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We quantify the burden sharing between the United States and Canada within the context of the bi-lateral defense relationship regarding the North American Aerospace. Also known as the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), this bi-lateral military alliance has existed since the late 1950s. We use insights from the economic theory of military alliances as well as disaggregated defense expenditures on capital, labor and R&D to tease out nuanced assessment of burden sharing between the two countries and peer groups (Arctic Council). In addition, we provide some funding scenarios for the planned policy review in Canada to guide decision makers. We also show that there are considerable strategic, institutional, and operational constraints facing the fulfilment of Strong, Secure, Engaged (Defence Policy) and possible NORAD modernization. Improving these institutional issues, along with fulfilling the commitments outlined in the Defence Policy, will go a long way to assuaging the burden sharing debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a response to concerns raised about a previous publication on assessing and managing the ecological risk of microplastic pollution in the Great Lakes. The authors address the concerns raised, including errors in data rescaling and alignment, and the use of a species sensitivity distribution designed for marine systems in a freshwater system. They acknowledge the errors and provide corrections, and discuss the need for future research to develop more applicable risk assessment frameworks for the Great Lakes. The text also discusses the approach to separating species by "freshwater" and "marine" in risk assessment and suggests that other factors may be more meaningful. The authors address concerns about the lack of uncertainty estimates in the study and acknowledge that quantifying uncertainties would have strengthened the research. They conclude by emphasizing the importance of exploring different management approaches to address plastic pollution in the Great Lakes region, considering the complex jurisdictional landscape and the need for collaboration. The authors express gratitude to the microplastic research community for their contributions and engagement in improving risk assessment in the Great Lakes ecosystem. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the growing challenges the United States faces in defending the homeland, particularly in the Arctic region. It highlights the importance of a strong defense alliance, such as the partnership between the United States and Canada through the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The article emphasizes the need to address the increasing geopolitical and security risks in the Arctic, including cyber, conventional, unconventional, and hybrid threats from strategic competitors. To address these challenges, the United States has established the Ted Stevens Center for Arctic Security Studies (TSC), the first new Department of Defense (DOD) regional center in more than 20 years. The TSC is tasked with advancing Arctic awareness, supporting DOD Arctic priorities, reinforcing the rules-based order in the region, and contributing to deterrence efforts. The article outlines the center's five enduring conditions that guide its mission, including improving domain awareness, enhancing defense capabilities, maintaining regional stability, and addressing the impacts of climate change. The TSC is positioned to be a key soft-power complement to the DOD's integrated deterrence measures in the Arctic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canada is consistently ranked among the best places to live. However, its potential for sustainable prosperity could depend on how well its business sector navigates a rapidly changing world. Canadian companies innovate and export less than their American peers and generate lower returns from such activities. Prior studies have provided insights into different aspects of this underperformance problem. Still, more helpful insights can be gained by synthesizing their distinct views. This article develops an institutional perspective on comparative economic development between Canada and the United States. I posit that initial institutional differences, linked to different separation patterns from British colonial rule, induced distinct path dependencies in the Canadian and US economies. A vital premise is that the United States historically adopted more classically liberal mercantilist institutions than Canada. This initial institutional disparity is associated with American firms' nationalistic and profit motives, plus their early attempts to organize and lead global value chains (GVCs). Ultimately, this article presents an integrative institutional framework that links the Canada–US business performance gap to a complex interplay among a trio of institutionally induced gaps at the firm, GVC, and business leader levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last quarter of the 20th century, worker ownership emerged as a popular option for North American workers trying to save their mills or factories from closing. Most of these efforts eventually failed, sometimes at great financial cost to workers who gambled away their savings or pensions. Yet a few worker buyouts succeeded over the long term. This article examines two of these success stories, one on either side of the Canada-United States border, while situating them within the wider history of worker ownership in North America. When the United Steelworkers of America engineered the worker buyout of Algoma Steel in 1992, Canada's third largest integrated steel-maker, it became the largest worker owned industry in North America. Before that, Weirton Steel had been the largest since 1984 when independent steelworkers there bought the mill from National Steel. If worker ownership offered short-termed relief to workers facing plant closings, its longer-term viability is highly suspect. Many worker-owned firms shut during the next down-turn. Both Weirton and Algoma eventually reverted back to corporate ownership, albeit this time inside Indian-based multinationals, but worker ownership saved the two steel mills and helped modernize them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canada and the US maintain one of the closest international partnerships in the world, but there are concerns about its future. Donald Trump's election generated anxieties about the rise of autarkic or authoritarian politics in the region. These worries persist as it remains to be seen whether the Trump administration was a temporary interruption to liberal governance or a signifier of more profound change. Canadian security scholars have contemplated whether an illiberal shift may disrupt the US-Canada security community. This article intervenes in these discussions by emphasizing the extent to which prejudices and political policing have fostered the community's emergence and operation. Archival investigation reveals that illiberal practices have proven reconcilable with a liberal identity throughout the community's development. Therefore, without dismissing existing concerns, we should be vigilant of the possibility that the security community may be internalized within democratic retrenchment, rather than corroded by it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops the concept of epigenomic stories to analyze how scientists describe and study the relationships between environmental epigenetics, health inequities, and social justice. Based on a multisited ethnography of epigenetic knowledge production and its circulation across laboratories, clinics, and communities in the United States and Canada between 2016 and 2021, we build on Black feminist and science studies scholarship to convey the racial, gender, and epistemic consequences of epigenomic stories. We argue that these stories reflect how scientists position epigenetics as a way of providing biological evidence of social harms and shifting responsibilities from individuals to broader structures. Yet these stories also reflect the limits of epigenetic methods and models in effectively capturing and addressing lived experiences of oppression. Thus, while scientists envision epigenetics as a resource for social change, they do so in ways that privilege biological ways of knowing. In analyzing the values and power relations embedded in these practices, we argue that epigenomic stories reflect what is at stake socially, politically, and materially when we tell stories with science. We contend that efforts to mobilize epigenetic knowledge for social justice must therefore center marginalized peoples' knowledge and experiences and address how racism and sexism shape science and its social consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like most rivers worldwide, the transboundary North American Kootenay/i River has experienced multiple impacts including watershed developments, river channelization, and floodplain clearing, draining, and diking. Construction of Libby Dam was authorized by the 1964 Columbia River Treaty (CRT) between the United States and Canada, and in 1975 began regulating downstream flows for flood risk management and hydropower generation. Following cumulative impacts, the endemic Kootenai River White Sturgeon population collapsed and was designated as endangered in 1994 (U.S. Endangered Species Act). Subsequent Biological Opinions from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service prescribed Libby Dam operations to provide springtime flow pulses for sturgeon spawning. These provided the unanticipated benefit of substantial seedling recruitment of native and introduced riparian cottonwoods and willows. The regulated flow regime was further adaptively managed to provide a more normative (natural) regime, to balance ecological functions with flood risk management and hydropower generation. The broadened ecological considerations would be consistent with the proposed priorities for the modernization of the international CRT. The observed responses revealed that (1) diverse aquatic and riparian organisms are dependent on common river flow characteristics; (2) a normalized flow regime provided substantial ecological benefits; and (3) due to multiple influences, hybrid ecosystems develop along regulated rivers, with a blending of natural and altered processes and communities. For other regulated rivers, we recommend that (1) high springtime flows be allowed, as feasible; (2) followed by the gradual post‐peak recession; and (3) the maintenance of sufficient flows through the warm and dry interval of mid to late summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Prior studies identified variable associations between competitive food and beverage policies (CF&B) and youth obesity, potentially due to differences across population subgroups. This review summarizes the evidence on associations between CF&B policies and childhood obesity within gender, grade level/ age, race/ethnicity, and/or socioeconomic levels. PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and ERIC database searches identified studies published in English in Canada and the United States between January 1, 2000, and February 28, 2022. Of the 18 selected studies, six were cross‐sectional, two correlational, nine were before/after designs, and one study utilized both a cross‐sectional and pre–post design. Twelve studies reported findings stratified by a single sociodemographic factor, with grade level/age as the most frequently reported. Although the evidence varied, greater consistency in direction of associations and strengths of evidence were seen among middle school students. Six studies reported findings jointly by multiple sociodemographic subgroups with evidence suggesting CF&B associations with slower rate of increase or plateaus or declines in obesity among multiple subgroups, though the strengths of evidence varied. Over the past two decades, there have been relatively limited subgroup analyses on studies about CF&B policies and childhood obesity. Studies are needed with stronger designs and analyses disaggregated, particularly by race/ethnicities and socioeconomic factors, across places and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the concept of energy regionalism and its significance in understanding global energy politics. It emphasizes the need to study different types of energy sources and their infrastructures, as well as the role of various participants such as international organizations, governments, and non-state actors. The article also discusses the importance of energy security and sustainability. It concludes by calling for further research in the field, including comparative analysis, case studies, and policy analysis. Overall, the article aims to advance understanding of energy regionalism and its implications for energy policies and outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the current research status, focus areas, and developmental trends in the field of Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) through an analysis of scientific literature. Methods: The relevant research articles on MOGAD published from 1947 to 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science database. The quantitative output of MOGAD related research articles, their distribution by country/region, data on collaborative publishing, influential authors, high-yield institutions, keywords, hotspots, and development trends were analyzed. Additionally, visual knowledge maps were generated using VOSviewer and Citespace. Results: There has been a steady increase in the number of MOGAD related publications indicating that the subject has garnered increasing interest among researchers globally. The United States has been the leading contributor with 496 papers (19.25%), followed by China (244, 9.63%), Japan (183, 7.10%), the United Kingdom (154, 5.98%), and Germany (149, 5.78%). Among these countries, the United Kingdom boasts the highest citation frequency at the rate of 46.49 times per paper. Furthermore, active collaboration in MOGAD related research is observed primarily between the United States and countries such as Canada, Germany, Australia, Italy, the United Kingdom and Japan. Mayo Clinic ranks first in total articles published (109) and frequency of citations per article (77.79). Takahashi Toshiyuki from Tohoku University is the most prolific author, while Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders is the most widely read journal in this field. "Disease Phenotype", "Treatment", "Novel Coronavirus Infection and Vaccination", "Immunopathological Mechanisms", "Clinical characteristics of children" and "Prognosis" are the primary keywords clusters in this field. "Novel Coronavirus Infection and Vaccination" and "Immunopathological Mechanisms" are research hotspots and have great development potential. Conclusion: The past three decades have witnessed a significant expansion of research on MOGAD. The pathogenetic mechanism of MOGAD is poised to be the prominent research focus in this field in the foreseeable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We identified 2 cases of Salmonella enterica serovar Vitkin infection linked by whole-genome sequencing in infants in Ontario, Canada, during 2022. Both households of the infants reported having bearded dragons as pets. The outbreak strain was also isolated from an environmental sample collected from a patient's bearded dragon enclosure. Twelve cases were detected in the United States, and onset dates occurred during March 2021-September 2022 (isolates related to isolates from Canada within 0-9 allele differences by core-genome multilocus sequence typ - ing). Most US patients (66.7%) were <1 year of age, and most (72.7%) had reported bearded dragon exposure. Hospitalization was reported for 5 (38.5%) of 13 patients. Traceback of bearded dragons identified at least 1 potential common supplier in Southeast Asia. Sharing rare serovar information and whole-genome sequencing data between Canada and the United States can assist in timely identification of outbreaks, including those that might not be detected through routine surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Fiscal is the property of Revista de Derecho Fiscal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the relationship between the environment, energy, and the history of US-Canada relations. It argues that nature has been forgotten by the wealthy and that environmental diplomacy in the 1980s helped revive the connection with nature. The book examines the three-way relationship between Canada, the United States, and the environment, focusing on the importance of understanding the history of this relationship in relation to the environment and energy. It highlights the impact of natural resources on ecosystems and human systems, as well as the power asymmetries that can arise from interfering with ecosystems or blocking access to natural resources. The article also mentions the importance of balancing sovereignty and prosperity in diplomatic relations, using the example of acid rain as a significant bilateral issue. The book emphasizes that borders do not diminish the connections between physical environments and human relationships, and that when in harmony, people and nature benefit equally. It explores the role of water in shaping early bilateral relations and Canada's political economy, as well as the shift from hydroelectricity to fossil fuels as the top energy export. The article concludes by discussing the wider geopolitical pressures that nature imposes on the US-Canada relationship and the importance of considering nature as a silent actor in international diplomacy. [Extracted from the article]

This paper analyzes the origins of two 1946 sightings of Soviet submarines in the Davis Strait, placing the various reports about them into an international and interservice framework. It shows how the Davis Strait and the surrounding area (Greenland, the Canadian Arctic, and Newfoundland and Labrador) fit into early post-World War II war plans for strategic deterrence. The Davis Strait sightings combined with American and British appreciations to spur Canada to endorse postwar joint defense plans with the Americans; to pursue trilateral intelligence, research, and defense work; and to agree to defense preparations in the north, including supporting American plans to establish strategic air forces in Goose Bay, Labrador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the history and evolution of Canada-United States transboundary water quantity politics (hydroelectricity, canals, irrigation, etc.) over the last 75 years: megaprojects on the St. Lawrence, Niagara, and Columbia Rivers during the early Cold War, a wide variety of transborder water issues stretching from coast to coast during the latter half of the twentieth century, and then recent hydropolitics concerning diversions from the Great Lakes basin. Utilizing an environmental history approach, and drawing from other fields such as historical geography, water policy, and political ecology, I show that Canada and the United States cooperatively manipulated border water environments on a large scale. Despite this coordination, there was often significant political and diplomatic controversy. I argue that coordinating or dealing with the United States deeply influenced the development of hydroelectricity in Canada, as well as the related hydraulic engineering expertise and technology. Moreover, transborder water politics also influenced many aspects of Canadian economic and political development, including federal-provincial relations. I explore themes such as Canada as a hydro state, the role of the Boundary Waters Treaty and the International Joint Commission, and concepts such as hydraulic nationalism and hydraulic imperialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mass balance model is presented that links the total phosphorus concentration in lakes to the water residence time, Rw (lake volume divided by the annual water inflow) and the total phosphorus residence time, Rp (average standing stock of lake total phosphorous divided by the external annual total phosphorus input). Following a change in the external load, the lake total phosphorus concentration asymptotically approaches a new value that depends on the Rp:Rw ratio, with the rate of approach controlled by Rp. We applied this approach to a recent reanalysis of the water and total phosphorus budgets of the Lake Erie system of the Laurentian Great Lakes for the 2003-2016 period. We generated load–response relationships and response matrices that relate the steady state total phosphorus concentrations to external total phosphorus loads, for the whole Lake Erie system and for the individual basins (Lake St. Clair, western basin, central basin, eastern basin) and connecting channels (St. Clair River, Detroit River). These relationships and matrices provide a simple but robust framework to gauge the potential response of total phosphorus concentrations to total phosphorus load reductions, such as the 40% reduction proposed for Lake Erie under the Canada-United States Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. The mass balance analysis further highlights the importance of inter-basin total phosphorus transfers. For example, around 70% of the total phosphorus concentration in the eastern basin is contributed by inflow from the central basin. Consequently, total phosphorus load abatements in watersheds upstream of the eastern basin, rather than in the direct watershed itself, will have the greatest impact on the eastern basin's concentration. Overall, our results illustrate how simple mass balance calculations can provide useful guidance to efforts to manage phosphorus enrichment of lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing climate change requires societies to transition away from fossil fuels toward low-carbon energy, including renewables. Unfortunately, large wind projects have proven politically controversial, with groups opposing them across advanced economies. To date, there are few large-scale, systematic studies to identify the prevalence and predictors of opposition to wind energy projects. Here, we analyzed a dataset of wind energy projects across the United States and Canada between 2000 and 2016. We found that during this period, in the United States, 17% of wind projects faced significant opposition, and in Canada, 18% faced opposition, with rates in both countries growing over time. Opposition was concentrated regionally in the Northeastern United States and in Ontario, Canada. In both countries, larger projects with more turbines were more likely to be opposed. In the United States, opposition was more likely and more intense in areas with a higher proportion of White people, and a smaller proportion of Hispanic people. In Canada, opposition was more likely and more intense in wealthier communities. The most common tactics used to oppose wind energy were court cases, legislation, and physical protests. The number of people engaging in opposition to wind projects is likely small: Across articles that cited the number of individuals engaging in protests, the median number was 23 in the United States and 34 in Canada. When wealthier, Whiter communities oppose wind projects, this slows down the transition away from fossil fuel projects in poorer communities and communities of color, an environmental injustice we call "energy privilege. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The policy, economic, and historical differences between the American and Canadian banking sectors have created an environment where Canadian financial institutions can rapidly expand their stake in the American market. However, such a prospect is made difficult by an onerous regulatory system that places significant roadblocks on foreign banks entering the United States. While the United States and Canada already have deep economic and political ties, Canadian banks are subject to substantially the same restrictions as institutions coming from less regulatorily trustworthy and politically stable countries. This Note proposes that economic cooperation between the United States and Canada should be fostered by lifting certain regulatory restrictions on Canadian banks expanding into the United States. Specifically, this Note proposes (1) establishing a shared financial regulatory body, (2) working towards an accessible framework on banking law, and (3) altering policy priorities to open American banking to increased foreign investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Trade Journal's second issue of its thirty-eighth volume focuses on exchange rates. The articles in this issue cover various topics such as the impact of third-country exchange rate volatility on imports and exports, factors affecting exchange rate spreads, and the effect of exchange rates on service imports and exports in Singapore. Other articles explore how exchange rates affect net exports in countries in the Gulf Cooperation Council and net agricultural exports in Brazil. The journal expresses gratitude to the authors, referees, International Trade Institute at Texas A&M International University, Editorial Board, and publisher for their contributions to the journal's success. [Extracted from the article]

Postwar Canada-us relations have been punctuated by conflicts of political and economic interest. Declassified us Central Intelligence Agency (cia) documents reveal that Pierre Elliott Trudeau's nearly sixteen years in power (1968–84) were an especially turbulent chapter in this history. Against the backdrop of the demise of the Bretton Woods system, oil shocks, and stagflation, the cia paid close attention to Canadian policy and regulatory changes that threatened us economic and energy interests. The American intelligence community attributed the Foreign Investment Review Agency, Petro-Canada, oil export controls, and the National Energy Program to the rise of a menacing "Canada First" brand of economic nationalism. From the American vantage point, these bilateral irritants became urgent foreign policy issues in the midst of the neoliberal revolution. Thecia concluded that Trudeau was an obstacle to positive Canada-us relations and briefed policy-makers right up to the president accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food industry has been greatly impacted by COVID-19, causing governments to restrict food exports to prevent shortages. A negative food trade balance reveals a country's dependence on imports and underscores the significance of a sound food policy. Hence, for the first time, this study examines the J-curve hypothesis for the U.S. with Canada at the state rather than country level and creates maps based on the findings. The approach of this study differs from all empirical studies using country-level J-curve analyses, because the U.S. may require a state level analysis since its states differ in terms of economic-population sizes, tax rates, and administrative structures. For this aim, this study employs the linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approaches. The results indicate that while only 8 out of 47 U.S. states support the food-based asymmetric J-curve hypothesis, 15 U.S. states support the asymmetric inverse J-curve hypothesis. Additionally, 9 U.S. states support the food-based symmetric J-curve hypothesis, and 2 U.S. states support the symmetric inverse J-curve hypothesis. Based on these results, policymakers of U.S. states where the J-curve hypothesis is not supported should review their food-based bilateral trade policies with Canada. These maps depict the U.S. states in green and red, indicating support for the J-curve and inverse J-curve hypotheses, respectively. The map on the left was generated using the linear model (symmetric approach), while the map on the right was generated using the nonlinear model (asymmetric approach). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snowstorms cause substantial disruption in the eastern United States and Canada each winter. While reductions in annual snowfall are projected over most of this region due to anthropogenic global warming, daily snowfall extremes that have the greatest impact may not decrease in the same manner. We examine changes to two extreme snowfall metrics: the 95th percentile of daily snowfall (SF95, cm) and the number of events during which 10% of the mean annual snowfall is exceeded during a single day (TC10, events yr−1). We explore changes to these metrics in two ensembles of the fifth‐generation Canadian Regional Climate Model, including four 0.22° (≈25 km) simulations driven by different coupled general circulation models as well as the higher‐resolution (0.11°, ≈12 km) ClimEx ensemble, driven by 50 members of a large initial‐condition ensemble of one global model. We find that while mean annual snowfall is projected to decrease over our domain, SF95 is projected to remain relatively constant, suggesting that the most extreme daily snowfalls currently observed are likely to occur even in a warmer future climate. The region of the largest TC10 values exhibits a northward shift, with a larger percentage of annual snowfall occurring during a few large events along the U.S.‐Canada border. These projected changes to the nature of snowfall events may have important socioeconomic consequences in this densely populated region of North America. Plain Language Summary: Snowstorms affect the highly populated regions of the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada every winter, disrupting ground and air travel and resulting in substantial socioeconomic impacts. Understanding how climate change may impact snowstorms is necessary for this region to prepare for the future. We explore how snowstorms in these regions may change in a future, warmer world using two sets of climate model simulations. We find that yearly total snowfall is likely to decrease over most of this region, with the largest declines to the south and smaller declines farther north. Despite these decreases, we find that the snowfall amounts that currently occur during the largest snowstorms are still likely to occur even in a much warmer future climate. Finally, we examine snowstorms that produce a large percentage of the annual snowfall during a single event. We find that the region where these big snowstorms relative to the yearly snowfall occur most often will shift northward in the future. In summary, while yearly snowfall is likely to decrease nearly everywhere in eastern North America, significant snowstorms will continue to occur, and some regions will see more of their yearly snowfall during a few large events. Key Points: Mean annual snowfall is projected to decrease across most of eastern North America as the Earth continues to warmThe most intense high‐impact snowfall events currently observed will continue to occur in a warmer climateA larger percentage of yearly snowfall is likely to fall during a few large events near the Canada‐United States border [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In late 2020, the large-scale rollout of COVID-19 vaccines to combat the global pandemic ignited a firestorm of debates and media discourse on vaccines. We conducted a discourse analysis of tweets (n = 875) criticizing the COVID-19 vaccination process and/or containing negative vaccine information (NVI) authored by influential Twitter accounts receiving the highest user engagement. Results showed news media and private citizens to be important influencers of NVI discourse criticizing the COVID-19 vaccination process on Twitter. The most frequently expressed beliefs centered around ineffective vaccine policies and inadequate government responses. A content analysis revealed that on average, tweets criticizing a broader inadequate public health response were the most retweeted. Statistically significant differences in vaccine discourse were found between Canada and the United States, underscoring the importance of local context-specific factors that influence how Twitter users construct issues related to COVID-19 vaccination. Our results suggest that satisfaction with the leaders in charge of the rollout of COVID-19 vaccines may have depended more on how those leaders acted rather than actual vaccination rates. Studying concerns and criticisms toward vaccination and NVI are key to identifying areas of change in vaccine policies and programs that citizens and other actors want to see implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes brought about by globalization such as the growth of the travel industry and increasing interconnectivity between places have opened up new lifestyle options for Canadian retirees. Commonly called "snowbirds," thousands of Canadian retirees choose to spend their winters in warm destinations outside Canada, with most going to localities in the southern United States. Most snowbirds visit the same place every year and spend many years going back and forth between Canada and their chosen winter destination. Drawing on insights from both life‐course theory and the new mobilities paradigm, this paper considers how the cross‐border snowbird phenomenon links to wider processes related to aging. Qualitative interviews were conducted with retirees wintering in various communities in southern Florida. The findings of the study highlight the importance of understanding both aging and mobility as processes that intersect in variable ways over time to influence new geographies of aging. Key Messages: Globalization has led to increasingly complex mobility patterns among retired Canadians.New theoretical perspectives are needed to better understand evolving relationships between aging and cross‐border mobility.The mobility patterns of aging Canadians have important impacts on both sending and receiving communities and efforts must be made to understand emerging trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Canada and the United States are among the most similar countries in the world, some scholars contend there are deep, enduring value differences separating Canadians from Americans. Lipset, for example, attributes this cultural "continental divide" principally to the origins of the two societies—respectively, the revolution in the United States and the resulting counter-revolution in the colonies to the north—and argues that value differences between Canadians and Americans have endured. Other scholars contend that Lipset's focus on cross-national differences neglects important within-nation variation. Grabb and Curtis, for example, argue that cross-national differences are largely the product of wide divergence in the values of Francophone Québec and the American South, while English Canada and the northern United States display strong similarities. Using survey data drawn from university students in Grabb and Curtis's four regions, our analysis tests these competing arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The repeated emergence of new genetic variants of PRRSV-2, the virus that causes porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), reflects its rapid evolution and the failure of previous control efforts. Understanding spatiotemporal heterogeneity in variant emergence and spread is critical for future outbreak prevention. Here, we investigate how the pace of evolution varies across time and space, identify the origins of sub-lineage emergence, and map the patterns of the inter-regional spread of PRRSV-2 Lineage 1 (L1)—the current dominant lineage in the U.S. We performed comparative phylogeographic analyses on subsets of 19,395 viral ORF5 sequences collected across the U.S. and Canada between 1991 and 2021. The discrete trait analysis of multiple spatiotemporally stratified sampled sets (n = 500 each) was used to infer the ancestral geographic region and dispersion of each sub-lineage. The robustness of the results was compared to that of other modeling methods and subsampling strategies. Generally, the spatial spread and population dynamics varied across sub-lineages, time, and space. The Upper Midwest was a main spreading hotspot for multiple sub-lineages, e.g., L1C and L1F, though one of the most recent emergence events (L1A(2)) spread outwards from the east. An understanding of historical patterns of emergence and spread can be used to strategize disease control and the containment of emerging variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We sought to compare the demographics and fertility characteristics of men presenting to reproductive urologists (RU) for evaluation in the United States (US) and Canada using data from the Andrology Research Consortium. A standardized patient questionnaire was used to prospectively evaluate men across fifteen North American male infertility practices between 2015 and 2018. Patient demographics, fertility histories, including female partner infertility testing and treatment, and referral data were assessed. Univariate analysis was used to determine geographical differences between the various patient characteristics and the geographical region. We sampled 6,462 men with a mean age of 36.6 ± 7.5 years. The average duration of infertility was significantly higher in US men (4.5 ± 7.2 years) compared to Canadian men (3.6 ± 4 years) (p = 0.007). Significantly more men in the US were obese (63% vs. 26%, p < 0.001) compared to Canada. Intrauterine insemination use among female partners was more common in Canada (13% vs. 7%, p < 0.001) while in vitro fertilization was less common (6% vs. 9%, p = 0.01) when compared to the US. Finasteride (3% vs. 0%) and testosterone usage (4% vs. 1) were more common among US men versus Canadians, respectively. In conclusion, geographical differences exist between North American males undergoing fertility evaluation. American men are older and more obese and have a longer average duration of infertility. Potentially reversible factors contributing to male infertility are more prevalent in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Medunarodni Problemi is the property of Institute of International Politics & Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This Special Issue is intended to highlight both recent work to advance the physical understanding of transboundary aquifers and factors relevant in successful collaboration on transboundary groundwater resource use. The collected papers address: (1) the identification and prioritization of the needs and strategies for sustainable groundwater development and use, along with the complexities introduced by working across borders with differing governance frameworks, institutions, cultures, and sometimes languages; (2) the characterization of the physical framework of the aquifer, stressors on the aquifer system, and how those stressors influence the availability of groundwater in terms of its quantity and quality; and (3) the incorporation of stakeholder input and prioritization directly into the process of aquifer assessment and model building. The papers provide insights into the state of knowledge regarding the physical characterization of important transboundary aquifers, primarily along the U.S.–Mexico border and the opportunities for greater stakeholder involvement in resource evaluation and prioritization. They point the way towards a future focus that combines both of these aspects of transboundary aquifer assessment for informing groundwater management discussions by policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article outlines historical shifts in US and Canadian space policies using the sanctuary-contested policy framework. It highlights how sanctuary policies were born out of necessity rather than the pursuit of a peaceful global commons; they were never intended to, and did not, prevent the militarization and weaponization of space. The paper then describes challenges to global space governance and argues that diplomacy will not prevent conflicts in space. After introducing elements of deterrence theory, this paper concludes that Canada should move beyond the sanctuary ideology, make space a national whole-of-government issue, and align its space policy and strategy with allies and partners, credibly communicating Canada's resolve to protect and defend space assets. It further recommends that Canada develop niche capabilities that contribute to more effective national and collective deterrence and defence in space. Those capabilities should build upon existing niche strengths, not create space debris, and leverage industrial innovation in space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been much research on foreign electoral intervention (FEI). However, it is an open question as to whether successful interventions "work" for the intervener. Does the newly elected government adopt the policies that motivated the intervener to intervene in the first place? This paper makes a first step toward addressing that question. It argues that FEIs work when the elected government can overcome veto players in legislatures, be they parliaments, national assemblies, or congresses. For minority governments or cohabitational presidencies, overcoming these veto players is no easy task and may necessitate further interventions by the intervening power. American interventions in the Canadian elections of 1962 and 1963 serve as an illustrative case. The findings suggest that governments with large majorities or control over congressional/legislative branches are more likely to cooperate with intervening governments. These findings have implications for how we assess the vulnerability of democracies to FEI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comparative study examines the extent to which the 21st-century skills are integrated into the 4th and 8th-grade public school science curriculum in Canada in relation to that of the United States of America (USA) by analyzing the 4th and 8th grade Common Framework of Science Learning Outcomes of Canada and the 4th and 8th grade Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) of the United States in relation to the 21st-century skills as listed by the Applied Educational System (AES). The results predicted a huge economic decline of the United States in the nearest future in contrast to that of Canada if an intervention is not instituted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Statesmen, Strategists & Diplomats: Canada's Prime Ministers and the Making of Foreign Policy" is a comprehensive analysis of the personal role of Canadian prime ministers in shaping the country's foreign policy. The book covers the period from 1867 to the present, examining the foreign policy decisions of each prime minister. While the book is a valuable resource for students and researchers interested in Canadian foreign policy, it does have some limitations, such as the omission of certain prime ministers and the portrayal of William Lyon Mackenzie King in a negative light. Overall, the book provides a broad and syncretic perspective on Canadian foreign policy formulation. [Extracted from the article]

The Columbia River Treaty (CRT) signed between the United States and Canada in 1961 is known as one of the most successful transboundary water treaties. Under continued cooperation, both countries equitably share collective responsibilities of reservoir operations and flood control and hydropower benefits from treaty dams. As the balance of benefits is the key factor of cooperation, future cooperation could be challenged by external social and environmental factors which were not originally anticipated or change in the social preferences of the two actors. To understand the robustness of cooperation dynamics, we address two research questions. (i) How does social and environmental change influence cooperation dynamics? (ii) How do social preferences influence the probability of cooperation for both actors? We analyzed infrastructural, hydrological, economic, social, and environmental data to inform the development of a socio-hydrological system dynamics model. The model simulates the dynamics of flood control and hydropower benefit sharing as a function of the probability to cooperate, which in turn is affected by the share of benefits. The model is used to evaluate scenarios that represent environmental and institutional change and changes in political characteristics based on social preferences. Our findings show that stronger institutional capacity ensures equitable sharing of benefits over the long term. Under the current CRT, the utility of cooperation is always higher for Canada than non-cooperation, which is in contrast to the United States. The probability to cooperate for each country is lowest when they are self-interested but fluctuates in other social preference scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses experiment begun in Canada after implementation of the 1989 Canada-US Free Trade agreement, and mentions changes in food on grocery store shelves. Topics discussed include increase in daily caloric intake of Canadian due to exports in Canada's food and beverage industry from U.S. companies, circulation of global capital and energy connected to metabolism of human and non-human bodies, and influence of late capitalism in the industry.

New York: Oxford University Press, 2022, ISBN 978-0192895202. New York: Oxford University Press, 2022, ISBN 978-0190927172. New York: Oxford University Press, 2022, ISBN 978-0197579589. New York: Oxford University Press, 2022, ISBN 978-0192844415. New York: Oxford University Press, 2022, ISBN 978-0197266908. [Extracted from the article]