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• The estimates improve as more information is used to estimate MRIO accounts. • The error inherent to MRIO estimation is markedly similar across approaches. • Prior knowledge of regional tables (HYBRID method) improves the performance. • Model accuracy would benefit if statistical offices could produce regional tables. A basic underlying assumption in most of the research to date is that intermediate industry accounts of the economies in multiregional input-output (MRIO) tables exist and are accurate. In fact, if they exist at the subnational level, such accounts are, at best, roughly estimated and predicated on far less empirical information than is available for economies of nations. Moreover, intra-economy intermediate-industry flows are typically larger than the set of a region's commodity in- and out-flows. So, if intermediate industry flows in a set of MRIO accounts are noticeably mis-estimated, it follows that interregional trade coincidentally derived using them must be even more conspicuously in error. We hypothesize as more information is used to estimate MRIO accounts, the better the estimates should be. We start our experiment by consolidating 2019 FIGARO accounts of the 27 member states of the European Union, while maintaining sectoral detail, to produce a "national account". We then test several approaches to constructing MRIO tables. The approaches distribute interregional trade fully by receiving industry, as in FIGARO, as well as strictly in the form of a diagonalized matrix as if the commodity inflows are competitive imports. To do this, both a gravity model and RAS are applied to each approach. We then test to see how well the approaches estimate main features of FIGARO's MRIO accounts and detail a rather consistent ranking of the relative accuracy of them. We also find that the level of error inherent to the estimated MRIOs is markedly similar across approaches, particularly for multipliers. Further, relaxing interregional trade to a diagonalized matrix tends to add very little error. The approach that uses the least data is, however, markedly worse in replicating countries' direct requirements matrices and Leontief inverses, which suggests its use in a more-limited set of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper moves across the ecological assemblages of the Periyar basin in Kerala. It argues that the connectivities and unintentional designs that emerge bespeak the Anthropocene in its regional and political peculiarities. The river has never been a conduit of water alone. The narrative builds broadly on ecological relations entrenched in history, most visibly as hydrological regimes. Such regimes are significant because of the riparian densities that articulate the geo‐morphology. The different entanglements in ecology, as well as the successive productions of natures, gain significance as 'recognitions' during rupture events like the large floods. In contemporary contexts, the versatile flows of capital dissolve markers and boundaries and reconfigure regions in terms of capital. Vikasanam or new urban reforms, apart from political policies, are also ecological designs that normalise exceptions, otherwise reserved for special economic zones. The frictions with new materiality, post dam floods and hydrological controls, during developmental and neoliberal post developmental phases, become moments of recognition, making and unmaking sense of place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a monetary perspective on capital flows and the Eurozone's north-south divide. It argues that finance-centric narratives in comparative political economy rightly emphasize financial instability in the periphery, but that the role of capital flows therein requires clarification. The article draws on post-Keynesian monetary theory, coherent accounting, and balance-of-payments data to make three points. First, the focus on the financial account as a driver of current accounts should be abandoned in favor of an analysis of gross capital flows. Gross flows need not stem from excess savings in core countries and can be independent from trade flows. Second, explanations of financial instability in the periphery should go beyond bank flows and consider speculative portfolio flows into bond markets and foreign direct investment into real estate. Third, rising spreads in the periphery during the Eurozone crisis and the outbreak of the pandemic were not triggered by balance-of-payments problems but by a reversal of speculative bond flows. Comparative political economy should thus dedicate more attention to institutions that render peripheral countries susceptible to speculative flows into asset markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite some progress in reducing income inequality between countries over the last two decades, there is evidence that income inequality is on the rise within nations. This article uses panel data compiled from multiple sources and a growth curve modeling approach to examine the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and within-nation income inequality across two samples: one comprising 2,095 country-year observations nested in 141 countries from 1991 to 2018 to explore the broader FDI-income inequality relationship, and a second, more focused sample of 405 country-year observations nested in 61 countries from 2000 to 2018, designed to analyze effects of the sectoral distribution of FDI. The analyses find that the relationship between FDI and income inequality is positive and linear for non-OECD economies but follows an inverted U-shaped path for developed countries. Moreover, in this article, I have developed and introduced two new indices, the FDI Pluralism Index and FDI Sectoral Gini Coefficient, to measure the distribution of FDI among the sectors of the host economy. Results show that a concentration of FDI in one sector aggravates income inequality since foreign capital tends to flow into the most profitable industries, creating uneven growth between sectors and increasing between-sector income inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With developments in global economic integration and the increase in future economic uncertainty, it is imperative to have the ability to predict future capital in relation to financial capital inflow and outflow predictions to ensure capital optimization is within a controllable range within the current macroeconomic environment and situation. This paper proposes an automated capital prediction strategy for the capital supply chain using time series analysis artificial intelligence methods. Firstly, to analyze the fluctuation and tail risk of the financial characteristics, the paper explores the financial characteristics for measuring the dynamic VaR from the perspectives of volatility, tail, and peak with the Bayesian peaks over threshold (POT) model. Following this, in order to make the modeling more refined, the forecast targets are split before modeling with seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models and Prophet models. Finally, the time series modeling of the wavelet Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model is carried out using a two-part analysis method to determine the linear separated wavelet and non-linear embedded wavelet parts to predict strong volatility in financial capital. Taking the user capital flow of the Yu'e Bao platform, the results prove the feasibility and prediction accuracy of the innovative model proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interest rate is viewed in this note as a monetary phenomenon, subject to a wide range of policy objectives and constraints, which contributes to determine activity levels principally through its effects on income distribution. The impact of interest-rate policy on inflation is also analysed, both in the light of the fact that the rate of interest constitutes a component of normal production costs and of the repercussions of its changes on employment. The note finally discusses the implications of the arguments put forward for the status of the central bank and capital control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper builds an open country theoretical model to analyse the spillover impact of the US monetary policy tightening shock on China's economy. GVAR empirical model is employed combined with 22 countries and obtain three main results. First, the US monetary tightening shock causes the rise of the international risk index and the bilateral real exchange rate (the appreciation of the US dollar and the depreciation of the RMB). Second, both China's current account and China's capital outflow show the increased trends combined with the weighted role of foreign economies. Third, as the negative effect of China's capital outflow is higher than the positive effect of China's current account, China's real output declines caused by the US monetary tightening shock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider an investor, whose capital is divided into an industrial investment x t and cash y t , and satisfy a nonlinear deterministic dynamical system. The investor fixes fractions of capital to be invested, withdrawn, and consumed, and also the production factor parameter. The government fixes a subsidy fraction for industrial investments and a tax fraction for the capital outflow. We study a Stackelberg game, corresponding to the asymptotically stable equilibrium (x ∗ , y ∗) of the mentioned dynamical system. In this game, the government (the leader) uses subsidies to make incentives for the investor (the follower) to maintain the desired level of x ∗ , and uses taxes to achieve this with the minimal cost. The investor's aim is to maximize the difference between the consumption and the price of the production factor at equilibrium. We present an explicit analytical solution of the specified Stackelberg game. Based on this solution, we introduce the notion of a fair industrial investment level, which is costless for the government, and show that it can produce realistic results using a case study of water production in Lahore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This specific research initiative aims to intricately examine the intricate dynamics connecting terrorism, corruption, and capital flight within the context of South Asian economies, encompassing countries including Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The principal objectives of this study entail a comprehensive investigation into the synergistic impacts of terrorism and corruption on the prevalence of capital flight. To realize these objectives, the study employs longitudinal data from 1990 to 2019, adopting the portfolio choice framework as its theoretical underpinning. In terms of methodology, the empirical inquiry uses the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation technique. The empirical findings derived from this analysis distinctly establish a statistically noteworthy and positive correlation between terrorism, corruption, and the occurrence of capital flight across multiple South Asian nations. In light of these discerning outcomes, it is strongly recommended that the governments of South Asian countries prioritize and actively pursue the fortification of their institutional governance mechanisms. This strategic approach is deemed crucial in efficaciously counteracting the escalation of capital flight. Specifically, a targeted focus on augmenting institutional governance practices, fostering transparency, fortifying anti-corruption measures, and intensifying counterterrorism efforts could collectively contribute to reducing capital flight tendencies. By undertaking these recommendations, South Asian governments can foster an environment of enhanced economic stability, attractiveness for investment, and sustainable growth, thereby deterring the adverse impact of capital flight while concurrently combatting the underlying challenges posed by terrorism and corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research background: International capital flows show decreasing trend after each financial crisis as countries become unwilling to invest in risky counterparties. Recent discussions over structural changes within the global financial network suggest that its structure may be still undergoing some changes. Uncovered weaknesses of over-connectedness with unstable unally countries during global financial crisis were further highlighted by recent Covid-19 pandemic. However, previous research suggest that important structural changes happened after global financial crisis. Thus, such situation raises a question whether post global financial crisis multiplex network structure is long-term and is it exhibiting re-globalization pattern as suggested by re-globalization megatrend. Purpose of the article: The main objective of the paper is to assess post global financial crisis multiplex financial network structure longevity and to identify whether it exhibits reglobalization pattern. Methods: Multiplex financial network mapping, network topological analysis and structure longevity methods were employed to evaluate network connectedness, topological structural properties of multiplex financial network and its' structure longevity. 5-layer multiplex financial network was mapped for different types of capital flows for each layer: net direct and portfolio investments in debt, equity and net banking assets for each year in the post global financial crisis period 2009-2020. Each network layer employed bilateral data from up to 234 countries of the world. Next step of research employed a set of network-level measures defining topological features of each network in the period of 2009-2020 in order to capture the trend of structural changes and evidence of re-globalization. The final stage analyzes multiplex financial network structure by layer and country longevity. Findings & value added: Analysis reveals that stock (positions) multiplex financial network aggregate connectedness, i.e., density and value, increased during post-global financial crisis period until Covid-19 pandemic period, thus, suggesting that globalization in terms of stock is continuing. Topological structural properties of multiplex financial network changed as number of strongly and weakly connected countries decreased and more countries became included in network. Longevity analysis of layer and country structure within multiplex financial network reveal that banking and debt investments are increasing since 2018, while equity part is decreasing. Developed countries, i.e., the United Kingdom and Germany, decrease in multiplex financial network structure, while developing, especially from Asia region (i.e., Hong Kong SAR, China and Singapore) increase. Such empirical results support the re-globalization megatrend in terms of investment type and counterparty structure as highlighted by most recent scientific discussion showing that it started early after global financial crisis. Research also uncovers some regional trends of Asia region increasing in investment network structure, while Europe decreasing. As developing countries attract more and more investment and further develop, global cost saving and, thus, returns from global investment into these countries may be decreasing, resulting in lower gain from globalization. Our analysis may facilitate investment strategy decisions by suggesting that even though gains from globalization might be decreasing, instead of localization, countries could follow ally investment strategy to manage the risk of over-dependency from unstable counterparty while preserving globalization wealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the relationship and hence impact of foreign capital outflows on stock market performance in Nigeria for the period 1986 to 2021. Specifically, we examined how foreign direct investments outflow (FDIO), foreign portfolio investments outflow (FPIO), foreign remittances outflow (FRO), official development assistance outflow (ODAO), interest rate (INTR) and inflation rate (INFR) affected stock market performances (STMP) in Nigeria. The study employed the autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) for the analysis of data. The Augmented Dickey fuller (ADF) Unit root tests were used to ascertain the series properties of the variables while the Correlation analysis was conducted to ascertain the degree of relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The results showed that, foreign direct investments outflow (FDIO) and other development assistance outflow (ODAO) have significant negative relationship with stock market performance in Nigeria while foreign portfolio investments outflow (FPIO) and interest rate (INTR) has a weak positive relationship with stock market performance in Nigeria. However, inflation rate (INFR) does not have any significant impact on stock market performance in Nigeria. The study therefore recommends that there is need to improve the investment climate in Nigeria because, one of the major factors that promotes foreign capital outflow is the risky investment climate. This can be done by formulating deliberate investment policies to strengthen the productivity of the monetary system especially the financial market which main goal is to move funds from the surplus unit of the economy to its deficit unit. Also, policies that will discourage capital outflow in the form of remittances outflow, such as capping the repatriation of a proportion of domestic earnings to reduce financial constraints, strengthen investment domestically as well as increase tax revenue, should be vigorously pursued by policy makers and the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) mobilizes Chinese construction and investment in developing countries. Ethiopia is Africa's "model" BRI country, due to China's elaborate infrastructure financing and building and its many manufacturing enterprises. Based on field and documentary research, we examine the BRI's meaning, as understood from the perspective of Ethiopia, in comparison to many China-oriented studies. We find that it is an informal Chinese state promise that even when capital flows from China to non-BRI states are curbed, flows to BRI states will be encouraged, and that Ethiopia exercises agency in leveraging the BRI for its development agenda. Using a comprehensive data set, we show that Chinese investment has become even more important in Ethiopia with the BRI and that neither COVID-19 nor Ethiopia's civil war has reversed that trend. We also discuss local criticisms of Chinese activities, which challenge the wholly positive view of the BRI, but do not affirm the US-generated negative narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a highly granular database of nearly 500 capital flow management measures (CFMs) that cover 14 instruments and 49 countries at monthly frequency between 2008 and 2021. It sheds light on the incidence of CFMs along previously unexplored dimensions such as the nature of instruments used, and the asset class and direction of capital flows to which they were targeted. The paper also presents new indices of capital account policies to characterize the usage, stance and intensity of CFM policies. In comparison with existing indices of capital controls, we find that our data reveal significant intra-year changes in CFMs even when other indices exhibit stability over long periods. We find that a "stock-taking" version of our data generates similar assessments about episodic versus long-standing controls as some other indices, suggesting that existing indices may be capturing low-frequency characteristics of capital account policies. Mahir Binici is a senior economist in the European Department of the IMF. Previously, he worked in the Strategy, Policy, and Review Department, where he focused on external policy issues, including those related to India. Prior to joining the IMF, he held positions as an economist at the Central Bank of Turkey and the European Central Bank. Mitali Das is an Advisor in the Fiscal Affairs Department of the IMF. Previously, she was Co-Chair of the IMF flagship publication, External Sector Report, led the analytical work on unemployment dynamics and labor shares for the World Economic Outlook, served on the IMF missions to China, Japan, and Nauru, and in the Office of the Chief Economist. Prior to the IMF, Ms. Das held academic appointments at Columbia University, Harvard University, Dartmouth College, and the University of California Davis. Evgenia Pugacheva is a research officer in the Research Department of the IMF, where she works on the World Economic Outlook report. Her research focuses on the macroeconomic implications of climate change, international trade, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Prior to joining the IMF, she worked at the World Bank on the World Development Report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wealth chain is a conceptualisation of extended flows of capital operating across multiple tax jurisdictions in order to extract maximum value from investment locations. To date, such chains have largely been considered in relation to either international tax-avoiding flows of capital to offshore havens or in relation to prime property markets in major metropoles. In this article, we use new data to explain the geographical variations in asset strategies and investment types associated with different types of wealth chain in a historically deprived city region. The data relate to the purchase of real estate in the Liverpool and Merseyside Area (LMA) of the UK by companies from offshore jurisdictions. We use data to empirically model the wealth-chain concept. We compare the results from our empirically derived model with the key theoretical propositions regarding such chains. Our results confirm the actions of identifiable types of wealth chain. By geographical distribution, the specific asset strategy that dominates suggests that wealth-chain offshore investors in Liverpool's real estate are primarily motivated by their desire to protect their identities and their assets. In the literature on the subject, these are much sought after attributes of money launderers and others involved in illicit wealth accumulation. In money terms, the dominant asset strategy is situated in a much smaller geographical space in and around the city centre. In the literature, this type of wealth chain is associated with the multinational corporations who are, theoretically, the main source of innovation in wealth-chain operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research on inter‐regional capital flows commonly applied the proxy simulation method based on the location of financial firms in static snapshots, and took cities' centrality as the research object when discussing network influencing factors. It remains unclear how inter‐regional capital flow networks are present actually and how city‐dyad linkages are shaped. Based on real investment connections between listed firms and their investees in Yangtze River Delta (YRD) from 2005 to 2019, this study provides fresh insights into the spatial pattern and influencing factors of intercity capital flows from the perspective of dynamic urban bilateral relations. Results indicate that the network in the YRD is in the transition stage of provincial integration and cross‐border integration. The central and western regions of the YRD are the current network "depression districts", with cities in Anhui forming an independent network. The physical spatial scale of the origin city was the most robust facilitator of capital outflow, but it is not evident that obvious node attributes can match the destination city. Cultural proximity and functional proximity effectively promoted the shape of investment connections, but they also reflected the lack of long‐distance intercity links and cross‐border links. The establishment of metropolitan areas with overlapping members and the joint construction of industrial circles, living circles and transportation circles within metropolitan areas are effective ways to facilitate intercity capital flows in YRD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Deleuze/Guattari text Anti-Oedipus burst onto the intellectual scene in 1972 as a radical new means to reconceptualise capitalism and its effects. At the heart of Anti-Oedipus and its analysis of capitalism is the concept of deterritorialization, and how it evacuates identities, culture, values, and, indeed, coherent thought itself, and it makes them susceptible to the equations and dynamics of capital flows. Anti-Oedipus presents the mechanisms with respect to how deterritorialization interacts with and to an extent liberates desire as 'desiring-machines'. This philosophy of education paper applies the workings of deterritorialization and desire from Anti-Oedipus to the dynamics of contemporary climate change education and the Anthropocene. As such, it posits this dynamic as being critical to present day approaches to the philosophy of education that wish to engage with capitalism and its effects, and at the same time positively enter the climate change debate. This paper suggests that understanding the matrix of deterritorialization, desire, climate change and learning, is perhaps the most important work that can be performed in the philosophy of education today and with respect to the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although economic nationalist governments in East Central Europe (ECE) have strongly challenged FDI-dependence, FDI-led growth has remained stable across the region. The political economy literature explains this puzzle with enduring business-state elite interactions and the disciplining role of the EU. Instead, we show that the EU's regional investment aid rules, which provide central governments in relatively backward member states with considerable policy space, serve as the main policy tool for reinforcing FDI-dependence. Using a unique dataset on regional investment aid granted between 2004 and 2022 in the Visegrád countries (V4), we show that each government, regardless of its ideological background, granted the vast majority of this type of aid to foreign firms. In addition, contrary to their political rhetoric, economic nationalist governments in Hungary and Poland outperformed their non-nationalist counterparts in granting aid to foreign firms. This suggests an instrumental use of this transnationally rooted policy opportunity: as their European political isolation grew, economic nationalists increasingly resorted to the promotion of foreign firms because the continued inflow of foreign capital has a legitimising effect both at home and abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this introduction, we highlight the developments and transformations that have been put forward and situate our examination of Queer Asias within that context. We then turn to the contributions in this special issue, which collectively examine the intricate and imbricated flows of capital, power, intimacy, citizenship, sexual politics, and categories of gender and sexual (self-)identification in and across Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, Hong Kong, the Philippines, and the United States. The articles in this special issue take up the following questions through an exploration of local genealogies of sexual practices, intimacies, and meanings in people's everyday lives: What forms of categories, politics, and activism have gender and sexually diverse peoples across East and Southeast Asia embraced, constructed, and challenged in the 2010s through the early 2020s? What new theories have scholars developed and to what end? Whose politics are now being advocated and how might their activism contest older strategies and discourses? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This theoretical study delves into the dynamics of housing submarkets with the framework of Marxian land rents. It examines the relationship between residential spaces and the reproduction of labour power in terms of commuting and the differentiated quality of reproduction by submarket. This study shows that the differentiation process of venturing to create distinct spaces for surplus profit and the emulation process of copycatting spaces of higher rents consequently form multiple housing submarkets, each characterised by different land rents of monopoly, intra‐differential rent (intra‐DR) and inter‐differential rent (inter‐DR). The coexistence of these multiple layers of land rents, in turn, becomes a driving force propelling dynamic capital movements that seek to exploit rent gaps between the layers. To illustrate these concepts, the study reviews the case of high‐rise mixed‐use residential developments in Seoul, highlighting the dual dynamic processes through which land rents are pursued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Misallocation of factors of production has been recently viewed as a promising explanation accounting for the large difference in total factor productivity (TFP) across countries. This article differs from previous studies by concentrating on interregional capital misallocation and by focusing on the role of fiscal decentralization in shaping misallocation. Using a city level panel data set, we measure intra-provincial and inter-city capital misallocation in China over 2003–2018. The empirical results based on provincial level panel data suggest that fiscal decentralization can lower inter-city capital misallocation while revenue decentralization performs better than expenditure decentralization. We further find that this positive effect is more significant and much larger when it is the market rather than government intervention that is driving the flow of capital. The results are robust to subsample regressions, IV estimations, spatial autoregressions and alternative measurement of interregional misallocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firm's inter-regional investments are crucial carriers of capital flows between cities, transforming information resources into innovation capabilities. Based on the listed companies' inter-regional investments data and patent data in China during 2009-2018, the mechanism of the inter-regional investments in technological catch-up and the heterogeneity in different samples have been investigated via the two-stage least squares regression. The results show that: (a) Inter-regional investments enhance the innovation capability, narrow the technological distance, and play a more significant role than foreign capital; (b) Technological catch-up is achieved through independent innovation, the transmission mechanism of imitative innovation does not hold; (c) When there is no market segmentation, the role of inter-regional investments on technological catch-up is realised entirely through independent innovation. Segmentation hinders the technological catch-up process; (d) The partial mediating effect of the manufacturing industry on technological catch-up holds, while in non-manufacturing industries, it is not significant. Inter-regional investments are important for the improvement of local innovation capacity and for China's catching up with the world's technological frontiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article assesses trans-scalar drivers of Belt and Road initiative's (BRI) activities in the Middle East. It engages critically with the concepts of territorial and capitalist logics of power based on the contender state-society complex's concept. The imprints of China's contender state are identifiable in its peculiar mode of mediation of transnational capital both in terms of the state ownership-leadership of BRI projects' and of their effective and potential outcomes. While BRI fixes over-accumulated capital through valorisation in external geographies, it is modulated to respond to a set of multi-scalar political and economic imperatives. Studied activities in the Middle East contribute to China's energy security in terms of direct access to oil, trade routes, and oil invoicing practices. Transports and logistics investments strategically integrate the mainland's underdeveloped regions as central nodes in the BRI's transnational capital flows to dynamise their economies and ensure political stability. Beijing seems to be conducting a territorially embedded strategy to restructure the international monetary system through new oil-related financial and monetary arrangements with Middle East producers. Geopolitically, BRI reduces dependence on US-dominated global connectivity networks, thus increasing Beijing political autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River ecosystem function depends on flow regimes that are increasingly modified by changes in climate, land use, water extraction, and flow regulation. Given the wide range of variation in flow regime modifications and autotrophic communities in rivers, it has been challenging to predict which rivers will be more resilient to flow disturbances. To better understand how river productivity is disturbed by and recovers from high-flow disturbance events, we used a continental-scale dataset of daily gross primary production time series from 143 rivers to estimate growth of autotrophic biomass and ecologically relevant flow disturbance thresholds using a modified population model. We compared biomass recovery rates across hydroclimatic gradients and catchment characteristics to evaluate macroscale controls on ecosystem recovery. Estimated biomass accrual (i.e., recovery) was fastest in wider rivers with less regulated flow regimes and more frequent instances of biomass removal during high flows. Although disturbance flow thresholds routinely fell below the estimated bankfull flood (i.e., the 2-y flood), a direct comparison of disturbance flows estimated by our biomass model and a geomorphic model revealed that biomass disturbance thresholds were usually greater than bed disturbance thresholds. We suggest that primary producers in rivers vary widely in their capacity to recover following flow disturbances, and multiple, interacting macroscale factors control productivity recovery rates, although river width had the strongest overall effect. Biomass disturbance flow thresholds varied as a function of geomorphology, highlighting the need for data such as bed slope and grain size to predict how river ecosystems will respond to changing flow regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an imbalance in the development of artificial intelligence between industries. Compared to non-AI enterprise, AI- enterprise will save labor, enhance innovation capabilities, and improve production efficiency. By constructing a two-industry model of AI and non-AI enterprise, this paper finds that with the development of artificial intelligence in the same industry, the AI enterprise will occupy a dominant position, attracting labor and capital from the non-AI enterprise into the AI enterprise. In different industries, the development of artificial intelligence improves the production efficiency of the enterprise. However, due to the price effect, non-AI enterprise benefits more. Labor and capital flow from AI enterprise to non-AI enterprise. In order to promote the improvement of production efficiency in the whole society, the government can tax non-AI enterprise and subsidize them to AI enterprise. Taxation promotes the degree of automation and the improvement of production efficiency, but it has only a short-term effect on the development of AI. At the same time, taxation inhibits the development of non-AI enterprise, and there is a high risk of unemployment. When both industries use artificial intelligence for production, the labor share and the capital share of the two industries will tend to the same value. The convergence of technology measures is conducive to increasing labor income share and reducing income inequality, but it is not conducive to innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the continuous development of the capital market and intelligent internet of things (IIoTs) technologies, investors have focused more on IIoTs enterprises' stocks. Since the stocks of IIoTs enterprises have the characteristics of heavy capital flows and high stock price volatility, the effective prediction of IIoTs stock price changes plays an extremely important role in improving investment returns and controlling investment risks. According to the above characteristics, our model takes stock trend fluctuations and time series indicator changes into consideration and comprehensively captures IIoTs stock information from both the temporal domain and the spatial domain. Specifically, the proposed model is a dual-view model that incorporates selected trading indicators to predict the closing prices of stocks. In the first view, an RNN model is designed to enlarge the receptive field of the model. In the second view, we introduce an attention mechanism to extract the influences of individual stock trends on the forecasting target. To verify the validity of this prediction method, we compare it with six other stock prediction methods. The results show that on the Ping An (601318) and IFLYTEK (002230) datasets, our method achieves the best results, that is, the lowest RMSE values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document is an editorial from the journal "Rethinking Marxism." It introduces the first issue of volume 36 and announces new members of the editorial board. The issue features several articles, including one that rethinks Marx's theory of primitive accumulation in relation to colonialism, another that critiques neoclassical cost-benefit analysis, and one that explores the social code of value in commodities. The editorial also reviews a book on the structure of the Turkish economy and discusses the passing of Italian Marxist philosopher Antonio Negri. The journal aims to engage with diverse perspectives and challenge traditional Marxist theories. [Extracted from the article]

This essay presents a critical analysis of Özgür Orhangazi's Türkiye ekonomisinin yapısı (The structure of the Turkish economy). The book examines the last four decades of the Turkish economy, accounting for its place in the global capitalist system and focusing on the radical effects of the liberalization of capital mobility in 1989. Moreover, the book describes the growth model of the Turkish economy over the last two decades, consisting of three components: high dependency on foreign capital inflow, debt accumulation, and construction-oriented growth. This review finds that the book lacks in its examination of the internal dynamics of capitalism in Turkey, especially concerning the evolution of the two branches of the Turkish bourgeoisie: construction capital, which is the extension of commercial capital; and industrial capital, which has made its mark on the history of capitalism in Turkey. Class struggle inside the bourgeoisie has in fact shaped the last century of economic and political history in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study is to evaluate the main determinants of the Colombian gross portfolio inflows and outflows from non-resident and resident investors and to study the role of the interest rate of the domestic monetary policy. The conceptual framework is the standard portfolio model augmented with variables that measure push and pull factors and macroeconomic surprises. The regression model is an autoregressive vector with exogenous variables or VAR-X and the information is of monthly frequency for the period 2011 to 2020. The main results indicate that the policy interest rate does not turn out to be a statistically significant determinant of gross portfolio flows from non-resident and resident investors with the statistics used and during the analyzed period. In addition, the estimates show important differences in the responses to other domestic and foreign macroeconomic shocks. Finally, there seems to be to some degree a substitution between portfolio capital outflows from non-residents and capital inflows from residents. This means that the movements of some investors cushion the exchange rate, balance of payments, and probably financial and macroeconomic effects of the others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author proposes an adjustment and analysis of the variability of the mathematical models of the dynamics of the global financial and economic system (FES) caused by financial flows of capital movements of decentralized currencies. These models are generated based on the matrix of cross-border movement of capital and are used to calculate the governing influences of regulators, aimed at optimizing the management of the global FES for anti-crisis protection. Computational problems related to the mathematical features and model correction are analyzed. Calculation of changes in the eigenvalues of the model matrices during capital flows of decentralized currencies are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the case of marriage migration into the debate on the intra-Asian circuit of capital flow, human mobilities and urban and regional development. While intra-Asian marriage migration lies at the intersection of governmental policy, increased capital flow and human mobilities, it has been absent from the discussion on capital flows within the global East. Employing ethnographic research methods, we explain how Vietnamese marriage migrants in South Korea and their Korean husbands restyled their remittances to invest in land and businesses in hometowns, the Mekong Delta area and big cities through transnational marriage networks. Explanations for what caused marriage migrants' position to evolve include a discussion of macro-politics of political and economic reforms in South Korea and Vietnam and the micro-politics of transnational networks. By demonstrating the roles of transnational marriage networks, this research contributes to the debates on migration-developmentmobility circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book "Capital Movements and Corporate Dominance over Latin America: Reduced Growth and Increased Instability" edited by Noemi Levy-Orlik, Jorge Alonso Bustamante-Torres, and Louis-Philippe Rochon explores the impact of multinational corporations (MNCs) and transnational banks (TNBs) on the economic performance of Latin American countries (LACs). The introductory chapter highlights four key areas where MNCs dominate capital flows in the region: low wages, low corporate taxes, privatization of social services, and the operation of exporting units by foreign enterprises. The book consists of 14 chapters divided into three parts, covering topics such as financial geography, the transmission mechanism of financial crises, foreign direct investment (FDI), non-financial corporations (NFCs), and global value chains (GVCs). The volume provides valuable insights for researchers and policymakers interested in understanding the relationship between capital movements, corporate dominance, and economic outcomes in Latin America. [Extracted from the article]

Multinational corporations operate across locations with different risk profiles. We examine how multinational corporations address the optimal allocation of capital across multiple locations and analyse the transition path to the intertemporal equilibrium. Our model considers returns, risks and adjustment costs to reflect the dynamics of allocating capital assets across locations over time, as well as the mix of assets across locations in equilibrium. Variational calculus is employed to show that the model confirms standard expectations that where a location's rates of return on assets increase, or adjustment costs decrease, equilibrium capital allocation and transitional capital flows to that location will increase. Symmetrically, rising (falling) risk increases (decreases) the proportion of the capital asset holdings of a location. The crucial insight is that for the transitional dynamics to intertemporal equilibrium, the optimal relative capital flow response to changes in risk can generate relative portfolio allocations that may initially move in the opposite direction to that implied by the stock equilibrium. Specifically, an increase in risk for the high-risk location may initially result in an increase in the relative capital asset flow to the high-risk location relative to the low-risk location. Empirical research must account for the possibility of non-monotonicity in asset allocation flows to avoid misspecification. Moreover, policy makers will have to anticipate possible pressure for reversal resulting from short-term worsening capital flows. These reflections are mirrored in recent research calls for separating structural and transition effects of institutional change on the investment decisions by multinational corporations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we consider a robust optimal proportional reinsurance and investment problem in a model with delay and dependent risks, in which the insurer's surplus process is assumed to follow a risk model with two dependent classes of insurance business. The insurer is allowed to purchase proportional reinsurance and invest his surplus in a financial market, which contains one risk-free asset and one risky asset whose price process satisfies a jump-diffusion model. Under the consideration of the performance-related capital inflow or outflow, the insurer's wealth process is modeled by a stochastic differential delay equation. The insurer's aim is to develop the robust optimal reinsurance and investment strategy for the insurer by maximizing the expected exponential utility of the combination of the average historical performance and terminal wealth under the worst-case scenario of the alternative measures. By adopting the stochastic dynamic programming technique, the expressions of the robust optimal strategy and value function are explicitly obtained. Finally, we present some numerical examples to illustrate the effects of some model parameters on the optimal strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines an area that has received surprisingly little attention within the sociology of sport literature: the role of human movement and the ways in which it can be understood and valued. Drawing on the work of Pierre Bourdieu and Judith Butler, in this article, the authors have raised the possibility of sporting "movement capital." The authors argued that rules and regulations produce and legitimize particular types of movements, which are then reinforced through institutionalized athlete development practices and able to be converted to symbolic capital. However, movements might also be valued as demonstrating particular traits and/or invoking emotional reactions, and be recognized as familiar. The authors concluded that, through identifying the connections between Bourdieu's habitus and Butler's performativity, they can understand how the value of movement is constantly in-flux, constantly regenerating as athletes imperfectly produce and reproduce recognizable movements as part of their sporting habitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rational flow and optimal allocation of urban and rural factors is the key to solving the problem of unbalanced and insufficient urban and rural development. This study draws on the theory of ecological symbiosis to examine the mechanism of factor flow and urban-rural symbiosis. It analyzes panel data from 27 Chinese provinces and autonomous regions between 2010 and 2020 to empirically demonstrate the influence of labor, capital, technology, and land mobility on urban-rural symbiosis. The study found that: (1) The relationship between the total factor flow and urban-rural symbiosis is U-shaped nonlinear, and the time when cities feed the development of rural areas has come; (2) The impact of labor factor flow on urban-rural symbiosis exhibits an inverted U-shaped relationship, the impact of capital factor flow displays a positive U-shaped relationship, the impact of land factor flow shows an inverted U-shaped relationship, and the impact of technical factor flow on urban-rural symbiotic development is not significant. (3) The factor flow exerts a region-oriented impact on the level of urban-rural symbiosis. In developed areas, total factor flow does not affect urban-rural symbiosis, but the level of labor flow and the urban-rural symbiosis demonstrates an inverted U-shaped relationship, the flow of technological factors has a U-shaped impact on the urban-rural symbiosis level, the flow of land factors and the urban-rural symbiosis show an inverted U-shaped relationship, and the flow of capital factors has no impact on the urban-rural symbiosis relationship. In underdeveloped areas, the impact of the total factor flow on urban-rural symbiosis shows a significantly positive U-shaped characteristic, the labor mobility level and urban-rural symbiosis show an inverted U-shaped relationship, the flow of capital factors has a U-shaped impact on the urban-rural symbiosis level, and the flow of lands and technology does not have a remarkable impact on urban-rural symbiosis in underdeveloped areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of China's long-term vision of achieving the goals of reaching peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality, improving the quality of corporate carbon information disclosure is conducive to the promotion of corporate carbon emission reduction and enables enterprises to play a positive role in realizing these goals. Based on the panel data of A-share listed companies in China, this study evaluated the quality of corporate carbon information disclosure using principal component analysis and the entropy weight method, examined the carbon emission reduction effect of corporate carbon information disclosure and its heterogeneity using fixed ef-fects models, and further analyzed its mechanisms. The results showed that: ф Carbon information disclosure had a significant carbon emission reduction effect. This conclusion still held after adopting various robustness tests by replacing the core explanatory variable and explained variable, eliminating stock market fluctuations, excluding other policies, and using instrumental variables. © Heterogeneity analysis found that the carbon emission reduction effect of corporate carbon information disclosure differed depending on corporate financing constraints and regional locations. Specifically, the effect was insignificant under low financing constraint levels, while it was significantly negative under high financing constraint levels. It was insignificant for enterprises in China's non-eastern regions, while significantly negative for enterprises in the eastern region. © Mechanism analysis showed that corporate carbon information disclosure promoted corporate carbon emission reduction mainly through inter-firm capital flows and production adjustments. That is, improving the quality of corporate carbon information disclosure not only helped investors identify corporate carbon emission levels and reduce investment in high-carbon enterprises, but also provided effective production information for corporate managers to timely adjust production activities, ultimately driving corporate carbon emission reduction. Based on the empirical results, policy suggestions are pro-posed, including enhancing the proactivity of corporate carbon information disclosure, implementing carbon information mandatory dis-closure mechanisms in stages, and promoting heterogeneity in corporate carbon information disclosure. The results clarify the carbon emission reduction effect of corporate carbon information disclosure and its mechanisms, providing policy implications for improving the long-term mechanism of carbon market data quality management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dutch disease phenomenon has been related to foreign inflows into emerging economies in particular, including foreign aid, migrant’s remittances, and foreign direct investment. A surge in these inflows is expected to yield a rise in the real exchange rate. Recipient countries have seen a decline in industry as a result of the rise in the non-marketable sector and the slump in the marketable sector. This study empirically investigates the mechanisms of real exchange rate adjustments to migrant remittances, ODA, and FDI toward emerging economies. For the analysis covering the years 2001–2020, dynamic panel data approaches, difference GMM and system GMM, are used to investigate the incidence of Dutch Disease in 84 emerging economies. Numerous econometric studies have shown that Dutch Disease does exist in emerging economies. The Dutch Disease theory is supported by an expanded study that has included the empirical analysis of both industrial (marketable) and service (non- marketable) sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent 20 years, the capital flows between Korea and European Union have increased and diversified. In particular, the business cycles of two economies have shown similar patterns since the Global Financial Crisis. This study examines both trends and investigates the roles of finance and trade on business cycle co-movements between two economies. The empirical results show that the business cycles can diverge due to either the common shocks or the country-specific shocks. Furthermore, financial integration increases the business cycle co-movements driven by both the country-specific shocks and the common shocks between two economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, International Political Economy (IPE) scholars have increasingly turned their attention to cities. However, their primary focus has been on the role of a select few global 'cities' that regulate global flows of capital, goods, and services. Nonetheless, a significant gap in the IPE literature pertains to the limited exploration of how processes of neoliberal globalization are impacting and regulating the low-income 'informal' housing sector in cities located in the global South. To address this gap in the existing IPE literature, this paper critically analyzes the processes of formation and demolition of informal housing settlements against the backdrop of the neoliberal regime of accumulation. Informal housing settlements have been extensively examined by critical geographers and scholars in the field of urban studies. What distinguishes this paper is its unique contribution to the literature on IPE, that is, it utilizes the political economy of informal housing settlements as an entry point to critically analyze social ontology and the inherent contradictions of the postcolonial state. The paper argues that the relationship between informal housing settlements and the postcolonial state can be better understood through the lens of the 'institutional hybridity.' This concept refers to the fusion of contradictory socio-economic and institutional impulses within the postcolonial state, which aims to manage social reproduction and capitalist accumulation simultaneously. The inherent tension between social reproduction and accumulation manifests in the informal housing settlements in the form of a dialectic of 'benevolence-violence.' On one hand, the postcolonial state attempts to appear 'benevolent' towards marginalized groups by 'allowing' them to establish informal housing settlements through a multi-layered network of clientelism. On the other hand, the postcolonial state resorts to violent displacement of marginalized groups as soon as they pose obstacles to real estate-led capitalist accumulation. Thus, the paper contends that IPE scholars should carefully consider the political economy of informal housing settlements, as it provides captivating insights into the mechanisms through which the postcolonial state becomes subject to regulation and is pulled in different directions by the socio-economic forces of neoliberal globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of financial integration on international dynamics from the perspective of volatility shocks. By incorporating time-varying volatilities, recursive preferences, and a global bank into the IRBC model, it illustrates that volatility shocks trigger precautionary saving incentives, but the specific effects vary based on the type of shock. Financial integration facilitates international capital flows and leads to an unequal distribution of international bank loans between two countries, resulting in greater divergence in their business cycles in the presence of productivity volatilities. In contrast, countries with higher financial integration experience more synchronized business cycles, due to simultaneous fluctuations in the international financial market, ultimately yielding greater synchronization in the face of financial volatilities. Disregarding volatility shocks leads to underestimating the impact of financial integration on the comovement of business cycles across countries. Furthermore, welfare analysis also indicates that financial markets play a crucial role in enhancing social welfare, regardless of the type of volatility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers a capital-constrained online retailer (OR) selling products through an e-commerce platform (EP) who also offers financial services to retailers. During the selling season, the OR exerts an effort to promote market demand through activities like sales promotions, advertising and live-streaming selling events. To investigate the EP-based financing scheme, a game-theoretic model is developed where the EP functions as the leader determining the interest rate and platform usage fee rate, and the OR functions as the follower determining the order quantity and effort level. We explore the impacts of the OR's risk-aversion and find that when the OR is risk-averse (1) she sets a high effort level, and the EP sets a high usage fee rate; (2) a high risk-averse OR orders less products than low risk-averse OR. We design specific revenue-cost sharing contracts to coordinate the supply chain and demonstrate that the designed contracts are feasible. Moreover, we find that the OR consistently prefers EP financing compared to bank financing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic discounting (DD) program based on the financial information matching platform (FIMP) is an emerging but underexplored supply chain finance (SCF) model. This study explores the configuration and operation of the DD program, compares and analyzes the DD decision between the traditional model and the FIMP-based DD model, and reveals how the latter model improves the cash flow of participants. Compared with the traditional model, the FIMP-based DD model can improve the accuracy of the daily discount rate for small and medium-sized enterprises; it offers enterprises more capital sources and helps participants determine an optimal payment period. There are three major contributions of this study. First, it explores the mechanism of the platform in promoting the DD model. The DD program is not participated in by a single buyer and supplier, but by one buyer with multiple (N) suppliers based on an FIMP. Once the fundamental decision parameters can be met, several suppliers can enjoy early payment from a specific buyer, thereby improving liquidity of the benefitting participants. Second, the study offers important managerial insights. Suppliers can calculate the discount rate to motivate buyers' early payment choices. Besides, early payments could be constituted from a mixed portfolio with buyer's own capital and that from financial institutions. Third, the study explores key parameters. The discount rate is not only related to the cost of working capital but also to the financing costs. Based on the varying relationships between discount rate and capital costs, the present study makes a reasonable argument for the use of mixed funds and then calculates the optimal early payment period. Finally, this study conducts a sensitivity analysis with numerical examples, which finds that, by adopting the FIMP-based DD program, both buyers and suppliers enjoy a fairer procurement environment and more profitable multi-lateral relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supply chain finance (SCF) is a financial service that provides convenient loan transactions for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) upstream and downstream of the supply chain. SCF can help to smooth the capital flow of many SMEs. However, it is difficult for agricultural SMEs to participate in SCF because this kind of SME usually has various risks. Objectively, evaluating the credit rating of agricultural SMEs is difficult for commercial banks. Furthermore, unlike general manufacturing enterprises, agricultural enterprises produce directly based on nature. Sustainable development based on the natural environment is very important for agricultural enterprises. In this paper, considering sustainability, we construct a criteria system to evaluate the credit ratings of agricultural SMEs for SCF. Moreover, we study a method for processing the hybrid heterogeneous evaluation information of SMEs. A co-decision method is proposed to classify the credit ratings of agricultural SMEs with the help of three-way decisions. Agricultural SMEs are evaluated by both criteria evaluation information and misclassification loss. Finally, a credit rating evaluation example is presented to demonstrate the application of our method. The results show that our proposed method can be used to fully evaluate agricultural SMEs with fine classification effects. It can also provide a reference for commercial banks to determine the credit of agricultural SMEs with a low decision risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The study examines the impact of foreign capital flows and financial development on renewable energy. • The panel data set for 17 developing countries is used for the period 1990 to 2020. • Panle cointegration and causality techniques are used for empirical analysis. • Financial development and foreign capital flows have a positive impact on renewable energy consumption in developing countries with both high and low income levels. • Developing countries need to encourage financial development and foreign capital flows to promote sustainable energy resources. The study tries to explore the impact of foreign capital flows and financial development on renewable energy consumption. The empirical analysis is conducted using data for 17 developing countries for the period 1990 to 2020. The analysis is conducted for three sets of countries i.e. high-income developing countries, low-income developing countries, and all developing countries. The study uses sophisticated panel data estimation approaches to find the results, i.e. continuously-updated and fully modified (CUP-FM) and continuously updated and bias-corrected (CUP-BC) panel estimation techniques. The results show that financial development and capital flows positively affect renewable energy in all three samples of developing countries. The study also employs the Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) panel causality test to analyze the causal relationship among variables. Bidirectional causality is found between FD and RE and between CF and RE in all income developing countries group and high-income developing group but a unidirectional causality is found from FD and CF to RE in low-income developing countries group. On the basis of the findings of the study, it is recommended that to promote RE in developing countries it is imperative to encourage FD and CF in these countries. Further, developing countries ought to support the concept of green financing and need to allocate funds for investments in green energy to promote sustainable energy resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effect of administrative restrictions on cross-border capital transactions. Using highly disaggregated data from the German balance of payments statistics for the period from 1999 through 2017, we document several stylized facts about the effectiveness of such capital control policies introduced by other countries. Capital controls are associated with economically and statistically significant declines in capital flows; they affect bilateral financial relationships along both the extensive and the intensive margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We construct a novel database of monthly foreign exchange interventions for 49 countries over up to 22 years. We build on a text classification approach that extracts information about interventions from news articles and calibrate our procedure to data about actual interventions. This new dataset allows us to document stylized facts about the use of foreign exchange interventions for countries that neither publish their data nor make them available to researchers. Moreover, we provide evidence on how foreign exchange interventions are used in conjunction with capital controls and macroprudential policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider a robust optimal asset–liability management problem with delay for an ambiguity-averse investor (AAI), who does not hold a firm belief towards not only the drift parameters but also the jump intensity in the wealth process. The objective of AAI is to maximise the robust value involving the expected utility of a weighted sum of terminal wealth and a penalisation of model uncertainty. In addition, the wealth process is modelled by a stochastic delay equation with jump via introducing the performance-related capital inflow/outflow. Applying the technique of robust optimal theory and Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation, we derive the optimal results and the proof of verification theorem for the general utility functions and liability processes. In the case of the exponential utility function and a positive liability process, we prove the existence and uniqueness of the robust optimal investment strategy and find it naturally satisfies the constraint of no-short selling. Meanwhile, we adopt a special method to solve the corresponding Riccati equation and obtain the value function in explicit form. Furthermore, the results under the complete memory are discussed in detail. Finally, some numerical examples are provided to illustrate the influence of model parameters on the optimal strategy as well as the economic interpretation behind it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the ever increasing interconnectedness among countries and industries, globalization has empowered economies and promoted international trade, capital flow and labor mobility, leading to improved products and services. However, the growing interdependence has also propelled an inherent reliance on joint cooperation which has considerably influenced the complexity of global value chains (GVCs). This plays a significant role in policy decisions, raising questions about trade risks that originate from such interdependence. In this paper, we study the impact of network linkage disturbances on the output supply and input demand of countries. We model the network interconnectedness of countries according to the latest 2016 release of the World Input–Output Database (WIOD) that includes data tables for the period 2000-2014 covering 43 countries as well as a model for the Rest of the World (ROW). We assess the shock distributions across the world economy by quantifying the changes in the network linkages using sensitivity analysis. Our contribution is in the definition of a shock tensor with the purpose of evaluating the impact of link sensitivity. The shock tensor is a straightforward yet comprehensive tool that allows us to obtain ample results at various levels of granularity when combining it with aggregation operators. Our study introduces a novel methodology that enables us to acquire input and output link sensitivities for all country pairings when an economic shock initiates or concludes within a country of interest. This innovative approach also facilitates the analysis of evolving trends in these link sensitivities, providing a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of shock propagation across the global network. Taking advantage of the time-series nature of the WIOD, our results reveal illustrative visualizations and quantative measures that characterize patterns of shock distribution and relationships among countries throughout the period from 2000 to 2014. Our methodology and results not only uncover valuable trends but also establish a structured approach to better understand the aggregate effects of shock distributions. Thus, this study could be helpful for policy makers to assess trade relationships between countries and obtain quantitative insights for making informed decisions as well as explore the overall state of the globalization as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Turkish economy has undergone a structural transformation with impressive economic performance during 2002–2018 and then a slowdown. The implementation of policies on the financial markets results in a significant capital inflow, which leads to an increase in the volume of domestic credit. Despite improvements in Türkiye, income inequality and poverty are still relatively high. While much of the literature shows that financial development accelerates growth, there is no consensus on its clear impact on poverty and inequality. While some studies stress that financial development improves inequality and combats poverty by increasing the ability of advantage of new investment opportunities, and by improving the allocation of capital, others point out that the beneficial impact of financial development depends on whether the overall population or the upper-income groups benefit or not. Therefore, this paper aims to empirically investigate the impact of financial development on inequalities and poverty during the 2002–2017 period when Türkiye relatively has been prosperous. According to simultaneous equation regression findings, the widening of the financial sector leads to more equal income distribution and poverty alleviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of the research is the marketing impact on the market and end consumer of vegetable products. In the research process, a number of general scientific and special methods were used, in particular: system-structural analysis and synthesis as the main methodological tool, monographic and extrapolation. The marketing influence on the market and the final consumer of vegetable growing products is disclosed. A marketing research of the vegetable market on the domestic and foreign markets was conducted, which is a necessary condition for the formation of an effective strategy and tactics for the development of marketing in this area. After all, the ratio of supply and demand in the vegetable market determines the movement of capital and the transfer of resources between industries and regions, affects the level and dynamics of prices and, therefore, is a key factor in the formation of producers’ income. The development of new management methods and approaches convincingly demonstrates the need to implement marketing as one of the market tools capable of meeting the needs of the market and combining the interests of business entities. The development of new management methods and approaches convincingly demonstrates the need to implement marketing as one of the market tools capable of meeting the needs of the market and combining the interests of business entities. An important role is given to the factor of time and information. It has been proven that the quality and efficiency of the marketing system of the vegetable growing industry is ensured by the scientific methodical development, the objectivity of quantitative and qualitative assessments, the creation and implementation of a rational system of evaluation and management of this system, as well as the level of the marketing organization. The practical significance lies in the methodological substantiation and conceptualization of the role of marketing influence on the market and consumer of vegetable production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]