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The United States federal income tax contains a flaw: Because it reaches capital gains only after a "realization" event, it permits owners of highly appreciated assets to defer their tax liability by holding them and refusing to sell. Worse yet, easily available debt allows those owners to consume from their "unrealized" gains while continuing to defer tax. As Professor Edward McCaffery identified in 2012, consumption and deferral through secured borrowing, coupled with the stepped-up basis death benefit from section 1014 of the Internal Revenue Code, create an opportunity for individuals to avoid lifetime income tax and net estate tax. This strategy, known as "buy/borrow/die," contributes to consumption inequality and, by extension, America's growing wealth inequality. In the tax literature, buy/borrow/die has served as a helpful hook for supporters of wealth taxes, mark-to-market income taxes, and the repeal of section 1014's stepped-up basis provision. But these three solutions merit some pragmatic concern, on the grounds that they are (to varying degrees) possibly unconstitutional, likely to be repealed, or publicly unpopular. Recognizing those practical obstacles should steer policymakers toward an incremental second-best solution: treating borrowing against appreciated collateral as a realization event. Embracing a "realization at borrowing" policy would reduce the availability of buy/borrow/die as a tax reduction strategy while sidestepping the hurdles that other proposed solutions must clear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policymakers are liable to 'treasure what is measured' and overlook phenomena that are not. In an era of increased reliance on administrative data, existing policies also often determine what is measured in the first place. We explore this two-way interaction between measurement and policy in the context of the investment incomes and capital gains that are missing from the UK's official income statistics. We show that these 'missing incomes' change the established picture of economic inequality over the past decade, revealing rising top income shares during the period of austerity. The underestimation of these forms of income in official statistics has hidden the impact of tax policies that disproportionately benefit the wealthiest. We urge a renewed focus on how policy affects and is affected by measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research objective of the article was to assess the potential of residential property in Poland as an inflation hedge investment. The study was conducted using innovative measures of the level of inflation hedging. The study was made for Poland's six largest local residential markets, for two types of investments, for different investment horizons (from 6 to 15 years). The research period adopted was: 3Q2006-4Q2022. In all cities, investments providing only capital gains allowed an attractive inflation hedging level to be achieved. Investments that additionally included rental offered a high inflation hedging level. The variation in the six cities studied in terms of inflation hedging through housing investment was found to be very low. The question of how extending the investment horizon affected the inflation hedging ability was not firmly answered. Frequently, the extension of the investment horizon has been accompanied by an increase in the level of hedging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the ongoing case of Moore v. United States, which is currently being argued before the U.S. Supreme Court. The case revolves around the interpretation of the Sixteenth Amendment and whether it allows Congress to tax unrealized sums without apportionment among the states. The amicus briefs in the case focus on the original meaning of the phrase "taxes on incomes" and whether it includes a realization requirement. The outcome of the case could have significant implications for various tax provisions. The article provides a historical overview of the case and examines the arguments made by both sides regarding the historical understanding of the Constitution's language. It also explores the history of state income taxes and academic discussions surrounding the definition of income at the time of the amendment's adoption. The article concludes that there was no publicly understood consensus that realization was a requirement for an income tax, and that the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Macomber case to establish a universal realization requirement would be inconsistent with the intent of the Sixteenth Amendment. [Extracted from the article]

This document provides information on the tax implications of installment sales and the option for sellers to opt out of installment sale reporting. It discusses the allocation of consideration among different types of assets and the use of a one-day note in S corporation installment sales. The document also explores Section 1202 planning, which allows taxpayers to exclude gain on the sale of qualified small business stock, and explains how structuring a transaction as multiple sales can accelerate the benefit of the Section 1202 exclusion. It offers valuable insights for sellers considering installment sales and Section 1202 planning. [Extracted from the article]

The General Tax Directorate has recently followed the courts' criteria regarding the effects of regularising transactions falling within the scope of the tax neutrality regime applicable to mergers and other reorganisations. It analyses whether the regularisation of a stock exchange transaction could lead to the taxation of deferred capital gains under the tax neutrality regime. In its consultation, the public authority clarifies that the antiabuse rule under the neutrality regime requires a comprehensive examination of the transaction and cannot be automatically triggered in the absence of valid economic reasons. Moreover, in these cases, the deferral inherent to the neutrality regime cannot constitute the tax benefit that would be removed following a regularisation by the audit and control bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Stewart convincingly argues, these issues call the resilience of the tax state into question. Stewart has spent her career studying what she terms the "tax state": this book is a tour of the intellectual history of the idea. JG/AG: You quote Christopher Hood, who asks: "Is the twentieth-century advance of the tax state in the developed countries best seen as a historical aberration, from which we might expect a reversion to more historically normal levels?" Professor Stewart asks us to consider: "how well placed is the tax state for success in the twenty-first century?". [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the role of state and local (S&L) governments in providing public services and infrastructure, highlighting their significance in economic recovery. It examines the historical patterns of S&L government spending during recessions and notes a shift towards consistently procyclical spending since the mid-1980s. The change is attributed to the cyclicality of income tax revenues, which have become more important in accounting for recoveries in the S&L public sector.

Objective/Context: During the eighteenth century, officials from different colonial powers attempted to turn the viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada—present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Panama—into an economically viable territory. The Spanish Crown embraced its most radical jurisdictional reform in centuries to exercise effective state control, extract more revenue, and defend the colonies from foreign incursions. This article explores the particularities of New Granada’s economic governance and argues that colonial officials produced local discourses of political economy to turn unfamiliar spaces into familiar places for economic, political, and military ends. In doing so, producing knowledge about the land and its resources became a key bureaucratic practice that shaped the imagining of a paradoxical territoriality in Northern South America. First, I detail the impact of political economy frameworks on imperial governance and bureaucratic practices. I then showcase how administrative narratives, mapping projects, and fiscal networks reveal the workings of Bourbon economic governance and the search for regional integration. Methodology: This article is built from an analysis of archival documents consisting of a selection of evidence from chorographic texts about New Granada and its provinces produced between 1720 and 1808. Originality: Reflecting on the ways in which the pursuit of knowledge for wealth creation affected the creation of territorialities contributes to uncovering how the imperial political economy was never a top-down imposition. Local officials negotiated it vis-à-vis singular geographical realities and knowledge production practices. Conclusions: Chorographic texts were central devices of imperial reform. The search for wealth production and territorial integration occurred in colonial outposts, not in intellectual treatises in Europe. In forging New Granada as an integrated, potentially rich place, bureaucrats’ experience of moving across the territory and inscribing the landscape on paper shaped perceptions of cohesion and difference, economic dependence, and regional fragmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/context: The boom-and-bust of New World slavery in the nineteenth century has always been a major topic of scholarship. In this essay, I suggest that the literature devoted to this theme, the so-called “capitalism and slavery debate,” has made capital invisible as a category of analysis due to its over-reliance on classical and neoclassical economics. As a result, slavery itself has been poorly historicized. My purpose is to put forth an alternative framework to restore the historicity of capital and slavery. Methodology: The article explores critical value theory to conceptualize capital and capitalism in historically meaningful terms. It argues that value creation is never confined to one country. It requires a historically transnational social formation that turns concrete labor into abstract labor and use-values into commodities through the multi-scale operatives of world money and world markets. The history of slavery should be narrated within this broader globalizing setting. Originality: The article’s claim is that the global value relations of industrial capital redetermined spatial relations between town and country, capital and labor, and production and consumption, engendering overlapping layers of a world geography of accumulation that both stimulated and challenged slavery. Conclusions: While most scholars present the relation between slavery and capitalism as constant for the period 1780-1880, I conclude that New World slavery went through two moments of boom-and-bust (c.1780-c.1820 and c.1830-1880), which were formed through, respectively, the global value relations of cotton production and coal-and-iron industrialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of digital platforms have critically examined the exploitation and low paid condition of creative labour in cultural industries. This study aims to empirically explore the motivation behind why producers/consumers, key opinion leaders, or wanghong are still devoted to producing and posting videos on the short video platform Douyin, which is the Chinese version of Tik Tok, despite the precarious condition. Leveraging on Bourdieu's concept of cultural capitals and the interchangeability of capitals, this paper argues that Douyin provides the possibility for different wanghong to pursue their own intended capitals, which are not just economic capital, but also social, symbolic, and cultural capital. Under a relatively close environment of China, the flexibility and interchangeability of capital gain have at least become an alternative for these wanghong to explore their creativity and fulfil their desires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identifies cross-country and intertemporal differences in the effects of trade exposure on per capita national income. We develop a small open economy endogenous growth model with high- and low-technology sectors and endogenous human capital accumulation. We then test the predictions of our model on a sample of 70 countries over the period 1980–2017. Our main assertion is that gains from trade are not only disproportionate across countries but also contrasting over time, depending on the technology intensity of exports. Countries with lower initial experience in the production of technology-intensive goods and services tend to specialize in sectors with lower demand for better-educated and high-skilled workforce, which lowers the return to and individual incentives for education. Consequently, trade-induced specialization patterns, due to their implications about technological progress, appear to be an important factor causing cross-national divergence in welfare. Our theoretical model implies that, in an unskilled labor-abundant country, higher exposure to international trade can decrease the long-run growth rate, even though it increases short-run per capita income. In a skilled-labor abundant country, both short-run and long-run effects are positive. Our empirical findings, which identify short-run and long-run effects separately, strongly support these predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the offshore oil industry of Takoradi, Ghana, white expatriate workers describe oil extraction as both 'the work of the Devil' and a 'labour of love'. While companies strive to produce the offshore as a timeless and spaceless fantasy of 'frictionless profit', workers emphasize oil work as a sacrificial economy where risk, loss and distance are traded in the pursuit of an ideal of family life. In this article, I argue that the operational structures and labour regime of the offshore (characterized by a rotation pattern, continuous production, distant locations, a segregated workforce, and mobile installations) create not only a model of capital accumulation, but a mode of being and making kin. I describe oil workers' aspirations to a 'good family life' and parental care, pitting time against distance, and the interpersonal ruins that remain when they fray. In probing how oil workers make petro-capitalism affectively workable, by exploring the entangled processes of extractive and reproductive labour, this article contributes to recent scholarship on the role of kinship in sustaining global capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This explains why Flamant devotes the third part of the book to showing how prices and distribution come about - rather than taking prices as derived directly from labour value and surplus. Flamant's treatment of fixed capital highlights its two-fold character: on one hand, it is a reproducible product of labour required for production, like intermediate inputs. Profit as "surplus" is determined in the distribution of the product rather than deriving from a physical surplus product. [Extracted from the article]

Public–private partnerships (PPP) are the contractual arrangements between public and private parties to deliver infrastructure and services in which costs, risks, and benefits are shared. Good governance of PPPs, traditionally associated with an effective regulatory and institutional framework, appropriate risk-sharing, competitive and transparent procurement have recently been broadened to include citizens' perspectives. Turkey uses PPPs to deliver public infrastructures such as airports, energy plants, highways, bridges, and hospitals. Our first section into Turkey's PPP experience explores how the partnership between state and capital is instituted. We reveal nine crucial governance problems: Complexities of megaprojects, fragmented legal and regulatory framework, weak institutional capacity, risk-sharing discrepancies, poor value for money, non-affordable public services, lack of transparency, limited accountability, and disregard for environmental sustainability. We maintain that a deeper understanding of PPPs requires complementing this governance analysis with insights from critical political economy. Accordingly, we draw a critical political economy framework to explain why, when, and how PPPs in Turkey are utilized in our second section. We underline the neoliberal transformation and financialized capital accumulation dynamics. We argue that PPP projects have fuelled the construction-led economic growth model, distributed resources to pro-government capital groups, and reproduced political power in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conversely, several ideologies which find themselves more gently drawn towards "left" (social democracy, green ideology) or "right" (Christian democracy) often find themselves "accused" of I actually i belonging to "the centre" by ideologies with stronger "left" and "right" commitments respectively. Think of political ideologies such as Strasserism and the I Nouvelle Droite i , legal ideologies such as Lochnerism and "common sense constitutionalism", or cultural ideologies such as Identitarianism and "anti-wokeism", which garb themselves in the I habitus i of "the centre" or "the left" (i.e. stochastic transformation) while seeking to implement the concepts of "the right" (i.e. traditional reassertion). Some ideologies that enthusiastically claim a centrist position, such as liberalism, find themselves accused of I actually i being "on the right" (generally by "left" ideologies) or "on the left" (by "right" ideologies). In light of the ongoing dominance of the "left-centre-right" heuristic, ideology studies is left with something of a lacuna in how it represents ideology's social dynamics so long as it dodges the question of how to integrate this heuristic into its analysis. [Extracted from the article]

Private-sector planners in Turkey have been operating in a planning system that has been restructured within the framework of neoliberal urban policies for the last forty years. Especially after 2000, while the model of growth over construction was adopted as a basic economic policy, the planning practices that implemented these policies were seen as a means of capital accumulation by wider social groups. In this economic political environment, private-sector planners have entered into new relationships with politics, markets, and bureaucracy, and have settled in the centre of criticism with professional practices that fall behind the basic principles of the profession, such as land speculation and serving certain pressure groups instead of the public interest. This article focuses on the conditions in which private-sector planners realize their planning practices and the problems they encounter in their plan-making processes. According to private-sector planners, the most important problem is the increase in the determination of rent-oriented interest relations between public institutions and local market actors instead of public benefit in the planning process. Private-sector planners believe that at every stage of the planning process, politicians and market actors exert pressure on planners, and that these forces have caused Turkey's planning practices to decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the predicament of owner-occupiers and small investors presently liable for the removal of combustible cladding on build-to-sell residential high-rise. We argue that while the proliferation of combustible materials has been shaped by cost-cutting and risk-shifting by construction firms, these practices did not on their own transfer the responsibility of remediation to consumers. Examining the attempts of one densifying nation, Australia, to locate responsibility for combustible cladding through two parliamentary inquiries, we analyse witness testimonies to show how public policies encouraged materials substitution, removed on-site inspection and protected corporations from litigation. Moving beyond neoliberalism, these policy reforms leveraged information asymmetries and the material complexity of residential high-rise to create a climate of "imperceptibility" towards unsafe materials. Together, material, financial and policy dimensions intersected to enable capital accumulation through the expansion of consumer harm in high-rise housing markets. We conclude that construction materials and processes are an overlooked, yet critical domain of governance in financialised housing regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the end of 2013, the Republic of Ireland had exited the bailout and was entering a period of economic recovery. Yet by 2015 the largest collective protest since independence emerged, challenging the proposed introduction of water charges. Since water, multiple successful social movements organising primarily on the terrain of social reproduction have developed. In this article, I argue that this period of reproductive unrest sharpened inherent contradictions in the way that capital accumulation, social reproduction and the Irish state are articulated to one another. Moreover, these contradictions are not unique to Ireland, but rather emblematic of neoliberal states more broadly. The article intervenes into debates on neoliberal crisis management since the 2007 Global Financial Crisis, as well as demonstrates the value of using social struggles as a lens through which to understand potential fractures in the global political economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article begins with the 2009 documentary, La Dépossession, by filmmaker Jean-Robert Viallet, suggesting that La Défense is depicted as an anti-city. It seeks to anatomise this trope and chronotope, examining the manner in which a range of recent novels and feature films similarly lament the destructive effects of globalised finance on French society, polity and nation. They figure spatiotemporal relationships between France's present and its historical past, between the anonymity of La Défense and certain unmistakably French locations, between a supposedly 'Anglo-Saxon' mode of capital accumulation and the French nation this is held to threaten. Having identified the characteristic features of this trope and chronotope, the article then turns to consider some of their inherent paradoxes, ironies and contradictions. It points out that the historic centre of Haussmann's Paris is itself the product of an earlier process of violent restructuring and dispossession driven by powerful financial forces and undertaken at the behest of a highly conservative political regime. It is ironic that Haussmann's cityscape should now be presented as a symbol of stable, traditional, if now embattled, French national identity. Perhaps, La Défense should be imagined less as an anti-city than as a location deeply embedded in the complexities, contradictions and conflicts of French history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the now translated book, Echeverría provides an important chapter - "A Definition of Modernity" (Echeverría, 2019, pp. 1-19) - in which he outlines his understanding of modernity in a very systematic fashion. Echeverría dedicates a whole chapter of his book to the discussion of establishing and consolidating "American Modernity" as a successful project of globalization under the command of the realist I ethos i (Echeverría, 2019, pp. 52-73). In his chapter, Echeverría takes this idea up in order to 'describing a kind of "racism" constitutive of capitalist modernity' (Echeverría, 2019, p. 39). [Extracted from the article]

The article analyzes struggles about distributive justice in Austria, one of the wealthiest countries globally, and proposes a reinforced focus on how metaphors of redistribution and reciprocity create fiscal imaginaries. It analyzes how politicians, lobbyists, and activists strategically mobilize these metaphors in corporate and wealth taxation debates. Campaigns against wealth taxation portray wealth taxation as negative reciprocity and a threat to an imagined middle class. Those arguing in favor of them create images of unjustly appropriated value that needs to be redistributed. The article analyzes those shifts between notions of redistribution and reciprocity and the fiscal imaginaries created through these debates. Notably, the article argues for the necessity to embed discursive analysis within an understanding of contemporary capitalisms. It contrasts the fiscal imaginaries with challenges of fiscal relations, most importantly the distributed character of capital accumulation and the dilemma of the tax state, as governments orchestrate accumulation to capture parts of its value generated via taxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article intends to corroborate the argument advocated by heterodox economists such as Akyüz, Chang and Furtado that state regulation is crucial to extracting the possible benefits of foreign direct investment (FDI). We do so by analyzing the policies used by China since its opening to this type of investment in 1979. The article innovates by scrutinizing China's major FDI laws, regulations and guidelines that compose the formal framework under which foreign-owned enterprises have operated in the country for almost 40 years. We then address the traditional view that China developed simply because it increasingly opened its market to foreign investment and adopted a foreign investment-led growth model. We argue that it was because of this strong regulation that FDI had such a positive effect, contributing to technological transfer and trade expansion, although not defining the ratio of capital accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper measures with a novel methodology the amount of agrarian ground rent intersectoral transfers in Uruguay and its relative weight in the national amount of surplus value during the period 1955-2019. In order to this, the paper identifies the mechanisms through which ground rent is transferred from landowners to industrial and commercial capitals. The main results show that agrarian ground rent transfers, in particular through exchange rate overvaluation, was a recurring mechanism that has been central for capital accumulation. These transfers complement the surplus value appropriated by individual capitals, however, at the same time, consolidate the rentier nature of Uruguay due to the chronic overvaluation of exchange rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through this article I contribute to debates about planetary urbanization by specifying how imperialism, defined as states restricting the self‐determination of other states or peoples, intersects with urbanization. While recent urban theory has explored how urbanization unfolds at scales beyond the city and in relation to global capital accumulation, it has not fully extended these insights to incorporate the central role of states and imperialism. First, I argue that doing so develops a more expansive account of extended urbanization by revealing how networks of military bases are themselves enmeshed in the production of urban networks via state policies, and that militarized sites safeguard the global capitalist economy that sustains urbanization. Secondly, I argue that imperialism changes concentrated urbanization by restricting self‐determination, fomenting spatial formations that prioritize militarism, and shifting urban politics to a larger scale. I show these dynamics through a historical analysis of the US military's strategic interest in the island of Guåhan/Guam at the end of the second world war, and then generalize from this case to consider variegated outcomes at the intersections of urbanization and imperialism. In the article I aim to more adequately explain the heterogenous ways urbanization unfolds across the contemporary world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives/Context: The main objective of this paper is to present an explanation for the divergent development trajectories of two regions of the capitalist world-economy, Latin America and East Asia. Methodology: starting from the concepts of world-economy, world region, regional focus and long durée, it is intended to verify how the forms of integration of the two regions to the capitalist worldeconomy affected them in three essential dimensions for economic development: State, capital accumulation and technological capability, from the 16th century to the present. Conclusions: having autonomously developed the three dimensions analyzed to the point of equating to the West at least until the end of the 17th century, when it was incorporated into the capitalist world-economy in the first half of the19th century, East Asia was able to take advantage of this integration and advance in global hierarchies of wealth and power. On the other hand, Latin America, which as a geopolitical entity was born together with the capitalist world-economy in the 16th century, was at that moment at a relatively low level of development in these dimensions, which, together with colonialism, continued to restrict its development and maintaining the region in its historical position as a periphery of the capitalist world-economy. Originality: the originality of this research is to establish a historically grounded principle of variation to explain the divergence in recent development trajectories of Latin America and East Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economists have mainly focused on human capital accumulation rather than on the causes and consequences of human capital depreciation in late adulthood. To investigate how human capital depreciates over the life cycle, we examine how a newly introduced pension program, the National Rural Pension Scheme, affects cognitive performance in rural China. We find significant adverse effects of access to pension benefits on cognitive functioning among the elderly. We detect the most substantial impact of the program on delayed recall, a cognition measure linked to the onset of dementia. In terms of mechanisms, cognitive deterioration in late adulthood is mediated by a substantial reduction in social engagement, volunteering, and activities fostering mental acuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on housing affordability, inequality, and the asset economy in Australian regions, particularly in Queensland. It examines the relationship between rising house prices, socio-economic inequalities, and the importance of asset ownership. It study analyzes housing and income levels in nine selected regions, explores housing affordability metrics, and discusses the implications for housing policy and future research.

The distribution of wealth among the people of society is one of the most important subject in the economy, distribution and its methods keep the economic balance among the people of the society. Therefore, fair distribution of wealth leads to the welfare and comfort of all people in society. Distribution theory has been remained a hot discussion and argument among the different economic schools for a long time. Capitalism believes in the freedom of the individual in all areas, the general law in the capitalist system is that each production factor determines its part in wealth. The factors of production are land, workforce, capital and employment. The theory of capitalism in the domain of the division of wealth is that that the land gets lease or rent, the workforce gets wages, capital gains profit and the employer gains benefit. Socialists believe that the equal distribution of wealth is the key solution to all the problems of society and argue: Due to the lack of reasonable distribution of wealth, numerous major problems raised in society. According to socialists, in fact the unequal distribution of wealth in a society is the basic reason of all economic problems among the people of society. They suggest that all tools and factors of production should be taken from individuals and should be controlled by government. The people of society should have fair access to the wealth produced from it, and the government itself should have a mechanism for wealth distribution. However, the Islamic economic system has another theory. Its crux is: the variance in the wealth of the people of the society is a natural matter, all human beings are not equal in wealth. Distribution from the perspective of the Islamic economy has three stages: The first stage is possession of items, the second stage is the distribution based on the contribution of each production factor in wealth production and the third stage is the redistribution of wealth distribution by some distributing mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While authoritarian populism and its relationship to the rural world have gained analytical prominence recently, few have attempted a systematic exploration of how various authoritarian populisms emerge from, and are embedded within, dynamics of capital accumulation, state, and class struggle. Drawing on Poulantzas' approach to "state contradictions," we focus on the ways by which bovine meat figures in Narendra Modi's authoritarian populist project in contemporary India. On the one hand, violent authoritarianism in the country uses beef eating as a powerful tool for subjugating subaltern groups to Hindutva rule. On the other hand, the country houses a rapidly expanding beef meat agro‐industry, accounting for as much as 20% of global exports and based on corporate concentration around dominant class interests. We argue that this points to state contradictions in Modi's India witnessing strained accumulation patterns. These contradictions, we emphasize, have distinct ramifications for India's classes of labour in the countryside, as certain groups experience what we describe as a process of "double victimization." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines small farmer resistance in Egypt. It situates contemporary struggles in the context of the uneven success of small farmers' historical resistance to land dispossession and neoliberal reform. Struggles over land are the prime driver of rural conflict and small farmers contest state strategies that reward local elites, land owners, and supporters of the military regime. There may not be a coherent social movement able to resist contemporary patterns of capital accumulation, but there are elements of resistance that edge forward an agenda for a "political conversation" about much‐needed deep social reforms. The internationally‐supported Sisi presidency has used violence to consolidate military power, making open revolt difficult. Nevertheless, small farmers link struggles over access to land with poor state provisioning of water and infrastructure as a means of building resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the existence of socio-demographic gradients in the schooling shocks experienced by schoolaged children and their ability to adjust to the disruptions induced by the containment measures imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It focuses on documenting racial, educational, and income disparities in these two essential components of children's human capital accumulation that could have significant implications in the medium and long run. The article finds that children in households from disadvantaged socio-demographic groups (i) were significantly more likely to face severe education disruptions from school cancellations at the onset of the pandemic, (ii) had more-limited access to remote-learning resources such as computers, and (iii) relied more heavily on schools to obtain access to these resources. Notably, these adverse effects severely disrupted children's 2019-20 academic year but were mitigated at the start of the 2020-21 academic year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Louisiana's coastal wetlands have been disappearing at an alarming rate over the past several decades, with the greatest harm experienced by vulnerable populations (poor and racialised residents). It was not until 2005 that the state legislature responded with a much‐lauded Master Plan tasked with integrating the construction of new flood control infrastructure with wetland restoration. Seeking to unsettle this initiative, we develop a historical‐geographical materialist approach to follow the entanglements between infrastructural production and capital accumulation in Louisiana over the past several hundred years. In so doing, we present a two‐fold argument: that the making and mastering infrastructural violence has always been part of the historical unfolding of the socio‐spatial dynamics of capitalism; and that infrastructural development has played an integral role in this duality at every historical turn. The capitalist state, at both the federal and state levels, has played a vital role in producing and controlling this violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how financial logics and investment rationalities are intersecting with and shaping the expert discourse and practice of professional design. It uses "assetization" as a conceptual category to make sense of recent efforts to account for the value of design in financial terms. Specifically, the article provides a narrative-semiotic analysis of a report on "The Business Value of Design" published by McKinsey & Company, unfolding how design is valued in terms of its capacity to deliver future earnings for shareholders, and thus made to acquire the asset form. The article foregrounds how can the assetization of design be understood not only as evidence of the gradual spread of financialized valuations, but also as an organizing act underpinned by a script that activates characters and defines frames of action around the use of design in firms. It shows how this script entangles the coordinated expansion and monitoring of design activities within firms with the fervor for shareholder value maximization and capital gains, drawing a convenient line of causation between them as a near certainty. The article contributes to our understanding of how the cultural condition that makes the spread of assetization possible is to an important extent established in the ongoing and everyday work of striving to systematize and increase creativity in organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industry 4.0, which has completely transformed the production process, is not just about smart and connected systems. While industry 4.0 includes the intertwining and fusion of digital technologies in many fields from sequencing to nanotechnology, and also includes the mutual interactions, those digital technological developments are accompanied by the neoliberal globalization process. With the practices of privatization, marketization and deregulation which are at the center of neoliberal policies, states have either relatively withdrawn from service provision or have transformed their service provision in these areas, while the process was decisive on economic, political, social, cultural and spatial transformations, Thus, areas such as health, education, etc. have been restructured by basing on market dynamics and 'health' became a means of capital accumulation. Therefore, in the process of the development of digital technologies, the globalization of capitalism and the reshaping of the state with a neoliberal approach, health care delivery should be re-examined altogether with its agents and actors. As a matter of fact, transformations are taking place in the digital hospital concept through information and communication technologies. The legitimacy of the developments produced by the transformations has the potential to produce some controversial dynamics (such as the loss of professionalism, new surveillance and control practices, violations of privacy). In this regard, it is examined in this paper that how digitalization and neoliberal capitalism transform the hospital as a space, the patient and the medical profession. Accordingly, the transformation of medical practices and the loss of professionalism, new surveillance and control practices and privacy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capital is considered as one of the most important elements of the production function in economics. People need capital and capital accumulation to be able to produce. In order to create capital accumulation, it is essential to realize some conditions such as the freedom to own property and have wealth, free trade and free market opportunity, to save, not to waste by avoiding luxury consumption, and to reveal how the approach should be to the determination of human needs and how to be satisfied. How the accumulation of capital is evaluated in Islamic economics, In this study, which we evaluate in terms of the Prophet's (pbuh) Sunnah and Hadiths, we see that these conditions, which are necessary for the creation of capital accumulation, are generally encouraged, but in any case and condition, there is a moderate approach, which is the basic principle of Islam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative phenomenological study sought to understand rural students' college‐going decisions through the lens of socioeconomic status, social capital, and Perna's nested model of college choice. The sample included 18 students who were undergraduates at a selective R1 university in the Southeastern United States. Rural first‐generation students reported that they received little practical advice from adults in their family, school, or community. Rural students' choice to take adult advice seemed to be dependent on their family's education background. Family connection was the most common reason for students to choose to attend a selective university if they were not a first‐generation college student. Distance to institution was not a major factor in the participant's decision to attend the university. The students in this study were highly influenced by the policy environment of the state in which they live; a state‐wide merit‐based scholarship provided all the students, regardless of first‐generation status, a motivation to attend what they considered to be the best public school in the state, while still receiving a significant discount on their tuition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socio-economic disadvantage can be a significant barrier to accessing high-quality dance training for young, talented dancers. Government policy and strategy relating to widening participation and talent development in the UK are premised on raising aspirations and meritocracy. This article uses Pierre Bourdieu's conceptual framework of field, capital and habitus to examine social variations, that can act as barriers to talent identification and talent development in dance. An interview study was undertaken with 33 talented, contemporary dancers, between the ages of 13–16 years, from a variety of backgrounds, about their experiences prior to and during their participation in a dance Centre of Advanced Training programme. Findings suggest the dancers' have experienced barriers to access, but also capital gain, symbolic exchange and transformative potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racial wealth inequality is no accident of history. Rather, it is the intended result of the southern Democrats in Congress who controlled federal tax policy throughout most of the twentieth century. Beginning in the 1930s, champions of white supremacy, such as Senator Pat Harrison (D-MI), Senator Walter George (D-GA), and Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. (D-VA), turned to an ostensibly race-neutral provision of the US income tax code—the preferential treatment of gains from investment—to uphold their (im)moral economy of "whites-only" wealth. After 1965, these segregationists' successors—particularly Senator Russell B. Long (D-LA) and Senator Lloyd Bentsen (D-TX)—furtively rebuilt and shored up the structure of racial inequality with additional tax breaks (called "tax expenditures") for investors. Our income tax system embodies—and immortalizes—a Jim Crow–era moral economy of "whites-only" wealth. Thanks to pro-investment tax expenditures, the racial wealth gap has widened over the last four decades as the very richest American households—the white 1 percent—compounded their wealth, at the expense of everyone else. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article forwards the notion of "expulsionary urbanization" to explain processes of urban transformation in Pakistan against the backdrop of neoliberal regime of accumulation. The concept of expulsionary urbanization emphasizes that the production of new urban spaces is predicated on the theft of space, where one segment of the society appropriates space from another. On the one hand, expulsionary urbanization facilitates capital accumulation by creating new gated housing enclaves; on the other hand, it produces spatial estrangement for the marginalized groups. To delineate processes of spatial commodification, the article reintroduces the conceptual category of "subsumption of space" by capital, that is, capital's drive to valorize itself by transforming land into a form of a fictitious capital. JEL Classification : B51, B55, B50, B52, A14 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid increase in the urban population, as a consequence of industrialization, has led to the emergence of the housing problem as the most crucial urban issue on a global scale. Accordingly, housing need has increased the demand for the urban land, but the scarcity of the land has led to the emergence of the phenomenon of rent. Although there are various approaches related to the concept of rent, based on these approaches, it seems that rent has political as well as economic meanings. Ruşen Keleş states that the main factor shaping the economic policies in Turkey is the rent creation and sharing motive that dominates the real estate sector, and underlines that the rent directs every aspect of life, especially the economy. This study aims to examine the urban land rent caused by the efforts to solve the housing problem in Turkey, and the capital accumulation process caused by this situation, through the determinations of Ruşen Keleş in his works on the subject. Within the scope of the study, Istanbul Fikirtepe Urban Transformation Zone has been evaluated as one of the important project areas where capital accumulation and rent has occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to apply a cultural definition of cosmopolitanism (a practiced disposition of openness to the communal Other) to the late Ottoman urban context. It starts with a discussion of the problems of Ottoman urban history literature, especially in relation to the concept of cosmopolitanism and an alternative perspective to cosmopolitanism during the transitionary period of the 1820s to 1920s follows. The study then focuses on two Ottoman cities, Ankara and Belgrade, which were not port-cities often deemed cosmopolitan, and where there was no social or spatial segregation until the demise of cosmopolitanism in the very last years of imperial polity (the 1860s in Belgrade and 1910s in Ankara). The goal is to point out that, although the homogenizing pressures of the modern state, nationalism(s), and capital accumulation eventually prevailed, many residents of these Ottoman cities countered them for a considerable period through their everyday interactions, daily routines, habits of space use and socialization patterns, bringing about late Ottoman cosmopolitanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical islands can become terrains of urbanisation worthy of examination. In the Philippines, several islands have experienced urban transformation (capital accumulation, immigration, diversification, land conversion) through tourism. At the forefront of these urban transformations are Filipinas, particularly those in interracial relationships with foreign men who invest in island properties and establish resorts. These resorts stimulate a transnationally-oriented mode of urban transformation reliant on the transnational mobilities of tourists, expats and capital. This paper examines this by foregrounding the experiences of Filipinas, concentrating on how they are differentially included and excluded throughout the multi-scalar process of island urban accumulation. I locate these differential experiences in various spaces (nation, community, resort, households), noting in particular the (1) national discourses underlying state tourism and foreign retirement programmes, (2) transactions enabling property purchases and resorts, and (3) translocal mobilities sustaining urban accumulation. What emerge from these accounts are the selective inclusions and exclusions of Filipinas in transnational urban accumulation in the islands. While their role in facilitating island urban accumulation may suggest a form of 'empowered' inclusivity, this can easily be undercut by sexist micropolitics of exclusion that tend to reduce them to 'mere women' and/or 'prostitutes'. Such differential practices of inclusion/exclusion demonstrate the gendered dynamics that unequally put a double burden on Filipinas. Unravelling these accounts demonstrates how gendered relations and sexuality are important forces underpinning urban transformation and transnational mobilities that constitute diversification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy technology innovation (RETI) has become a key factor in mitigating climate change and promoting sustainable development of the world economy, but there is no literature on the effect of information and communication technology (ICT) on RETI and its impact mechanism. This paper measures RETI using panel data for 70 countries from 2005 to 2019 based on the combination of diffusion and depreciation effects of technological innovation and systematically examines the direct and mediating mechanisms of ICT's effect on RETI. The results show that ICT significantly contributes to RETI and even holds after addressing endogeneity, replacing the explanatory or explanatory variables, excluding extreme values, and excluding the effects of the financial crisis. The results of the transmission mechanism analysis indicate that ICT affects RETI through human capital accumulation, financial development, and information disclosure, meaning that human capital, financial development, and information disclosure are important mediating transmission mechanisms. The results of heterogeneity analysis note significant economic organizational heterogeneity and innovation environment heterogeneity of ICT to RETI. Specifically, in IEA and OECD member nations as well as in the high renewable energy consumption and high R&D investment groups, the contribution effect of ICT on RETI is more significant. • Examine the influence of ICT on RETI and its impact mechanism. • The findings show that ICT can greatly increase RETI. • Human capital, financial development, and information disclosure are the impact mechanisms. • In IEA and OECD member nations, the contribution effect of ICT to RETI is more significant. • In high R&D and high RE nations, the contribution effect of ICT to RETI is more significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dravidian Model: interpreting the political economy of Tamil Nadu: by Kalaiyarasan A. and Vijayabaskar M., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2021, xx + 268 pp., £ 85 (hardback), ISBN 9781108844130 In I The Dravidian Model, i development economists Kalaiyarasan and Vijayabaskar trace the historical evolution of Tamil Nadu's development trajectory over a fifty-year period since the mid-sixties. In the aftermath of the heavy flooding that engulfed the Indian city of Chennai in December 2015, the development model of its state, Tamil Nadu, came under scrutiny. [Extracted from the article]

Nostalgia has become an important aspect of culture‐led urban regeneration in advanced cities. Chinese cities have also experienced this tendency because many local states have used nostalgia as an instrument to brand their cities and promote business opportunities. However, culture‐led regeneration has resulted in the dilemma of cultural commodification and branding bubbles, as this approach is subordinate to capital circulation and property revitalization. We translate the Marxist idea of monopoly rent proposed by David Harvey into culture‐led regeneration by focusing on the influence of urban nostalgia on the production of the built environment and place distinctiveness for capital accumulation. Against the background of national capital in the Republic of China and its current fervor for culture‐led regeneration in what is known as the 'Republican style', in this article we explore the case of Nanjing 1912 to examine how urban cultural monopoly rent is produced through the project, and scrutinize its dilemma of over‐replication. Although nostalgia is associated with culture, creativity and history, Nanjing 1912's regeneration is underpinned by economic revenue and by investors experiencing branding bubbles as they tried to upscale the 1912 brand to Nanjing and its neighboring cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]