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Specimens of three newly discovered species of Clavulina, and the previously described species Clavulina thindii, were collected during field surveys in southwestern China. The specimens were used for examination of morphological characters and DNA extraction for molecular phylogenetic analyses. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences for the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region, nuclear ribosomal RNA large subunit, and the RNA polymerase II subunit B gene revealed that the three new species each formed a distinct lineage in the Clavulina clade. The samples of C. thindii from China and India formed a monophyletic lineage. The three new species are formally described here. Clavulina curva has noticeably distorted basidiomata, C. spina has uniform spines on the basidioma surface, and C. yunnanensis has brownish gray to dark black-brown stipes, with rare longitudinal corrugations and bristles. A key to all Clavulina species recorded in China, and descriptions of the macromorphology, micromorphology, and habitat for the four Clavulina species treated herein, are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The systematics of the genus Hydnum have undergone important advances, and many new species have been described with the aid of molecular data. A revision of old names that refer to Hydnum s. str., considering the knowledge now available, might reveal prioritary names of recently described species. This study focuses on the study of names that refer to white Hydnum in Europe, among which earlier synonyms of Hydnum reginae (=Hydnum albidum s. auct. pl. eur.) are potentially found, a species characterized by producing white basidiomata and smaller spores than any other European species. Our revision revealed the existence of three earlier names based on European material, namely H. pallidum Raddi, H. album Fr. and H. heimii Maas Geest. The earliest of those, Hydnum pallidum, is epitypified using material from Tuscany (Italy), from where it was originally described, and hence, it becomes the correct name for H. albidum s. auct. pl. eur. A full description and photographs of H. pallidum are provided, and further comments on other names that refer to white Hydnum based on European material are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood-rotting fungi are important components of woody plant ecosystems and play an active role in the decomposition and turnover of nutrients from wood, and are among the major groups of Basidiomycota. In this study, a new species of wood-rotting fungus, Sistotrema yunnanense, was proposed based on morphological characteristics and molecular evidence. It is characterized by resupinate basidiomata, a monomitic hyphal system having generative hyphae with clamp connections, suburniform to urniform basidia, and short-cylindrical to oblong ellipsoid basidiospores (4.5-6.5 × 3-4 μm). Phylogenetic analyses performed using the large subunit nuc rDNA indicated that S. yunnanense was nested within the genus Sistotrema s.l. of the family Hydnaceae, within the order Cantharellales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The systematics of the genus Hydnum have undergone important advances, and many new species have been described with the aid of molecular data. A revision of old names that refer to Hydnum s. str., considering the knowledge now available, might reveal prioritary names of recently described species. This study focuses on the study of names that refer to white Hydnum in Europe, among which earlier synonyms of Hydnum reginae (=Hydnum albidum s. auct. pl. eur.) are potentially found, a species characterized by producing white basidiomata and smaller spores than any other European species. Our revision revealed the existence of three earlier names based on European material, namely H. pallidum Raddi, H. album Fr. and H. heimii Maas Geest. The earliest of those, Hydnum pallidum, is epitypified using material from Tuscany (Italy), from where it was originally described, and hence, it becomes the correct name for H. albidum s. auct. pl. eur. A full description and photographs of H. pallidum are provided, and further comments on other names that refer to white Hydnum based on European material are made.

Chanterelles (genus Cantharellus) are among the most popular wild edible mushrooms worldwide. Efforts to understand chanterelle diversity have yielded numerous new species in recent years, particularly in eastern North America. We constructed a multilocus phylogeny including all described temperate species of Cantharellus and newly collected specimens from the eastern United States with an emphasis on southern Appalachia. We describe a new species, Cantharellus vicinus, an oak-associated chanterelle known only from lower-elevation areas in east Tennessee, based on phylogenetic and morphological data. Cantharellus vicinus is characterized by a compact stature, bright yellow hymenophore that turns salmon when mature, white stipe, and pale yellow pileus with a whitish bloom. The southeastern Cantharellus minor f. intensissimus is elevated to species level based on morphological and molecular evidence. The taxon is epitypified due to the sterile state of the holotype and ambiguity concerning application of the name. Evaluation of genetic diversity and gene conflict within Cantharellus camphoratus shows that it is a widespread species with populations in Atlantic Canada, the southeastern United States, and Japan. Similarly, C. cibarius and C. tenuithrix form complexes and may be more geographically widespread than previously thought. Additionally, we report the first known instances of Cantharellus betularum, C. corallinus, and C. altipes from the southern Appalachian Mountains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clavulina comprises ca. 90 described species distributed worldwide in both tropical and temperate regions. However, only one species (C. floridana) has been described so far from tropical North America. We used morphological and molecular data from three DNA loci (nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 [ITS], a portion of nuc 28S rDNA [28S], and a fragment of DNA-directed RNA polymerase II second largest subunit [RPB2]) from basidiomata and ectomycorrhizas collected in tropical ecosystems from three biogeographic provinces of Mexico and one tropical province in the USA to investigate the phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity of Clavulina in the region. Nine new species-level clades were discovered, two of which are proposed as new species (C. arboreiparva and C. tuxtlasana). Specimens of C. floridana recently collected in Florida were included in our analyses, for which a modern description is provided. In addition, C. floridana is a new record for Mexico. The diversity of Clavulina in tropical North America is comparable to that found in lowland tropical South America. However, some of the species found in tropical deciduous forests produce small, rare, and inconspicuous basidiomata, which easily go unnoticed, and therefore are poorly represented in collections. Many species remain undescribed in tropical regions of North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A next-generation sequencing approach was used to catalogue the fungal diversity in rhizosphere soil of the critically endangered South African orchid Brachycorythis conica subsp. transvaalensis • Several unique fungal species were identified from the rhizosphere of the orchid that were not present in the non-rhizosphere soils • Mycorrhizal fungi from the orders Agaricales, Cantharellales and Sebacinales were identified in the orchid's rhizosphere • This study will contribute to the isolation of suitable mycorrhizal species required for in vitro symbiotic germination of this orchid The Albertina Sisulu orchid, Brachycorythis conica subsp. transvaalensis is a critically endangered terrestrial orchid with a single population remaining in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. For the conservation of this endemic orchid, several strategies are being implemented such as protection of habitat, identifying pollinators and in vitro propagation. For symbiotic germination, it is essential to identify the mycorrhizal associates of this orchid using non-destructive sampling. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was used to catalogue and compare the diversity of fungi associated with the mycorrhizosphere of this orchid and non-mycorrhizosphere soils collected from the same coordinates. Bioinformatics and statistical analyses of the data showed that, despite the substantial overlap in the community composition of fungi associated with these two soil types, several exclusive fungal species were identified from the mycorrhizosphere of the orchid. These included an assortment of potential orchid mycorrhizal species from the orders Agaricales, Cantharellales and Sebacinales. This study provides the first insight into the soil fungal diversity associated with the mycorrhizosphere of this critically endangered orchid. In the future, data from this study can be used for optimising conservation measures and isolation of suitable mycorrhizal species required for in vitro symbiotic germination of this orchid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tulasnella (Tulasnellaceae) is a genus of fungus that can form mycorrhizal associations with orchids (Orchidaceae). Here we used molecular phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics of pure cultures across four different media to support the description of five new Tulasnella species associated with commonly occurring and endangered Australian orchids. Tulasnella nerrigaensis associates with Calochilus; T. subasymmetrica and T. kiataensis with Thelymitra; and T. korungensis and T. multinucleata with Pyrorchis and Rimacola respectively. The newly described species were primarily delimited by analyses of five loci: nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), C14436 (adenosine triphosphate [ATP] synthase), C4102 (glutamate synthase), C3304 (ATP helicase), and mt large subunit 16S rDNA (mtLSU). Tulasnella subasymmetrica is introduced for some isolates previously identified as T. asymmetrica, and this latter species is characterized from multilocus sequencing of a new isolate that matches ITS sequences from the ex-type culture. Morphological differences between the new species are slight. Tulasnella multinucleata has 6–12 nuclei per hyphal compartment which is the first instance of multinucleate rather than binucleate or trinucleate hyphal compartments in Tulasnella. The formal description of these species of Tulasnella will aid in future evolutionary and ecological studies of orchid-fungal interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydnum (Hydnaceae, Basidiomycota) exhibits endemic species diversity in East Asia; however, few comprehensive systematic studies have been conducted to date. Here, we performed morphological, ecological, phylogenetic, and biological evaluations of the taxonomy of Hydnum species in Japan. In total, 186 Japanese Hydnum specimens were used for morphological observations. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using sequence data of nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) region and a portion of translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1). Intra- and interspecific mating tests using 78 monokaryotic strains of 13 species did not conflict with species delimitation inferred from their ITS and tef1 phylogenetic relationships. This study provides detailed morphological descriptions of 15 rigorously identified species from Japan, nine of which are described as new: H. alboluteum, H. albopallidum, H. pinicola, H. itachiharitake, H. minospororufescens, H. orientalbidum, H. subberkeleyanum, H. tomaense, and H. tottoriense. Three species documented in this work are new to Japan: H. boreorepandum, H. mulsicolor, and H. umbilicatum. The remaining three species (H. cremeoalbum, H. minus, and H. repando-orientale), previously reported from Japan, are redescribed using data from newly collected materials. We also transferred two old species (Hericium fimbrillatum and Sarcodon nauseofoetidus) from East Asian Hydnum into other genera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycorrhizal fungi are essential for the growth and development of both epiphytic (growing on trees) and lithophytic (growing on rocks) orchids. Previous studies indicate that in lowland tropical areas, orchid mycorrhizal fungal compositions are correlated with the life form (i.e., epiphytic, lithophytic, or terrestrial) of their host plants. We therefore tested if a similar correlation exists in an orchid distributed at higher elevations. Coelogyne corymbosa is an endangered ornamental orchid species that can be found as a lithophyte and epiphyte in subtropical to subalpine areas. Based on high-throughput sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2)-rDNA region of mycorrhizae of C. corymbosa, we detected 73 putative mycorrhizal fungal Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). The OTUs of two dominant lineages (Cantharellales and Sebacinales) detected from C. corymbosa are phylogenetically different from those of other species within the genus Coelogyne, indicating that different orchid species prefer specific mycorrhizal fungi. We also found that the Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plots of orchid mycorrhizal fungi were not clustered with life form, the variations among orchid mycorrhizal fungal communities of different life forms were not significant, and most of the OTUs detected from epiphytic individuals were shared by the lithophytic plants, suggesting that orchid mycorrhizal associations of C. corymbosa were not affected by life form. These findings provide novel insights into mycorrhizal associations with endangered ornamental orchids.

Despite the economic and ecological importance of Hydnum species, in vitro synthesis of ectomycorrhizae of this genus has not been reported due to difficulties in establishing pure cultures. We inoculated pure cultures of 12 monokaryotic and 3 dikaryotic mycelial strains of an undescribed Hydnum albidum-like species on roots of axenic Pinus densiflora seedlings to synthesize ectomycorrhizae and to evaluate their mycorrhiza-forming ability. Six months after inoculation, both monokaryotic and dikaryotic strains formed ectomycorrhizae with Hartig net hyphae at the root cortex. Monokaryotic and dikaryotic strains exhibited similar morpho-anatomical characteristics of ectomycorrhizae, with the exception for clamped septa of emanating and outer mantle hyphae in the latter. Between monokaryotic and descendant dikaryotic strains, there were no significant differences in number of mycorrhizae in pine seedlings, whereas monokaryotic strains showed a greater total number of root tips and lower colonization rates than the descendant dikaryotic strains. These results indicate that both monokaryotic and dikaryotic mycelia of the H. albidum-like species can form mycorrhizae under axenic condition, and that can be applied toward the cultivation of hedgehog mushrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clavulina is an ectomycorrhizal genus of macroscopic basidiomycetes, mostly with clavarioid basidiomata, distributed worldwide. The most commonly reported species are C. amethystina, C. cinerea, C. coralloides, and C. rugosa, which are part of a species complex in temperate ecosystems. In this work, we describe two new species, C. mahiscolorata and C. parvispora, from temperate forests of central Mexico. We also present a geographical range redistribution of C. reae, which displays great macromorphological variation regarding basidiome branching rank, colors, and tip shape. We provide macromorphological, micromorphological, and habitat data for each species, as well as nuclear rDNA ITS, rDNA LSU, and RPB2 sequences. Our findings highlight an underestimation of species richness in temperate ecosystems, as a consequence of assigning existing epithets to taxa without proper morphological and molecular analyses. The designation of neotypes for temperate species of Clavulina is urgent to delimit species concepts for the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quercus virginiana (Fagaceae), native to the southeastern United States, has recently been introduced to the Yangtze Delta (China) and is often planted in landscaping and in coastal shelter forests. Here, we performed pot inoculation assays to evaluate the effects of two types of basidiomycetous root fungal symbionts, across four orders, on the growth and nutrient absorption of Q.virginiana seedlings. The results indicated that two isolates showed plant growth-promoting activities 2 months after inoculation. In particular, the ectomycorrhizal Sistotrema sp. (Cantharellales) had a pronounced effect on root development and morphology. With regard to nutrient absorption, the total nitrogen content in aboveground tissues was improved in inoculated seedlings, although most differences were not significant. Meanwhile, the total phosphorus contents in seedlings were either positively or negatively affected, probably depending on the symbiont type. Interestingly, the total potassium content in stems and leaves was significantly enhanced in all treatment groups. In addition, indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid production were determined in Sistotrema sp. and Atractiella rhizophila (Pucciniomycotina) by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Our findings suggest that both endophytic and ectomycorrhizal fungi have beneficial effects on Q.virginiana growth, and highlight the potential for the development of mycobiome-based seedling raising techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydnum repandum and its relatives are gourmet edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. However, no reliable pure cultures have been reported in this genus. Here, we report for the first time the successful isolation of mycelial strains from basidiospores in the genus Hydnum. Basidiospores obtained from basidioma samples were aseptically inoculated onto modified Norkran's C (MNC) medium, MNC containing n-butyric acid (n-MNC), or MNC with gellan gum instead of agar (G-MNC). Although basidiospore germination was observed in most samples, the isolation rate was higher from MNC (91.7%) and G-MNC (93.8%) than from n-MNC (36.4%). Most established isolates were monokaryotic and lacked a clamp connection, but three were dikaryotic and had clamp connections. Established isolates were identified by molecular phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of the rRNA gene. These results suggest that basidiospores can be used to establish monokaryotic and dikaryotic isolates of Hydnum species. • Six Hydnum species were isolated from basidiospores. • Established isolates were phylogenetically identified their species. • Most of isolates were monokaryotic and lacked a clamp connection. • MNC agar or MNC gellan-gum media recorded high isolation rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cantharellus densifolius and C. luteopunctatus are epitypified on the basis of recently collected specimens from the Central African rain forest that correspond in every way to their respective original descriptions. Sequences obtained from these new collections demonstrate that both epitypes represent distinct species that belong in different subclades of Cantharellus subg. Rubrinus. Previously, the name C. densifolius has been consistently misapplied to more or less similar species from the African woodland area, including C. densilamellatus sp. nov. which is described here, In addition, C. tomentosoides sp. nov., a rain forest species that is easily confused with C. densifolius, is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five species of Hydnum have been generally recognized from eastern North America based on morphological recognition: H. albidum, H. albomagnum, H. repandum and varieties, H. rufescens, and H. umbilicatum. Other unique North American species, such as H. caespitosum and H. washingtonianum, are either illegitimately named or considered synonymous with European taxa. Here, seventeen phylogenetic species of Hydnum are detected from eastern North America based on a molecular phylogenetic survey of ITS sequences from herbarium collections and GenBank data, including environmental sequences. Based on current distribution results, sixteen of these species appear endemic to North America. Of these, six species are described as new: H. alboaurantiacum, H. cuspidatum, H. ferruginescens, H. subconnatum, H. subtilior, and H. vagabundum. Geographic range extensions and taxonomic notes are provided for five additional species recently described as new from eastern North America. A new name, H. geminum, is proposed for H. caespitosum Banning ex Peck, non Valenti. Overall, species of Hydnum are best recognized by a combination of morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Taxonomic descriptions are provided for seventeen species, including epitype designations for H. albidum, H. albomagnum, and H. umbilicatum, taxa described more than 100 years ago, and molecular annotation of the isotype of H. washingtonianum. Photographs and a key to eastern North American Hydnum species are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary is comprised of five distinct compartments. A total of 138 species of gilled mushrooms belonging to 48 genera, 23 families, five orders of the class Agaricomycetes, division Basidiomycota, have been collected and analyzed. The order Agaricales was was found with the highest number of species (113), followed by Russulales (14), Polyporales (5), Cantharellales (4) and Boletales (2). The species Coprinellus disseminatus and Megacollybia rodmani have shown the highest (8.26) and the lowest density (0.05), respectively. A total of 24 species, e.g., Termitomyces albuminosus, Marasmius curreyi, Marasmiellus candidus, Leucocoprinus medioflavus, Mycena leaiana, Hygrocybe miniata, Collybia chrysoropha, Gymnopus confluens were common with frequency percentage of 11.9, whereas Megacollybia rodmani with less frequency percentage (2.4) was found only in few quadrates of the sanctuary. The highly abundant species were Termitomyces medius (91.7) and Coprinellus disseminatus (86.8), and less abundant species were Psilocybe wayanadensis (1.0) and Lepiota sp. (1.0) in the study site. The order of the species richness index (R) compartment wise was 2>3>4>5>1. Both the Shannon diversity index and Simpson diversity index of agarics was maximum (1.88, 0.98) in compartment 2, whereas minimum (1.72, 0.95) in compartment 1 and 5, respectively. Moreover, the compartment 2 was found very much similar with compartment 3 and very less similar with compartment 1.

In this study, 49 species of Hydnum are recognized worldwide. Twenty-two of them are described here as new species. Epitypes are proposed for H. repandum and H. rufescens. The majority of the species are currently known only from a single continent. The barcodes produced in this study are deposited in the RefSeq database and used as a basis to name species hypotheses in UNITE. Eleven infrageneric clades recovered in a phylogenetic analysis are supported by morphological characteristics and formally recognized: subgenera Alba, Hydnum, Pallida, and Rufescentia; sections Hydnum, Olympica, Magnorufescentia, and Rufescentia; and subsections Mulsicoloria, Rufescentia, and Tenuiformia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. In this new series of Fungal Biodiversity Profiles, the authors describe ten species new to science, nine basidiomycetes and one ascomycete, using both morphological and molecular data. Descriptions are provided for Hydnum berkeleyanum sp. nov. (Cantharellales), for Lactarius ambiguus, L. furfuraceus, L. orientaliquietus, L. subhirtipes, Russula blennia, R. pseudociliata (Russulales), Marasmius pseudohypochrysoides, Radulomyces paumanokensis (Agaricales) and Urnula himalayana (Pezizales). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild edible mushroom species are appreciated for consumption due to their high nutritional value. The aim of the present study was to examine in vitro beneficial bioactivity of mushroom extracts and to investigate the molecular identity of the active ingredients. In this regard, methanol extracts of 29 different wild edible mushroom species, that are traditionally consumed by residents in the National Park of North Pindos in North-Western Greece, were examined for antioxidant, antiproliferative, cytotoxic, and pro-apoptotic activities towards a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and by flow cytometry. Certain mushroom species exhibited high antioxidant activity, which was related to their high content in total phenols and flavonoids. Methanol extracts of Cantharellus cibarius, Cantharellus cinereus, Craterellus cornucopioides and Hydnum repandum, which belong to the order Cantharellales, exhibited high cytotoxicity and induced apoptosis-necrosis to A549 cells. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled with Mass Spectrometry analysis revealed as an active ingredient piceatannol ((E)-4-[2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]1,2-benzenediol-3,3′,4,5′-tetrahydroxy-trans-stilbene). Piceatannol, according to our best knowledge, is identified for the first time in wild edible mushrooms. Experiments with authentic piceatannol confirmed the potent antiproliferative activity of this compound. Tested mushrooms are promising sources of bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During explorations of tropical oak forests in central Veracruz (eastern Mexico), the authors discovered a Cantharellus species that produces basidiomes with strikingly violet pileus and a hymenium with yellow, raised gill-like folds. It is harvested locally and valued as a prized edible wild mushroom. Systematic multiyear sampling of basidiomes allowed the recording of the morphological variation exhibited by fresh fruit bodies in different growth stages, which supports the recognition of this Cantharellus species from others in the genus. Two molecular phylogenetic analyses based on a set of sequences of species of all major clades in Cantharellus, one including sequences of the transcription elongation factor 1-alpha (tef-1a) and a combined tef-1a and nLSU region (the large subunit of the ribosome), confirm the isolated position of the new species in a clade close to C. lewisii from USA, in the subgenus Cantharellus. Detailed macroscopic and microscopic descriptions, accompanied by illustrations and a taxonomic discussion are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information on the first Polish record of Typhula quisquiliaris is given in this paper. The species was found in Katowice: Panewniki (SW Poland, Silesian Upland), in pine forest, on dead stalks of Pteridium aquilinum.

A new Sistotrema species from Northern Finland, S. luteoviride is described and illustrated. The two hitherto known collections derive from Finnish Lapland and both grew on corticated Juniperus communis. The spores are very similar to those of S. citriforme, which however is a simple septate species and differs clearly by its ITS sequence.

In this new series of Fungal Biodiversity Profiles, the authors describe ten Basidiomycetes, one recombination and nine taxa new to science, using both morphological and molecular data. Descriptions are provided for Craterellus parvogriseus sp. nov. (Cantharellales); for Lactifluus maenanensis sp. nov., Russula albidogrisea sp. nov., R. aureorubra sp. nov., R. aureoviridis sp. nov., R. obscuricolor sp. nov.and R. pauriensis sp. nov.(Russulales), for Xerocomus reticulostipitatus sp. nov.(Boletales) and for Leucocybe houghtonii comb. nov.and Amanita rajendrae sp. nov.(Agaricales). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors describe ten new taxa for science using mostly both morphological and molecular data. In Basidiomycota, descriptions are provided for Botryobasidium fusisporum sp. nov., B. triangulosporum sp. nov., Cantharellus hydnoides sp. nov. and Hydnum aerostatisporum sp. nov. in Cantharellales; Lactarius rahjamalensis sp. nov. and Russula pseudoaurantiophylla sp. nov. in Russulales and for Mycena paraguayensis comb. nov. in Agaricales. In Ascomycota and hyphomycetes, descriptions are provided for Colletotrichum eryngiicola sp. nov. (Glomerellales), Corynesporella indica sp. nov. (incertae sedis) and Repetophragma zygopetali sp. nov. (Microthyriales). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antifungal potentialities of three endophytic bacterial strains,Stenotrophomonas maltophilaH8 (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae),Pseudomonas aeruginosaH40 (Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae) andBacillus subtilisH18 (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) were evaluated against the phytopathogenic fungusRhizoctonia solaniin cotton seedlings under greenhouse conditions. The bacterial strains were applied as a soil drench or talc-based bioformulation inR. solani-infested soil and non-infested soil. Results indicated that the soil drench treatment was more efficient than talc-based bioformulation. A significant increase of seed emergence and seedling survival with a clear reduction of disease severity was achieved with the endophytic bacterial treatments. At the same time, the fresh weight, dry weight, shoot length and root length of the treated plants were markedly enhanced. Moreover, there was an apparent induction of the antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and catalase) of the treated seedlings. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds in the bacterial supernatant. The antagonistic activity of the bacterial strains againstR. solaniwas attributed to their capability to produce a broad spectrum of antifungal compounds in addition to bioactive molecules that can trigger the systemic resistance in the infected seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Wood-rotting fungi are important components of woody plant ecosystems and play an active role in the decomposition and turnover of nutrients from wood, and are among the major groups of Basidiomycota . In this study, a new species of wood-rotting fungus, Sistotrema yunnanense , was proposed based on morphological characteristics and molecular evidence. It is characterized by resupinate basidiomata, a monomitic hyphal system having generative hyphae with clamp connections, suburniform to urniform basidia, and short-cylindrical to oblong ellipsoid basidiospores (4.5-6.5 × 3-4 µm). Phylogenetic analyses performed using the large subunit nuc rDNA indicated that S. yunnanense was nested within the genus Sistotrema s.l. of the family Hydnaceae , within the order Cantharellales ., (2023, by The Mycological Society of Japan.)

Lichenicolous species are widely distributed in the Basidiomycota, and many are known to produce sclerotia or bulbils with few additional structures to permit taxonomic placement. The Cantharellales include many of these species and we here describe a new species that grows over Cladonia rangiferina and forms yellow-orange, initially immersed bulbils similar to Burgella flavoparmeliae Diederich & Lawrey, a familiar species in the order. We obtained sequences of nuLSU representing an isolated culture and herbarium specimen of the species, and initial searches in GenBank indicated it was a member of the Cantharellales. We inferred its phylogenetic placement in the order using an existing dataset that included all known lichenicolous species. Our results indicate that it is not closely related to any described lichenicolous species or to any other described bulbilliferous species in the order. Based on these results, we are now establishing a new genus and species, Neoburgoa freyi, in the Hydnaceae sensu Hibbett et al. (2014). We also introduce the new name Adamflakia for the genus Bulbilla as the latter coincides with the technical term 'bulbilla' used in previous descriptions of bulbil-forming species and is therefore not validly published following the ICN (Art. 20.2); Adamflakia applanata comb. nov. is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution on the genus Cantharellus in North America introduces three new look-alikes of already known species in the eastern United States and thereby exposes the problem of species delimitation in Cantharellus. The small, reddish pink to orange C. corallinus sp. nov. is yet another look-alike of C. cinnabarinus, while the new C. flavolateritius is proposed as a new southern relative of C. lateritius. Both new species are, however, genetically clearly divergent. Such a scenario of 'cryptic species' corresponds to a concept that is widely admitted even by field mycologists and therefore easily accepted. In contrast, typical forms of the here newly described C. velutinus sp. nov. are nearly indistinguishable from C. lateritius, but the phenotypic variability of this new species (as supported by phylogenetic inference of the TEF-1 gene) is so impressive that it is hard to accept that the various observed phenotypic forms all belong to a single species as indeed suggested by their identical sequence data. The latter scenario, that of lumping easily separable phenotypic forms in the field under a single species epitheton encounters much more criticism from most field mycologists and is only reluctantly accepted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with some of the larger, more or less yellowish or orange Cantharellus species from the tropical African woodlands and rain forests. Four new species with clamp connections are described: Cantharellus guineensis, C. mikemboensis, C. pseudomiomboensis and C. stramineus. The new taxa show moderate to strong resemblance to either Cantharellus rufopunctatus or C. miomboensis. A two-locus phylogeny, based on part of the protein coding genes rpb2 and tef-1, resolved them as a highly supported clade within Cantharellus subgenus Rubrinus, a subgenus still exclusively composed of tropical African species. This monophyletic clade is here described as a new section within subg. Rubrinus. As the subgenus was previously defined as being composed of chanterelles lacking clamp connections, the definition of the subgenus is here amended. Illustrations and new records are also presented for Cantharellus afrocibarius, C. defibulatus, C. miomboensis, C. rufopunctatus and C. sublaevis. This paper provides first sequences for C. defibulatus, C. rufopunctatus and C. sublaevis, all of which are here epitypified, as well as new sequences for more than a dozen other Cantharellus. Cantharellus cibarius var. latifolius is considered a synonym of C. afrocibarius. An identification key to all mainland African Cantharellus is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A basidiomycete fungus from Vietnam, grown in a moist chamber on bark (as substrate) was identified as Hyphobasidiofera malaysiana. The isolation of this fungus into axenic culture allowed for investigations such as culture morphology, large and small subunit molecular phylogenies, life cycle karyology, and mating experiments. Comparative morphological data revealed that this species belongs to Rogersiomyces and the name Rogersiomyces malaysianus comb. nov. is proposed. Molecular studies revealed close relationships of Rogersiomyces, Sistotrema sensu lato, and Hydnum sensu stricto (Cantharellales, Agaricomycetes). The fungus produces binucleate basidiospores that germinate to form clamped and dikaryotic mycelium. The cultural characters and reproductive structures of this unusual sistotremoid fungus are described. It was concluded that the characteristic of dikaryotization into basidium, ephemeral basidiomata, and statismosporic basidia represent an adaptation of this fungus to irregular, but plentiful moistening during monsoon climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]