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In this short communication we reply to the comment by Xu and Li (arXiv:2411.04132) on our first work on Dicke quantum batteries (Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 117702 (2018))., Comment: Reply to arXiv:2411.04132

Engineered dynamical maps combining coherent and dissipative transformations of quantum states with quantum measurements, have demonstrated a number of technological applications, and promise to be a crucial tool in quantum thermodynamic processes. Here, we exploit the control on the effective open spin qutrit dynamics of an NV center, to experimentally realize an autonomous feedback process (Maxwell demon) with tunable dissipative strength. The feedback is enabled by random measurement events that condition the subsequent dissipative evolution of the qutrit. The efficacy of the autonomous Maxwell demon is quantified by experimentally characterizing the fluctuations of the energy exchanged by the system with the environment by means of a generalized Sagawa-Ueda-Tasaki relation for dissipative dynamics. This opens the way to the implementation of a new class of Maxwell demons, which could be useful for quantum sensing and quantum thermodynamic devices., Comment: Main text: 13 pages, 5 figures. Supplemental Material: 6 pages, 2 figures

We present a quantum heat switch based on coupled superconducting qubits, connected to two $LC$ resonators that are terminated by resistors providing two heat baths. To describe the system we use a standard second order master equation with respect to coupling to the baths. We find that this system can act as an efficient heat switch controlled by the applied magnetic flux. The flux influences the energy level separations of the system, and under some conditions, the finite coupling of the qubits enhances the transmitted power between the two baths, by an order of magnitude under realistic conditions. At the same time, the bandwidth at maximum power of the switch formed of the coupled qubits is narrowed.

The design of a mesoscopic self-oscillating heat engine that works thanks to purely quantum effects is presented. The proposed scheme is amenable to experimental implementation with current state-of-the-art nanotechnology and materials. One of the main features of the structure is its versatility: The engine can deliver work to a generic load without galvanic contact. This makes it a promising building block for low-temperature on-chip energy management applications. The heat engine consists of a circuit featuring a thermoelectric element based on a ferromagnetic insulator-superconductor tunnel junction and a Josephson weak link that realizes a purely quantum DC/AC converter. This enables contactless transfer of work to the load (a generic RL circuit). The performance of the heat engine is investigated as a function of the thermal gradient applied to the thermoelectric junction. Power up to $1$ pW can be delivered to a load $R_L=10\ \Omega$., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

Since the first suggestion of the Jarzynski equality many derivations of this equality have been presented in both, the classical and the quantum context. While the approaches and settings greatly differ from one to another, they all appear to rely on the initial state being a thermal Gibbs state. Here, we present an investigation of work distributions in driven isolated quantum systems, starting off from pure states that are close to energy eigenstates of the initial Hamiltonian. We find that, for the nonintegrable system in quest, the Jarzynski equality is fulfilled to good accuracy., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures

We analyse the nature of the statistics of the work done on or by a quantum many-body system brought out of equilibrium. We show that, for the sudden quench and for an initial state which commutes with the initial Hamiltonian, it is possible to retrieve the whole non-equilibrium thermodynamics via single projective measurements of observables. We highlight in a physically clear way the qualitative implications for the statistics of work coming from considering processes described by operators that either commute or do not commute with the unperturbed Hamiltonian of a given system. We consider a quantum many-body system and derive an expression that allows us to give a physical interpretation, for a thermal initial state, to all of the cumulants of the work in the case of quenched operators commuting with the unperturbed Hamiltonian. In the commuting case the observables that we need to measure have an intuitive physical meaning. Conversely, in the non-commuting case we show that, although it is possible to operate fully within the single-measurement framework irrespectively of the size of the quench, some difficulties are faced in providing a clear-cut physical interpretation to the cumulants. This circumstance makes the study of the physics of the system non-trivial and highlights the non-intuitive phenomenology of the emergence of thermodynamics from the fully quantum microscopic description. We illustrate our ideas with the example of the Ising model in a transverse field showing the interesting behaviour of the high-order statistical moments of the work distribution for a generic thermal state and linking them to the critical nature of the model itself., Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures, RevTeX4. Revised version: Accepted for publication in PRX

The thermodynamic implications for the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of quantum systems are to date largely unexplored, especially for quantum many-body systems. In this paper we investigate the paradigmatic case of an array of nearest-neighbor coupled quantum harmonic oscillators interacting with a thermal bath and subjected to a quench of the inter-oscillator coupling strength. We study the work done on the system and its irreversible counterpart, and characterize analytically the fluctuation relations of the ensuing out-of-equilibrium dynamics. Finally, we showcase an interesting functional link between the dissipated work produced across a two-element chain and their degree of general quantum correlations. Our results suggest that, for the specific model at hand, the non-classical features of a harmonic system can influence significantly its thermodynamics., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures; RevTeX4

We investigate the nature of high-z host galaxies of long Gamma-Ray Bursts (LGRBs) by means of state-of-the-art numerical simulations of cosmic structure formation and evolution of galaxies. We combine results from different runs with various box sizes and resolutions. By assigning to each simulated galaxy the probability to host a LGRB, assumed to be proportional to the mass of young stars, we provide a full description of the physical properties of high-z LGRB host galaxy population. We find that LGRBs at z>6 are hosted in galaxies with typical star formation rates SFR \sim 0.03-0.3 Msun yr^{-1}, stellar masses M \sim 10^{6-8} Msun, and metallicities Z \sim 0.01-0.1 Zsun. Furthermore, the ratio between their doubling time and the corresponding cosmic time seems to be universally equal to ~0.1-0.3, independently from the redshift. The distribution of their UV luminosity places LGRB hosts in the faint-end of the galaxy luminosity function, well below the current capabilities of space- or ground-based optical facilities. This is in line with recent reports of non-detection of LGRB hosts using extremely deep HST and VLT observations. In conclusion, high-z LGRBs are found to trace the position of those faint galaxies that are thought to be the major actors in the re-ionization of the Universe., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables, MNRAS in press

Because massive, low-metallicity population III (PopIII) stars may produce very powerful long gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs), high-redshift GRB observations could probe the properties of the first stars. We analyze the correlation between early PopIII stars and LGRBs by using cosmological N-body/hydrodynamical simulations, which include detailed chemical evolution, cooling, star formation, feedback effects and the transition between PopIII and more standard population I/II (PopII/I) stars. From the Swift observed rate of LGRBs, we estimate the fraction of black holes that will produce a GRB from PopII/I stars to be in the range 0.0286, becoming as high has 40% at z>10. Finally, we study the properties of the galaxies hosting our sample of GRB3. We find that the average metallicity of the galaxies hosting a GRB3 is typically higher than the critical metallicity used to select the PopIII stars, due to the efficiency in polluting the gas above such low values. We also find that the highest probability of finding a GRB3 is within galaxies with a stellar mass <10^7 Msun, independently from the redshift., Comment: 8 pages,3 figures. Submitted to MNRAS, revised version after referee's comments

We study the implication of the collapsar model for Long Gamma-Ray Bursts (LGRBs) on the metallicity properties of the host galaxies, by combining high-resolution N-body simulations with semi-analytic models of galaxy formation. The cosmological model that we use reproduces the Fundamental Metallicity Relation recently discovered for the SDSS galaxies, whereby the metallicity decreases with increasing Star Formation Rate for galaxies of a given stellar mass. We select host galaxies housing pockets of gas-particles, young and with different thresholds in metallicities, that can be sites of LRGB events, according to the collapsar model. The simulated samples are compared with 18 observed LGRB hosts in the aim at discriminating whether the metallicity is a primary parameter. We find that a threshold in metallicity for the LGRB progenitors, within the model galaxies, is not necessary in order to reproduce the observed distribution of host metallicities. The low metallicities of observed LGRB hosts is a consequence of the high star formation environment. The star formation rate appears to be the primary parameter to generate a burst event. Finally, we show that only a few LGRBs are observed in massive, highly extincted galaxies, while these galaxies are expected to produce many such events. We identify these missing events with the fraction of dark LGRBs., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, submitted MNRAS

We investigate the metallicity properties of host galaxies of long Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs) in the light of the Fundamental Metallicity Relation (FMR), the tight dependence of metallicity on mass and SFR recently discovered for SDSS galaxies with stellar masses above 10^9.2 Msun. As most of the GRB hosts have masses below this limit, the FMR can only be used after an extension towards lower masses. At this aim, we study the FMR for galaxies with masses down to ~10^8.3 Msun, finding that the FMR does extend smoothly at lower masses, albeit with a much larger scatter. We then compare the resulting FMR with the metallicity properties of 18 host galaxies of long GRBs. While the GRB hosts show a systematic offset with respect to the mass-metallicity relation, they are fully consistent with the FMR. This shows that the difference with the mass-metallicity relation is due to higher than average SFRs, and that GRBs with optical afterglows do not preferentially select low-metallicity hosts among the star-forming galaxies. The apparent low metallicity is therefore a consequence of the occurrence of long GRB in low mass, actively star-forming galaxies, known to dominate the current cosmic SFR., Comment: 6 pages, MNRAS, in press

We study the luminosity function (LF), the comoving rate and the detection rate of Long Gamma-Ray Burst (LGRBs) to high redshift, using galaxy catalogues constructed by combining high-resolution N-body simulations with semi-analytic models of galaxy formation. We assume the collapsar model and different metallicity thresholds, and conclude that LGRBs are not good tracers of the star formation history in the universe. Then using the log N-log P diagram for BATSE bursts, we determine the LF (with and without evolution with redshift) and the formation rate of LGRBs, obtaining constraints on the slope of the power-law. We check the resulting redshift distribution with SWIFT data updated to 2009 August, finding that models where LGRBs have as progenitors stars with Z<0.3Z_sun and without evolution of the LF are in agreement with the data. We also predict that there are about ~1% of GRBs at redshift z>6., Comment: The paper contains 5 figures and 3 tables. Accepted MNRAS

We use galaxy catalogues constructed by combining high-resolution N-body simulations with semi-analytic models of galaxy formation to study the properties of Long Gamma-Ray Burst (LGRB) host galaxies. We assume that LGRBs originate from the death of massive young stars and analyse how results are affected by different metallicity constraints on the progenitor stars. As expected, the host sample with no metallicity restriction on the progenitor stars provides a perfect tracer of the cosmic star formation history. When LGRBs are required to be generated by low-metallicity stars, they trace a decreasing fraction of the cosmic star formation rate at lower redshift, as a consequence of the global increase in metallicity. We study the properties of host galaxies up to high redshift (~9), finding that they typically have low-metallicity (Z<0.5 Z_sun) and that they are small (M<10^9 M_sun), bluer and younger than the average galaxy population, in agreement with observational data. They are also less clustered than typical L_* galaxies in the Universe, and their descendents are massive, red and reside in groups of galaxies with halo mass between 10^{13} M_sun to 10^{14} M_sun., Comment: The paper contains 14 figures and 2 tables. Accepted MNRAS

We present the X-ray properties of the extremely red objects (ERO) population observed by Chandra with three partially overlapping pointings (up to ~90 ks) over an area of ~500 arcmin^2, down to a 0.5-8 keV flux limit of ~10-15 erg cm-2 s-1. We selected EROs using a multi-band photometric catalog down to a KS-band magnitude of ~19.3 (Vega system); 14 EROs were detected in X-rays, corresponding to ~9% of the overall X-ray source population (149 X-ray sources) and to ~5% of the ERO population (288). The X-ray emission of all X-ray detected EROs is consistent with that of an active galactic nucleus (AGN) (>=3.5x10^{42} erg s-1 at photometric redshifts z > 1), in agreement with previous X-ray observations, with an indication of increasing absorption between the three X-ray brightest EROs and the 11 X-ray faintest EROs.We take advantage of the good spatial resolution and limited background provided by Chandra to place constraints on the population of the X-ray undetected EROs by a stacking analysis. Their stacked emission, whose statistical significance is 5.7sigma in the observed 0.5-8 keV band, provides an upper limit to the average intrinsic absorption at z=1 of 2.5x10^{22} cm^{-2} and corresponds to a rest-frame 0.5-8 keV luminosity of 8.9x10^{41} erg s^{-1} . We estimate that any accretion-related X-ray emission to the stacked signal is likely "diluted" by emission due to hot gas in normal galaxies and star-formation activity in dust-enshrouded galaxies at high redshift., Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures, accepted A&A

Mixing is one of the basic functions which automated lab-on-chips require for the effective management of liquid samples. In this paper we report on the working principle, design, fabrication and experimental characterization of a soft-lithographed micromixer for microfluidic applications. The device effectively mixes two liquids by means of chaotic advection obtained as an implementation of a Linked Twisted Map (LTM). In this sense it is chaotic. The liquids are electrokinetically displaced by generating rolls through AC electroosmosis on co-planar electrodes. The device performance has been tested on dyed DI-water for several voltages, frequencies and flow-rates, displaying good mixing properties in the range of $10 \div 100$kHz, at low peak-to-peak voltages ($\sim15 \div 20$ volts). Low voltage supply, small dimensions and possibility of fabrication via standard lithographic techniques make the device highly integrable in lab-on-a-chip platforms., Comment: 8 pages, 6 fihures

We show that Tsallis ensemble of power-law distributions provides a mechanical model of nonextensive equilibrium thermodynamics for small interacting Hamiltonian systems, i.e., using Boltzmann's original nomenclature, we prove that it is an exact orthode. This means that the heat differential admits the inverse average kinetic energy as an integrating factor. One immediate consequence is that the logarithm of the normalization function can be identified with the entropy, instead of the q-deformed logarithm. It has been noted that such entropy coincides with Renyi entropy rather than Tsallis entropy, it is non-additive, tends to the standard canonical entropy as the power index tends to infinity and is consistent with the free energy formula proposed in [S. Abe et. al. Phys. Lett. A 281, 126 (2001)]. It is also shown that the heat differential admits the Lagrange multiplier used in non-extensive thermodynamics as an integrating factor too, and that the associated entropy is given by ordinary nonextensive entropy. The mechanical approach proposed in this work is fully consistent with an information-theoretic approach based on the maximization of Renyi entropy., Comment: 5 pages. Added connection with Renyi entropy