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Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) and feline parvovirus (FPV) cause severe hemorrhagic diarrhea disease in dogs, cats, and fur-bearing and wildlife carnivores worldwide, continuing to pose significant threats. In this study, 140 rectal swabs were collected from 70 domestic dogs and 70 cats with clinical diarrhea in veterinary clinics in Changchun during 2020. A total of 64.3% (45/70) of dogs and 55.7% (39/70) of cats tested positive for CPV-2 or FPV using colloidal gold strips. Amino acid (aa) sequence alignment of the VP2 protein from 39 CPV-2 and 36 FPV samples revealed that 79.5% (31/39) were CPV-2c, 17.9% (7/39) were a new CPV-2a, and 2.6% (1/39) were mink enteritis virus (MEV). and 8.3% (3/36) FPV from the cats was infected by CPV-2, which suggested that CPV-2c was the dominant variant in dogs and FPV was the major pathogen in cats in Changchun city. Phylogenetic relationships of VP2 genes showed that 26 parvoviruses were closely related to domestic strains previously published in China; however, 8 FPVs and CPV-JL-15/China/2020 were clustered in the lineage of South Asiatic and European countries, and 7 out of 8 FPVs were close to Italy. In addition to Q247H, I248Y, F544Y, and E/V545V/K, two novel site mutations of N23D or L630P in NS1 protein, associated with viral cross-species transmissions, were first found as a reminder of genetic relationships of CPV-2 variants and FPVs in the same branch. Thus, regular and massive virus surveillance of parvovirus is necessary to cope with its ongoing infection, circulation, mutations, and evolutions to new subtypes with strong survival abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Viral gastroenteritis in canines is primarily caused by the canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2). Infections by this virus can cause severe consequences in dogs, such as fever, vomiting, diarrhea, septicemia, systemic inflammation, and immunosuppression. Therefore, the mortality rate of persistent infections caused by this virus is significantly high. The capsid protein VP2 genome of canine parvovirus has undergone many changes, resulting in the emergence of different genotypes, including CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c. Diagnostic procedures often lack the necessary specificity for early infection diagnosis. Early detection of the infection enhances the likelihood of canine survival because the canine will receive prompt therapy. Hence, this study aimed to develop a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based diagnostic technique using SYBR Green for the rapid and accurate detection and quantification of CPV-2. Materials and Methods: The assay was specifically designed to identify a portion of the conserved NS gene using primers that amplify a 125-bp fragment. The qPCR method was executed in the fast mode to expedite the process using Power up SYBR Green Master Mix reagent. A standard curve was constructed using the amplified and purified PCR product of the NS gene. Results: The limit of detection and quantification were determined in the one amplified-DNA copy. The standard curve showed an efficiency of 99.5% and inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation of 0.387%-0.976% and 0.085%-0.430%, respectively. The assay was specific for the amplification of CPV-2, as no amplification was observed for other viral genomes (canine adenovirus II, canine distemper virus, canine coronavirus, and canine astrovirus) or from the negative controls. Inter- and intra-tests for repeatability showed low test variability around the run time. To validate the present assay, 200 samples of fezzes from canines with gastroenteritis and symptoms associated with enteric infection were tested using the qPCR protocol. From the analyzed samples, 136 were positive for CPV-2 by qPCR assay, of which 110 were before diagnostic positive for the virus by endpoint PCR, showing high sensitivity of the current assay. CPV-2 was detected in dogs over 2 weeks old up to dogs 9 years old, where the highest viral concentration found was 16429595 gene copies in dogs aged 2 weeks. Conclusion: In the present study, a rapid, specific, repeatable, and sensitive assay was developed for the detection and quantification of CPV-2. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that in the population of domestic dogs in Ecuador affected with gastrointestinal disease, the virus is presented in dogs of different ages and not only in young dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a novel therapy in the field of gastroenterology which has been studied at current times with greater curiosity. Methods: FMT was applied as an adjunct to symptomatic treatment in Canine Parvovirus (CPV) affected dogs for a period of 8 days once daily from the day of presentation. The results were compared with a similar group suffering from CPV infection maintained only on symptomatic treatment. Result: Response to FMT was evaluated on the basis of time taken for resolution of diarrhoea, time of hospitalization, scoring of clinical parameters, recurrence of gastroenteritis within 2 months post therapy of the two groups. Furthermore, adverse events and retention time of the transplant after the procedure were noted. It was observed that the 66.67% (4/6) dogs of FMT treated group had a quicker resolution of diarrhoea (mean 48 hours); FMT treated dogs had better clinical scores compared to symptomatic therapy group (score of 1 or clinically insignificant vs 4 or mildly diseased), lesser recurrence of diarrhoea 2 months post therapy in FMT treated group (16.67% vs 50%). Post FMT one case showed low grade fever (n=1) and epistaxis (n=1) respectively which resolved within 24 hours. The mean retention time of the transplant improved from (20.83±2.39) minutes to (140±12.66) on Day 7th of the trial (p<0.01). Faecal Microbiota Transplantation as an adjunct therapy might aid in early resolution of diarrhoea in acute diarrhoea in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine adenovirus (CAdV) had a high prevalence in fox populations and induced fox encephalitis. No ELISA kits specifically for CAdV-1 antigen had been commercialized for foxes in China. It is crucial to develop a rapid and accurate ELISA method for detecting of CAdV-1. The monoclonal antibodies (mAbs, IgG1A) and HRP-labeled polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) were used to establish the ELISA method in this experiment. The results showed that the optimal concentration and coating time for the mAbs (IgG1A) were 2.15 µg/mL and overnight at 4°C, respectively. The dilution ratio of the HRP-labeled pAbs was 1:2000. Five percent skimmed milk was selected as the blocking agent. The optimal incubation times for blocking, CAdV-1, and HRP-labeled pAbs were all 1 h. The cut-off value for negative rectal swab was determined to be 0.366 ± 0.032. The maximum dilution ratio was 100 TCID50/mL. The ELISA method was positive to CAdV-1, and that was negative to CAdV-2, Canine Parvovirus (CPV) and Canine Distempervirus (CDV). The ELISA method showed good repeatability, sensitivity, and specificity. Compared with RT-PCR, the sensitivity, specificity, and coincidence rates of the ELISA method were 93.75, 90.9, and 92.86%, respectively. These results indicate that the established ELISA method can be used for the large-scale screening and epidemiology surveillance of CAdV-1 in foxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the detection and differentiation of Canine Parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) strains in India using High Resolution Melt (HRM) curve analysis. CPV-2 is a highly contagious virus causing acute haemorrhagic enteritis and myocarditis in dogs, with a high mortality rate. A total of 45 faecal swab samples were collected from suspected CPV cases, out of which 20 tested samples were positive for CPV using PCR targeting the VP2 gene. These positive samples were further analyzed using HRM, which predicted them to belong to the CPV2a strain based on their melting temperature (71.4° or less). Two CPV2a positive samples were sequenced, they were found to belong to CPV2b strains, indicating a discrepancy between HRM prediction and sequencing results. Single nucleotide polymorphic variations were observed at positions 4062 and 4064, confirming their classification as CPV2b strains. Phylogenetic analysis of VP2 capsid gene showed that these field samples were closely related to CPV2c strains, suggesting potential genetic diversity among circulating CPV strains in India. The study highlights the importance of developing geographically specific CPV strain primers for accurate detection and differentiation using HRM. It raises concerns about potential co-infections or the emergence of new strains, indicated by varying melting temperatures in field samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is one of the most contagious viral agent's causing acute enteritis in young canines with high mortality rate. This study was conducted to investigate the risk factors associated with the occurrence of CPV in dogs using a matched case-control method. The target population was dogs under one year of age referred to veterinary clinics located in South, North, and Razavi Khorasan provinces. The case group (100 dogs) had clinical symptoms of CPV disease and positive PCR test, the control group (100 dogs) had no clinical symptoms, were healthy and the PCR test was negative. Statistical analysis was performed using a multivariable logistic regression model using SPSS software. Based on the obtained results, it was determined that large breeds have a higher chance of CPV than small breeds (OR = 2.56, P = 0.004). Lack of vaccination is a risk factor in the occurrence of CPV with an equal odds ratio (OR = 2.63, P = 0.002). Dogs with homemade food had a lower chance of disease (OR = 0.26, P = 0.01), and the disease was significantly higher in shelter dogs than in domestic dogs (OR = 9.89, P = 0.0001). Dogs that were in contact with other dogs also had a higher chance of developing CPV than dogs that had no contact (OR = 3.01, P = 0.001). Therefore, the awareness of the owners regarding the vaccination of dogs at the appropriate time and preventive care regarding the interactions of dogs is essential to prevent CPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study conducted in Morocco focused on addressing the challenges posed by canine parvovirus (CPV-2) through comprehensive research, vaccine development, and efficacy assessment. Through real-time PCR screening and genotyping, CPV-2 variants were identified circulating in the region. An inactivated vaccine, derived from a CPV-2 strain isolated from a symptomatic dog, was produced and evaluated for safety and efficacy. The vaccine, from the strain named "CaPV M/3-2022", demonstrated safety in vaccinated puppies, with no adverse reactions observed during the trial period. Efficacy trials showed that vaccinated puppies remained healthy and exhibited lower viral excretion post-challenge compared to unvaccinated controls. These results indicate that the vaccine effectively protects against illness related to CPV-2 and reduces viral shedding. The study provides valuable insights into CPV-2 epidemiology in Morocco, offers a promising vaccine solution, and underscores the importance of vaccination in controlling CPV-2 outbreaks and protecting canine health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus (CPV) infection is still common among dogs, leading to severe disease with high mortality. The potential of a local isolate of CPV as an effective vaccine to prevent the disease warrants investigation. This study aimed to determine the antibody response in mice against a Bali isolate of CPV propagated in the Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell culture. The virus was purified using polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 and mixed with an Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Fifteen 7-week female mice were divided into three treatment groups: treatment group 1 (PEG-purified virus and Adjuvant), treatment group 2 (crude unpurified virus and adjuvant), and treatment group 3 (adjuvant without virus), with five replicates per group. The Bali isolate of CPV was successfully replicated in MDCK cells, achieving a titer of 210-211 hemagglutination (HA) units after eight serial passages through the cell culture. The virus was confirmed as CPV by immunocytochemistry test using a monoclonal antibody and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test using chicken anti-CPV polyclonal antibody. Following the first immunization, the antibody endpoint titer in mice immunized with PEG-purified CPV (5.6) was significantly higher than those immunized with crude unpurified CPV (4.2) and adjuvant without CPV (1.4). Similarly, after the second immunization, the antibody endpoint titer in mice immunized with PEG-purified CPV (7.6) also remained significantly higher than those immunized with crude unpurified CPV (6.4) and adjuvant without CPV (0.8). Significant increases in antibody endpoint titer were observed after the second immunization in mice immunized with PEG-purified CPV and crude unpurified CPV, but not in those given adjuvant without CPV. The Bali isolate of CPV propagated in MDCK cell culture induced a robust antibody response in mice, suggesting it’s a potential as an alternative vaccine candidate for preventing CPV infection in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Viral gastroenteritis in canines is primarily caused by the canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2). Infections by this virus can cause severe consequences in dogs, such as fever, vomiting, diarrhea, septicemia, systemic inflammation, and immunosuppression. Therefore, the mortality rate of persistent infections caused by this virus is significantly high. The capsid protein VP2 genome of canine parvovirus has undergone many changes, resulting in the emergence of different genotypes, including CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c. Diagnostic procedures often lack the necessary specificity for early infection diagnosis. Early detection of the infection enhances the likelihood of canine survival because the canine will receive prompt therapy. Hence, this study aimed to develop a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based diagnostic technique using SYBR Green for the rapid and accurate detection and quantification of CPV-2. Materials and Methods: The assay was specifically designed to identify a portion of the conserved NS gene using primers that amplify a 125-bp fragment. The qPCR method was executed in the fast mode to expedite the process using Power up SYBR Green Master Mix reagent. A standard curve was constructed using the amplified and purified PCR product of the NS gene. Results: The limit of detection and quantification were determined in the one amplified-DNA copy. The standard curve showed an efficiency of 99.5% and inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation of 0.387%–0.976% and 0.085%–0.430%, respectively. The assay was specific for the amplification of CPV-2, as no amplification was observed for other viral genomes (canine adenovirus II, canine distemper virus, canine coronavirus, and canine astrovirus) or from the negative controls. Inter- and intra-tests for repeatability showed low test variability around the run time. To validate the present assay, 200 samples of fezzes from canines with gastroenteritis and symptoms associated with enteric infection were tested using the qPCR protocol. From the analyzed samples, 136 were positive for CPV-2 by qPCR assay, of which 110 were before diagnostic positive for the virus by endpoint PCR, showing high sensitivity of the current assay. CPV-2 was detected in dogs over 2 weeks old up to dogs 9 years old, where the highest viral concentration found was 16429595 gene copies in dogs aged 2 weeks. Conclusion: In the present study, a rapid, specific, repeatable, and sensitive assay was developed for the detection and quantification of CPV-2. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that in the population of domestic dogs in Ecuador affected with gastrointestinal disease, the virus is presented in dogs of different ages and not only in young dogs.

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Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) is an important causative agent of segmental enteritis in young dogs and has globally distributed variants and subtypes. Viral mutations can alter the pathogenesis and clinical signs, making identifying the samples circulating in a given region relevant. This study described the epidemiological and clinical findings and the molecular characterization of CPV-2 samples circulating in the canine population of Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. We analyzed 27 cases with a complete clinical history and at least one confirmatory etiologic diagnosis. In addition to clinical and epidemiological data, whole blood samples or tissues were tested by PCR for viral DNA detection. Amplified products were sequenced and analyzed, and phylogeny was generated with reference sequences. The disease was diagnosed especially in the summer months, and the most common clinical findings were diarrhea, anorexia, listlessness, and vomiting. Infection was predominant in young (< 6 months) unvaccinated or partially immunized dogs, with mortality exceeding 93%. It was possible to identify 15 CPV-2 samples, four of which were CPV-2a and 11 were new CPV-2a. It can be concluded that canine parvovirus is a disease with high mortality rates, with young unvaccinated dogs being more susceptible, with a predominance of the new CPV-2a variant in the western region of Rio Grande do Sul. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis is a global problem, with the causative agent being the genus Brucella. B. canis can cause undulant fever in dogs, which is a zoonotic disease that can spread not only among dogs but also to humans. This poses a public health threat to society. In this study, a rapid and straightforward immune colloidal gold test strip was developed for the diagnosis of canine brucellosis through the detection of anti-LPS antibodies in serum samples. Rabbit anti-canine IgG conjugated with colloidal gold was employed as the colloidal gold-labeled antibody. The extracted high-purity R-LPS was employed as the capture antigen in the test line (T-line), while goat anti-rabbit IgG was utilized as the capture antibody in the control line (C-line). The colloidal gold strip exhibited high specificity in the detection of brucellosis, with no cross-reaction observed with the common clinical canine diseases caused by Canine coronavirus (CCV), Canine distemper virus (CDV), and Canine parvovirus (CPV). In comparison to the commercial iELISA kit, the sensitivity and specificity of the colloidal gold test strip were found to be 95.23% and 98.76%, respectively. The diagnostic coincidence rate was 98.47%. The findings of this study indicate that colloidal gold test strips may be employed as a straightforward, expeditious, sensitive, and specific diagnostic instrument for the identification of canine brucellosis, particularly in resource-limited regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Canine Parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) infection poses a significant global health risk to susceptible dogs. Hypocobalaminemia, defined as reduced serum cobalamin (CBL) concentrations, is a recognized complication in chronic enteropathies in adult dogs but remains poorly understood in the context of acute enteropathies, especially in young dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and severity of hypocobalaminemia in young dogs with parvovirus enteritis and evaluation of CBL as a predictor of outcome. Materials and methods: Thirty client-owned dogs diagnosed with parvovirus infection and thirty healthy controls were enrolled. Clinical, hematological, and biochemical tests, including CBL and serum methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentrations, were assessed. Results: Results indicated a significantly higher prevalence of hypocobalaminemia in dogs with parvovirus enteritis compared to healthy controls, as well as a significant correlation with a disease severity score. Moreover, survivors demonstrated higher CBL concentrations than non-survivors, suggesting an eventual prognostic value of CBL status. However, parenteral CBL supplementation showed no significant effect on serum CBL or MMA concentrations, highlighting potential challenges in CBL uptake at the cellular level. Discussion: Hypocobalaminemia in this population is caused by multiple factors such as reduced nutritional absorption, gastrointestinal losses, and increased metabolic demands. Further research is needed to develop tailored management strategies, evaluate the effectiveness of CBL supplementation, and understand the mechanisms behind hypocobalaminemia in parvovirus infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus (CPV) poses a significant threat to dogs globally, leading to both illness and death. Examining biomarkers may enhance early detection of the disease, gauge hospital stay duration, increase disease severity, and estimate patient prognosis. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of diagnostic (hematological and biochemical) and prognostic biomarkers (Citrulline, serum amyloid A (SAA), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon (IFN)) in CPV infection. Blood samples were collected from CPV-positive dogs (Experimental Group, n=20) and healthy dogs (Control Group, n=20) included in the study. Consequently of laboratory analyses, it was observed that citrulline, TNF-α, and SOD levels were significantly increased in CPV-positive animals compared to healthy animals, while IL-6 and SAA levels decreased. Also, leukocyte (WBC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), thrombocyte (THR), pH, chloride (Cl), lactate (Lac), glucose, sO2, and HCO3 levels were lower in CPV-positive dogs compared to the healthy ones (P<0.05). As a result, it was interpreted that the inflammatory and oxidative response changes can be measured with the investigated parameters and thus the animals can be in the recovery period despite the clinical symptoms. It was concluded that the measured biomarkers can provide important information in terms of the prognosis of CPV infection when measuring in different periods of the disease or in experimental infection model studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis is one of the most common life-threatening diseases in dogs. Immuno-suppression and intestinal barrier disruption predispose affected dogs for sepsis and make them a suitable population to study sepsis. The present study focuses on the diagnostic efficacy of faecal antigen test kit and on the occurrence of sepsis in canine parvovirus enteritis along with its association with morbidity and mortality. Tentative diagnosis for CPV was based on clinical signs and haematology, confirmation was done by Snap® parvo antigen test kit and PCR using faecal samples. Total 29 dogs between 6 weeks to 1 year of age were included comprising 6 healthy and 23 non-vaccinated CPV positive dogs. Efficacy of diagnosing CPV via faecal antigen test kit was found to be 69.50%, while PCR showed 100% efficacy. The overall occurrence of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) on the day of presentation in CPV dogs was 60.80% and survivability with SIRS was 71.43%. Blood culture revealed Staphylococcus spp. This study concludes that faecal antigen test kit gives rapid result with minimum labour and cost, but might give false negative results, and identification of sepsis at early stage might help the clinician in shifting the patient to more aggressive therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many domestic animals have a profound impact on endangered species through complex interactions and spillover effects in and between coupled human and natural systems. A thorough understanding of the driving forces of human decisions regarding how domestic animals are kept is therefore critical to promote the synergy of human livelihood and biodiversity conservation. Working in the Qinling Mountains of China, we conducted a multidisciplinary study using a structural equation model (SEM) to link households' demographic and economic conditions, peoples attitudes and activities with their decisions, and further investigated how such process influences the potential negative impact of free‐ranging dogs on wildlife. Among 139 blood and saliva samples collected from dogs that were owned by local villagers but allowed to roam freely, 33.3% were positive for at least one of three viral infections, including canine distemper (28.2%), canine parvovirus (25.6%), and rabies virus prevalence (10.3%). SEM modeling revealed that human activity (β = 0.27, p =.012) has significantly increased dogs' potential negative impacts on wildlife by increasing the number of dogs and their direct contact with wildlife, as well as their larger movement range. Conversely, improvement in demographic and economic conditions (β = −0.22, p =.011) and human attitudes (β = −0.51, p =.013) suppresses the influence of free roaming dogs on wildlife. Meanwhile, livelihoods dependent on natural resources increased the likelihood of owners having dog practice that may negatively impact wildlife (β = 0.54, p <.001), without improving the economic conditions of the residents (β = −0.26, p <.001). Based on the above results, we recommend a program that combines educational and conservation efforts to encourages local residents in more responsible dog ownership and recommend reserve managers provide financial incentives to mitigate human‐wildlife conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV‐2) is the most common enteric virus that infects canids. CPV is the causative agent of a contagious disease defined mostly by clinical gastrointestinal signs in dogs. During the late 1970s, CPV‐2 emerged as a new virus capable of infecting domestic dogs and growing across the world. The VP2 gene stands out as a key determinant in the pathogenicity, antigenicity, and host interactions of CPV‐2. Aims: The molecular characterization of the VP2 gene is crucial for understanding CPV evolution and epidemiology. Materials & Methods: Genes encoding the VP2 protein were sequenced and compared to reference strains worldwide. The maximum likelihood method was used to build a phylogenetic tree using CPV VP2 gene nucleotide sequences. Results: Our phylogenetic analysis of the VP2 gene revealed that five strains were very similar and clustered together, and three strains were in the 2b clade, whereas the other two were in the 2a/2b clade. Discussion: This paper reports the molecular characterization of two novel CPV‐2a/2b subtypes in dogs with gastrointestinal symptoms. Genetic analysis was conducted on a CPV genomic region encompassing one of the open reading frames (ORFs) encoding the structural protein VP2. Sequence analysis indicates new and unreported sequence changes, mainly affecting the VP2 gene, which includes the mutations Ser297Ala and Leu87Met. This study represents the first evidence of a new CPV‐2a/2b subtype in Türkiye. Due to VP2's crucial role in encoding the capsid protein of CPV‐2 and its significant involvement in the host‐virus interaction, it is critical to closely monitor its evolutionary changes and be cautious while searching for novel or pre‐existing subtypes. Conclusion: This study highlights the significance of continuous molecular research for acquiring more insights on the circulation of novel CPV mutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Canine parvovirus enteritis (CPE) is a contagious viral disease of dogs caused by the canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. CPV-2 has a high global evolutionary rate. Molecular characterization of CPV-2 and understanding its epidemiology are essential for controlling CPV-2 infections. Objective: This study examined the risk factors and survival outcomes of dogs infected with CPV-2. Molecular characterization of CPV-2 genotypes circulating in Egypt was performed to determine the evolution of CPV-2 nationally and globally. Methods: An age-matched case-control study was conducted on 47 control and 47 CPV-infected dogs. Conditional logistic regression analysis examined the association between the potential risk factors and CPE in dogs. Survival analysis was performed to determine the survival pattern of the infected dogs. Thirteen fecal samples from infected dogs were collected to confirm the CPV genotype by CPV-2 VP2 gene sequencing, assembly of nucleotide sequences, and phylogenic analysis. Results: Unvaccinated and roamer dogs had eight and 2.3 times higher risks of CPV infection than vaccinated dogs and non-roamer dogs, respectively. The risk of death from CPE was high among dogs without routine visits to veterinary clinics and among non-roamer dogs. Molecular characterization of CPV-2 confirmed its genotype identity and relationship with the CPV-2 c and b clade types. Conclusions and Relevance: This study highlights the potential factors for CPE control, especially vaccination and preventing dogs from roaming freely outside houses. Isolated CPV genotypes are closely related to southern Asian genotypes, suggesting a substantial opportunity for global transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this study, 82 fecal samples of suspected FPV infection were collected from different areas of Henan Province from 2020 to 2022 (small sample in 2023), viral DNA was extracted, and FPV identification primers were used to identify 25 FPV-positive cases. VP2 and NS1 primers were further used to amplify the above positive samples, and the whole gene sequences of 11 VP2 and 21 NS1 strains were obtained and analyzed. Homology analysis showed that the amino acid homology of the VP2/NS1 gene of the isolates was 96.1–100% and 97.6–100%, respectively, with that of domestic and foreign endemic strains. The phylogenetic tree results showed that VP2 and NS1 of the local strains were mainly concentrated in the G1 subgroup, while the vaccine strains were distributed in the G3 subgroup, and the two strains were far-related. F81 cells were inoculated with local endemic strain SNF-01 (FPV-LY strain for short) from the FPV G1 subgroup for virus amplification, purification, and titer determination, and the pathogenesis of SNF-01 was detected. After five generations of blind transmission of F81 cells, the cells of the FPV-LY strain were rounded, wire-drawn, and crumpled. After sucrose density gradient centrifugation, the virus titer was determined by the Reed–Muench method to be 1.5 × 106 TCID50/mL. Animal regression tests showed that the strain PFV-LY was highly pathogenic, and the cats showed typical clinical symptoms and pathological changes, and eventually died. Carnivore protoparvovirus-1, feline parvovirus (FPV), and canine parvovirus (CPV) continue to spread in companion animals all over the world. As a result, FPV and CPV underwent host-to-host transfer in carnivorous wild-animal hosts. Here, a total of 82 fecal samples of suspected cat FPV infections were collected from Henan Province from 2020 to 2022. The previously published full-length sequence primers of VP2 and NS1 genes were used to amplify the targeted genes of these samples, and the complete gene sequences of 11 VP2 and 21 NS1 samples were obtained and analyzed. Analysis showed that the amino acid homology of the VP2 and NS1 genes of these isolates was 96.1–100% and 97.6–100%, respectively. The phylogenetic results showed that the VP2 and NS1 genes of the local isolates were mainly concentrated in the G1 subgroup, while the vaccine strains were distributed in the G3 subgroup. Finally, F81 cells were inoculated with the local endemic isolate Luoyang-01 (FPV-LY strain for short) for virus amplification, purification, and titer determination, and the pathogenesis of FPV-LY was detected. After five generations of blind transmission in F81 cells, cells infected with FPV-LY displayed characteristic morphological changes, including a round, threadlike, and wrinkled appearance, indicative of viral infection. The virus titer associated with this cytopathic effect (CPE) was measured at 1.5 × 106 TCID50/mL. Subsequent animal regression tests confirmed that the virus titer of the PFV-LY isolate remained at 1.5 × 106 TCID50/mL, indicating its highly pathogenic nature. Cats exposed to the virus exhibited typical clinical symptoms and pathological changes, ultimately succumbing to the infection. These results suggest that the gene mutation rate of FPV is increasing, resulting in a complex pattern of gene evolution in terms of host preference, geographical selection, and novel genetic variants. The data also indicate that continuous molecular epidemiological surveillance is required to understand the genetic diversity of FPV isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious and potentially lethal virus that affects dogs and other members of the Canidae family, including wolves, foxes, and coyotes. Here, we present a fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay (FLFA) platform for the detection of CDV, which utilizes fluorescent microspheres - fusion protein monoclonal antibody (mAb)-labeled monoclonal antibody. The assay detected CDV within 5  min, with a detection limit threshold of 3  ×  10² TCID50/mL. Notably, the assay demonstrated no cross-reactivity with canine parvovirus, canine coronavirus, canine adenovirus, feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus, or feline parvovirus. Field and clinical applicability of the assay was evaluated using 63 field samples, including 30 canine fecal samples, 18 swab samples, and 15 blood samples. The coincidence rate between the detection results of clinical samples obtained through FLFA and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was 96.83%. Thus, this assay offers a significant advancement for the rapid diagnosis of CDV at the point of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) is a highly contagious enteric virus that causes high morbidity and mortality, especially in dogs under six months of age. Recovery from this illness is dependent on several factors, including the patient's prognosis for adequate therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with the death outcome in CPV-2 positive dogs in a case-control study conducted at the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal de Lavras (HV-UFLA) in Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Twenty-six dogs with CPV-2 symptoms that arrived at the HV-UFLA between 2017 and 2018 were evaluated for inclusion in the study. Data on medical history, clinical signs, blood count and rapid test of parvovirus and faecal test for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were collected for all the animals. All the dogs received treatment at the HV-UFLA, and the overall fatality rate due to canine parvovirus was 30.77%. Descriptive analysis and univariate and multivariate statistical analyses (logistic regression) were performed to assess the variables that were possibly associated with an unfavourable prognosis (death). In the univariate and multivariate analyses, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) was observed to be a significant risk factor for an unfavourable prognosis in canine parvovirus, as it increased the risk of death by 12.96 times (95% CI 1.85-133.70; P < 0.01) compared with patients who did not exhibit SIRS. Thus, SIRS was strongly associated with an unfavourable prognosis, suggesting that it can be used as a prognostic indicator for canine parvovirus in veterinary practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Canine coronavirus (CCoV), canine rotavirus (CRV), canine parvovirus (CPV), and canine distemper virus (CDV) cause gastroenteritis in dogs, and co-infections of these pathogens are common in China. In particular, CCoV and CRV are confirmed to have important zoonotic potential and cause public health issues. It is difficult to diagnose these diseases based only on clinical manifestations and pathological damage. Methods: In this study, four pairs of specific primers and probes targeting the CCoV M, CRV VP7, CPV VP2, and CDV N genes were designed. The reaction conditions, including the primer and probe concentrations, annealing temperatures, and reaction cycles, were optimized for the development of a quadruplex RT-qPCR for the detection of CCoV, CRV, CPV, and CDV. The assay was used to test 1028 clinical samples to validate its application. Results: A quadruplex RT-qPCR was successfully established for the differential detection of CCoV, CRV, CPV, and CDV, with good specificity, high sensitivity, and excellent repeatability. The assay could specifically detect CCoV, CRV, CPV, and CDV without cross-reactivity with the other canine viruses tested. It showed high sensitivity with limits of detection (LOD) of 1.1 × 102 copies/reaction for all four plasmid constructs. It showed excellent repeatability, with 0.05–0.90% intra-assay variation and 0.02–0.94% inter-assay variation. The 1028 clinical samples were tested using the quadruplex RT-qPCR and a reported reference RT-qPCR. The positivity rates of CCoV, CRV, CPV, and CDV were 9.53%, 0.97%, 25.68%, and 5.06% using the developed assay, and 9.05%, 0.88%, 25.68%, and 4.86% using the reference assay, with agreements higher than 99.32%. Conclusion: The results indicated that a rapid and accurate quadruplex RT-qPCR was developed for the detection and differentiation of CCoV, CRV, CPV, and CDV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feline panleukopenia is a contagious viral disease caused by the feline panleukopenia virus (FPV). A closely related pathogen is canine parvovirus (CPV), and amino acid substitutions in this virus allow it to acquire a feline host range. In feline hosts, the disease induced by CPV manifests with similar symptoms to those caused by FPV or milder ones, leading to its underdiagnosis. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of CPV type 2 (CPV-2) in cats with clinical symptoms of panleukopenia and to assess the use of commercial CPV antigen tests for the clinical diagnosis of FPV. Samples from 59 cats from central Slovakia were included in the study. Rectal swabs were collected and clinically tested for parvovirus infection using a commercial antigen test. Antigen-positive samples were confirmed by PCR targeting the viral VP2 gene. The sequences of the PCR products were established with the Sanger method. Of 59 samples, 23 were revealed to be positive for parvovirus infection by both antigen and PCR test (38.9%). Analysis with the National Center for Biotechnology Information BLASTn application showed 99.78–100% pairwise identity with FPV. The mortality rate of parvovirus-infected cats included in this study was 8.69% (2/23). Although feline disease with CPV-2 was not confirmed, the CPV antigen test was able to detect FPV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Due to its promising applications in diagnosis and therapy, amniotic fluid may represent the substrate of the future in obstetric and regenerative medicine. In this study, we explored its potential impact on canine neonatal immunity by investigating, in both maternal plasma and amniotic fluid collected at birth, total and specific immunoglobulins G against the three viruses responsible for most of the neonatal mortalities in dogs: canine parvovirus (CPV-2), infectious canine hepatitis virus (CadV-1), and canine distemper virus (CDV). Our findings revealed that both total and specific plasma maternal IgG titres were not strictly related to vaccination status, whereas specific immunoglobulin G concentrations in amniotic fluids showed some correlation with the bitch vaccination status. Furthermore, puppies that developed pathological conditions (i.e., diarrhoea of any origin) within the first two months of life exhibited significantly lower amniotic CAdV-1 antibody titres compared to healthy ones. The evaluation of antibodies in amniotic fluid at birth could provide crucial information on the actual immune status of newborns. There is a growing interest in the composition of amniotic fluid (AF) in both humans and animals. In addition to its nutritional and protective functions for the foetus, current knowledge demonstrates that AF also serves advanced diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic roles. Newborn dogs have an underdeveloped immune system, making them highly susceptible to dangerous pathogens such as canine parvovirus (CPV-2), canine infectious hepatitis virus (CAdV-1), and canine distemper virus (CDV), thus exposing them to a high risk of mortality in the first weeks of life. Immunoglobulins G (IgGs) represent the only antibody isotype capable of crossing the placenta in a small amount and have been detected also in canine AF. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of AF collected at birth as a marker of passive immunity in canine species. For this purpose, total and specific IgGs against CPV-2, CAdV-1, and CDV were investigated and quantified in both maternal plasma and AF collected at the time of caesarean section. The vaccination status of the bitches was also taken into consideration. Since the immune system can be influenced by gestational age, with preterm infants having immature innate and adaptive immunity, IgG concentrations were correlated with amniotic lecithin, sphingomyelin, cortisol, surfactant protein A, and pentraxin 3 levels. In a previous study from our group on foetal maturity these molecules were measured in the same samples. Finally, correlations between their amniotic content and neonatal outcomes were investigated. This study demonstrates that AF analysis at birth can provide valuable insights into neonatal immunity in puppies, offering a non-invasive method to detect potential early health risks, for improved puppy care and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Canine parvovirus (CPV) can cause high morbidity and mortality rates in puppies, posing a significant threat to both pet dogs and the breeding industry. Rapid, accurate, and convenient detection methods are important for the early intervention and treatment of canine parvovirus. In this study, we propose a visual CPV detection system called nucleic acid mismatch enzyme digestion (NMED). This system combines loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), endonuclease for gene mismatch detection, and colloidal gold lateral chromatography. We demonstrated that NMED can induce the binding of the amplicon from the sample to the specific labeling probe, which in turn triggers digestion by the endonuclease. The sensitivity and visual visibility of LAMP were increased by combining endonuclease and colloidal gold lateral chromatography assisted by a simple temperature-controlled device. The sensitivity of the NMED assay was 1 copy/μL, which was consistent with quantitative PCR (qPCR). The method was validated with 20 clinical samples that potentially had CPV infection; 15 positive samples and 5 negative samples were evaluated; and the detection accuracy was consistent with that of qPCR. As a rapid, accurate, and convenient molecular diagnostic method, NMED has great potential for application in the field of pathogenic microorganism detection.IMPORTANCEThe NMED method has been established in the laboratory and used for CPV detection. The method has several advantages, including simple sampling, high sensitivity, intuitive results, and no requirement for expensive equipment. The establishment of this method has commercial potential and offers a novel approach and concept for the future development of clinical detection of pathogenic microorganisms.

Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) and feline parvovirus (FPV) cause severe hemorrhagic diarrhea disease in dogs, cats, and fur-bearing and wildlife carnivores worldwide, continuing to pose significant threats. In this study, 140 rectal swabs were collected from 70 domestic dogs and 70 cats with clinical diarrhea in veterinary clinics in Changchun during 2020. A total of 64.3% (45/70) of dogs and 55.7% (39/70) of cats tested positive for CPV-2 or FPV using colloidal gold strips. Amino acid (aa) sequence alignment of the VP2 protein from 39 CPV-2 and 36 FPV samples revealed that 79.5% (31/39) were CPV-2c, 17.9% (7/39) were a new CPV-2a, and 2.6% (1/39) were mink enteritis virus (MEV). and 8.3% (3/36) FPV from the cats was infected by CPV-2, which suggested that CPV-2c was the dominant variant in dogs and FPV was the major pathogen in cats in Changchun city. Phylogenetic relationships of VP2 genes showed that 26 parvoviruses were closely related to domestic strains previously published in China; however, 8 FPVs and CPV-JL-15/China/2020 were clustered in the lineage of South Asiatic and European countries, and 7 out of 8 FPVs were close to Italy. In addition to Q247H, I248Y, F544Y, and E/V545V/K, two novel site mutations of N23D or L630P in NS1 protein, associated with viral cross-species transmissions, were first found as a reminder of genetic relationships of CPV-2 variants and FPVs in the same branch. Thus, regular and massive virus surveillance of parvovirus is necessary to cope with its ongoing infection, circulation, mutations, and evolutions to new subtypes with strong survival abilities.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of canine parvovirus (CPV) infection in dogs that were presented to Animal Hospital of Atatürk University and housed in shelter. Materials and Methods: The samples were obtained from 83 dogs kept animal shelter and 17 dogs presented animal hospital showing clinical signs of CPV infection. The 40 stool samples of 100 dogs (40%) examined by the rapid test were positive for the presence of CPV, and the 60 stool samples (60%) were negative. Results: In this study, it was determined that there was an important association between the presence of CPV and vaccination status, housing place, cleanliness frequency of housing place, anthelmintic treatment as well as anorexia, vomiting, dehydration and abdominal pain findings. Conclusion: All the dogs in this study were young (1.5 to 7.5 months? age range) and had contact with free-roaming stray dogs outside the house and garden. Thus, contact with stray dogs might play an important role in the increased prevalence of CPV. Also, the effective prevention practices should be implemented considering risk factors and common circulation of CPV infection in Erzurum province.

Introduction: The objective of the present study was to report, for the first time, the presence of canine parvovirus type 2c (CPV-2c) in domesticated dogs with acute gastroenteritis and to characterize the antigenic variants circulating in Palestine. Methodology: A veterinary clinical-based epidemiological study was carried out between December 2022 and April 2023. Fifty fecal samples were collected from dogs with gastroenteritis and screened for CPV-2 infection by polymerase chain reaction. The distribution of positive cases according to various epidemiological factors was studied. Partial sequencing of the viral protein 2 (VP2) gene was performed for the analysis of CPV-2 variants. Results: Most of the investigated samples (60%; n = 50) during the study period were found positive for CPV-2 infection. There was no difference in the distribution of positive cases of CPV-2 infection based on age group, gender, location, and vaccination status. The analysis of nucleotide and amino acid sequences from amplified products, as well as phylogenetic analysis, revealed the presence of CPV-2c clustered with Asian CPV-2c variants. Conclusions: In summary, this study represents the initial genetic analysis of CPV-2 present in Palestinian dogs with gastroenteritis and provides evidence that confirms the existence of the CPV-2c variants. To determine the prevailing CPV-2 variant associated with the infection, it is crucial to conduct further sequence analysis using large populations of both domestic and wild canines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of canine parvovirus (CPV) in 1978, probably as a result of the cross-species incursion of feline panleukopenia virus, resulted in the current pandemic of canine parvoviral enteritis. It has been 40 years since the virus was first identified in Nigeria and it has been afflicting dog population in the country unabatedly. As such, in this review, CPV molecular epidemiology in Nigeria entailing its prevalence, occurrence of subtypes, co-infection and genetic evolution are analysed. All the three subtypes of the virus have been identified in the country with CPV-2a subtype being preponderant. However, in recent years there has been an upsurge in the number of CPV-2c and it is often associated with bloody diarrhoea even in vaccinated puppies. Therefore, there is need for proper assessment of the molecular epidemiology of the virus for proper institution of effective control policies to eradicate this pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is a common agent of gastroenteritis in dogs, although some variants have been found associated with systemic and often fatal diseases. Distinct genotypes (CCoV-I and CCoV-II) and subgenotypes (CCoV-IIa and CCoV-IIb) are worldwide distributed. In Italy, CCoV infections have been occasionally evaluated, but information about the molecular epidemiology and the genomic features of currently circulating strains is limited. This study reports the detection and molecular characterization of CCoV strains from samples collected from 284 dogs in Italy between 2019 and 2021. CCoV RNA was detected in 39 (13.7%) dogs, as a single viral agent (5 animals, 12.8%) or with other viral pathogens (canine parvovirus types 2a/2b/2c; canine adenovirus type 1; norovirus GIV.2) (34 animals, 87.2%). A total of 48 CCoV strains were detected either alone (CCoV-I: 51.3%, CCoV-IIa: 20.5%) or in copresence (CCoV-I and CCoV-IIa, 23.1%); surprisingly, CCoV-IIb was not identified in this study. Five clusters of CCoV-I were detected, and their spike gene sequences showed the highest nucleotide identities with CCoV-I strains collected from Greece in 2008/2009 and from China in 2021. CCoV-IIa spike gene sequences (three variants) had the highest nucleotide identities with CCoV-IIa strains collected in Greece in 2008/2009 and in Italy in 2009/2011. Given the high CCoV diversity and the variable pathogenicity potential, we underline the need of further surveillance studies to increase our understanding of the epidemiology and evolution of these viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two alternative methods for producing compost in a tunnel, from certain category (Cat.) 3 animal by‐products (ABP) and other non‐ABP material, were assessed. The first method proposed a minimum temperature of 55°C for 72 h and the second 60°C for 48 h, both with a maximum particle size of 200 mm. The assessment of the Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) exclusively focused on Cat. 3 ABP materials (catering waste and processed foodstuffs of animal origin no longer intended for human consumption). The proposed composting processes were evaluated for their efficacy to achieve a reduction of at least 5 log10 of Enterococcus faecalis and Salmonella Senftenberg (775W, H2S negative) and at least 3 log10 of relevant thermoresistant viruses. The applicant provided a list of biological hazards that may enter the composting process and selected parvoviruses as the indicator of the thermoresistant viruses. The evidence provided by the applicant included: (a) literature data on thermal inactivation of biological hazards; (b) results from validation studies on the reduction of E. faecalis, Salmonella Senftenberg 775W H2S negative and canine parvovirus carried out in composting plants across Europe; (c) and experimental data from direct measurements of reduction of infectivity of murine parvovirus in compost material applying the time/temperature conditions of the two alternative methods. The evidence provided showed the capacity of the proposed alternative methods to reduce E. faecalis and Salmonella Senftenberg 775W H2S negative by at least 5 log10, and parvoviruses by at least 3 log10. The BIOHAZ Panel concluded that the two alternative methods under assessment can be considered to be equivalent to the processing method currently approved in the Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of canine parvovirus monoclonal antibody (CPMA) as a treatment against canine parvovirus (CPV-2)-induced mortality and to support USDA product licensure. ANIMALS: 28 purpose-bred Beagle dogs aged 8 weeks were randomized to the treated (n = 21) or control (7) group. METHODS: Dogs were challenged intranasally with 104.2 TCH)50 virulent CPV-2b on Day 0 and monitored for 14 days for fecal viral shed and clinical disease. All dogs began shedding CPV-2 on Day 4 and were treated intravenously with a single dose of either CPMA (0.2 mL/kg) or saline (equal volume). No additional treatments were given to either group. Feces and sera were collected for quantitative analysis of fecal viral shed (hemagglutination) and antibody responses (hemagglutination inhibition and dot-blot ELISA), respectively. Dogs were monitored twice daily for parameters including Iymphopenia, fever, vomiting, abnormal feces, inappetence, and lethargy. Humane endpoints triggered euthanasia by a veterinarian masked to treatment groups. The primary outcome variable was prevention of mortality as compared to controls. RESULTS: Mortality was prevented in all CPMA-treated dogs compared to 57% mortality in the control group (P = .0017, Fisher exact test). Canine parvovirus monoclonal antibody-treated dogs also experienced less severe and/or shorter durations of diarrhea, fever, vomiting, CPV-2 shedding in feces, and Iymphopenia. Both groups showed similar immunoglobulin M responses as measured by semiquantitative analysis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Intravenous administration of CPMA can effectively improve clinical outcome when administered early in CPV-2 disease. Canine parvovirus monoclonal antibody treatment after proven infection does not interfere with adaptive immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Canine enteric coronavirus (CCV) and canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) are the main pathogens responsible for acute gastroenteritis in dogs, and both single and mixed infections are common. This study aimed to establish a double-labeling time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TRFIA) to test and distinguish CCV and CPV-2 diseases. Methods: A sandwich double-labeling TRFIA method was established and optimized using europium(III) (Eu3+)/samarium(III) (Sm3+) chelates. CCV/CPV-2 antigens were first captured by the immobilized antibodies. Then, combined with Eu3+/Sm3+-labeled paired antibodies, the Eu3+/Sm3+ fluorescence values were detected after dissociation to calculate the CCV/CPV-2 ratios. The performance, clinical performance and methodology used for laboratory (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and stability) testing were evaluated. Results: A double-label TRFIA for CCV and CPV-2 detection was optimized and established. The sensitivity of this TRFIA kit was 0.51 ng/mL for CCV and 0.80 ng/mL for CPV-2, with high specificity for CCV and CPV-2. All the accuracy data were less than 10%, and the recovery ranged from 101.21 to 110.28%. The kits can be temporarily stored for 20 days at 4 °C and can be stored for 12 months at temperatures less than − 20 °C. Based on a methodology comparison of 137 clinically suspected patients, there was no statistically significant difference between the TRFIA kit and the PCR method. Additionally, for CCV detection, the clinical sensitivity was 95.74%, and the clinical specificity was 93.33%. For CPV-2 detection, the clinical sensitivity was 92.86%, and the clinical specificity was 96.97%. Conclusion: In this study, a double-label TRFIA kit was prepared for CCV and CPV-2 detection with high laboratory sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, stability, clinical sensitivity and specificity. This kit provides a new option for screening/distinguishing between CCV and CPV-2 and may help improve strategies to prevent and control animal infectious diseases in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parvoviruses are responsible for multiple diseases, and there is a critical need for effective antiviral therapies. Specific antiviral treatments for parvovirus infections are currently lacking, and the available options are mostly supportive and symptomatic. In recent years, significant research efforts have been directed toward understanding the molecular mechanisms of parvovirus replication and identifying potential targets for antiviral interventions. This review highlights the structure, pathogenesis, and treatment options for major viruses of the subfamily Parvovirinae, such as parvovirus B19 (B19V), canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), and porcine parvovirus (PPV) and also describes different approaches in the development of antiviral alternatives against parvovirus, including drug repurposing, serendipity, and computational tools (molecular docking and artificial intelligence) in drug discovery. These advances greatly increase the likelihood of discoveries that will lead to potent antiviral strategies against different parvovirus infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring biomarkers related to inflammation and oxidative stress is critical in dogs because parvovirus causes both inflammatory and antioxidant alterations. The aim of this study was to investigate inflammatory and antioxidant changes caused by canine parvoviral enteritis to better understand the oxidative stress process related to this disease. Thus, the total thiol, native thiol, disulfide, and ischemia-modified albumin levels of Canine parvovirus infected symptomatic puppies and healthy puppies were examined. Using the results of complete blood counts, the blood serum thiol-disulfide homeostasis and ischemia modified albumin levels of the puppies with Canine parvoviral enteritis (n = 65) and the healthy puppies (n = 34) were compared. Canine parvoviral enteritis and control groups showed a statistically significant difference in thiol disulfide levels (p < 0.01), while no significant difference was observed in ischemia modified albumin levels between the two groups. As a result of this study, a picture contradictory to the literature information was discovered; it is believed that integrating research on oxidative stress at various stages of disease progression, including the early stage, clinical period and recovery processes may provide more information about the dynamics of oxidative stress during disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is little data on the use of the immunohistochemical method in the observation of the T lymphocytes and macrophages distribution within the mesenteric lymph nodes in canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis. The virus initially replicates in the systemic lymphoid tissue and causes highest changes in the small intestine. This current study aimed to demonstrate the CD3 and MAC387 antibodies detection and distribution in mesenteric lymph nodes and small intestines in dogs which had positive clinical, pathological, and histological findings of CPV. Twenty dogs that were clinically confirmed on CPV, had been autopsied following onset of death. Tissue samples (lymph nodes and small intestines) from each dog was processed for histology and immunohistochemistry utilizing hematoxylin-eosin and peroxidase/DAB (3,3′-diaminobenzidine) staining methods, respectively. The virus distribution was greatest in the tissue areas of the small intestine and the lymph nodes where the virus had made the most severe tissue damage. The distribution of macrophage was highest in the necrotic areas of the small intestine and the mesenteric lymph nodes. The amount of CD3 positive lymphocytes was greatly reduced in the mesenteric lymph nodes and the lymphoid tissue of the small intestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maned wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus, is the largest South American canid, with a natural distribution that stretches across Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. The present study reports the case of a rescued specimen of maned wolf that underwent a rehabilitation process in Paraguay, starting in October 2020 with its rescue, and finalising in May 2021 with the reintroduction. Herein, we document findings regarding the general management, biometrics, feeding and environmental enrichment; chemical immobilisation and monitoring; haematology, blood biochemistry and specific serology‐relevant pathogens; skin examination and bone marrow cytology; orthopaedic, ophthalmological and dental evaluation; abdominal and cardiac ultrasonography; radiology and copro‐parasitology. Main findings include the feeding habits of the individual and enrichment opportunities. The animal weighed 7 kg on arrival, with an estimated age of 5 months, and 18 kg on reintroduction, with an estimated age of 1 year. The animal tested negative to serologic tests for Brucella canis, Dirofilaria, canine distemper, Toxoplasmosis and canine parvovirus. Leptospira testing showed antibodies against L. grippotyphosa on both samplings, L. wolffi and L. ictero on the first sampling, and L. pomona on the second sampling. Abdominal organs were examined and measured through ultrasound evaluation and kidneys showed no alterations. Echocardiography showed preserved mitral, tricuspid and aortic valve flows, but turbulent pulmonary valve flow. Copro‐parasitology reported the presence of Lagochilascaris sp. and Balantidium sp. All the information gathered aided in diagnosing the health status of the individual, and the response to environmental enrichment helped assess the behaviour, which led to the suggestion of reintroducing the animal. These data constitute the first published health check of a maned wolf in Paraguay, which can contribute to the species' conservation in the country. The protocol presented in this study can serve as a basis for developing an action plan for the maned wolf in Paraguay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is one of the main etiologies of viral gastroenteritis in dogs across the globe. This disease is mainly characterized by the presence of diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, anorexia, and dehydration. This virus is responsible for high mortality and morbidity rates in unvaccinated dogs and those younger than three months. The monitoring of viral variants in our region has demonstrated that in the last seven years, variant CPV-2c has been circulating exclusively, which is unusual if we consider that in the rest of the world, at least two variants co-circulate among dog populations. To the best of our knowledge, no studies in Mexico have reported genomic sequences of CPV-2, which are relevant for population comparisons at the genetic level. Therefore, the present study aimed to sequence genomes associated with CPV-2c. To meet this objective, rectal swab samples were collected from dogs with suspected CPV-2 infection. Five positive cases diagnosed by lateral flow testing and polymerase chain reaction were selected for viral genome sequencing. Comparative analyses illustrated that the obtained genome sequences were > 99% homologous to those reported for CPV-2 in the GenBank. On the other hand, 52 nucleotide mutations were identified in the vp1/vp2 gene, out of which three impacted amino acid transition (T226S, F267Y, and A440T). Phylogenetic analysis of the vp1/vp2 gene demonstrated that the five sequences clustered in a clade called "III", pertaining to sequences from USA and Uruguay. To our knowledge, this was the first report of genomic sequences associated with CPV-2 in Mexico, which is of great relevance for the epidemiological-molecular understanding and evolution of the virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) is a contagious high-risk virus in dogs, which emerged as an important pathogen in 1978. There are limited investigations that explore maternally derived antibody (MDA) in canine parvovirus in puppies around the world. Furthermore, there is no such research in any province of Iran. This study measured the serum level of MDA against parvovirus in 42 puppies (21 puppies with vaccinated bitches and 21 puppies with unvaccinated bitches) and the serum level of canine parvovirus antibodies of their bitches (n=28) (21 vaccinated and 7 unvaccinated bitches). Antibodies against parvovirus were measured using quantitative, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our results showed that 62% (13 out of 21) of puppies from vaccinated bitches and 76% (16 out of 21) of puppies from unvaccinated bitches were positive for anti-parvovirus antibodies, which wasn’t significantly different (P=0.253). Moreover, puppies’ titers weren’t statistically different in vaccinated and unvaccinated groups (P=0.476). There was a similar condition between vaccinated and non-vaccinated bitches (P=0.583). There was no relationship between breed and sexuality with vaccination status (Ps>0.05).

Abstract Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) is a highly contagious virus in dogs that typically causes hemorrhagic enteritis and a high mortality rate in unvaccinated puppies. The genetic variability and antigenic diversity of CPV-2 hinder its effective prevention of infection by vaccination. To investigate the epidemiology and genetic characteristics of CPV-2 in China, rectal swabs from affected dogs were collected from different animal clinics in Kunshan from 2022 to 2023. Preliminary detection and capsid gene sequencing of CPV-2 were performed using previously described primers and protocols. The overall detection rate for CPV-2 was 16.5% (33/200). A significant association was found between the CPV-2-positivity and clinical signs, age, breed and vaccination status. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of CPV-2c genotypes in all positive samples, which were genetically similar to other Asian CPV-2c strains. Notably, four key mutations (A5G, F267Y, Y324I and Q370R) were detected in all isolates, and one novel mutation (I447M) was detected in three CPV-2 isolates. These mutations in the CPV-2 strains could impact vaccine efficacy and the effectiveness of the virus immune evasion. Surprisingly, no recombination events were observed between the identified CPV-2c strains and reference strains from China. Our data revealed that amino acid residues 324, 426 and 440 of VP2 may under strong selection pressure. This pattern of genetic variation in the CPV-2 lineage warrants continuous laboratory-based surveillance programs in other parts of China to better understand the pattern of seasonal distribution and association between emerging genotypes and the intensity of disease severity.

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is one of the most common lethal viruses in canines. The virus disease is prevalent throughout the year, with high morbidity and mortality rate, causing serious harm to dogs and the dog industry. Previously, yeast two hybrid method was used to screen the protein chaperonin containing TCP-1 (CCT7) that interacts with VP2. However, the mechanism of interactions between CCT7 and VP2 on CPV replication remains unclear. In this study, we first verified the interaction between CCT7 and viral VP2 proteins using yeast one-to-one experiment and co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP) experiment. Laser confocal microscopy observation showed that CCT7 and VP2 were able to co-localize and were mostly localized in the cytoplasm. In addition, the study of VP2 truncated mutant found that the interaction region of VP2 with CCT7 was located between amino acids 231 and 320. Cycloheximide (CHX) chase experiments showed that CCT7 can improve the stability of VP2 protein. After further regulation of CCT7 expression in F81 cells, it was found that the expression level of VP2 protein was significantly reduced after knocking down CCT7 expression by RNA interference (RNAi) or HSF1A inhibitor, and increased after overexpressing host CCT7. The study reveals the role of VP2 interacting protein CCT7 in the replication process of CPV, which could provide a potential target for the prevention and control of CPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea is a common complaint in dogs. In addition to causes like intestinal parasites, dietary indiscretion, intestinal foreign bodies, canine parvovirus infection, or hypoadrenocorticism, acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome (AHDS) is an important and sometimes life-threatening differential diagnosis. There is some evidence supporting the link between Clostridium perfringens toxins and AHDS. These toxins may be partially responsible for the epithelial cell injury, but the pathogenesis of AHDS is still not fully understood. Recent studies have suggested that severe damage to the intestinal mucosa and associated barrier dysfunction can trigger chronic gastrointestinal illnesses. Besides bloodwork and classical markers for AHDS such as protein loss and intestinal bacterial dysbiosis, we focused mainly on the plasma-proteome to identify systemic pathological alterations during this disease and searched for potential biomarkers to improve the diagnosis. To accomplish the goals, we used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We compared the proteomic profiles of 20 dogs with AHDS to 20 age-, breed-, and sex-matched control dogs. All dogs were examined, and several blood work parameters were determined and compared, including plasma biochemistry and cell counts. We identified and quantified (relative quantification) 207 plasmatic proteins, from which dozens showed significantly altered levels in AHDS. Serpina3, Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, several Ig-like domain-containing proteins, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and Serum amyloid A were more abundant in plasma from AHDS affected dogs. In contrast, other proteins such as Paraoxonase, Selenoprotein, Amine oxidases, and Apolipoprotein C-IV were significantly less abundant. Many of the identified and quantified proteins are known to be associated with inflammation. Other proteins like Serpina3 and RPLP1 have a relevant role in oncogenesis. Some proteins and their roles have not yet been described in dogs with diarrhoea. Our study opens new avenues that could contribute to the understanding of the aetiology and pathophysiology of AHDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a single-stranded DNA virus that can cause typical hemorrhagic enteritis, and it is one of the common canine lethal viruses. In previous studies, we screened the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s drug library and identified nitazoxanide (NTZ), which has anti-CPV capabilities. To investigate the potential antiviral mechanisms, we first reconfirmed the inhibitory effect of NTZ on the CPV by inoculating with different doses and treating for different lengths of time. Then, the differences in the transcription levels between the 0.1%-DMSO-treated virus group and the NTZ-treated virus group were detected using RNA-seq, and a total of 758 differential expression genes (DEGs) were finally identified. Further Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of the DEGs revealed that these genes are involved in a variety of biological processes and/or signaling pathways, such as cell cycle, mitosis and cell proliferation and differentiation. A protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis further identified hub genes associated with cell cycle and division among the DEGs. In addition, the expression levels of some of the enriched genes were detected, which were consistent with the high-throughput sequencing results. Moreover, when the cell cycle was regulated with cell cycle checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) inhibitor MK-8776 or Prexasertib HCl, both inhibitors inhibited the CPV. In summary, the transcriptome differential analysis results presented in this paper lay the foundation for further research on the molecular mechanism and potential targets of NTZ anti-CPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine parvoviral (CPV) enteritis is a contagious infection, which particularly affects young dogs, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in the canine population. This study sought to determine whether including the Chinese herbal medicine formula, Zhi Li Tang (ZLT, Red Back Door), in conjunction with conventional therapy can decrease mortality of shelter dogs with CPV enteritis. Nineteen canine subjects from a shelter population diagnosed with CPV enteritis were randomly assigned to a Control Group which received conventional supportive treatment, or an Integrative Treatment Group which received ZLT along with conventional supportive treatment. Study duration was 14 days unless the subject died, or all clinical signs associated with CPV enteritis had resolved. The outcome measurement was a binary response of mortality within the 14-day trial. In the Control Group, there was a 43% (3/7) mortality rate compared to 0% mortality in the Integrative Treatment Group (12/12, all dogs recovered) within the 14-day study period. All subjects that survived in both study groups had resolution of CPV clinical signs by the end of the study. Despite the small sample size in this pilot study, there was a statistically significant (p=0.036) improvement in survival for the dogs receiving Zhi Li Tang in addition to conventional therapy when compared to the dogs receiving conventional therapy only. The results from this study suggest integrating ZLT with conventional treatment of CPV enteritis could reduce mortality from CPV infections in shelter dogs. Further investigation of these findings with larger studies is needed to confirm study results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]