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Coastal marine habitats (i.e. mangroves, saltmarshes, and seagrasses) have a high capacity for carbon sequestration (termed "blue carbon") and the potential to reduce the effects of greenhouse gas emissions. However, blue carbon habitats have historically decreased as a consequence of land conversion, coastal development, and pollution and are under threat in many locations. Restoration of these habitats can reverse historic losses and generate carbon credits through increased carbon sequestration. With a long coastline, we hypothesized that there would be significant opportunities for coastal blue carbon in Aotearoa New Zealand. Results revealed Aotearoa estuaries and coastal areas contain approximately 20,932 ha of saltmarsh, 30,533 ha of mangrove, and 61,340 ha of seagrass, estimated to sequester a total of approximately 57,800 tC/year. A further 87,861 ha of land was estimated to be potentially suitable for blue carbon projects via tidal restoration, of which 56,482 ha was suitable for saltmarsh restoration (equivalent to 60,435 tC yr if restored), 17,291 ha was suitable for mangroves (26,455 tC/year), and 14,087 ha was suitable for seagrass (4790 tC/year). Both existing extent and restoration opportunity varied throughout the country, with greater opportunity in some regions than others. Nationwide, the total sequestration potential for blue carbon restoration was estimated at 91,680 tC yr−1 if all potential areas were restored. Carbon credits generated by blue carbon projects could be traded on a carbon market in Aotearoa, generate revenue for landowners, provide an additional pathway to meet domestic and international climate change targets, and result in a diversity of other ecological, social, and cultural co‐benefits from coastal restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid urban development has caused serious problems such as high energy consumption and carbon emissions, especially under the context of climate change. Buildings are particularly energy-intensive, generating about one third of global energy-related carbon emissions. Compared with active solutions (like mechanical systems), passive solutions offer the potential to balance energy consumption, thermal comfort, and ecological benefits. One potential solution is the integration of green glass space (GGS) into passive building design. GGS is a transitional building space with glass curtain walls that exhibit excellent insulation performance during winter. However, GGS is susceptible to overheating during summer, which limits its applicability. Therefore, this work proposes a strategy of integrating vertical greenery into GGS, leveraging the nature-based solution of greenery (i.e., flourishes in summer and withers in winter) to address this seasonal challenge of GGS. The results demonstrated that the strategic application of vertical greenery can effectively mitigate the overheating in GGS and improve comprehensive benefits. By using full coverage of vertical greenery in a linear layout, the air temperature of GGS and cooling energy consumption were largely reduced by 8.02°C and 12.2%, respectively, while the carbon abatement was enhanced by up to 101.11 tons. Based on a comprehensive evaluation of energy, economy, and environmental benefits, it is recommended to use a greenery configuration with 50% coverage in a vertical linear layout for GGS. The integration of greenery into building design can mitigate adverse environmental impacts, reduce energy consumption, and contribute to the sustainable development of low-carbon cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Balanggarra, Dambimangari, Wilinggin and Wunambal Gaambera Traditional Owners in Western Australia operate Savanna Fire Management projects under the collective North Kimberley Fire Abatement Project. Aims: We examine changes to the fire regime before and after the initiation of these projects and discuss implications for incentivising savanna fire management. Methods: Using established methods and high-resolution imagery, we compared fire metrics between baseline (2001–2011) and project years (2012–2022). Key results: Fire seasonality notably shifted from late to early dry season dominance with fewer late season fires across, resulting in carbon abatement. While total area burnt remained similar, annual fire pattern transitioned from a cyclical to less variable regime. Fire patchiness, fire age diversity, and area of long unburnt vegetation increased while fire frequency decreased. A minimum of 4 years of fire management was required before significant changes in fire metrics were observed. Conclusions: The fire regime on Traditional Owner lands has improved significantly, enabled by the emergence of land and sea management, carbon markets, support of partner agencies, and the securing of land rights. Implications: Beyond carbon credits, access to technology holds promise for sustained improvements to adaptive fire management built on strong foundations of traditional burning practices. Our study used satellite imagery to examine wildfire patterns before and after the North Kimberley Fire Abatement Project, an indigenous fire project, was established in northern Western Australia. We show that damaging wildfires were effectively reduced and discuss the reasons for this success. This article belongs to the Collection Savanna Burning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has steadfastly pledged its dedication to accomplishing carbon peaking by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060, a commitment widely recognized as the Dual Carbon Goal (DCG). The proposition of China's DCG presents formidable challenges for the advancement of the transport sector due to its significant contribution to carbon emissions. Consequently, new carbon abatement constraints have been enforced on carbon emissions within the Chinese transport sector. In pursuit of the carbon peaking goal, this research introduces the environmental context-dependent data envelopment analysis approach. The approach is employed to identify sustainable performance targets for the Chinese transport sector at the city level, while considering carbon abatement constraints. These sustainable performance targets not only provide insights on enhancing the environmental performance of these cities with minimum effort, but also offer a comprehensive pathway towards carbon peaking cities in the Chinese transport sector. • A pathway towards carbon peaking cities in the Chinese transport sector is examined. • An environmental context-dependent data envelopment analysis approach is proposed. • Policy implications for the Chinese transport sector are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the social pressure of green and sustainable development, the manufacturer is getting involved in carbon abatement and used-product recycling activities at the same time. Meanwhile, the government can incentivize firms to participate in the low-carbon production and end-of-life products management through regulations. We study the decisions of carbon abatement and used-product recycling in a closed-loop supply chain, in which the government's reward-penalty mechanisms of carbon emission and the return rate are implemented for the manufacturer and the collector, respectively. Four recycling decision models are formulated: (1) centralized system (Model C); (2) the manufacturer recycling (Model M); (3) the retailer recycling (Model R); (4) the third-party recycling (Model 3P). Equilibrium solutions among different models are compared and analyzed. Findings show that Model 3P is less desirable since the carbon abatement level, return rate, supply chain profits, and social surplus are the lowest in Model 3P, while Model M or Model R is more desirable depending on the parameter conditions. The carbon abatement level increases with the return rate, whereas the return rate decreases with the initial carbon emission. Moreover, when the initial carbon emission is low, the carbon abatement level and the return rate can be improved by the government intervention via reward-penalty mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Agricultural manufacturers (abbreviation: Manufacturers) are conventionally committed to carbon emission reductions under government subsidies to achieve carbon neutrality goals, such as manufacturer subsidies and consumer subsidies. In addition, with the increase in consumers' low-carbon preferences, a growing number of retailers exert sales efforts to promote carbon emission reduction. In this paper, we apply a game theory approach and focus on investigating how sales effort and different government subsidies promote manufacturers' carbon emission reductions. We draw several important conclusions: First, we find that government subsidies are not always conducive to promoting carbon emissions reductions. Second, we show that consumer subsidies impose a higher (lower) financial burden on the government than manufacturer subsidies when carbon abatement costs are above (below) a threshold. Furthermore, retailers are preferable to impose sales effort under consumer subsidies when the cost of sales effort is higher. Third, the results suggest that manufacturer subsidies are more conducive to maximizing social welfare when consumer low-carbon preferences are small in the presence of retailer-imposed sales effort. Something counterintuitive is that we find that social welfare is more likely to be optimal without government subsidies as consumer low-carbon preferences increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steel production is a hard-to-abate, carbon intensive industry contributing 8-9% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from an expanding steel industry is a necessary step to attaining net-zero goals and limiting the impacts of global climate change. To achieve this goal, alternative energy carriers capable of direct reduction, high-temperature combustion and zero direct greenhouse gas emissions are under research to replace coal and natural gas for steel production. A potential alternative to traditional fossil fuels is green hydrogen (H2), produced from water using renewable energy powered electrolysis. Currently, green H2 is expensive, but the cost is declining in tandem with declining renewable energy and electrolyzer costs. Forecasts estimate green H2 to play a progressively large role in international energy portfolios, with demand to grow and production costs to decline. Simultaneously, Section 813 of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act supports the development of one or more green H2 hubs with a specific end-use focus: transportation, electricity generation, residential heating, or industry. As a major importer and recycler of steel, the U.S. can benefit from increasing domestic steelmaking capacity and implementing green H2 as an alternative energy carrier and reducing agent in steel production. To this end, a green H2 hub ought to be considered for demonstrating end-use in the industrial sector.

Due to increasing atmospheric CO2, algal growth systems at high pH are of interest to support enhanced diffusion and carbon capture. Given the interactions between algal growth, pH, and alkalinity, data from Watson and Drapcho (2016) were re-examined to determine the impact of the non-carbonate constituents in BG11 media on estimates of Monod kinetic parameters, biomass yield, and cell stoichiometry. Based on a computational method, non-carbonate alkalinity (NCA) in BG11 media varies with pH according to: NCA (meq/L) = 0.0393×e0.2075×pH + (2.086×10-9)e1.860×pH (R² = 0.999) over the pH range of 10.3 -- 11.5. Updated maximum specific growth rates were determined to be 0.060, 0.057, and 0.051 hr-1 for CO2, HCO3, and CO3, respectively. Generalizable stoichiometric algal growth equations that consider variable nutrient ratios and multiple inorganic carbon species were developed. Improved kinetic and stoichiometric parameters will serve as the foundation for a dynamic mathematical model to support the design of high pH algal carbon capture systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While single-period stochastic inventory problems have been studied in academia and industry, the impacts of both carbon emissions reduction and partial distribution information have not been investigated. In this paper, we consider carbon emission reduction in a single-period inventory problem where both product price and demand are stochastic. When only partial information on the first and second moments of the two stochastic elements is specified, we use the max–min criterion to construct two optimization models under cap-and-trade and carbon tax policies. For each model, we prove the existence of the optimal robust decisions on production quantity and cleaning equipment investment. By comparing the profit and carbon emission between these two models, we identify certain conditions that improve the economic and environmental performance of the manufacturer. Finally, we conduct a numerical study to test the robustness of the optimal operational decisions under each carbon policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of renewable energy use on the output growth convergence, as well as the impacts of renewable energy use for an alternative to carbon emission (CO2) abatement in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The dual purpose followed the Solow growth model for output and the expanded Stokey pollution model for CO2 abatement, respectively. An error correction model was used to determine output convergence while a stepwise regression model was applied to ascertain the impacts of renewable energy use on CO2 abatement. The aggregated data on carbon emission intensity, output growth, per capita emission, and population growth were collected from World Bank development indicators for the period of 1990Q1 to 2017Q4 on SSA. Empirical evidence from the study reveals that output converges in SSA at 22% adjustment speed and it is largely accounted for by renewable energy use. The abatement of CO2 using renewable energy is not significant for adoption as the solution to carbon emission mitigation in SSA. The ratio of CO2 to renewable energy use shows a wide gap range of 3.12% to 1%. Therefore, the study recommends intensive pro-renewable energy use policies to close the gap and further redress the significance of renewable energy use as a sustainable alternative to the carbon abatement policy instrument. Furthermore, the sustainability of renewable energy use for a speedy economic growth and carbon emission reduction may not be significant with the current findings on renewable energy use in SSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the potential of carbon-abatement cost-sharing contracts in optimizing the joint economic–environmental benefit of a green supply chain. One-way and two-way cost-sharing contracts were investigated, respectively, in scenarios in which a capital-constrained manufacturer has a dominant downstream retailer or a dominant upstream supplier. The manufacturer obtains financing from a competitively priced bank to fulfill its production, carbon-abatement investment, and even insufficient emission permit purchase given the fact that the cap-and-trade regulation exists. Results show that in both one-way and two-way cost-sharing cases, cost sharing of carbon abatement has no effect on the manufacturer's output or its counterparty's wholesale price decisions; however, it improves the carbon abatement level of the supply chain. As a result, such cost-sharing of carbon abatement is proven to hamper the profit of the overall supply chain, but it improves the joint "economic-environmental" benefit of the supply chain if the cost-sharing coefficient is properly chosen. Furthermore, this problem is studied in the case of consumers' green preferences, and carbon-abatement cost sharing is also verified to have the potential to optimize joint economic–environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing energy consumption from buildings' operations is a sine-qua-non for achieving a future with net-zero emissions. Could urban trees play a role? Several observational and simulation studies demonstrate the effect of vegetation on reduced energy consumption and this study confirms it, this time looking at densely populated areas in diverse climate zones. A comprehensive multi-year monthly electricity consumption data set representative of all of China, together with high-resolution NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) data, reveal the relationship between an urban area's greenness and its residents' domestic electricity consumption. Findings show that for every 0.1 increase in the cities' NDVI, urban per-capita residential electricity consumption decreases by 1.76% (95% CI: 1.11–2.42%). This cut in electricity consumption results in life-cycle power-sector CO 2 annual emissions reductions of 23.05–45.52 Mt., equivalent to 2.85–5.63% of China's total residential sector CO 2 emissions in 2020, depending on assumptions on urban population's size and electricity sector's carbon intensity. Moreover, these cities' trees can store 247–284 Mt. CO 2 over 30 years, so the present value of the net benefits, equal to monetized electricity savings plus carbon emissions' reductions and carbon storage minus tree planting and maintenance costs, is positive for 29 Chinese provinces (except Chongqing and Xizang) ranging between US$-0.84 and US$21,000 per tree (−6–156,485 yuan/tree). If not planted exclusively in urban areas but all over China, a carbon price of 267–1339 yuan/ton is needed to ensure the benefits cover the costs of planting and maintaining the trees. • Trees reduce residential electricity consumption and store carbon as they grow. • A 0.1 increase in NDVI saves 1.11%- 2.46% residential electricity consumption. • We quantify trees' costs, CO 2 emissions reductions, and trees' CO 2 storage. • Benefits outweigh city tree planting/maintenance costs in all but two provinces. • Increasing China's NDVI (not just in cities) is cost-effective with low carbon tax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direct carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions from the iron and steel sector are nearly 7 % of the global CO 2 emissions from energy use. India is the world's second-largest producer of steel and the largest sponge iron producer. India produces one-third of the global sponge iron, mostly from rotary kilns using coal as an energy source, resulting in higher energy and emission intensities than the global average. This study evaluates major options for CO 2 abatement in the rotary kiln–induction furnace process for steel production. Based on the mass and energy balances of a typical sponge iron plant, this study evaluates the techno-economic potential of nine major decarbonization measures. The proposed decarbonization measures include improved energy efficiency, improved material efficiency, renewable energy use, and fuel substitution. Marginal abatement and green premium curves are generated by incorporating the dependency of different measures. Depending upon the set of options chosen, carbon abatement is in the range of 55.8 %–99.2 %. It is observed that 11.5 %–20.6 % of decarbonization potential can be achieved without any additional cost to the customer. These findings are insightful for policymakers and industry stakeholders and provide a foundation for designing and implementing a net-zero pathway for the sector. • Energy efficiency, material and fuel change, and renewable energy options used. • Techno-economic evaluation of different measures is reported. • Marginal abatement and green premium curves incorporate dependency of the options. • Overall decarbonization of 99.2 % can be achieved. • 20.6 % of carbon abatement can be achieved without additional cost to customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Savanna fire management is a topic of global debate, with early dry season burning promoted as a large-scale emissions reduction opportunity. To date, discussions have centred on carbon abatement efficacy, biodiversity and cultural benefits and/or risks. Here we use a case study of Darwin, Australia to highlight smoke pollution as another critical consideration. Smoke pollution from savanna fires is a major public health issue, yet absent so far from discussions of program design. Here, we assess the likely impacts of increased early dry season burning on smoke pollution in Darwin between 2004 and 2019, spanning the introduction and expansion of carbon abatement programs. We found increased smoke pollution in the early dry season but little change in the late dry season, contributing to a net annual increase in air quality standard exceedances. Geospatial analysis suggests this relates to increased burning in the path of early dry season trade winds. This study highlights the complex health trade-offs involved with any large-scale prescribed burning, including for carbon abatement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the financing decision for an emission‐dependent supply chain with one supplier and one manufacturer, both of which are financially constrained and in need of short‐term financing for emission abatement. Three kinds of financing strategies are considered: (1) bank financing separately (BFS), (2) the manufacturer obtains partial loans from the bank, and borrows from the supplier (MPB), (3) the supplier obtains partial loans from the bank, and borrows from the manufacturer (SPB). The BFS is viewed as a noncollaborative financing strategy, and the MPB and SPB are collaborative financing strategies. The financing strategies are obtained at the point where wholesale price, production quantity, and emission reduction are endogenously determined. We found that the collaborative financing strategy is beneficial to the supplier and the whole supply chain compared with the noncollaborative financing strategy, the SPB strategy may outperform the MPB strategy for the supplier and the whole supply chain, depending on sharing proportion. The advantage of the MPB and SPB strategies relative to the BFS strategy mainly depends on sharing proportion from the manufacturer's perspective. We demonstrated that the collaborative financing strategy is the equilibrium strategy of the emission‐dependent supply chain under certain conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the main energy consumption and emission area, carbon emission reduction for industrial parks is a pivotal target for China. In this study, a multi-objective optimization model was established to quantitatively develop low-carbon development strategies for industrial parks that simultaneously considers land productivity, energy structure and efficiency, carbon emissions, and industrial structure optimization. A Monte Carlo method was adopted to investigate the uncertainties associated with emission-reduction technologies and economic development. A study on an industrial park showed that with the implementation of a series of fossil energy-saving measures, the percentage of clean energy in the park is projected to reach 62.6–72.2 %, while the percentage of output from energy-intensive enterprises relative to the total output of the industrial park decreases from 3.78 % in the baseline year to 1.74–3.29 %, and carbon emissions are projected to decrease by 69–85.4 % relative to the benchmarking scenario. This implies that the model developed in this study is effective and can serve as a roadmap for designing industrial parks to realize low-carbon development. • A multi-objective optimization model is used to achieve low-carbon industrial park. • The model integrates energy system management and industrial structure adjustment. • A Monte Carlo method was adopted to investigate uncertainties associated the. • Model. • An applied study showed the effective of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The sulfur recovery from gypsums with the carbon abatement is achieved. • A value-added syngas byproduct with a higher H 2 /CO is simultaneously generated. • An integrated process involves Ca-based chemical-looping and iodine–sulfur-cycle. • The feasibility of the proposal is thermodynamically and experimentally validated. • The recovery of iodine can be achieved through the electrochemical electrolysis. Gypsum (GP) by-products are a group of widely sourced sulfur-containing solid wastes and their recycling utilizations are of great significance. This work proposed a new cyclic GP utilization process, achieving both the sulfur recovery and simultaneous value-added syngas byproduct under the restriction of the CO 2 capture. This innovative process integrates the carbon-fueled and calcium-based chemical-looping technology to generate concentrated SO 2 , followed by the recovery of the sulfur to be a concentrating sulfuric acid via the iodine–sulfur thermochemical cycle and finally the CO 2 capture to produce CaCO 3 /(NH 4) 2 SO 4 by the use of the in-situ generating calcium adsorbent via the NH 3 -Merseburg process. Its feasibility was thermodynamically and experimentally validated. It's found that the elevated temperature and the weak reducing atmosphere were conducive to a nearly 100% thermally-decomposed of GP (mainly CaSO 4) toward a mixture of CaS and CaO (a ratio in 4:6) and the maximum per pass carbon conversion over 80% using carbon fuels (coal), and the carbon residues can be recovered back to carbon fuel stream. The recovery of I 2 can be achieved through the electrochemical electrolysis method and then recycled. The optimization of heat exchange network results in energy consumption reduction by 79.6% and 75.2% for hot and cold utilities, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the pricing and carbon abatement decisions of a manufacturer who sells products to consumers with environmental awareness through an online platform and an offline channel. The platform operates with marketplace or reselling mode. Cross‐channel spillover effect (CSE) is taken into account to reflect the impact of online channel sales on offline channel sales. With marketplace mode, the manufacturer directly sells its products to consumers on the platform, paying a commission to the platform for each order. With reselling mode, the manufacturer wholesales products to the platform, who then retails them to consumers. We find that the increase in the cross‐channel effect can positively affect the carbon abatement level, the production quantity and the profits of the manufacturer and platform. Marketplace (reselling) mode provides the manufacturer with more profits than reselling (marketplace) mode and induces the manufacturer to adopt greener technology if the CSE is high (low). Marketplace mode cannot coordinate the manufacturer and platform, while reselling mode can if the CSE is negative. We also extend the models to the case under omnichannel strategy and find that omnichannel strategy leads to higher carbon abatement level and brings more profit to the manufacturer under certain conditions. In addition, marketplace mode cannot coordinate the manufacturer and platform, while reselling mode always can. The findings in this paper not only enrich the theoretical research in platform‐based and low‐carbon operations management but also guide the management practice in these aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Clean Power Plan (CPP) was repealed due to concerns about the "unnecessary, costly burdens" it may impose on electric utilities, thereby delaying efforts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) from the electricity sector. This paper examines the greenhouse gas and welfare implications of this repeal while incorporating the presence of the state renewable portfolio standards (RPS) in the US as the status quo. We assess the carbon abatement and welfare costs with the CPP relative to two alternative baselines: a no‐policy baseline and a pre‐existing policy baseline with the RPS. The CPP is implemented as a regional mass‐based standard, a regional rate‐based standard, or as a national mass‐based standard with trading of emissions across regions over the 2022–2030 period. We find that the incremental discounted welfare costs per metric ton of CO2 that would have been abated by the CPP relative to the RPS would be substantially lower than the global social cost of CO2. However, the overall costs of carbon abatement with the CPP added to the RPS would have become higher than the social cost of carbon when estimated relative to a no‐policy baseline, except with a national mass‐based CPP. Across all policy combinations and choice of baselines, the aggregate welfare costs were lowest under a national mass‐based standard and highest under the regional rate‐based standard. We also find that the CPP would have imposed large welfare costs on consumers and fossil fuel producers while benefiting the renewable fuel producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass has been the only renewable energy that can be directly converted into fuel. The full utilization of biomass can effectively alleviate energy needs in an eco-friendly way. It is also an important path for China to achieve the goal of "carbon neutrality". Therefore, this study aims to focus mainly on the general goal of clean energy production and high-value utilization for straw-based biomass resources in recent years. A systematic analysis was made to evaluate the comprehensive utilization technology and mode of producing gas, liquid, and solid clean energy in the biological or thermo-chemical way. The development status and research progress were concentrated upon the anaerobic digestion for biogas, hydrothermal catalysis for alcohol and hydrocarbon fuel, pyrolysis liquefaction and bio-oil upgrading, and solid fuel production. Particularly, an attempt was addressed on the prospect of biogas, liquid fuel, and solid fuel. More importantly, no matter what biomass conversion technology was adopted, biomass resources utilization should be comprehensive and of high value. Correspondingly, the large-scale application required at least three basic elements. The first was the scale collection and disposal of biomass raw materials at a low cost. The second was the efficient and stable transformation, as well as quality improvement technology. The last was that the terminal fuel products needed to connect smoothly with the current application. Among them, anaerobic digestion for biogas presented the highest level of industrialization in recent years, due mainly to effectively solving raw materials collection in large breeding farms. It infers that the anaerobic digestion and biogas purification technology were relatively mature during this time. As such, biogas was directly used as a source of fuel, power, and thermal production. By contrast, hydrothermal catalysis for alcohol and hydrocarbon fuel, together with pyrolysis liquefaction for bio-oil was relatively difficult to connect with the current application, due mainly to the high conversion cost, difficult product separation, low-quality improvement efficiency, and unstable products. Therefore, the large-scale development level of the two technologies was relatively low during this time. Nevertheless, the technology of biomass preparation was relatively mature for solid fuels. The research and development of supporting stoves also effectively implemented the application of molding fuel. But the biggest difficulty in the scale application lay in the collection and storage of raw materials. Finally, the development prospects were proposed for the biomass conversion technologies. In terms of biogas, the anaerobic digestion was enhanced by multi-ingredients and bio-strengthen to improve biogas production efficiency. A precise control system should be established for the high concentration anaerobic digestion for better stability. Particularly, the comprehensive utilization of biogas slurry was carried out to realize the nutrient recycling, and biological organic fertilizer, or carbon-based fertilizer for nitrogen and carbon fixation, with emphasis on the efficiency of desulfurization and decarbonization. In terms of liquid fuel, the unpolluted depolymerization can be explored from lignocellulose to platform compounds, especially how to realize the efficient separation and quality improvement of platform compounds. During the quality upgrading process, the multi-step reaction combined catalyzer can be used to shorten the process and improve the reaction efficiency. In addition, the efficient conversion of biomass resources into fuel, chemicals, and materials should be developed synchronously for higher-value products. In terms of solid fuel, the heat transfer and bonding mechanism of torrefaction straw should be studied during the molding process, further to realize the low energy consumption and high quality. New efficient molding and combustion equipment needed to be improved the reliability of solid fuel production, particularly on the standardization, series, and package of torrefaction, molding, and combustion equipment. Consequently, the standard production of biomass collection, storage, and combustion should be improved to form biomass solid fuel industry chain from collection, storage, transportation, molding, and distribution. This research can provide a strong reference for the efficient preparation of clean energy and high-value utilization in rural biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction sector accounts for approximately 25% of global CO2 emissions. In this paper, we provide a multidimensional assessment of the potential for greenhouse gas emissions abatement in relation to the construction of multi-family residential buildings. Different building designs are compared, whereby the study analyzes the potential reductions in greenhouse gas emissions when combining abatement measures with a perspective of the technologies and practices available now, and those that are likely to become available on a timescale up to Year 2045. Further, the assessment analyzes the potential for emissions reductions when applying abatement measures at different points in the supply chain, from primary material production via material composition to the final building structure. The results indicate that the greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by up to 40% with currently available technologies and practices, with even greater potential reductions of 80% to Year 2030 and 93% to Year 2045.

• Tripartite game models consisting of government and a two-echelon cold chain under cap-and-trade regulations are developed. • Impact of cap-and-trade regulations and consumer environmental awareness on supplier's low carbon strategy is investigated. • Boundaries between purchasing carbon quotas and adopting carbon abatement technology are defined. • Key influencing factors of social welfare and carbon emissions are analyzed. • The most effective plan to improve social welfare and reduce carbon emission is put forward. Due to both carbon policy and consumer environmental awareness, the large amount of carbon emissions generated while keeping deteriorating products fresh has attracted attention. In particular, under international competition, both freshness and environmental friendliness have significant effects on the market demand for deteriorating products. Furthermore, considering harmonious economic and environmental development, many recent studies take social welfare as the optimization goal. However, due to the trade-offs between the freshness and environmental friendliness of deteriorating products, how should the government formulate a reasonable carbon policy to guide cold chain members to make optimal decisions on freshness-keeping efforts and carbon abatement to improve social welfare and reduce carbon emissions? Against this backdrop, in this study, considering cap-and-trade regulations and consumers' preference for low-carbon fresh products, we develop tripartite game models consisting of the government, one emission-dependent supplier and one retailer in a two-echelon cold chain system. Two models are developed to compare the optimal decisions under two scenarios: when the supplier purchases carbon quotas and when the supplier adopts carbon abatement technology. Conducting theoretical analysis and numerical experiments, we obtain the following main insights: (1) The adoption of carbon abatement technologies does not always create greater social welfare, and there is a boundary between the two scenarios. (2) Production costs and freshness-keeping costs have the greatest influence on social welfare and unit carbon emissions. (3) The government should implement a looser carbon policy for deteriorating products with higher price elasticity. (4) The most effective way to simultaneously improve social welfare and reduce total carbon emissions is to increase consumer environmental awareness and reduce the abatement cost exponent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policies to reduce carbon emissions are leading to substantial changes in the demand for electricity and to the structure of electricity supply systems, which will alter the cost structure of electricity supply. This can be expected to result in corresponding changes to the price structure faced by customers. This note is an initial exploration of how possible new price structures may impact on HVAC system and building design and use. Practical application : Changes in the price structure of electricity supply (separately from changes in price levels) can significantly affect the cost-effective design and operation of building services systems; especially of heating and cooling systems. The nature and implications of these changes can have important implications for future system design and operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the integrated gas-electricity system (IEGS) grows within the context of carbon abatement, natural gas shippers (NGSs) face a twofold challenge: perceiving the dynamic behavior of the gas system swiftly while considering the revenue and costs of IEGS. To address these challenges, a novel Integrated Electric-Gas Dispatch (IEGD) model is introduced in this paper. Firstly, the Box-Jenkins-based NGPN rapid transient flow model is proposed. Secondly, an IEGD model with optimization targets focusing on IEGS cost and NGSs revenue is introduced. Finally, the proposed natural gas flow model is validated through its application to an inter-provincial natural gas pipeline network and a regional-level network in China's central and western regions. A comparison with commercial software indicates that the proposed model offers additional advantages, with a total relative average error of 0.57% and 0.36%, respectively, and a computation speed of 62.3 times and 72.4 faster. When the IEGD model is applied to an IEGS, promising outcomes are revealed by two distinct scenarios: carbon emissions within the IEGS can be reduced by as much as 32.64% per day, considering carbon taxes. Furthermore, through intensifying the collaborative integration of gas and electricity systems, overall carbon emissions can be lowered by up to 48.19%, and NGSs revenue can be boosted by as much as 11.2%. • A novel rapid natural gas network transient flow model is proposed. • Natural gas transient flow is first converted to the Box-Jenkins system. • The network topology can be established by the proposed model conveniently. • Natural gas shipper revenue and integrated system cost are considered as objective. • Overall carbon emissions can be lowered by up to 48.19%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous demonstration policies have been implemented in China to reduce carbon emissions. However, the leading role of such policies is rarely evaluated. Using the energy saving and emission reduction (ESER) demonstration city policy as an example, this study utilizes the spatial difference-in-differences (SDID) model to examine the local, spatial spillover, and policy withdrawal effects of carbon abatement in 283 cities from 2006 to 2020. The results indicate that: (1) The carbon emission intensity (CEI) of ESER demonstration cities decreased by 20.04%, whereas the CEI of the adjoining non-demonstration cities increased by 42.85%. (2) The policy effects are not permanent. The local effect disappeared one year after the policy withdrawal, while the spatial impact disappeared when the policy was canceled. (3) The negative local impact and positive spatial impact are mainly due to the administration-driven environmental regulation and industrial agglomeration. (4) The impact of the ESER project is more noticeable in underdeveloped, resource-based, and fiscally constrained cities. This study implies that the ESER project offers a temporary incentive for local carbon abatement but does not play a leading role for other cities. It is even that the policy is detrimental to carbon abatement in the adjoining non-demonstration cities as it increases the CEI of these cities. This study serves as a caution to the designers of demonstration policies and provides empirical implications for improving such policies. • The leading role of energy saving and emission reduction demonstration city policy in carbon abatement was assessed. • The policy achieved a reduction in local carbon emissions. • The policy led to an increase in the carbon emission intensity of non-demonstration cities. • The effects subsided upon policy withdrawal. • The policy led to higher carbon abatement pressure in backward regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industry in China is an essential pillar of the economy and a major source of energy consumption and carbon emissions. Energy misallocation across industrial sectors exacerbates energy consumption and carbon emissions. This study uses stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to estimate the contribution and efficiency of capital, labor, and energy inputs to China's production between 2010 and 2020. Under the assumption of optimal allocation in a perfectly competitive market, we estimated the optimal energy input using the SFA results. The counterfactual results demonstrated considerable potential for energy savings, carbon abatement, and production increase under synergistic governance. According to the estimation, China's industry could save 4–24% of its energy input. The energy allocation adjustment varies across industry subsectors. Specifically, heavy industries have tremendous energy-saving potential, whereas the power production and supply subsectors require more energy. The overall energy conservation would have a synergistic effect of 0.3 to 1.4 billion tons of carbon reduction along with an extra 3.26 and 6.52 trillion Yuan output value. Such reallocation would also have the co-benefit of transforming the industry's energy mix, specifically, reducing its dependence on coal while increasing the share of electricity, which are both very critical in the process of carbon neutrality. The government could apply this method to guide the synergistic governance of industrial energy savings, carbon reduction, and production. • Introduced a comprehensive framework to guide production input optimal allocation. • Guiding input reallocation can decrease carbon emissions at negative costs. • China's industries had large energy-saving potential, especially heavy industries. • Reallocation forced energy mix transformation and reduced its dependence on coal. • Correcting market misallocation could complement pricing for carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a significant period of Chinese energy reformation to the point of expediting revolution in energy production and consumption, and promoting green low-carbon upgrading transformation of energy electricity, Chinese government has to implement the obligatory policy of renewable portfolio standards (RPS) with specific institutional provisions sternly. The renewable energy quotas in thermal power industry with carbon emission abatement constraints particularly have a latent impact on the behavior of thermal electricity producers, which is ineluctably involved in electricity connection of grid companies. To make clear the positive role in boosting investment in renewable energy generation in thermal power industry under mandatory quotas requirements, we will utilize evolutionary game based on system dynamics (SD) to tackle with the sophisticated nexus among the government, thermal power producers and grid companies. We begin analysis of general evolutionary strategy stability in scenario ll by dynamically adjusting values of external variables of SD model to uncover pivotal variables affecting evolutionary strategy stability. Then in scenario I, the dynamic punishment structure consisting of cost elements to spark off the emulation of optimal manoeuvre selections of tripartite game agents is amended based on the simulation of vital variables affecting evolutionary strategy stability in scenario II. The significant conclusions provide decision-making support and management enlightenment for Chinese government to edge renewable energy generation capacity of thermal power producers and constrained degree of dynamic penalty for grid companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of the carbon industry in Australia over the last decade has seen an increase in the number of eligible offsets projects utilising the savanna burning methods in northern Australia. Many of these projects are operated by Aboriginal people on Aboriginal lands utilising local Aboriginal knowledge and customary burning practice. The present paper reviews existing land management planning documents to describe the aspirations of Traditional Owners in relation to fire management at a regional scale in Arnhem Land. Available data collected in the course of savanna burning operations are then utilised to examine the extent to which the savanna burning projects are meeting these goals. There were six clear goals in relation to fire management within the planning documents across Arnhem Land. Traditional Owners want to: (1) continue the healthy fire management of their country; (2) see fewer wildfires; (3) protect biodiversity; (4) protect culturally important sites; (5) maintain and transfer knowledge; and (6) create a carbon abatement. The results from this paper suggest that although the savanna burning projects are annually variable, these goals are being met. Importantly, the present paper clearly communicates a description of contemporary fire management from the perspective of Traditional Owners at a broad regional scale. Arnhem Land, in northern Australia, is home to several eligible offsets projects operated by Aboriginal people utilising local Aboriginal knowledge and customary burning techniques. In this paper we evaluate these contemporary savanna burning projects in relation to the fire management aspirations of Traditional Owners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing concern about controlling and reducing carbon emissions in power systems. In this regard, researchers have focused on managing emissions on the generation side, which is the main source of emissions. Considering emission limits on the generation side result in an increase in locational marginal prices that negatively affects social welfare. However, carbon emissions are a by-product of electricity generation that is used to satisfy the demands on the consumer side. Consequently, demand-side emission control may not be achieved if only the generation is taken into account. In order to fill this existing gap, in this paper, a demand-side management approach aiming at carbon footprint control is proposed. First, the carbon footprint is allocated among the consumers using an improved proportional sharing theorem method. Each consumer learns about their real-time carbon footprint, excess carbon footprint, and the incurred surcharge tax. Then, demands are adjusted via a proper adjustment procedure. This provides enough information for consumers where demand management may result in carbon footprint and demand reductions as well as the exemption of incurred taxes. Profit analysis for both generation and demand sides is carried out to show the effectiveness of the proposed framework using two illustrative case studies. The results obtained, compared with existing policies such as carbon cap, cap-and-trade, and carbon tax, prove the fairness and the advantages of the proposed model for both the demand and the generation sides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several firms have joined emission trading schemes in response to the call for corporate climate action. Using a comprehensive international data set on corporate membership of emission trading schemes (ETSs), we find that members of the scheme emit more CO 2 than non-participants. This result also holds when exploring the corporate discharge of sulphur and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The magnitude of this relationship persists even in the long run showing little evidence of a reduction from the firms in polluting the environment. We also find that firms that select to exit the scheme continue to pollute at a higher rate in the following years. Firms that enter the scheme for the first time increase their pollution in the following years. Although we identify significant differences at a country and continental level on the effectiveness of ETSs, our results raise some concerns about ETSs' role. • Members of emission trading schemes (ETSs) emit more carbon, sulphur and volatile organic compounds than non-participants. • Firms that select to exit ETSs continue to pollute at the same rate in the years following their exit. • Companies that enter ETSs for the first time increase their pollution in the years after entry. • In general, the findings raise some questions as regards ETSs in its current form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is the most frequently used technique among efficiency measurement methods, with more and more models being derived from it. Among its various models, the Dynamic slacks-based measure (SBM) model proposed by Tone and Tsutsui evaluates efficiency in a continuous period and takes into consideration the effect of carry-over activities. This study uses this model to evaluate the efficiency of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) member economies over 18 consecutive years with findings that show: over the 18-year research period, their average efficiency in 2008 is the best; in terms of geographic areas, the Oceania member economies have the best efficiency; and in terms of the improvement direction of energy savings and carbon reduction, most member economies should set up policies targeting energy consumption savings.

• Environmental policies detain interannual national CO 2 emission growth in East Asia. • Regional CO 2 emission decrease of 2011–2015 is driven by 12th Five Year Plan of China. • Without policies, fossil fuel CO 2 emissions would be doubled by 2030 in East Asia. • If all policies are enacted, NDC goals are anyhow not satisfied by 2030 in East Asia. Although most countries have submitted their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC), there is a lack of understanding what policies are effective in terms of carbon emission reduction under the announced pledges. We use East Asia as a case study to estimate the importance of national environmental policies in terms of reduction in fossil fuel carbon emissions (FFCO 2). We show that the flagship policies of China, Japan, South Korea and Mongolia in the 2010s were generally beneficial in terms of slowing down FFCO 2 growth rates. When flagship polices were enacted, annual FFCO 2 growth rate has either slowed down by 1% (South Korea), 5% (Mongolia), 8% (China) or even resulted in a decline (Japan) comparing to prior periods. We find that the 12th Five-Year Plan (12th FYP) of China had the strongest footprint in FFCO 2 emission dynamics across East Asia in 2010s. The recent slowest rate of FFCO 2 growth across East Asia (2011–2015) temporally corresponds to the 12th FYP. This regional pattern of FFCO 2 dynamics is driven by decrements in annual growth of FFCO 2 , coal use and cement production of China (all ˜8% per yer decrease) during the 12th FYP. Using compound periodical growth of FFCO 2 emissions, we provide two baseline projections of emission distribution in East Asia, by assuming that all policies are enacted (policy-on) or not (policy-off) in the future. The projections show that policies were beneficial since policy-on scenario results in 24%, 80%, 166% less FFCO 2 emissions than in policy-off scenario in East Asia by 2020, 2025 and 2030 respectively. This progress is yet insufficient for reaching NDC goals by 2030. Even in policy-on scenario in 2030, East Asian countries would either experience insufficient decline of FFCO 2 like Japan (-13% of FFCO 2 comparing to pledged -17%) or increase of FFCO 2 like South Korea (11%) and Mongolia (4%) comparing to 2010 level. For China, due to lack of economy-independent goals, we were unable to assess NDC target compliance. We demonstrate that China will remain as the major FFCO 2 emitter of EA in near future in any projection. For China, the highest emission cluster will remain at the Eastern Provinces with the strongest power generation demand. These provinces would be responsible for 43% and 52% of FFCO 2 emissions in East Asia in policy-off and policy-on scenarios. We concluded that the current efforts of national flagship environmental policies are beneficial but not sufficient for reaching ambitious carbon reduction goals like Paris Agreement. This study once again underlined the necessity in the supranational framework that may control the carbon abatement goals in East Asia. Without the supranational framework, achievements in carbon emission reductions are strongly hindered by the socioeconomic environment and the regional (or sectoral) emphasis of carbon reduction activities within a national economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) will face challenges in the coming decades including reducing energy consumption and decreasing carbon emissions. These challenges can be addressed by combining electrochemical, biological, and bio-electrochemical technologies within existing WWTPs. The results from this review indicate that electrochemical technology is an effective advanced treatment method for WWTPs. However, electrochemical technology is not yet economically suitable as a stand-alone unit for treating wastewater because it consumes energy in the operation process. Electricity generation from biological and bio-electrochemical technologies can provide the power supply needed for WWTP electrochemical processes while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. WWTPs coupled with electrochemical, biological, and bio-electrochemical technologies can increase electricity recovery in WWTPs, impart energy self-sufficiency to the WWTPs, and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. Highlights • Electrochemical technology is promising for municipal wastewater treatment. • The possibility for energy self-sufficiency & carbon abatement in WWTP is discussed. • Coupling WWTPs with biological, electrochemical technologies and BETs could increase electricity recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Measuring carbon abatement in China's commercial buildings (CACCB) has been recognized as a path to evaluate the energy conservation work (ECW) in China's commercial building sector. This study first presents a bottom-up model for measuring the CACCB values based on decomposing the extended Kaya identity via the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method. The results indicate that (1) mainly three types of drivers (f , d , and K) contributed negatively to the carbon intensity of commercial buildings from 2000 to 2015, and the comprehensive effects were quantified as the intensity values of CACCB. The CACCB values in the three Five-Year Plan periods were 383.41 (2001–2005), 591.09 (2006–2010), and 621.54 MtCO 2 (2011–2015). (2) A comparative analysis of the contribution rate elasticity of the drivers assessed by the LMDI method and ridge regression effectively examined the robustness of the CACCB measurement model. Meanwhile, the performance of the measurement model was also evaluated. (3) More significant CACCB effects observed in recent years can be attributed to significant improvements made in ECW. To sum up, we believe that our approach covers the research gap of CACCB measurement, and our efforts constitute significant guidance for developing future ECW in China's commercial building sector. Graphical abstract Image Highlights • Carbon abatement in China's commercial buildings (CACCB) in 2001–2015: 1596.04 MtCO 2. • Developed a bottom-up measurement model for CACCB based on the Kaya-LMDI methods. • Proposed a robustness analysis for the measurement model based on the ridge regression. • Conducted a decadal overview for energy conservation work in the commercial building sector. • A pathway to achieving more significant carbon abatement was discussed and proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Generalized Divisia index method assessed the operational decarbonization in commercial building. • Operational carbon of commercial buildings increased 0.9%/yr in 16 economies in 2000–2019. • Commercial building operations decarbonized 4.5 MtCO 2 /yr in each economy averagely. • Most countries had a decarbonization efficiency of less than 10% in commercial buildings. • Electrification with the corresponding decarbonization is essential for building carbon neutrality. To lead the low-carbon transition in global buildings, this study is the first to use the generalized Divisia index method (GDIM) to identify the factors driving carbon emissions and assess the decarbonization performance in commercial building operations (CBOs) of sixteen countries during 2000–2019. Results show that (1) while the global carbon emissions from CBOs have increased at a modest rate of 0.9%/yr, this trend runs counter to the declining emissions in the U.S. (-1.1%/yr) and the significant growth in China (14.4%/yr), which can be attributed to the impact of economy-related factors. (2) The U.S. and China, as the largest emitters, contributed 66.8% of the samples' decarbonization of CBOs (919.1 million tons of carbon dioxide). (3) Most countries' CBOs had a decarbonization efficiency level of less than 10%, except for Spain (27.8%). Spain excelled in both areas of per capita and per floor area with an average efficiency of nearly 30%. Moreover, ridge regression successfully confirms the stability of GDIM results and it should be noted GDIM has limitations in characterizing the end-use activity. Overall, this study tracks the historical decarbonization of global CBOs and offers benchmarks for different emitters to forecast the dynamic of building emissions along with economic booms. Graphical abstract. (a) Total carbon abatement and its abatement efficiency in commercial building operations (CBOs), (b) annual carbon abatement of CBOs in China and the U.S., and (c) average carbon abatement per floor area of CBOs from 2001 to 2019. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although national commitments to the Paris Climate Accord have waned, carbon mitigation by sub-national entities is on the rise globally. We examine the effectiveness of sub-national jurisdictions (e.g., states, provinces, cities) in collectively enacting greenhouse gas abatement strategies. We develop a simple model to explore the conditions under which an agreement among sub-national jurisdictions within a country may lead to substantial carbon abatement relative to a national policy determined through majority rule. We find that, in the absence of a functional national policy response, a coordinated sub-national agreement can generate meaningful abatement. This could form an important stopgap measure in the absence of better alternatives.

In 2010, the world’s buildings accounted for approximately 19% of all greenhouse gas emissions. These emissions stem from both the construction and operation of buildings. In recent years the carbon efficiency of energy sources and energy efficiency of new buildings has been improved in Sweden. Therefore, embodied emissions accounts for an increasing share of the life cycle emissions of new buildings. This study aims to asses the cost effectiveness in abatement of embodied emissions. This was done by assessing the embodied emissions of a case building and several conventional design measures along with the implication on production cost. It was found that many of the measures enabled cost effective carbon abatement. Embodied emissions could be reduced by 15% using cost neutral or nearly cost neutral measures. Abatements up to 18% were found cost effective in relation to abatement of carbon dioxide emissions in other sectors. Abatements up to 24% were possible with minor increases in total production cost (0.22%) even though some of the individual measures were found expensive in relation to abatement of carbon dioxide emissions in other sectors. Some measures entailed increased floor area that could potentially lead to economic gain where exterior area is a limiting factor. Acoustic requirements were found to be a limiting factor in abatement of embodied emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A linear public good experiment adopted from Holt and Laury [1997. Classroom games: Voluntary provision of a public good. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(4), 209–215.] has been employed to investigate strategic behaviour in pollution abatement among African climate decision-makers. The experiment consisted of three groups, of which groups 2 and 3 received one and two treatments, respectively. The first treatment entailed publicly disclosing the pollution of each member of a group by placing a corresponding colour-coded card in front of each subject, while the second involved the withdrawal of the public disclosure. Group 2 received the first treatment; Group 3 received both the first and second treatments in succession. We found that the untreated group (baseline) polluted more than the two treated groups, and there was no statistically significant difference between the pollution abatement of the two treated groups. These results suggest that public disclosure potentially drives pollution abatement and that its eventual withdrawal does not obliterate abatement behaviour. We did not observe conditional cooperation but average pollution declined over time. Furthermore, individuals who thought it was unfair for Africa to reduce emissions polluted more. We also found that pollution levels differ significantly between males and females. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is the most frequently used technique among efficiency measurement methods, with more and more models being derived from it. Among its various models, the Dynamic slacks-based measure (SBM) model proposed by Tone and Tsutsui evaluates efficiency in a continuous period and takes into consideration the effect of carry-over activities. This study uses this model to evaluate the efficiency of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) member economies over 18 consecutive years with findings that show: over the 18-year research period, their average efficiency in 2008 is the best; in terms of geographic areas, the Oceania member economies have the best efficiency; and in terms of the improvement direction of energy savings and carbon reduction, most member economies should set up policies targeting energy consumption savings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Increasing carbon emissions from large-scale human activities have contributed to global climate change, which has resulted in an increase in significant human crises. Therefore, as carbon abatement is a public good, coping with climate change is also a public-good; however, it suffers from many free-rider incentives, leading to a tragedy of the commons. Overcoming this challenge from a systemic perspective, requires that all sectors such as industry, government, and citizens on global, national, and regional levels engage in low-carbon development and the implementation of fair and efficient climate policies. Through a theoretical exploration of carbon abatement and a systemic description of low-carbon systems, this paper developed a cybernetic framework for coping with climate change, which consists of a cloud platform for data analysis, meta-synthetic engineering for decision support, a polycentric approach to extensive consultation and various functional goal achievement modules. On this basis, by combining the 'invisible hand' and 'visible hand' and by integrating negotiation at the global level, cooperation at the national level and knowledge at the local level, a multilevel policymaking model is proposed to address complex climate change problems. This cybernetic paradigm based innovative approach could provide valuable illumination to stakeholders seeking to cope with climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]