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Practical Application In the wake of growing concerns regarding diet‐related health issues, this study investigates the application of machine learning methods to estimate the energy content and classify the health risks of foods based on the USDA National Nutrient Database. The caloric content of foods was estimated using the nutritional composition (i.e., carbohydrates, protein, total lipid, and total sugar content) and classified based on their weighted health risks, considering their carbohydrate, lipid, and glycemic index levels. The algorithms used for modeling include multiple linear regression (MLR), K‐nearest neighbors, support vector machine, random forest regression (RFR), gradient‐boosted regression, decision trees (DT), and deep neural networks. The MLR model demonstrated high accuracy on the training dataset (R2 = 0.99, mean absolute error [MAE] = 7.71 kcal, and root mean squared error [RMSE] = 17.89 kcal) and testing dataset (R2 = 0.99, MAE = 7.75 kcal, and RMSE = 18 kcal) in energy estimation, indicating its effectiveness in dietary assessment. The RFR and DT models were useful in categorizing foods into low‐health‐risk foods, but their performance was reduced in medium and high‐health‐risk groups. This research contributes to developing tools that could aid in personalized dietary planning and public health interventions to mitigate diet‐related health risks.This study applies machine learning to estimate how many calories are in food and to understand the health risks different foods might have. By investigating the fats, cholesterol, and sugars in food items listed in a public database, we can better plan diets or develop apps that help people make healthier eating choices. This work aims to improve public access to nutritional information, supporting efforts to combat diet‐related diseases through educational materials and applications that guide dietary choices in various settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the global demand for food increases, the efficiency and environmental sustainability of refrigeration systems have become increasingly critical issues. Cascaded refrigeration systems (CRSs) are widely used in the Chinese food cold chain due to their capacity to meet a wide range of temperature requirements. However, energy consumption of these systems is always high. If phase change materials (PCMs) are combined with the refrigeration systems, the energy-saving effect is remarkable. The paper reviews the integration of PCMs within CRS, focusing on their potential to reduce energy consumption, thereby improving food safety and reducing reliance on conventional, electricity-intensive refrigeration methods. The study categorizes and explores the low-temperature applications of PCMs in CRS, providing novel insights into enhancing energy efficiency in food cold chain logistics. Despite most PCM research focusing on single-stage systems, this review innovates by introducing PCM integration in multistage cascade systems, which is particularly relevant for low-temperature requirements. The discussion encompasses the structure, working fluids, and applications of CRSs in the cold chain, emphasizing the role of PCMs in sustainable cold chain management. The review concludes by highlighting the need for further research on PCMs in CRS, especially regarding their economic viability and large-scale implementation potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kisspeptins are essential regulators of the reproductive axis, with capacity to potently activate gonadotropin‐releasing hormone neurons, acting also as central conduits for the metabolic regulation of fertility. Recent evidence suggests that kisspeptins per se may also modulate several metabolic parameters, including body weight, food intake or energy expenditure, but their actual roles and site(s) of action remain unclear. We present herein a series of studies addressing the metabolic effects of central and peripheral administration of kisspeptin‐10 (Kp‐10; 1 nmol and 3 nmol daily, respectively) for 11 days in mice of both sexes. To assess direct metabolic actions of Kp‐10 versus those derived indirectly from its capacity to modulate gonadal hormone secretion, kisspeptin effects were tested in adult male and female mice gonadectomized and supplemented with fixed, physiological doses of testosterone or 17β‐estradiol, respectively. Central administration of Kp‐10 decreased food intake in male mice, especially during the dark phase (~50%), which was accompanied by a reduction in total and nocturnal energy expenditure (~16%) and locomotor activity (~70%). In contrast, opposite patterns were detected in female mice, with an increase in total and nocturnal locomotor activity (>65%), despite no changes in food intake or energy expenditure. These changes were independent of body weight, as no differences were detected in mice of both sexes at the end of Kp‐10 treatments. Peripheral administration of Kp‐10 failed to alter any of the metabolic parameters analyzed, except for a decrease in locomotor activity in male mice and a subtle increase in 24 h food intake in female mice, denoting a predominant central role of kisspeptins in the control of energy metabolism. Finally, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were not significantly affected by central or peripheral treatment with Kp‐10. In conclusion, our data reveal a potential role of kisspeptins in the control of key metabolic parameters, including food intake, energy expenditure and locomotor activity, with a preferential action at central level, which is sex steroid‐independent but sexually dimorphic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nigeria is experiencing a rapid transition of physical activity and nutrition involving less physical participation and increased intake of high calorie foods with poor nutrients. University years are when young people live independently or rise far from home, leading to decreased physical activity participation and adoption of poor dietary patterns. Purpose: this study examined university students dietary patterns and physical activity in Kogi State, Nigeria. Material and Methods: The research design used is descriptive cross-sectional survey with a random sampling technique. Data was collected using questionnaire from 320 students selected from the four universities on their dietary patterns and physical activity. Data analysis was conducted via SPPS version 20 and relationships between variables were established through Pearson product moment correlation co efficiency. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant and table was used to present the findings. Results: The results of the study convincingly indicated that students exhibited poor dietary patterns whereby students consumed fast foods, sweetened beverages, and pastries most times in a week. Also, the result showed significant relationship between physical activity and obesity whereby students decreased in vigorous physical activity participation. Conclusion: the study concluded that there is a significant association between dietary patterns, physical activity and obesity among university students in Kogi State, Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water security and climate change are important priorities for communities and regions worldwide. The intersections between water and climate change extend across many environmental and human activities. This Primer is intended as an introduction, grounded in examples, for students and others considering the interactions between climate, water, and society. In this Primer, we summarize key intersections between water and climate across four sectors: environment; drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene; food and agriculture; and energy. We begin with an overview of the fundamental water dynamics within each of these four sectors, and then discuss how climate change is impacting water and society within and across these sectors. Emphasizing the relationships and interconnectedness between water and climate change can encourage systems thinking, which can show how activities in one sector may influence activities or outcomes in other sectors. We argue that to achieve a resilient and sustainable water future under climate change, proposed solutions must consider the water–climate nexus to ensure the interconnected roles of water across sectors are not overlooked. Toward that end, we offer an initial set of guiding questions that can be used to inform the development of more holistic climate solutions.This article is categorized under: Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation Human Water > Value of Water [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neuronal etiology of obesity is centered around a diet-induced inflammatory state in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, which impairs the functionality of pro-opiomelanocortine neurons (POMCs) responsible for whole-body energy homeostasis and feeding behavior. Intriguingly, systemic salt inducible kinase 2 (SIK2) knockout mice demonstrated reduced food intake and energy expenditure along with modestly dysregulated metabolic parameters, suggesting a causal link between the absence of SIK2 activity in POMCs and the observed phenotype. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a comparative secretomics study from POMC neurons following pharmacologically induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induction, a hallmark of metabolic inflammation and POMC dysregulation in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Our data provide significant in vitro evidence for the POMC-specific SIK2 activity in controlling energy metabolism and feeding in DIO mice by regulating the nature of the related POMC secretome. Our data also suggest that under physiological stress conditions, SIK2 may act as a gatekeeper for the secreted inflammatory factors and signaling molecules critical for cellular survival and energy homeostasis. On the other hand, in the absence of SIK2, the gate opens, leading to a surge of inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic cues concomitant with the dysregulation of POMC neurons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The part played by oxytocin and oxytocin neurons in the regulation of food intake is controversial. There is much pharmacological data to support a role for oxytocin notably in regulating sugar consumption, however, several recent experiments have questioned the importance of oxytocin neurons themselves. Methods: Here we use a combination of histological and chemogenetic techniques to investigate the selective activation or inhibition of oxytocin neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (OxtPVH). We then identify a pathway from OxtPVH neurons to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis using the cell-selective expression of channel rhodopsin. Results: OxtPVH neurons increase their expression of cFos after both physiological (fast-induced re-feeding or oral lipid) and pharmacological (systemic administration of cholecystokinin or lithium chloride) anorectic signals. Chemogenetic activation of OxtPVH neurons is sufficient to decrease free-feeding in OxtCre:hM3Dq mice, while inhibition in OxtCre:hM4Di mice attenuates the response to administration of cholecystokinin. Activation of OxtPVH neurons also increases energy expenditure and core-body temperature, without a significant effect on locomotor activity. Finally, the selective, optogenetic stimulation of a pathway from OxtPVH neurons to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis reduces the consumption of sucrose. Conclusion: Our results support a role for oxytocin neurons in the regulation of whole-body metabolism, including a modulatory action on food intake and energy expenditure. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the pathway from OxtPVH neurons to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis can regulate sugar consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is currently struggling with stunting, wasting, obesity, and micronutrient deficiencies. Nutritional imbalance, which varies by gender, age, and activity level, contributes to these issues. This research developed a food detector with an innovative camera sensor to accurately measure food calories. The study adopted a developmental approach, using a pre-experimental design and "post-test only" research. The study included various food ingredients with calorie counts. Camera sensors were used instead of load cell sensors to weigh food and convert it to calories. Camera sensory testing was done on processed food samples. A number of food image data tests showed high accuracy. With test results close to real data, the device showed promising accuracy. This model system used camera resolution to detect calories, helping people measure and manage their diets in quality and quantity. We hope this technology will continue to improve, making it more accessible and aiding nutritional management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global obesity epidemic, exacerbated by the sedentary lifestyle fostered by the COVID-19 pandemic, presents a growing socioeconomic burden due to decreased physical activity and increased morbidity. Current obesity treatments show promise, but they often come with expensive medications, frequent injections, and potential side effects, with limited success in improving obesity through increased energy expenditure. This study explores the potential of a refined sulfated polysaccharide (SPSL), derived from the brown seaweed Scytosiphon lomentaria (SL), as a safe and effective anti-obesity treatment by promoting energy expenditure. Chemical characterization revealed that SPSL, rich in sulfate and L-fucose content, comprises nine distinct sulfated glycan structures. In vitro analysis demonstrated potent anti-lipogenic properties in adipocytes, mediated by the downregulation of key adipogenic modulators, including 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) pathways. Inhibiting AMPK attenuated the anti-adipogenic effects of SPSL, confirming its involvement in the mechanism of action. Furthermore, in vivo studies using zebrafish models showed that SPSL increased energy expenditure and reduced lipid accumulation. These findings collectively highlight the therapeutic potential of SPSL as a functional food ingredient for mitigating obesity-related metabolic dysregulation by promoting energy expenditure. Further mechanistic and preclinical investigations are warranted to fully elucidate its mode of action and evaluate its efficacy in obesity management, potentially offering a novel, natural therapeutic avenue for this global health concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objectives: We aimed to validate dietary assessment methods against the gold standard, doubly labeled water (DLW), for estimating total energy intake (TEI). Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched until May 2023. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies involving participants aged 1–18 years, employing dietary assessment methods like food records, dietary histories, food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), or 24‐h recalls estimating TEI alongside DLW to measure total energy expenditure (TEE). Data were pooled using random‐effects meta‐analysis models. Results: Thirty‐three studies were identified, with sample sizes ranging from 9 to 118 participants. Meta‐analysis of 22 studies identified underestimation of TEI (mean difference [MD] = −262.9 kcal/day [95% CI: −380.0, −145.8]; I2 = 93.55%) for food records compared with TEE estimated by DLW. Other dietary assessment methods, including food recalls (n = 9) (MD = 54.2 kcal/day [95% CI: −19.8, 128.1]; I2 = 49.62%), FFQ (n = 7) (MD = 44.5 kcal/day [95% CI: −317.8, 406.8]; I2 = 94.94%), and diet history (n = 3) (MD = −130.8 kcal/day [95% CI: −455.8, 194.1]; I2 = 77.48%), showed no significant differences in TEI compared with DLW‐estimated TEE. All studies were of high quality. Conclusion: Food records may underestimate TEI, yet additional research is needed to identify the most accurate methods for assessing children's dietary intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among major development organizations, the unchallenged consensus is that war and conflict are development issues ravaging local economies, often leading to forced migration, refugee populations, and acute food insecurity. Food insecurity when caused by a rise in food prices is a threat for violent conflict. This study was conducted in Nigeria using three types of quantitative data which are the general household panel data, monthly retailed commodity prices, and violent conflict data from 2010 to 2019. This study examines the linkages between conflict, food price shocks, and food security outcomes of households in Nigeria. Per capita daily calorie intake, household dietary diversity, and per capita monthly food consumption were the three food security outcomes used for this study. Fixed effects panel regression models were used to determine the effects of conflict-induced food price shocks on the food security outcomes of households. I was found that dietary diversity appeared to be higher in the first wave than in the other three waves. The measure of dietary diversity for the post-harvests were slightly higher than the post-plantings. The high dietary diversity associated with the post-harvest periods is partly related to the relatively higher net value of foods consumed during the same season. This is because the amount of food calories consumed during the post-harvest periods are relatively lower than the amount consumed during the post-planting periods. Regardless of the conflict level in Nigeria, an increase in conflict-induced price shock of wheat, and rice is associated with a decline in calorie intake, dietary diversity, and the actual food value consumed. The conflict-induced price shocks of other cereals negatively influence the actual food value consumed, and dietary diversity. It is concluded that violent conflict influences some aspects of food insecurity, through adjustment in diets in response to price increases. Conflict-induced price shocks is a necessary condition for food security. Therefore, policy issues aimed at improving the food security outcomes of households in the face of conflict-induced price shocks should focus on price scheme that will stabilise price placing a price floor on food commodities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement: Maize is one of the most consumed grains worldwide. Its production and international trade are expected to continue increasing because of its use as animal fodder and direct human food. Although maize's history spans millennia, in the last century it underwent significant changes due to genetic engineering, particularly during the Green Revolution. Due to maize's importance for current food security and energy production, it is fundamental to understand this engineering process to assess the implications of current styles of maize production for local and global landscapes, scientific institutions, and transnational networks of agricultural science. Summary: This article aims to explain how Mexican agricultural expertise contributed to the development of cytogenetics as a specialized field in the study of the diversity of maize within the framework of the Green Revolution. To this end, the article follows the work of Mexican agronomist Takeo Ángel Kato Yamakake within the activities of the Inter‐American Maize Improvement Program (IMIP), formally established in 1960. By reconstructing the debate on the genetic implications of chromosomal structure and function, this study contributes to the historiography devoted to the role played by local experts in the classification, experimentation, and conservation of maize.The article is based on sources from Mexico and the United States, an interview with Kato, and the consultation of the database "Rockefeller Fellows. Individual Mobility Awards at Rockefeller‐endowed Organizations, 1914‐1970."Kato's trajectory provides an overview of agronomy in Mexico and shows the relevance of transnational exchange in the establishment of plant cytogenetics. Kato's academic activity features collaborations with key figures such as Edwin Wellhausen, Albert Longley, Barbara McClintock, W. Gallinat, Czeslawa Prywer, and Almiro Blumenschein.A Green Revolution era quest to unravel the origin of maize as a way of perfecting its genetic manipulation fueled the interest in establishing cytogenetics in Mexico. However, the irruption of the molecular approach made the study of the position of chromosomal knobs less of a priority. Despite this, classical cytogenetics, under Kato's leadership, remains a field that contributed to the knowledge of the vegetal genome, even when the IMIP disappeared and the logic of the Green Revolution lost its centrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Replacing cereals with food leftovers could reduce feed-food competition and keep nutrients and energy in the food chain. Former food products (FFPs) are industrial food leftovers no more intended for human but still suitable as alternative and sustainable feedstuffs for monogastric. In this study, omics approaches were applied to evaluate the impact of dietary FFPs on pig liver proteome and plasma peptidome. Thirty-six Swiss Large White male castrated pigs were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments [control (CTR), 30% CTR replaced with salty FFP (SA), 30% CTR replaced with sugary FFP (SU)] from the start of the growing phase (22.4 ± 1.7 kg) until slaughtering (110 ± 3 kg). The low number of differentially regulated proteins in each comparison matrix (SA/SU vs. CTR) and the lack of metabolic interaction indicated a marginal impact on hepatic lipid metabolism. The plasma peptidomics investigation showed low variability between the peptidome of the three dietary groups and identified three possible bioactive peptides in the SA group associated with anti-hypertension and vascular homeostasis regulation. To conclude, the limited modulation of liver proteome and plasma peptidome by the SA and SU diets strenghtened the idea of reusing FFPs as feed ingredients to make pig production more sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The connections between universal rights to water supply, energy security, and food supply stand out as a challenge that requires project evaluation models that can capture the complex dynamics and interdependencies of these resources. This study proposes the elaboration of a nexus evaluation model (NEM) for projects related to the water–energy–food nexus (WEFN) from the perspective of sustainability, Industry 4.0, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The model considers the three dimensions of sustainability—economic, environmental, and social; the three structuring factors of Industry 4.0—physical, biological, and digital; and the 17 SDGs proposed by the United Nations. A Design Science Research (DSR) approach was adopted in which the design and development of the model, and demonstration and evaluation phases, were supported by a group of experts. The model was applied to three different projects focused on sustainable technological innovation in energy and agriculture, with the results presented in the RGB color scale represented numerically as a number from 0 to 255. The results demonstrated that, in the relationship between nexus and sustainability, the projects presented scores between 162 and 217 for the environmental dimension, between 158 and 202 for the economic dimension and between 170 and 212 for the social dimension. In the nexus and Industry 4.0 relationship, the projects obtained scores ranging from 9 to 94 in the biological factor, from 13 to 141 in the digital factor, and from 13 to 141 in the physical factor. In the nexus and SDG relationship, scores ranged from 214 to 244 for water, from 195 to 255 for energy, and from 30 to 255 for food. These results from the model were consistent with the reality of the projects being evaluated, demonstrating a greater alignment of the projects with the dimensions of sustainability and the SDGs than with the factors of Industry 4.0. The proposal of the model contributes to broaden the understanding of how projects related to the nexus can be evaluated considering multiple contemporary dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: On 6 April 2022, legislation came into effect in England requiring calorie labels to be applied to food items on menus of larger food businesses. This study aimed to assess the impact of calorie labelling on (a) food purchased and (b) energy content of menu options in worksite cafeterias. Methods: Product-level sales data and energy content of available items was obtained from 142 worksite cafeterias from January 2022-October 2022. Interrupted-time-series (ITS) analysis with level and slope change evaluated daily energy (kcal) purchased per item, and ITS with level change assessed mean energy per option available on menus before and after calorie labelling. Each analysis was conducted 6 weeks and 6 months from implementation. A post-hoc ITS examined weekly energy purchased per item over a longer period (March 2021-October 2022; 135 sites). Results: There was no evidence calorie labelling changed the energy content of foods purchased (6-week: + 0.60 cal/product, 95%CI:-2.54, + 3.75; 6-month: + 1.59 cal/product, 95%CI:-0.96, + 4.16). Post-hoc analyses suggested calorie labels were associated with a reduction in mean energy of items purchased over time (-0.65 kcal/week, 95%CI:-0.81,-0.49), but a significant increase (+ 3 kcal, 95%CI: + 0.43, + 5.60) at the point of implementation. There was a reduction in the mean energy content of menu options at each seasonal menu change (April 2022:-1.79 kcal, 95%CI:-3.42,-0.15; July 2022:-4.18 kcal, 95% CI:-7.65,-0.73). Conclusion: This large observational study in worksite cafeterias found no evidence to indicate the introduction of calorie labelling led to any immediate reduction in energy purchased by customers. There was some evidence of increasing impact over time, possibly associated with changes in menu offerings, but this effect was small and cannot be directly attributed to calorie labelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social monogamy is the prevalent mating system in birds, but alternative strategies of extra‐pair paternity (EPP) and conspecific brood parasitism (CBP) occur in many species. Raptors are virtually absent in discussions of broad taxonomic reviews regarding EPP and CBP likely because these strategies are mostly absent or at low frequency; CBP is unreported in solitary nesting raptors. In contrast, we found high frequencies of EPP (16%–31%) and CBP (15%–26%) nests among three populations of Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) across the northern breeding range of this solitary nesting, socially monogamous species. EPP and CBP combined occurred in 42%–46% of all nests among populations and hence unexpectedly were nearly equivalent to proportions of genetically monogamous nests. Select covariates failed to predict presence of EPP and CBP in part because virtually all extra‐pair adults were uncaught and likely were floaters. We found no support for the hypothesis that territorial females traded copulations for food to maximize energy intake for increased production. Our unique discoveries enhance knowledge of the extent and diversity of alternative breeding strategies among groups of avian and other animal species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food waste production reaches actually about 1.3 billion tonnes per year, corresponding to the emission of 3.3 billion tonnes equivalent of CO2, thus calling for improved recycling. Here we review food waste conversion into energy and products such as biohydrogen, biogas, biofuel, biodiesel, biochar, bioplastics, fertilizers, animal feed, organic acids, enzymes, and proteins. Food waste can be treated by incineration, pyrolysis, composting, anaerobic digestion, hydrothermal carbonization, and landfilling. Properties of food waste influence the efficiency of conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In April 2023, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), in partnership with the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the National Institute on Aging, and the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, hosted a 2‐day online workshop to discuss neural plasticity in energy homeostasis and obesity. The goal was to provide a broad view of current knowledge while identifying research questions and challenges regarding neural systems that control food intake and energy balance. This review includes highlights from the meeting and is intended both to introduce unfamiliar audiences with concepts central to energy homeostasis, feeding, and obesity and to highlight up‐and‐coming research in these areas that may be of special interest to those with a background in these fields. The overarching theme of this review addresses plasticity within the central and peripheral nervous systems that regulates and influences eating, emphasizing distinctions between healthy and disease states. This is by no means a comprehensive review because this is a broad and rapidly developing area. However, we have pointed out relevant reviews and primary articles throughout, as well as gaps in current understanding and opportunities for developments in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to determine food waste rates in intensive care patients. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 45 patients in the intensive care unit were assessed for malnutrition risk using NRS 2002. Food waste rates were calculated by weighing the weight of the food served and left on the plate. Energy density of foods was calculated. The patients' energy and nutrient intakes were calculated. Evaluated according to the recommendations of the Türkiye Dietary Guidelines. Results: 55.55% of the patients had severe malnutrition. Patients cannot consume 38.17% of the food served. The highest waste rate is in vegetables and salads (75.35%). The energy density of patients' food consumption is low. The patients' energy and protein intake was 828.56 kcal/day and 32.13 g/day. Energy and nutrient intake are below recommended, except for sodium and vitamin B12. A moderate positive correlation was found between hand grip strength and energy (r=413, p=0.001) and protein (r=453, p=0.001) intake. Conclusion: Patients cannot consume approximately 40% of the food. Improved protein and energy intake increased muscle strength and performance. Since a decrease in food intake will cause malnutrition to worsen, there is a need to develop strategies to increase energy and protein intake in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water, ecology, energy and food are indispensable resources for human survival and social progress, as well as the core of the regional sustainable development. They are interdependent and closely related. The importance of ecology support and feedback capability has been overlooked in traditional studies of the water–energy–food nexus. In this paper, the concept of water–ecology–energy–food (WEEF) nexus was proposed. Then, a comprehensive evaluation indicator system of WEEF nexus was established from three criteria of stability, coordination and sustainability based on synergy theory. A comprehensive variable fuzzy evaluation model was constructed to evaluate the coordinated development level of WEEF nexus in Tianjin, China. And the main obstacle factors that constrained the coordinated development of WEEF nexus were analyzed through the obstacle degree model. The results showed that: from 2010 to 2021, the comprehensive coordinated development level of the WEEF nexus showed an upward trend, with an average growth rate of 4.0%. The stability, coordination and sustainability all significantly affected the comprehensive coordinated development of regional WEEF nexus. The coordination of water–ecology, energy–ecology and food–ecology subsystems was relatively low. Food self-sufficiency rate, average water consumption for energy production, annual rainfall and ecological environment index were the main obstacle factors of WEEF nexus. In summary, the nexus framework and evaluation method proposed in this paper can provide a new perspective on the basic theory and application of regional WEEF nexus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the degree to which retailers' lunch meal deal promotions meet the UK government's One You campaign recommendation of 600 kcal for lunch. In parallel, the government are encouraging companies to reduce the calorie content of food and banning promotions encouraging overconsumption. Public policy intervention ladder models are used with upstream social marketing to consider how these government actions might affect companies and consumers' freedom of choice. A census of the calories of lunch meal deal items in five stores was conducted to determine the degree to which they met the 600 kcal recommendation. 23% of lunch meal deals exceeded the 600 kcal guideline, and on average contained 10% more calories. Actions to reduce calorie content and their impact on stakeholders' freedom are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a lab project that integrates principles of exercise physiology and physics by having students design and construct a bicycle-powered centrifuge. This project aims to engage kinesiology students who may have low interest in physics by providing a hands-on, interdisciplinary experience. Students are given the freedom to design the device using readily available materials, and the lab allows for measurements and calculations related to efficiency, angular speed, power analysis, and metabolic equivalents. The project fosters problem-solving skills, group collaboration, and deeper understanding of physics and kinesiology concepts among students. [Extracted from the article]

This paper investigates the causes and the consequences of the emergence of agriculture in the Middle East. Agriculture has emerged in many parts of the world since the end of the last Ice Age about 15 000 years ago. The paper first surveys the Palaeolithic Period to understand why agriculture did not emerge earlier. Then the paper considers the processes that led to the emergence of agriculture in the Middle East. The question is approached as a problem in economic history, and the archaeological record is understood in terms of changes in labour productivity, as measured by calories produced per hour of work, and in the size of the associated agricultural surplus (the difference between the calories produced by a food procurement system and the calories required to sustain the people trying to support themselves with that system). The shift from foraging to the cultivation of wild seeds and the later impact of the emergence of domestic seed and improvements in tool design are assessed in this framework. It is also used to analyse the impact of agriculture on human wellbeing, the origin of manufacturing (e.g. pottery), and the emergence of inequality, states, and warfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More people feel busier than ever. Recognising busyness as an environmental factor that influences food preferences is essential when considering health-related decisions. This research investigates how the subjective perception of busyness—which is referred to as a busy mindset—affects consumers' food preferences via two studies. Study 1 was a laboratory experiment conducted using a manipulation method with 135 undergraduate student participants. Study 2 used an online self-report questionnaire to repeat the findings of Study 1 and including 209 social participants. The results from the two studies showed that a busy mindset induced individuals to prefer high-calorie foods, and energy expenditure efficiency mediated this effect. Moreover, the subjective perception of busyness increased individuals' estimated need for calories and induced them to prefer high-calorie foods over high-nutrition or hedonic foods. These findings suggest that food preferences in the busy mindset have potential implications for individuals' food consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractTime-restricted eating (TRE) effectively improves healthspan, including controlling obesity and improving metabolic health. To date, few meta-analyses have been conducted to explore the effects of various protocols of TRE in participants with overweight/obesity. PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched up until October 15, 2022. Randomized and non-randomized clinical trials that investigated the effect of TRE on body weight, body composition and cardiometabolic parameters in participants with overweight/obesity were included. Mean differences of changes from the baseline were used for all analyses between the two groups. Prespecified subgroup analyses based on different protocols of TRE were performed. Twenty-three studies were included in the meta-analysis with 1867 participants. TRE interventions led to significant changes in body weight. When energy restriction strategies were conducted in both the TRE and control groups, the weight-loss effect of TRE remained significant. TRE with 4 ∼ 8h feeding window, morning or late eating strategies, led to reduction in body weight and fat mass for at least 8 wk. Hence TRE is a potential and effective approach for weight loss for participants with overweight/obesity. An 8h-TRE intervention with a morning eating strategy for at least eight weeks might be the optimum TRE intervention mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient steam energy production was essential for reducing energy consumption and operational costs while enhancing productivity, particularly in industrial settings prone to explosions due to boiler parameter control issues. This challenge was especially acute in the food and beverage industry amid rising energy costs and stricter environmental regulations, highlighting the importance of optimizing steam energy production. This study focused on refining operational parameters in a steam production plant to maximize steam energy output. It utilized mathematical models and optimization tools to identify ideal operational conditions and investigate extreme scenarios. Design-Expert version 13.0 statistical software and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) via Centre Composite Design (CCD) were employed to create a comprehensive design matrix encompassing key variables like time, pressure levels, temperature, mass flow rate, and steam energy production across three experimental levels. The research revealed that increased pressure and time significantly boosted steam energy production by leveraging water's energy content rise under initial conditions, thus improving efficiency by reducing required water mass circulation. Moreover, elevated temperature and extended operation enhanced economizer efficiency, leading to increased heat recovery and reduced steam generation. Steam generation also increased with temperature and time due to the pressure rise during boiling, necessitating more energy for steam conversion. An optimum yield of steam energy of 620 Cal was attained at a time, pressure, temperature, and mass flow rate of 1 h, 16.97 MPa, 249.5°C, and 59.85 kg/s, respectively. The mathematical model developed is accurate, reliable, responsive, and can replicate the experimental data due to the high F-value (24.48), low CV (0.94) lowp-value (< 0.005), and high R2 (0.9821) value close to 1. This research promises to enhance the efficiency of steam energy production in the food and beverage industry by reducing the need for resource-intensive experimental procedures, thus lowering costs and resource consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondria congregate central reactions in energy metabolism, many of which involve electron transfer. As such, they are expected to both respond to changes in nutrient supply and demand and also provide signals that integrate energy metabolism intracellularly. In this review, we discuss how mitochondrial bioenergetics and reactive oxygen species production is impacted by dietary interventions that change nutrient availability and impact on aging, such as calorie restriction. We also discuss how dietary interventions alter mitochondrial Ca2+ transport, regulating both mitochondrial and cytosolic processes modulated by this ion. Overall, a plethora of literature data support the idea that mitochondrial oxidants and calcium transport act as integrating signals coordinating the response to changes in nutritional supply and demand in cells, tissues, and animals. Changes in nutrient supply, such as those that occur in caloric restriction, alter oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial redox state, morphology, and calcium transport in tissue- and nutritional intervention-specific manners. These changes in mitochondrial properties impact on cell and organismal function, and are critically involved in the balance between health and disease promoted by alterations in nutritional status. [Display omitted] • Mitochondrial bioenergetics changes in response to caloric restriction (CR). • ROS production is regulated by CR, in a tissue- and intervention-specific manner. • CR also regulates mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and release. • Nutritional status, redox, and Ca2+ signaling synergistically regulate metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat is one of the three most important cereals in the world, along with rice and maize. It serves as the primary food and source of energy for about 30–40% of the world's population. However, the low levels of micronutrients in wheat grains can lead to deficiencies of those micronutrients in people whose dietary habits are mostly based on cereals such as wheat. Apart from iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), a lack of selenium (Se) is also one of the biggest problems in the world. The essentiality of Se has been confirmed for all animals and humans, and the lack of this micronutrient can cause serious health issues. Wheat dominates the world's cereal production, so it is one of the best plants for biofortification. Due to the fact that agronomic biofortification is not an economical or environmentally acceptable approach, genetic improvement of cereals such as wheat for the enhanced content of micronutrients in the grain represents the most efficient biofortification approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of population growth, climate change, and global economic expansion are concerning for food and energy security. For a nation like India, the agrivoltaic system is a center of photovoltaic and agricultural production as it is better suited to achieving the United Nation's sustainable development goals, especially SDG 7 (Affordable and clean energy) and SDG 11 (Sustainable cities and communities). The agrivoltaic solar power plant system generated 12667.15 kWh from September 2017 to August 2018 with a system efficiency of 11.22%. The height of agrivoltaic structure has been determined 3 m to perform agricultural operations underneath it. A shade-tolerant tomato crop has been cultivated in an open field and an agrivoltaic structure using four different types of land treatments in the proposed experimental study. The land equivalent ratio is obtained greater than open field treatments up to 1.65 for all treatments and environments. The benefit/cost ratio has been determined to be as high as 2.59 with the lowest payback period of 7.90 years. Crop productivity under agrivoltaic structures has been higher in all treatments up to 15.09% as compared to open field agriculture. Agrivoltaic technology is a novel and sustainable technology for farmers in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Abraham accords signed in Washington in September 2020, a series of joint normalization statements between Israel the UAE and Bahrain followed by Morocco in December 2020, were a game changer in the Middle East. Those Accords provide the pathway to the end of the Arab Israeli conflict and a future of peace, tolerance and opportunity in the Middle East and around the world. Those accords proved that there is a new way for negotiations in the Middle East. One could have been surprised that the EU was not engaged in the Accords when signed. The fact that Europeans believe in the two-state solution as the only solution and the fact that the American President Donald Trump was behind the Accords made Europe skeptical to the Accords. But reality made the difference: The war in Ukraine brought its challenges and Iran’s interference in the conflict (supplying drones to Russian’s army) provoked a real concern in Europe. The Iranian nuclear program seemed again a threat to the west and not only to Israel and Gulf countries. conflict management played a role. This paper depicts how Europe went from skepticism to engagement concerning the Abraham Accords. Geo-political interests were clear: geopolitical realignment, a great potential for Africa and energy and food supply potential in connection to those Accords. Furthermore, cooperation as well as development in foreign affairs played a role in Europeans’ choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When waders gather in mixed‐species flocks to feed on benthic prey, differences in morphological traits, foraging strategies and prey selection may allow different species to optimize their energy intake while reducing competition. As the effect of the fine‐scale spatial distribution of resources on energy intake is unknown, we simulated the foraging performance of two types of waders with contrasting body plans and foraging strategies in a variety of virtual mudflats with different horizontal and vertical prey distribution patterns. Although larger, longer‐billed individuals had higher energy intake rates, smaller individuals with shorter bills maintained higher prey capture rates by relocating if prey was insufficiently available. Shorter‐billed individuals struggled more to meet their energetic demands because they selected smaller prey items and had a more limited capacity to metabolize energy from food. Being able to catch larger, high‐quality prey offered a competitive advantage for longer‐billed individuals, which could be a driving force for the evolutionary lengthening of bills in waders. Interestingly, their performance was more affected by the horizontal than by the vertical prey distribution. Quantifying prey distributions may help explain how some wader species can co‐occur in the field and why some wetland areas are unattractive as foraging areas. The work confirms that the foraging performance of larger, longer‐billed birds is not limited by bill size per se, but by the energetic trade‐offs associated with the ability to catch larger prey items more efficiently, increased handling times and higher absolute energy costs. These trade‐offs may become particularly important in landscapes where prey is scarce and spatially patchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Due to the increasing prevalence of obesity in recent years, the treatment of excess weight has become necessary and a global public health problem, especially in childhood and adolescence. Objective: The present study aimed to analyze the effects of an interdisciplinary intervention on the processing and food consumption behavior of overweight and obese adolescents. Methods: This is a pre-experimental, analytical, and interventional study. Sixty-four adolescents (65% females and 35% males), with a mean age of 13.72 ± 2.46 years, who were overweight or obese, were included in the study. The interdisciplinary interventions took place over 12 weeks, three times a week, with the participation of an interdisciplinary team composed of physical education professionals (three times a week), nutritionists (twice a week), and psychologists (twice a week). To analyze the level of food processing, a 3-day food record was applied before and after the 12 weeks of intervention. Foods were calculated in grams, calories, and % of total energy value (TEI). Data were expressed as mean and standard deviation. Subsequently, the normality of the data was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. After this confirmation, a paired t-test was performed to compare the preand post-intervention moments. Results: significant reduction in processed and ultraprocessed foods and increased consumption of fresh foods in grams and calories ( p<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed for consuming minimally processed foods (p>0.05). In addition, there were significant results in the domain portion size and quantity ( p<0.01) and consumption of fruits and vegetables ( p<0.05). Conclusion: 12 weeks of interdisciplinary interventions provided positive impacts on the level of food processing and consumption behavior of overweight and obese adolescents, contributing to the fight against obesity in adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Curcumin, a yellow-colored molecule derived from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, has been identified as the bioactive compound responsible for numerous pharmacological activities of turmeric. However, its bioavailability is very low, limiting its potential. We have developed a novel curcumin formulation, TS-P1, which exhibits an 85.2-fold higher bioavailability than raw curcumin. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of long-term intake of highly bioavailable curcumin, TS-P1, in healthy Japanese adults. Methods: We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group comparison study. Ninety healthy Japanese adults were assigned to either the placebo or TS-P1 group and took 150 mg of curcumin or placebo daily for 12 weeks. Physical examinations, blood analysis, urinalysis, and medical examinations were performed every 4 weeks. Results: There were no adverse events attributed to the test foods during the study period. The mean change in body weight and body mass index (BMI) at week 12 from baseline showed a significantly greater reduction in the TS-P1 group. As there was no change in food or calorie intake between the groups during the study period, the observed weight reduction in the TS-P1 group appeared to be due to the pharmacological effect of curcumin through improved bioavailability. Conclusions: These results suggest that long-term intake of highly bioavailable curcumin, TS-P1 containing 150mg of curcumin, is safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate evolution of ultra-processed food intake and recurrent weight gain in patients who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Materials and Methods: This study is an observational longitudinal study that evaluated patients who underwent metabolic and bariatric surgery at four time points: before surgery and at 3, 12, and 60 months after surgery. Anthropometric and dietary intake data were collected through two 24-h dietary recalls. All foods consumed were classified according to degree of processing. Recurrent weight gain was considered the difference between current weight and nadir weight. Results: The sample consisted of 58 patients with a mean age of 38.7 ± 8.9 years and 68% female. After 60 months, mean excess weight loss and recurrent weight gain were 73.6 ± 27.2% and 22.5 ± 17.4%. Calorie and macronutrient intake decreased significantly between the pre-surgery period, and 3 and 12 months post-surgery; however, there was no significant difference after 60 months. In relation to food groups or macronutrients, no difference was observed between the pre-surgery period and 60 months post-surgery. The contribution of unprocessed or minimally processed foods to calorie intake gradually decreased after 3 months post-surgery. Conclusion: The profile of dietary intake after 60 months of metabolic and bariatric surgery tends to approach that of the pre-surgery period. The contribution of unprocessed and minimally processed foods to calorie intake decreased after 60 months, while ultra-processed food contribution increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tirzepatide, a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, is indicated for chronic weight management in adults with obesity or overweight as an adjunct to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity. However, the safety profile of Tirzepatide-associated adverse events requires comprehensive evaluation. Methods: The AE reports from the first quarter of 2022 to the third quarter of 2023 were selected by exploring the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. The new and unexpected potenial AE signals were detected using the disproportionality analysis, including reporting odds ratio(ROR), the proportional reporting ratio (PRR) the Bayesian confidence propagation neural network (BCPNN) and the empirical Bayes geometric mean(EBGM). Then the MedDRA was used to systematically classify the results. Results: A total of 1,904,481 case reports were obtained from 2022Q2 to 2023Q3. Forty-sixth tirzepatide-induced ADRs at the preferred terms (PTs) level are associated with 8 system organ class In addition, this study uncovered multiple anticipated ADRs, such as gastrooesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, and vomiting, in line with the drug labels. Moreover, unexpected and significant ADRs at PTs level, such as incorrect dose administered, injection site haemorrhage, and increased appetite, were discovered and linked to Injury, poisoning, and procedural complications, General disorders and administration site conditions, and Metabolism and nutrition disorders at the System Organ Class level. Conclusion: This study offered new perspectives on the monitoring, surveillance, and management of adverse drug reactions related to tirzepatide. The outcomes of severe adverse events and their respective detection signals, along with unexpected significant adverse event signals, are important to consider in efforts to enhance clinical medication safety when using tirzepatide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food image segmentation which aims to distinguish various ingredients is crucial for food safety, as estimating calories and other nutrients is important for human health and sustainable development. However, the performances of current image segmentation methods are inferior on food image datasets due to the significant diversity of appearances and distinctive conditions between ingredients and daily props, while these methods have insufficient capabilities for feature extraction of food images. In addition, utilizing attention mechanisms to obtain contextual detail information and long-range dependencies leads to a quadratic computational complexity. In this paper, we propose a Cross Spatial Attention (CSA) module to extract richer spatial features from food images, with lower time and space complexity. Specifically, the CSA module aggregates the contextual information by cross-calculation of horizontal and vertical dimensions. And experiments demonstrate that, by taking a two-step cross-calculation, each pixel could eventually capture global long-range dependencies. Furthermore, our method integrates a Channel Attention (CA) module to selectively highlight interdependent channel information by integrating relevant features across all feature maps. Then the outputs of these two attention modules are aggregated to enhance the representation of the image feature. Convincing performance improvement is achieved on the FoodSeg103, UECFoodPix and ADE20K. Moreover, the proposed network achieved better trade-off between accuracy and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused into vacuum freeze dryer technology for increasing food shelf life in a drying food technology. The determinants of energy consumption increase as the energy density of food production and storage increases. Reducing the amount of energy used for drying, freezing, chilling, refrigeration, and air conditioning is becoming more important. The objective of this study was to extend food's shelf life utilizing creative and novel technical approaches, such as vacuum freeze-drying's energy-efficient process. Despite being a part of this investigation, the vacuum freeze drier was created using environmentally benign energy sources. To minimize the carbon footprint of food preservation, it is essential to use eco-friendly energy sources in chilling storage. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy efficiency at 1 atm pressure and 25 [°C] temperature (neglecting potential and kinetic energies) in the dead state is calculated under thermal equilibrium conditions. In this study, the energy efficiency was shown according to 5 different scenarios. The results of energy efficiencies are as follows: η1 is from 14.3 to 21.4%, η2 is from 20.7 to 31.0%, η3 is from 27.3 to 40.9%, η4 is from 32.1 to 48.1%, and η5 is from 34.6 to 51.9%, respectively. This analysis demonstrates that the energy efficiency improved from 12 to 18 h. In this study, optimizations with scenarios were employed considering vacuum freeze-drying technology in the plant with sustainable energy sources can considerably improve food shelf life while limiting our environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin requires enhancing the water-energy-food nexus, with policy integration being an important governance tool. Using relevant data from 2010 to 2023, this study applied social network analysis and exponential random graph models to study the degree, patterns, and structure of water resource, energy, and agricultural management policy integration in nine provinces and five urban clusters in the Yellow River Basin. The study arrived at the following conclusions: ① The overall level of policy integration in the water-energy-food nexus of the Yellow River Basin during the sample period was not high. Water resource policy had the highest level of integration, and the Guanzhong Plain urban cluster had the widest range of policy integration. The Jiziwan bend metropolitan area exhibited a relatively high degree of policy integration. ② From the basin perspective, there are three types of relationships in the integration pattern of water-energy-food policies: core, to-be-disseminated, and innovative. Each type required different approaches to promote top-down and bottom-up policy integration. ③ In the Yellow River Basin, attention is mainly focused on the integration of water resources and food policies. Capacity-building tools are the most frequently used and the most effective instruments. However, there is a neglect of policy integration between energy and water as well as between energy and food subsystems, and a lack of utilization of learning-based policy instruments, leading to imbalances in the progress of policy integration across the entire basin. This indicates that elevating the water-energy-food nexus to a strategic position is essential for promoting ecological environmental protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin. Additionally, it is necessary to promote organizational reform, expand interdepartmental collaboration, and simultaneously enhance policy integration degree of water, food and energy, particularly the integration of energy and food policies, as well as between energy and water resource policies. Moreover, it is crucial to enrich the types of policy instruments used in subsystem integration and optimize their utilization structure, particularly focusing on incentive-based and learning-based instruments. Finally, for the coordinated promotion of policy integration throughout the basin, it is important to expand communication platforms between provinces and cities, and prioritize the widespread implementation of diffusion and innovation integration relationships across the entire basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) has gained interest in recent years with the introduction of autonomous and remotely operated mobile systems in blue economic ventures such as offshore food production and energy generation. Here, we devised a model for estimating the received power distribution of diffused line-of-sight mobile optical links, accommodating irregular intensity distributions beyond the beam-spread angle of the emitter. We then used this model to conduct a spatial analysis investigating the parametric influence of the placement, orientation, and angular spread of photodiodes in array-based receivers on the mobile UOWC links in different Jerlov seawater types. It revealed that flat arrays were best for links where strict alignment could be maintained, whereas curved arrays performed better spatially but were not always optimal. Furthermore, utilizing two or more spectrally distinct wavelengths and more bandwidth-efficient modulation may be preferred for received-signal intensity-based localization and improving link range in clearer oceans, respectively. Considering the geometric implications of the array of receiver photodiodes for mobile UOWCs, we recommend the use of dynamically shape-shifting array geometries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Reducing ultra‐processed foods (UPF) improves diet quality and may curb energy consumption. This study aimed to compare an intervention based on the reduction of UPF, according to the Dietary Guideline for the Brazilian Population (DGBP), with and without advice on energy intake. A parallel and randomised controlled trial was carried out with children with obesity from 7 to 12 years old. Both control (CG) and intervention groups (IG) participated monthly in 6 standardised educational activities based on the 10 steps of the DGBP. An individualised food plan was also provided to the IG. The rate of change for body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, body weight, and UPF consumption were investigated based on mixed‐effect models. At the end of the study, the BMI declined in the IG (Δ = −0.27 kg/m2) compared to the CG (Δ = + 0.53 kg/m2) (p =.0002). Both groups showed a decline in grams of UPF until the fourth month and a gradual increase in the following months. Combining the qualitative approach of the DGBP with counselling on energy restriction through the diet plan proved to be effective in reducing childhood obesity. Clinical Trial Registration: This trial is registered at the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (REBEC), under the RBR‐3st5sn registry, available at http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-3st5sn/. The datasets generated by the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economies that are dependent on imported inputs are vulnerable to external shocks affecting international prices. Although the effects of these shocks have been widely documented in the literature, strategies to effectively mitigate them remain underexplored. Using a recursive-dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, we examined the impact of global energy and food price shocks on the Portuguese economy. Moreover, we evaluated fiscal policies aimed at mitigating these impacts by boosting consumption through wage increases, cash transfers, consumption subsidies, and revitalizing economic activities with reduction in production tax. The findings suggest that reduction in production tax is the best mitigation option, as it directly improves sectoral competitiveness, promotes employment, and stimulates consumption. In contrast, a consumption-focused fiscal strategy is costlier and exclusively enhances household purchasing power. Notwithstanding, raising wages inadvertently worsens persistent inflation due to increased production costs and demand. Exploring various financing options is necessary to assess policy effectiveness and consistency over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the role of carbohydrates in the nutrition of dogs and cats. It explains that while dogs and cats do not have a nutritional requirement for carbohydrates, they are still important in pet food processing and can serve as a source of glucose. The article discusses different types of carbohydrates, their physiological properties, and the impact of processing on their digestibility. It emphasizes the importance of providing adequate carbohydrates in pet diets, especially during certain life stages. The article also highlights the potential health benefits of dietary fibers, including promoting glycemic control and maintaining gastrointestinal health. It introduces the concept of prebiotics and their role in improving gut health. The production of short-chain fatty acids by gut microbes is mentioned as a key benefit of fiber consumption. The document concludes by stating that further research is needed to understand the effects of food processing and optimal inclusion levels of dietary fibers in companion animal nutrition. [Extracted from the article]

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Industrial animal agriculture is a significant driver of climate change, habitat loss, and the ongoing extinction crisis, all of which will continue to accelerate as global demand for animal products grows. Plant-based alternatives to animal products, which have existed for over a thousand years, offer a potential solution to this problem, as the intersection of recent technological innovation and shifting capital investment trends have ushered in a new era of alternative proteins that are redefining food categories like meat, eggs, and milk. To better understand these evolving food forms, their attendant technologies, and the opportunities they afford for ameliorating the impacts of industrial animal farming, this article provides a genealogy of plant-based alternative proteins, with a particular focus on the current era and the role that design principles like biomimicry and skeuomorphism play in reproducing the organoleptic properties (the sensorial, experiential aspects) of animal products. Comparing the alternative protein market to other markets in which more sustainable foods and energy have failed to displace their environmentally destructive counterparts, it concludes by considering if whether creating novel new protein forms, rather than imitating conventional animal products, may afford a more promising path toward transformation of the food system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major staple food crop, providing a fifth of food calories and proteins to the world's human population. Despite the impressive growth in global wheat production in recent decades, further increases in grain yield are required to meet future demands. Here we estimated genetic gain and genotype stability for grain yield (GY) and determined the trait associations that contributed uniquely or in combination to increased GY, through a retrospective analysis of top-performing genotypes selected from the elite spring wheat yield trial (ESWYT) evaluated internationally during a 14-year period (2003 to 2016). Fifty-six ESWYT genotypes and four checks were sown under optimally irrigated conditions in three phenotyping trials during three consecutive growing seasons (2018–2019 to 2020–2021) at Norman E. Borlaug Research Station, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico. The mean GY rose from 6.75 (24th ESWYT) to 7.87 t ha−1 (37th ESWYT), representing a cumulative increase of 1.12 t ha−1. The annual genetic gain for GY was estimated at 0.96% (65 kg ha−1 year−1) accompanied by a positive trend in genotype stability over time. The GY progress was mainly associated with increases in biomass (BM), grain filling rate (GFR), total radiation use efficiency (RUE_total), grain weight per spike (GWS), and reduction in days to heading (DTH), which together explained 95.5% of the GY variation. Regression lines over the years showed significant increases of 0.015 kg m−2 year−1 (p < 0.01), 0.074 g m−2 year−1 (p < 0.05), and 0.017 g MJ−1 year−1 (p < 0.001) for BM, GFR, and RUE_total, respectively. Grain weight per spike exhibited a positive but no significant trend (0.014 g year−1, p = 0.07), whereas a negative tendency for DTH was observed (− 0.43 days year−1, p < 0.001). Analysis of the top ten highest-yielding genotypes revealed differential GY-associated trait contributions, demonstrating that improved GY can be attained through different mechanisms and indicating that no single trait criterion is adopted by CIMMYT breeders for developing new superior lines. We conclude that CIMMYT's Bread Wheat Breeding Program has continued to deliver adapted and more productive wheat genotypes to National partners worldwide, mainly driven by enhancing RUE_total and GFR and that future yield increases could be achieved by intercrossing genetically diverse top performer genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]