry out forest management by providing technical support and training so as to accurately increase the carbon sinks under the moderate scale of operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order not to significantly overshoot maximum levels of warming like the 1.5 and 2°C target we must stay within a fixed emissions budget. How to fairly distribute the entitlements to emit within such a budget is perhaps the most intensely discussed question in all of climate justice. In our review we discuss the most prominent proposals in moral and political philosophy on how to solve this question and put a special emphasis on scholarly contributions from the last decade. We canvass the arguments for and against emissions egalitarianism, emissions sufficientarianism, and emissions grandfathering as well as the debates surrounding them. These are how to deal with non‐compliance, how to split emissions between producers and consumers, how to best account for terrestrial carbon sinks, and whether emissions from having children should be subtracted from parents' emissions budgets. From the viewpoint of justice, it matters not only that we act against climate change but also how we do so. This review aims to elucidate one of the major ways in which our reaction to climate change could be just or unjust. This article is categorized under:Climate, Nature, and Ethics > Climate Change and Global JusticeClimate, Nature, and Ethics > Ethics and Climate Change [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the impact of economic modernization on carbon balance is an essential endeavor to achieve carbon neutrality and combat climate change. However, the spatial impact of economic modernization on carbon balance remains ambiguous. Therefore, this study aims to explore the spatial spillover effects of agricultural modernization, industrialization, and urbanization on carbon balance during the economic modernization process in China, taking 30 provinces and cities in China as examples from 2010 to 2021. This study utilizes the spatial Durbin model to derive the following results: In the past decade, the carbon balance ratio has shown a fluctuating and decreasing dynamic evolution trend. There is an increase in regions with serious carbon deficits. Further investigation into the spatial spillover effect of carbon balance unveils that for every 1% increase in the carbon balance ratio of a province, neighboring provinces experience a decrease of 0.833%. Additionally, the spatial spillover effects of the three modernizations in China on the carbon balance ratio behave differently. Agricultural modernization and urbanization demonstrate negative spatial spillover effects on the carbon balance in neighboring regions, while industrialization exerts a significant positive spatial spillover effect on the carbon balance of neighboring regions. Regarding control variables, the level of innovation solely contributes to local carbon balance realization without generating a trickle-down effect, whereas infrastructure development operates inversely. At the same time, there are differences in the spatial effects of agricultural modernization and industrialization on the carbon balance between the eastern region and the central and western regions. The study underscores the importance of economic modernization and development processes focusing on fostering synergistic growth between economic and environmental benefits within both local and neighboring areas.

Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increasing the size of carbon sinks are closely related to food security in agricultural systems. This study conducted an in-depth data analysis of previous studies to explore the dynamic causal relationships among the reduction of emissions, carbon sink increases, and food security in agricultural systems. The fixed-effect regression model, causality tests, PVAR model, impulse response functions, and variance decomposition were used to explore correlations among the three variables. The results show that the national average carbon sinks surged from 2662.194 Mg in 2000 to 4010.613 Mg in 2020, with the food security index concurrently climbing from 0.198 to 0.308. Moreover, GHG emissions exhibited a negative growth rate from 2016 onwards, yet the 2020 mean remained 142.625 Mg above the 2000 baseline. The agricultural “three subsidies” reform has not directly promoted food security, but significantly inhibited GHG emissions. However, conflicts exist between emissions reduction and carbon sinks increase in agricultural systems and food security. At the whole level, changes in carbon sinks only have a positive effect on the increase in GHG emissions, whereas changes in GHG emissions have a positive effect on both carbon sinks and food security. Changes in food security strongly inhibit the increase in carbon sinks. This relationship varies among distinct grain functional zones. Policy objectives should be coordinated, target thresholds set, and policies classified according to different functional orientations, to achieve a win–win situation for food supply and low-carbon development.

Climate plays a significant role in shaping ecosystem-level carbon sinks. Research on the mechanisms of climate impacts on carbon sinks can contribute to the achievement of carbon neutrality. Investigating the mechanisms by which climate impact on carbon sinks in ecological spaces in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, one of the most important urban clusters in China, is of great significance. This study employed spatial autocorrelation and econometric models to explore how various climatic factors impact net primary productivity (which is used to represent carbon sink capacity) on a spatial scale. We found an increasing trend in NPP across the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration from 2000 to 2020, with marked spatial clustering. Climatic factors exhibited the best fit with the spatial Durbin model, except for average annual precipitation. The remaining factors had significant effects on NPP, showing spatial spillover effects. Results also showed that the average annual temperature, evaporation, and relative humidity had positive impacts on NPP at a local scale but adverse effects at a regional scale. Average annual sunshine duration and the ground temperature had negative effects on NPP locally but promoted effects regionally. Furthermore, the average annual wind speed negatively impacted both local- and regional-scale NPP. This research provides insights into how climate affects carbon sinks on a small spatial scale, offering important references for making policy decisions and improving the accuracy of carbon cycling simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The European Union (EU) has committed to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. This requires a rapid reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and ensuring that any remaining emissions are balanced through CO2 removals. Forests play a crucial role in this plan: they are currently the main option for removing CO2 from the atmosphere and additionally, wood use can store carbon durably and help reduce fossil emissions. To stop and reverse the decline of the forest carbon sink, the EU has recently revised the regulation on land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF), and set a target of − 310 Mt CO2e net removals for the LULUCF sector in 2030. Results: In this study, we clarify the role of common concepts in forest management – net annual increment, harvest and mortality – in determining the forest sink. We then evaluate to what extent the forest sink is on track to meet the climate goals of the EU. For this assessment we use data from the latest national GHG inventories and a forest model (Carbon Budget Model). Our findings indicate that on the EU level, the recent decrease in increment and the increase in harvest and mortality are causing a rapid drop in the forest sink. Furthermore, continuing the past forest management practices is projected to further decrease the sink. Finally, we discuss options for enhancing the sinks through forest management while taking into account adaptation and resilience. Conclusions: Our findings show that the EU forest sink is quickly developing away from the EU climate targets. Stopping and reversing this trend requires rapid implementation of climate-smart forest management, with improved and more timely monitoring of GHG fluxes. This enhancement is crucial for tracking progress towards the EU's climate targets, where the role of forests has become – and is expected to remain – more prominent than ever before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon neutrality attracts worldwide attention due to its significance and urgency. Anthropogenic emission reduction and terrestrial ecosystem carbon sinks are the two main paths to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality. However, in current studies, both are usually regarded as independent systems to conduct separate carbon function research. It is necessary to compare their contributions across sectors within the same emission reduction framework. Therefore, the paper takes Chongqing, China as an example and applies the carbon coefficient method to compare terrestrial ecosystem carbon sinks with anthropogenic carbon emissions in the same land structure and carbon sectors. Then, the scenario assumption is adopted to assess their contribution and impact in 2030 and 2060 to achieve carbon neutrality. Several conclusions are drawn: (1) Terrestrial ecosystem carbon sinks offset 3.45% of anthropogenic emissions in 2018, of which forest ecosystems contributed significantly. (2) Construction land played a decisive role in carbon emissions, which are constantly consolidated and deepened. Fossil energy is the main carbon source. (3) All scenarios can reduce emissions. The effect of energy structure transformation is the most prominent, but the benefits of expanding forest area and reducing waste disposal are small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clarifying the pattern of the urban greenhouse gas (GHG) budget and its influencing factors is the basis of promoting urban low-carbon development. This paper takes Beijing and Shenzhen—the capital city and the most rapidly developing city in China, respectively—as case studies, comprehensively accounts their GHG budgets from 2005 to 2020, and investigates and compares the factors affecting their GHG budgets. The total GHG emissions in Beijing were lowest in 2005 (160.3 TgCO2 equivalents) and peaked at 227.7 TgCO2 equivalents in 2019, and then decreased to 209.1 TgCO2 equivalents in 2020. Meanwhile, the total GHG emissions in Shenzhen gradually increased from 36.0 TgCO2 equivalents in 2005 to 121.4 TgCO2 equivalents in 2019, and then decreased to 119.1 TgCO2 equivalents in 2020. The energy activity sector was the greatest contributor to GHG emissions in this period, accounting for 82.5% and 76.0% of the total GHG emissions in Beijing and Shenzhen, respectively. The carbon sink of the ecosystems of these two cities could absorb only small parts of their emissions, and the neutralization rates of sinks ranged from 1.7% to 2.3% in Beijing and from 0.3% to 1.5% in Shenzhen. The enhancement of population, economic product, and consumption increased the greenhouse gas emissions in both cities. A 1% increase in population size, per capita GD (gross domestic product), and residential consumption level would increase total GHG emissions by 0.181%, 0.019%, and 0.030% in Beijing, respectively. The corresponding increases in Shenzhen would be 0.180%, 0.243%, and 0.172%, respectively. The household size had opposite effects on the two cities, i.e., a 1% increase in household size would increase GHG emissions by 0.487% in Shenzhen but reduce them by 2.083% in Beijing. Each 1% increase in secondary industry and energy intensity would reduce GHG emissions by 0.553% and 0.110% in Shenzhen, respectively, which are more significant reductions than those in Beijing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue carbon ecosystems (BCEs) are important nature‐based solutions for climate change‐mitigation. However, current debates question the reliability and contribution of BCEs under future climatic‐scenarios. The answer to this question depends on ecosystem processes driving carbon‐sequestration and ‐storage, such as primary production and decomposition, and their future rates. We performed a global meta‐analysis on litter decomposition rate constants (k) in BCEs and predicted changes in carbon release from 309 studies. The relationships between k and climatic factors were examined by extracting remote‐sensing data on air temperature, sea‐surface temperature, and precipitation aligning to the decomposition time of each experiment. We constructed global numerical models of litter decomposition to forecast k and carbon release under different scenarios. The current k averages at 27 ± 3 × 10−2 day−1 for macroalgae were higher than for seagrasses (1.7 ± 0.2 × 10−2 day−1), mangroves (1.6 ± 0.1 × 10−2 day−1) and tidal marshes (5.9 ± 0.5 × 10−3 day−1). Macrophyte k increased with both air temperature and precipitation in intertidal BCEs and with sea surface temperature for subtidal seagrasses. Above a temperature threshold for vascular plant litter at ~25°C and ~20°C for macroalgae, k drastically increased with increasing temperature. However, the direct effect of high temperatures on k are obscured by other factors in field experiments compared with laboratory experiments. We defined "fundamental" and "realized" temperature response to explain this effect. Based on relationships for realized temperature response, we predict that proportions of decomposed litter will increase by 0.9%–5% and 4.7%–28.8% by 2100 under low‐ (2°C) and high‐warming conditions (4°C) compared to 2020, respectively. Net litter carbon sinks in BCEs will increase due to higher increase in litter C production than in decomposition by 2100 compared to 2020 under RCP 8.5. We highlight that BCEs will play an increasingly important role in future climate change‐mitigation. Our findings can be leveraged for blue carbon accounting under future climate change scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the role of forest carbon sinks in achieving carbon neutrality, the cointegration regression method and scenario analysis are utilized to forecast the long-term development trend of China's forest carbon sinks up to the year 2100 and their impact on carbon neutrality. The results show that: (1) Under routine, accelerated, and strengthened ecological civilization scenarios (or RECS, AECS, and SECS, respectively), China's forests are projected to absorb 531–645 million tons of carbon by 2050 and 2.32–4.69 billion tons of carbon by 2100, respectively, and the value of the strengthened scenario will be markedly higher than that of the routine scenario. (2) Driven by slower growth in forestry investment, China's forest carbon sinks growth in all three scenarios peak by 2050 and then slow in a U-trend, with the growth rate in the SECS 0.45 percentage points higher than that of AECS, and the growth rate in the AECS 0.44 percentage points higher than that of RECS. (3) Under SECS, forest carbon sinks can help China achieve its carbon neutrality goal in 2054 (before the target date of 2060) with cumulative forestry investment of 53.3 trillion yuan and an annual investment growth rate of about 6.3%. Therefore, this study provides a deeper understanding than previous works of the important role of forest carbon sinks in achieving carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: avoided emissions; carbon sinks; climate change mitigation; nature based solutions; natural climate solutions EN avoided emissions carbon sinks climate change mitigation nature based solutions natural climate solutions 2046 2049 4 03/15/23 20230415 NES 230415 The perception of greater impact via new sinks, as opposed to through avoided emissions, has already led some large investors to focus on sink-related projects. In reality, both emissions avoidance and emissions removal are needed, and both can be a cost-effective means of delivering mitigation. Avoiding emissions versus creating sinks - Effectiveness and attractiveness to climate finance In reality, both emissions avoidance and emissions removal are needed, and both can be a cost-effective means of delivering mitigation. [Extracted from the article]

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