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Media professionals make use of various production techniques in the visual portrayal of politicians on television. A large body of literature indicates that these techniques exert varying influence on, for example, the evaluation of these actors, leading to the question of whether politicians are depicted in an equal way. Focusing on televised debates, this content analysis of five German debates aims to determine if there is a visual bias in the portrayal of candidates, depending on party affiliation, gender and role. Among other forms of bias, the authors find a difference in the use of camera movements and angle depending on the candidate's gender and party affiliation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work explores the designing a system of an automated unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV( for objects detection, labelling, and localization using deep learning. This system takes pictures with a low-cost camera and uses a GPS unit to specify the positions. The data is sent to the base station via Wi-Fi connection. The proposed system consists of four main parts. First, the drone, which was assembled and installed, while a Raspberry Pi4 was added and the flight path was controlled. Second, various programs that were installed and downloaded to define the parts of the drone and its preparation for flight. In addition, this part included programs for both Raspberry Pi4 and servo, along with protocols for communication, video transmission, and sending and receiving signals between the drone and the computer. Third, a real-time, modified, one dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) algorithm, which was applied to detect and determine the type of the discovered objects (labelling). Fourth, GPS devices, which were used to determine the location of the drone starting and ending points . Trigonometric functions were then used for adjusting the camera angle and the drone altitude to calculate the direction of the detected object automatically. According to the performance evaluation conducted, the implemented system is capable of meeting the targeted requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When you make a 3D film (stereoscopic film), you change completely the visual experience,and tell a story through radically different visual medium.The whole idea of stereoscopic cinema centered on illusion of depth to create more realism,that realism helps viewers to immersion in movie world .Camera settings are one of the cornerstones of stereoscopic cinema aesthetics because itchanges spatiality of the film which directly affects the illusion of depth, and thus sense ofrealism, for example the camera angle changes the spatiality of the film, the cameramovement reveals the visual information in the scene and gives more attraction and depth andreflect the spirit of the place.But there are Questions are always raised, such as , the viewer experience during watchingstereoscopic cinema , the camera contributes to the viewer's depth perception on the one hand,but it offers a tremendous amount of visual information that make him under control of theattraction and seduction of film. That is lead to the question, does this cause loss of emotionand communication with the film world? or create more sense of immersion and presence inthe world of film?The research discusses the role that camera plays in creating illusion of depth in stereoscopiccinema , concerned with depth in the first place ,in addition to Technical and aestheticchallenges facing the film makers during the employment of these settings and the impact onthe viewer immersion .

Number or license plate recognition has become an essential technology for traffic and security applications. Providing access control at any organization or academic institution improves the level of security. However, providing security personnel to manually control the access of vehicles at an academic institution is costly, time-consuming, and to a limited extent, error prone. This study investigated the use of an automated vehicle tracking system, incorporating experimental computer vision techniques for license plate recognition that runs in real-time to provide access control for vehicles and provide increased security for an academic institution. A vehicle monitoring framework was designed by using various technologies and experimenting with different camera angles. In addition, the effect of environmental changes on the accuracy of the optical character recognition application was assessed. The Design Science Research methodology was followed to develop the vehicle monitoring framework artifact. Image enhancement algorithms were tested, and the most viable options were evaluated and implemented. Optimal operating criteria that were established for the vehicle monitoring framework achieved a 96% success rate. The results indicate that a cost-effective solution could be provided by using an existing camera infrastructure at an academic institution and suitable license plate recognition software technologies, algorithms, and different camera angles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many researchers claim that pictures can impart descriptive concepts through their choice of stylistic properties, such as the orientation of depicted objects or the camera angle used. Yet little empirical research has explored if this is so, how readily or when such concepts are discerned, and/or whether these concepts can affect viewers' perceptions. In two studies we show that stylistic properties of ad pictures can communicate descriptive concepts that affect perceptions. However, this appears to occur only when viewers engage in ample processing of the ad and the accessibility of an appropriate descriptive concept is heightened, independent of the stylistic property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers criticism of the film "Roma," directed by Alfonso Cuarón, starring Yalitza Aparicio. Topics include the depiction of everyday life in the film, the depiction of the death of a baby born to the character Cleo, and the use of camera perspective in the filming of Aparicio's character.

In this paper, we present a method for semi-dense monocular simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) that is capable of dealing with pure camera rotation motion which brings forward a severe challenge for current direct (featureless) monocular SLAM approaches. A probabilistic depth map model built on Bayesian estimation is combined with the main framework of the state-of-the-art direct method LSD-SLAM. Using this model, both rotation-only and general camera motions could be tracked, and a consistent depth map could be built in real-time. Experimental results demonstrate the outstanding performance of the proposed system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, new algorithms are proposed for exposing forgeries in soccer images. We propose a new and automatic algorithm to extract the soccer field, field side and the lines of field in order to generate an image of real lines for forensic analysis. By comparing the image of real lines and the lines in the input image, the forensic analyzer can easily detect line displacements of the soccer field. To expose forgery in the location of a player, we measure the height of the player using the geometric information in the soccer image and use the inconsistency of the measured height with the true height of the player as a clue for detecting the displacement of the player. In this study, two novel approaches are proposed to measure the height of a player. In the first approach, the intersections of white lines in the soccer field are employed for automatic calibration of the camera. We derive a closed-form solution to calculate different camera parameters. Then the calculated parameters of the camera are used to measure the height of a player using an interactive approach. In the second approach, the geometry of vanishing lines and the dimensions of soccer gate are used to measure a player height. Various experiments using real and synthetic soccer images show the efficiency of the proposed algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manual construction tasks are physically demanding, requiring prolonged awkward postures that can cause pain and injury. Person posture recognition (PPR) is essential in postural ergonomic hazard assessment. This paper proposed an ergonomic posture recognition method using 3D view-invariant features from a single 2D camera that is non-intrusive and widely installed on construction sites. Based on the detected 2D skeletons, view-invariant relative 3D joint position (R3DJP) and joint angle are extracted as classification features by employing a multi-stage convolutional nerual network (CNN) architecture, so that the learned classifier is not sensitive to camera viewpoints. Three posture classifiers regarding arms, back, and legs are trained, so that they can be simultaneously classified in one video frame. The posture recognition accuracies of three body parts are 98.6%, 99.5%, 99.8%, respectively. For generalization ability, the relevant accuracies are 94.9%, 93.9%, 94.6%, respectively. Both the classification accuracy and generalization ability of the method outperform previous vision-based methods in construction. The proposed method enables reliable and accurate postural ergonomic assessment for improving construction workers' safety and healthy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two studies explored how and why the camera angle used to photograph products in ads may affect viewers' product evaluations. The findings suggest that such camera angle effects are likely to emerge when viewers' motivation to process ad information is either low or moderate rather than high. When processing motivation was low, evaluations were most favorable when the viewer seemed to be looking up at the product, least favorable when he or she looked down at the product, and moderate when the product was at eye level. However, when processing motivation was moderate, eye-level shots produced the most favorable evaluations. The authors suggest that the use of different processing heuristics may be responsible for these camera angle effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large variations in the angle of different camera views and illumination can change the appearance of a lot of people, which makes human re identification is still a challenging problem. Therefore, the development of robust feature descriptors and the design of discriminative distance metrics to measure similarity between pedestrian images are two key aspects of human re identification. In this paper, we propose a method to improve the performance of the re identification using depth learning and multiple metric ensembles. First, we use a variety of data sets to train the general convolutional neural network (CNN), which is used to extract the features of the training and test set after deep level. Deep architecture makes it possible for people to learn more abstract and internal features that are robust to changes in viewpoint and illumination. Then, we utilize the deep features of the training set to learn a specific distance metric and combine it with the cosine distance metric. Multi metric sets can be used to measure the similarity between different images. Finally, a large number of experiments show that our method can effectively improve the recognition performance compared to the state-of-the-art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To increase the robustness of detection in intelligent video surveillance systems, homography has been widely used to fuse foreground regions projected from multiple camera views to a reference view. However, the intersections of non-corresponding foreground regions can cause phantoms. This paper proposes an algorithm based on geometry and colour cues to cope with this problem, in which the homography between different camera views and the Mahalanobis distance between the colour distributions of every two associated foreground regions are considered. The integration of these two matching algorithms improves the robustness of the pedestrian and phantom classification. Experiments on real-world video sequences have shown the robustness of this algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents a technique for the calibration of a 360° dual imaging system (Ricoh Theta S) composed of two cameras with fisheye lenses specially mounted in a common structure. The experiments are based on calibration with a bundle adjustment using the equidistant fisheye lens model and relative orientation stability constraints, such as distance, base elements and rotation matrix between individual cameras’ coordinate systems. As a result, an equidistant mathematical model using the Conrady–Brown lens distortion model was shown to be suitable for estimating the interior and relative orientation parameters of the Ricoh Theta S. The main contribution presented in this work is a simultaneous bundle adjustment approach with stability constraints on base elements and rotation matrix angles, which achieved accuracies comparable with conventional photogrammetric calibration with perspective cameras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Film theories have long proposed that the vertical camera angle influences how the scene and the character in it are interpreted. An elevated camera (high-angle shot) should diminish the qualities of the actor, whereas a lowered camera (low-angle shot) should elevate the actor in perspective as well as in the viewer’s opinion. We were interested in how this holds up for the impression of trustworthiness and attractiveness that the spectator receives of the actor. We filmed 12 actors in a scenario inspired by a TV show called Split or Steal, which features a one-time version of the prisoner’s dilemma. Subjects had to rate trustworthiness and attractiveness of the actors, and also judge if the actors would lie or tell the truth. We found that actors were rated as most trustworthy when filmed from eye-level, and less so when the camera was lowered or raised. Camera elevation had no effect on attractiveness. Also, personality ratings of the actors were not altered by varying camera angle. We conclude that context plays an important role in how camera angle interacts with actor perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY It is well known that points on a plane in 3D world are related to corresponding image points in a view of a moving camera by projective translation. Good image features have robust projectivity under any camera movements. In the standard performance evaluation of image processing, real captured images of a scene are used ordinarily. However, it is not enough to evaluate in detail because the variation of camera angle and distance to target objects are limited and the capturing cost is expensive. During the early stage of the image processing development, the basic performance measurement should be the most important in an easy way. We propose a projectivity diagnosis method to measure the performance of local descriptor base template matching between a template image and reference images which are created by deforming the template image. This template matching consists of a feature image point extraction and a local descriptor matching. The proposed method evaluates the positional accuracy of the extracted feature points and the matching with local descriptor. Four metrics are introduced to evaluate the projectivity of template matching. In the experiment, our proposed diagnosis method expose the projectivity of SIFT, SURF, and ORB. SIFT showed the better robustness than the others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted to analyze the third and final 2016 presidential debate. Randomly assigned participants watched the debate in the format of mainly solo camera shots that alternate between the candidates (i.e., switched feed), or with both candidates framed side-by-side on screen (i.e., split screen feed). Though viewer feelings of positivity toward the candidates did not differ, visual presentation style had a significant effect on trait judgments for Donald Trump overall. Participants watching Trump on the switched camera feed perceived him as significantly more Sophisticated, Honest, Attractive, Sincere, Strong, Active, Intelligent, Trustworthy, and Generous. There was not an effect for Hillary Clinton’s trait ratings overall, though she was perceived as significantly more Strong, Competent, and Intelligent by those watching the switched feed. This suggests that visual presentation style significantly influenced viewer perceptions. Political ideology was a significant predictor of all but one of the traits for each candidate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a quantitative assessment of uncertainty for the stereo calibration at different cameras angle and control object 3D reconstruction. Stereo-photogrammetry with high resolution commercially available digital cameras is applied to deliver a 3D data from a pair of 2D images. The main goal of the project is the reconstruction of the 3D model from the images obtained underwater in a high vibration manufacturing environment. The crucial step in obtaining high accuracy 3D data is stereo-rig calibration. Robust camera calibration is a critical step in 3D reconstructions in order to extract precise quantitative measurements from 2D images. Two AV 6600 monochrome 29 Megapixels GigE cameras were calibrated at four different angles to ensure that the angle of the stereo rig and variation in image contrast would not influence significantly the final results. All the images were undertaken in the high vibration manufacturing environment. It was shown that calibration of the cameras set at the angle of 15 o reduces significantly 3D reconstruction accuracy. However, it does not influence reprojection error, which is less than 0.5 pixels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ratios have been applied to humans to identify individuals from images. These attempts have been proven unsuccessful, as camera angle, height, and distortions of the image affected the results. The anharmonic ratio is a ratio of ratios; it has proved successful in the identification of objects from images, as it is not affected by any distortions. The anharmonic ratio was applied to the human body and face to identify individuals from their images. Faces and bodies of twenty South Australian males aged 16–65 years were measured using standard anthropometric techniques. Participants were photographed in high quality images and recorded by standard surveillance camera (low quality images). Ten ratios were calculated from manual measurements and from all images. An Euclidean distance showed ratios incorrectly identified individuals 64.3% of the time between images of different quality. Variation of ratios between individuals is low so that standard deviations of ratios are of the magnitude similar to technical errors of measurements. Therefore participants cannot be isolated based on ratios. Ratios are an unreliable method for identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many countries are experiencing a rapid increase in their elderly populations, increasing the demand for appropriate healthcare systems including fall-detection systems. In recent years, many fall-detection systems have been developed, although most require the use of wearable devices. Such systems function only when the subject is wearing the device. A vision-based system presents a more convenient option. However, visual features typically depend on camera view; a single, fixed camera may not properly identify falls occurring in various directions. Thus, this study presents a solution that involves using multiple cameras. The study offers two main contributions. First, in contrast to most vision-based systems that analyze silhouettes to detect falls, the present system proposes a novel feature for measuring the degree of impact shock that is easily detectable with a wearable device but more difficult with a computer vision system. In addition, the degree of impact shock is less sensitive to camera views and can be extracted more robustly than a silhouette. Second, the proposed method uses a majority-voting strategy based on multiple views to avoid performing the tedious camera calibration required by most multiple-camera approaches. Specifically, the proposed method is based on spatio-temporal interest points (STIPs). The number of local STIP clusters is designed to indicate the degree of impact shock and body vibration. Sequences of these features are concatenated into feature vectors that are then fed into a support vector machine to classify the fall event. A majority-voting strategy based on multiple views is then used for the final determination. The proposed method has been applied to a publicly available dataset to offer evidence that the proposed method outperforms existing methods based on the same data input. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the suitability of High Dynamic Range (HDR) imaging techniques for Feature Point (FP) detection under demanding lighting conditions. The FPs are evaluated in HDR, tone mapped HDR, and traditional Low Dynamic Range (LDR) images. Eleven global and local tone mapping operators are evaluated and six widely used FP detectors are used in the experiments (Harris, Shi–Tomasi, DoG, Fast Hessian, FAST, and BRISK). The distribution and repeatability rate of FPs are studied under changes of camera viewpoint, camera distance, and scene lighting. The results of the experiments show that current FP detectors cannot cope with HDR images well. The best contemporary solution is thus tone mapping of HDR images using a local tone mapper as a pre-processing step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is focused on developing automatic virtual camera control in 3D video game to support a filmmaking based on machinima. Rule-based virtual camera control defines the camera position and the angle. A virtual camera is developed by representing camera shot and camera angle since it can control its position and rotation automatically. Knowledge acquisition for camera shot and camera angle is conducted by simulating virtual camera to the character based on rules of camera shot which are close-up, medium-shot, and long-shot, and rules of camera angle which are eye-level, low angle and high angle. The constrained areas are represented by defining paths. The paths have the function of track references to define position and rotation for the virtual camera, so the virtual camera can capture character vertically, horizontally, and diagonally. Data of constrained areas are representation of camera shot and camera angle rules. The data are used as knowledge base and rules in the term of perspective packages. The virtual camera is generated using Genetic algorithm by randomizing a number of position and rotation value as initial population, then the system calculates the value to find ideal virtual camera which can fulfil the rules in perspective packages. An implementation of the research is conducted by developing a game in which the automatic virtual camera is generated to produce a short animation with duration of 120 seconds. The rules of transition are implemented using different cut as type of transition in every 4 seconds, which means that there are 30 cut to produce. The result shows that the method used in this research reflects the expectation. All the 30 cuts produced in the game are captured using automatic virtual camera. With frame rate at 40-60 fps, the virtual camera is generated in 2 to 16 generations, with duration from 16 to 37 milliseconds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most basic and unanimous statement made in scholarship on horror films is that horror films are ‘about’ fear: the primary purpose of horror films is to scare viewers. Based on horror films from the 1970s until the present in which child gangs play a significant part, this essay advances a new theory of horror film, namely, that horror films primarily seek to elicit not fear but guilt. The analysis focuses on four topics: themes, camera angles, horror’s cinematic casting of ‘abnormality’ and the rift, unique to the horror genre, between audience ‘alignment’ and ‘allegiance’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of three video perspectives: point-of-view, scene view, and a combination of point-of-view and scene view on task completion by three young adults with moderate intellectual disability. The comparison was made, using an Adapted Alternating Treatments Design, across three sets of fundamentally different gift wrapping tasks as each of three students used step-by-step video prompting. Overall, results of the study showed minimal differences in performance across the three students regardless of the video perspective while a combination of point-of-view and scene view camera angle resulted in fewer errors by two of the three students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first and foremost step in the shot boundary detection is the extraction of features from the video sequences. To obtain better performance in shot boundary detection, a new method is proposed in this paper, where texture and local binary information extracted from the hilbert transformed frames are processed and represented as features. The similarity between the frames is constructed as continuity signal. The boundaries between the shots are identified by applying the shot transition identification procedure on the continuity signals. The proposed method is evaluated over the TRECVID 2007 SBD dataset and the performance is compared to the top performers of TRECVID 2007 SBD task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'shot by shot' method is a kind of analysis of audiovisual works that has never been fully developed. It's a dissection of each of the smallest units of meaning that form an audiovisual work, whatever it is. The «shot by shot» method analyzes 22 aspects of each shot individually considered and later interconnects them and finds meanings and senses. This procedure also allows an hermeneutical approach to achieve the organic knowledge, that has been tested in complete films (Patricia Ferreira's complete filmography). No method like this allows similar understanding of cinematic elements in a film, with the advantage that there is a resultant database, which allows the future approach of different disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines masculinity in relation to the modern tracking shot in Daren Aronofsky's The Wrestler (2008) and Derek Cianfrance's The Place Beyond the Pines (2012). These films make prominent use of a particular tracking shot in which the camera floats behind a male character, his head neatly centred in the frame. The camera in these 'follow-shots' seems unmistakably but loosely tethered to the character's body. This paper attempts to ascertain the phenomenological nature and critical significance of that relationship, which in recent films expresses the intimate distance and dissonance between mobile cameras, masculinity and the male body in the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a documentary film "Domestic Violence" (2001) by Frederick Wiseman, which exposes the private issue of family violence in his direct cinema documentary. The film questions the relationship between a disturbing and violent situation and compassion from the audience. It also mentions his editing style, camera angles, and use of mise-en-scène that simulated the desired emotions and power dynamics the women experience.

Abstract: This paper proposes a new overdrive (OD) technology to precisely compensate for the viewing angle dependent characteristics of LCDs. This paper reports that optical response of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) is considerably dependent on viewing angles for the first time. The new OD technology applies different OD look-up tables (LUTs) depending on the viewing angles. In addition, we combine a new OD technology with an eye tracker that is usually adopted for autostereoscopic 3D LCD systems. The application results show that a new OD technology improves the motion image quality perfectly regardless of viewing angles. We expect that our proposed method will definitely enable the LCD products to have consistent motion image quality regardless of viewing angles. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The London 2012 Olympic Games were widely reported as the ‘Women's Games’ but was this reflected in the photographic representation in British print media? This study focused upon photographic representation of athletes in the British print media during the London 2012 Olympic Games. The original dimension of this investigation is the triangulation of gender with location, position and camera angle of photos. From a feminist perspective, content analysis was used to compare the amount and prominence of the coverage devoted to female and male athletes and photographs during the Games findings indicate that media coverage of female athletes continues to lag behind that of male athletes in quantity of photos. However, there are signs of increased gender equality in the location, page prominence and camera angle of photos of sportswomen compared to previous studies on the media representation of female athletes at Olympic Games. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper addresses the visual servoing control problem for robot manipulators without using velocity measurements, and considering a fixed but uncalibrated camera with an optical axis perpendicular to the robot workspace. A novel visual servoing strategy via sliding mode control ( SMC) and a monitoring function based switching scheme is presented to deal with the uncertainties in the camera calibration parameters and to remove any restriction on the unknown camera orientation angle. The developed method provides global stability, disturbance rejection properties, and exact output tracking with better transient performance than adaptive controllers. Experimental results illustrate the robustness and practical feasibility of the proposed scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we examine the practice of learning to produce video using a new visual technology. Drawing upon a design intervention at a science centre, where a group of teenagers tried a new prototype technology for live mobile video editing, we show how the participants struggle with both the content and the form of producing videos, i.e., what to display and how to do it in a comprehensible manner. We investigate the ways in which video literacy practices are negotiated as ongoing accomplishments and explore the communicative and material resources relied upon by participants as they create videos. Our results show that the technology is instrumental in this achievement and that as participants begin to master the prototype, they start to focus more on the narrative aspects of communicating the storyline of a science centre exhibit. The participants are explicitly concerned with such issues as how to create a comprehensible storyline for an assumed audience, what camera angles to use, how to cut and other aspects of the production of a video. We consider these observed activities to be candidate steps in an emerging mobile video literacy trajectory that involves developing a capacity to document and argue by means of this specific medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a systematic framework for moving target positioning based on a distributed camera network. In the proposed framework, low-cost static cameras are deployed to cover a large region, moving targets are detected and then tracked using corresponding algorithms, target positions are estimated by making use of the geometrical relationships among those cameras after calibrating those cameras, and finally, for each target, its position estimates obtained from different cameras are unified into the world coordinate system. This system can function as complementary positioning information sources to realize moving target positioning in indoor or outdoor environments when global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals are unavailable. The experiments are carried out using practical indoor and outdoor environment data, and the experimental results show that the systematic framework and inclusive algorithms are both effective and efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facial identity and expression play critical roles in our social lives. Faces are therefore frequently used as stimuli in a variety of areas of scientific research. Although several extensive and well-controlled databases of adult faces exist, few databases include children’s faces. Here we present the Dartmouth Database of Children’s Faces, a set of photographs of 40 male and 40 female Caucasian children between 6 and 16 years-of-age. Models posed eight facial expressions and were photographed from five camera angles under two lighting conditions. Models wore black hats and black gowns to minimize extra-facial variables. To validate the images, independent raters identified facial expressions, rated their intensity, and provided an age estimate for each model. The Dartmouth Database of Children’s Faces is freely available for research purposes and can be downloaded by contacting the corresponding author by email. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that during audiovisual message processing (e.g., television or film), cuts in the video track cause an orienting response, which is reflected in the involuntary shift of attention. In classic research by Reeves et al. (1985), changes in the alpha band were noticed in reaction to montage cuts. We propose an investigation of the brain's reaction to montage cuts by means of event-related potentials (ERPs), which are the brain's electrophysiological responses to a stimulus. Well-known indices of orienting response are two ERP components: P3 and slow cortical potential (SCP). Ten participants watched a film consisting of 105 related and 114 unrelated cuts while an electroencephalographic signal was recorded. The hypothesis that unrelated cuts in the video track when watching an audiovisual message cause more pronounced SCP was confirmed. There was no effect of unrelated cuts on P3. The results of this study provide a good starting point for further research on brain reactions to the structural features of an audiovisual message, such as close ups or camera moves. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An important step in the process of optical steel coil quality assurance is to measure the proportions of width and radius of steel coils as well as the relative position and orientation of the camera. This work attempts to estimate these extrinsic parameters from single images by using the cylindrical coil itself as the calibration target. Therefore, an adaptive least-squares algorithm is applied to fit parametrized curves to the detected true coil outline in the acquisition. The employed model allows for strictly separating the intrinsic and the extrinsic parameters. Thus, the intrinsic camera parameters can be calibrated beforehand using available calibration software. Furthermore, a way to segment the true coil outline in the acquired images is motivated. The proposed optimization method yields highly accurate results and can be generalized even to measure other solids which cannot be characterized by the identification of simple geometric primitives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An improved phase modulated technique has been implemented to increase the speed and accuracy of optical parameters extraction for a uniaxial bulk media. In combination of the genetic algorithm, we show that not only the complex refractive indices, the inclination and azimuth angles of optical axis can also be extracted. Furthermore, by using a two-probe-beam configuration, the speed of convergence can be improved by 5-times. Such a high speed and accurate method can be applied for the in-situ measurement of dynamic materials. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We present a complete end-to-end framework to detect and exploit entry and exit regions in video using behavioral models of object trajectories. Using easily collected 'weak' tracking data (short and frequently broken tracks) as input, we construct a set of entity tracks to provide more reliable entry and exit observations. These observations are then clustered to produce a set of potential entry and exit regions within the scene, and a behavior-based reliability metric is used to score each region and select the final zones. We also present an extension of our fixed-view approach to detect entry and exit regions within the entire viewspace of a pan-tilt-zoom camera. We additionally provide methods employing the regions to learn scene occlusions and causal relationships from entry-exit pairs along with exploitation algorithms (e.g., anomaly detection). Qualitative and quantitative experiments are presented using multiple outdoor surveillance cameras and demonstrate the reliability and usefulness of our approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a novel approach for constructing a large-scale range panoramic background model that provides fast registration of the observed frame and localizes the foreground targets with arbitrary camera direction and scale in a Pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) camera-based surveillance system. Our method consists of three stages. (1) In the first stage, a panoramic Gaussian mixture model (PGMM) of the PTZ camera's field of view is generated off-line for later use in on-line foreground detection. (2) In the second stage, a multi-layered correspondence ensemble is generated off-line from frames captured at different scales which is used by the correspondence propagation method to register observed frames online to the PGMM. (3) In the third stage, foreground is detected and the PGMM is updated. The proposed method has the capacity to deal with the PTZ camera's ability to cover a wide field of view (FOV) and large-scale range. We demonstrate the advantages of the proposed PGMM background subtraction method by incorporating it with a tracking system for surveillance applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective--To assess effects of camera angle and distance on measurement and reproducibility of thermographically determined temperatures of the distolateral aspect of the forelimbs in horses. Design--Evaluation study. Animals--10 adult horses. Procedures--Thermographic images of both forelimbs were obtained at 3 times during the day (replicates 1, 2, and 3); maximum surface temperature over 1 region (distolateral aspect of the third metacarpal bone and metacarpophalangeal joint) was measured. Standard images were obtained every 5 minutes for 1 hour with the camera positioned at an angle of 90° and a distance of 1.0 m from the forelimb; additional images were obtained at changed (± 20°) angles or at a 1.5-m distance. At the end of each replicate, 4 sets of additional images were obtained at 2-minute intervals to assess short-term reproducibility. Results--Mean ± SD temperature difference between left and right forelimbs was 0.32° ± 0.27°C (0.58° ± 0.49°F) in standard images. Temperatures measured via standard images were highly correlated with those measured with the camera positioned at changed angles or distance. Mean ± SD differences between temperatures measured via standard images and those measured from changed angles or distance were considered small (< 0.22° ± 0.18°C [0.40° ± 0.32°F] for all comparisons).The degree of short-term reproducibility was high. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance--Thermographically determined temperatures were unaffected by 20° changes in camera angle or a 0.5-m Increase in camera distance from the forelimb. Minor temperature differences between left and right forelimbs were detected in the study and should be considered during diagnostic investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: When a two-dimensional bar code is away from a camera’s focus, the image is blurred by the convolution of the point spread function. In the presence of noise, the out-of-focus deblurring is an ill-posed problem. The two-dimensional bar code image has a very special form, making deblurring feasible. This paper proposes a fast deblurring algorithm called the Increment Constrained Least Squares filter that is specifically designed for two-dimensional bar code images. After analyzing the bar code image, the standard deviation of the Gaussian blur kernel is obtained. Then, the bar code image is restored through on iterative computations. In each iteration, the bi-level constraint of the bar code image is efficiently incorporated. Experimental results show that our algorithm can obtain better bar code image quality compared with existing methods. Our method can also improve the reading depth of field, which is an important performance parameter for bar code readers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We present a servo control model in a particle filter to realize robust visual object tracking using Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) camera. The particle filter method has attracted much attention due to its robust tracking performance in cluttered environments. However, most methods are in the mode of moving object and stationary camera, as a result, the tracking will end in failure if the object goes out of the field of view of the camera. In this paper, a closed-loop control model based on speed regulation is proposed to drive the PTZ camera to keep the target at the centre of the camera angle. The experiment results show that our system can track the moving object well and can always keep the object in the middle of the field of view. The system is computationally efficient and can run in real-time completely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which investigates the calibration of an all-sky camera in obtaining sky radiances at three wavelengths from hemispherical sky images. The study used an All-Sky Imager, a sunphotometer, and a radiative transfer model. Results show that there were absolute differences between 2% and 15% on the camera radiances for pixels near the Sun and the high scattering angles.