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Scelionidi (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea) segnalati per l’Italia e loro ospiti noti. Il seguente lavoro propone una revisione della checklist italiana della famiglia Scelionidae dopo quella proposta da Bin et al. (1995). Viene inoltre fornito l’elenco delle specie di ospiti di Insecta e Arachnida individuate nel lavoro di raccolta bibliografica. In totale sono riportati 38 generi di scelionidi per l’Italia con 181 specie di cui 58 riportano anche gli ospiti appartenenti agli ordini: Insecta: Mantodea, Orthoptera, Embioptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera; Arachnida: Araneae Dysderiidae, Lycosidae. Grazie all'intenso lavoro di ricerca del professor Giovanni Mineo, recentemente scomparso, le specie registrate per la Sicilia sono aumentate da 56 a 99. La revisione e l’aggiornamento della checklist nasce dalla recente importanza assunta degli scelionidi nello studio di una possibile loro applicazione nei programmi di controllo biologico contro eterotteri pentatomidi alloctoni e dall’arrivo in Europa di scelionidi alloctoni come Trissolcus japonicus e T. mitsukurii, candidati per il controllo biologico di Halyomorpha halys. A revised checklist of the Italian Scelionidae is provided. Data regarding host association of recorded species of this family of egg parasitoids of insects and spiders are provided. A total of 181 species in 38 genera have been recorded in Italy. The parasitized hosts are recorded for 58 of recorded species. These species parasitise eggs of different insect orders (Mantodea, Orthoptera, Embioptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera) and spiders (Araneae Dysderiidae, Lycosidae). Scelionidae are considered as effective biological control agents of insect pests, and many times were used in biological control programs. Very recently, two allochthonous scelionids Trissolcus japonicus and T. mitsukurii, candidates of introduction for biological control purposes, accidentally arrived into Europe and Italy and became established, thanks to the presence of their preferred allochthnous host Halyomorpha halys.

Wild and cultivated olives harbor and share a diversity of insects, some of which are considered agricultural pests, such as the olive fruit fly. The assemblage of olive-associated parasitoids and seed wasps is rich and specialized in sub-Saharan Africa, with native species possibly coevolving with their hosts. Although historical entomological surveys reported on the diversity of olive wasp species in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, no comprehensive study has been performed in the region in the molecular era. In this study, a dual approach combining morphological and DNA-based methods was used for the identification of adult specimens reared from olive fruits. Four species of Braconidae and six species of Chalcidoidea were identified, and DNA barcoding methodologies were used to investigate conspecificity among individuals, based on randomly selected representative specimens. Morphological identifications were congruent with DNA data, as NJ and ML trees correctly placed the sequences for each species either at the genus or species level, depending on the available taxa coverage, and genetic distances strongly supported conspecificity. No clear evidence of cryptic diversity was found. Overall seed infestation and parasitism rates were higher in wild olives compared to cultivated olives, and highest for Eupelmus spermophilus and Utetes africanus. These results can be used for early DNA-based detection of wasp larvae in olives and to further investigate the biology and ecology of these species.

Key to the Western Palaearctic Dryocosmus species 1 Females............................................................................................. 2 - Males............................................................................................. 11 2 Mesoscutellum entirely smooth and glossy or at least the central area of mesoscutellar disc up to the area proximal to the foveae always smooth and glossy; at most a very narrow strip laterally and posteriorly along emarginated edges sculptured....... 3 - Mesoscutellum entirely and uniformly coriaceous or rugose.................................................... 6 3 Scutellar foveae more or less distinct, separated by distinct median carina (Fig. 36)................................. 4 - Scutellar foveae absent, anteriorly only a transverse impression present (Fig. 38)........................... D. tavakolii 4 All metasomal tergites without micropunctures, mesopleuron without striae marking transepisternal line; axillula delicately coriaceous........................................................................................... 5 - All metasomal tergites, except 2nd, with distinct uniform dense micropunctures, mesopleuron with very few delicate indistinct striae marking transepisternal line not surpassing 1/2 of mesopleuron length; axillula strongly sculptured especially at posterior end (Fig. 15); hindwing with narrow infuscate stripe on the anterior margin, starting from hamuli and extending along the margin for more than 3/4 of its length (Fig. 24)................................................. D. destefanii, sexual 5 Pedicel and scape 1.5���1.7 times broader than flagellomeres (Fig. 37); all flagellomeres nearly of the same width; scutellar foveae subtriangular, separated by wide and short median carina, with diverging sides, this short median carina occupies 1/8 of mesoscutellum length (Fig. 36)......................................................... D. destefanii, asexual - Pedicel and scape at least 2.2���2.5 times broader than flagellomeres; flagellomeres towards the apex broadened, F8���F12 at least 2.0 times as broad as preceding flagellomeres (Fig. 39); scutellar foveae subquadrangular, separated by distinct narrow median carina with non-diverging sides, this long median carina occupies 1/4 of mesoscutellum length (Fig. 40)...... D. caspiensis 6 Gena not or inconspicuously broadened behind eye, not visible in anterior view.................................... 7 - Gena strongly broadened behind eye, easily visible in anterior view (Fig. 41).................... D. cerriphilus, asexual 7 Entire body reddish brown to light yellowish brown.......................................................... 8 - Entire body black or brownish black...................................................................... 9 8 Eye large, silvery, transfacial distance nearly equal to height of eye, body uniformly light brown to yellowish...... D. mikoi - Eye small, black, transfacial distance longer than height of eye; head and mesosoma reddish brown, metasoma darker (Fig. 42)........................................................................................ D. jungalii 9 All metasomal tergites, except 2nd, with distinct uniform dense micropunctures; mesoscutellar disk reaching mesoscutum in the center, very narrow anterior scutellar depression present only on both sides of this attachment point (Fig. 43)................................................................................................... D. kuriphilus - All metasomal tergites, including 2nd, without micropunctures; mesoscutellar disk never reaching mesoscutum; broad complete transverse anterior scutellar depression present across mesoscutellum...................................... 10 10 Mesoscutellum distinctly longer than broad, rugose to coriaceous, elongate, sides nearly parallel, with narrow median carina reaching mesoscutum and dividing medially smooth glossy broad anterior scutellar depression; body usually black or dark brown........................................................................................ D. mayri - Mesoscutellum as long as broad or only slightly longer than broad, dull rugose, without median carina, with rugose anteriorscutellar depression; body usually brown to reddish brown...................................... D. cerriphilus, sexual 11 Body entirely yellow, except dark brown or black head...................................................... 12 - Body black or dark brown............................................................................. 13 12 Mesoscutellum smooth, glossy, without sculpture; head black.......................................... D. jungalii - Mesoscutellum uniformly coriaceous, head brown..................................................... D. mikoi 13 Mesoscutellar disk alutaceous or very delicately coriaceous; mesopleuron uniformly smooth glossy or delicately alutaceous................................................................................................... 14 - Mesoscutellar disk uniformly coriaceous to rugose; mesopleuron smooth glossy, with delicate longitudinal striae in medioanterior part................................................................................... D. cerriphilus 14 Diameter of lateral ocellus about equal to or slightly greater than OOL (Fig. 30); all metasomal tergites, except 2nd, with distinct uniform dense micropunctures; malar space very short, 0.11-0.12 times as long as height of eye (Fig. 28); metasomal petiole longer than wide; hindwing with narrow infuscate stripe on the anterior margin, starting from hamuli and extending along the margin for more than 3/4 of its length (Fig. 29)............................................. D. destefanii - Diameter of lateral ocellus at least twice OOL; all metasomal tergites without micropunctures; malar space extremely short, 0.06-0.07 times as long as height of eye (Fig. 27); metasomal petiole as long as broad......................... D. mayri, Published as part of Cerasa, Giuliano, Verde, Gabriella Lo, Caleca, Virgilio, Massa, Bruno, Nicholls, James A. & Melika, George, 2020, Description of the sexual generation of Dryocosmus destefanii (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) and disclosure of its life cycle, pp. 359-374 in Zootaxa 4742 (2) on pages 362-363, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4742.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/3754879

Description of sexual generation of Dryocosmus destefanii Cerasa & Melika Figs 1���6, 8���26, 28���35 Material examined. 3 females: Italy: Sicily, Cefal�� (PA), loc. C.da Campella, ex galls on Quercus suber, 19.IV.2016, 38��1���19.06���N 13��59���15.49���E, 200m, ex pepper shaped gall, em[erged]. 20���21.IV.2016 (sample 6021), G. Cerasa leg. One specimen is deposited in the collection of Giuliano Cerasa, Giuliana, Palermo, Italy, one is deposited at the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale ���Giacomo Doria���, Genoa, Italy, and the third in the collection of the Plant Health Diagnostic National Reference Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary (curator G. Melika). 2 males: Italy: Sicily, Cefal�� (PA), loc. C. da Campella, ex galls on Quercus suber, 19.IV.2017, 38��1���19.06���N 13��59���15.49���E, 200m, ex gall shaped pepper, em. 20���21.IV.2017 (sample 6560), G. Cerasa leg. (one deposited in Museo Civico di Storia Naturale ���Giacomo Doria���, Genoa, Italy; one at the Plant Health Diagnostic National Reference Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary); 1 male with the same label, but ���(N. 6557) G. Cerasa leg.��� (collection Giuliano Cerasa, Giuliana (Palermo) Italy). Description. SEXUAL FEMALE. Head dark brown, except for brown lower face; mandibles light brown, maxillary palps and labial palps yellowish; antennae light brown, except amber scape, pedicel and F1���F2 amber to brown; eyes black. Mesosoma light brown to brown, legs yellow-amber except for dark brown Ts5 and tarsal claws. Metasoma dark brown, T2 dorsally and laterally brown, subsequent tergites dark brown. Wings hyaline, veins yellow-brown to brown. Body length 2.1���2.4 mm. Head nearly 1.2 times as broad as high in anterior view (Fig. 8), 2.3 times as broad as long in dorsal view (Fig. 14); frons, vertex and interocellar area alutaceous, with rare white setae and small impression below median ocellus, eyes long with sparse minute setae mainly located on the outer margin (Figs 8, 10). Lower face alutaceous, covered by dense setae, with elevated median area and with striae radiating from clypeo-pleurostomal line, more diffuse medially on the face and reaching the ventral margin of the antennal toruli where they are stronger; malar sulcus absent. Clypeus small, smooth, rounded, slightly sinuous, ventral margin projecting over mandibles, marked by prominent epistomal sulcus, and with rare setae; anterior tentorial pits and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct, shallow, ventrally emarginated. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in front view, covered in sparse setae. Occiput alutaceous to delicately coriaceous with few white setae; postgena alutaceous to delicately coriaceous, with rare white setae; area around occipital foramen impressed, devoid of setae. Postocciput around occipital foramen impressed; posterior tentorial pits distinct, elongate, deep; occipital foramen very slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge, which is nearly 1.9 times shorter than length of oral foramen; gula narrowed in lower half with very few and delicate longitudinal striae; gular sulci weakly impressed, touching one another in the lower half of gula and curved outwards in the upper half (Fig. 9). Malar space short, 0.3 times as long as height of compound eye. Transfacial distance 1.0���1.1 times as long as height of eye and 1.4 times as long as height of lower face (distance between antennal rim and tip of clypeus); diameter of torulus slightly greater than the distance between them; distance between torulus and inner margin of eye nearly equal to the diameter of torulus. Ocelli elliptical in shape, elevated over dorsal margin of head; POL 1.3 times as long as OOL; OOL 3.0 times as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 2.0 times as long as LOL. Inner margins of eyes parallel. Labial palpus 3���segmented, maxillar palpus 4���segmented. Antenna filiform (Fig. 12), with 12 flagellomeres, nearly equal to body length, with short and sparse setae on all flagellomeres; pedicel as long as broad, pedicel and scape slightly (not more than 1.2���1.3 times) broader than F1���F12; scape + pedicel 1.2���1.3 times longer than F1, which is slightly longer than F2 or F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, which is 1.1���1.2 times longer than F5; F5 slightly longer than F6 or F7; subsequent flagellomeres F7��� F11 gradually decreasing in length; F12 1.7���1.8 times longer than F11; placodeal sensilla present on all flagellomeres and arranged in one row, hardly detectable on F1. Mesosoma very high, only 1.1���1.15 times as long as high. Pronotum glossy, with few long white setae along antero-lateral edge, rare in other parts; anterior rim of pronotum narrow, emarginate; transverse pronotal sulcus present, deep, areolate-rugose (Figs 17���18); posterolateral pronotal area with some short rugae, longer and more pronounced in the posteroventral corner of pronotum (Fig. 18); latero-median and median area of pronotum alutaceous without rugae. Propleuron alutaceous, smooth, glossy with sparse long setae, concave in mediocentral part (Fig. 20). Mesoscutum smooth, glossy, with rare white setae along its lateral margin and rare adnotaular setae; slightly broader than long from above (width measured across base of tegulae); notauli complete, deeply impressed for full length; median mesoscutal line absent; antero-admedian line not impressed, faintly visible in antero-dorsal view of mesosoma (Fig. 17), parapsidal lines absent; parascutal carina broad, anteriorly reaching notauli, mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus not sculptured. Transscutal articulation deep, distinct. Dorsomedian area of mesoscutellar-axillar complex (disc of mesoscutellum+axillar foveae), nearly as long as broad from dorsal view, rounded, not elongated, marginated, smooth and glossy in the central part and with few wrinkles along margins only, with rare long white setae; raised and emarginated only along lateral edges, slightly overhanging metanotum. Scutellar foveae subtriangular-ellipsoidal (Fig. 13), distinctly delimited posteriorly and separated by narrow, weak central carina, deep with smooth and glossy bottom. Mesopleural triangle glossy with some delicate irregular short wrinkles and few white setae. Mesopleuron, smooth, glossy, with few delicate indistinct striae marking transepisternal line (Figs 15, 16), anterodorsal part of mesopleuron and speculum smooth, glossy; essentially glabrous except very rare short white setae mostly concentrated close to the mesocoxal foramen. Pleurosternum smooth, glossy, with colliculate sculpture near mesocoxal foramina; acetabular carina delimiting a very narrow area laterally and with very delicate and short wrinkles adjacent to it (Fig. 20). Metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in the upper 1/3 of its height with some wrinkles; preaxilla smooth and glossy; dorsal axillar area alutaceous with a few delicate rugae and sparse setae, lateral axillar area smooth, glossy with short wrinkles and without setae; axillar carina broad, with longitudinal striae; axillula strongly sculptured in posterior end; subaxillular bar triangular, narrow, smooth and glossy, at posterior end shorter than height of metanotal trough. Metascutellum trapezoidal, smooth or very delicately sculptured, straight inferiorly, equal or slightly higher than height of ventral impressed rim of metanotum, which is smooth; metanotal trough smooth, glossy, without setae, with rare very weak wrinkles, without setae. Lateral propodeal carinae distinct and percurrent, strongly curved outwards in the middle (Figs 19, 21), central propodeal area glabrous, smooth, glossy, without median propodeal vertical carina and with complexrugulose sculpture near lateral carinae; lateral propodeal area coriaceuos with irregular wrinkles and sparse white setae; nucha very short, with delicate longitudinal sulci dorsolaterally and laterally. Forewing pubescent, hyaline, very weakly clouded around veins, 1.3���1.5 times as long as body, with distinct brown veins and long marginal cilia; radial cell open, 4.5 times as long as broad; R1 and Rs reaching wing margin and extending along it, Rs for more than half its length; 2 r slightly curved; areoles distinct, triangular and large; 2r-m not extending along M vein; Rs + M distinct, reaching basal vein in the lower half (Fig. 22). Hindwing, pubescent, hyaline, very weakly clouded around veins with narrow infuscate stripe on the anterior margin, starting from hamuli and extending along the margin for more than 3/4 of its length (Fig. 24). All tarsal segments longer than broad, Ts1 the longest one; tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe; fore tarsomere I (Ts1) to V (Ts5) length ratio as 1.0:0.4:0.3:0.2:0.5; tibial spur long, curved inward, bifid at apex, nearly 0.4 times as long as basitarsus of foreleg (Fig. 32). Metasoma as long as mesosoma, about 0.8 times as long as length of head + mesosoma. Metasoma strongly compressed laterally, 0.8 times as long as high in lateral view, smooth, glossy, with rare and scattered white setae in T2 and T8 antero-laterally (Fig. 23), present at moderate density on T9 forming moderate tuft; all metasomal tergites, except T2, with distinct uniform dense micropunctures; prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium short, nearly 2.0���2.5 times longer than broad in ventral view, with long white setae, extending beyond apex of spine but never forming a tuft (Figs 23, 25, 26). MALE. Similar to female, but head and mesosoma completely dark brown; compound eyes bigger than in female (Fig. 28); malar space extremely short, 0.11���0.12 times as long as height of eye, transfacial distance 0.7 times as long as height of eye and nearly equal to height of lower face; diameter of toruli 1.8 times as large as distance between them, distance between torulus and inner margin of eye about half the diameter of torulus. Ocelli bigger than in female (Fig. 30); POL 2.4 times as long as OOL; OOL 0.7 times as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and nearly equal to LOL. Antenna slightly longer than body, with 13 flagellomeres, F1 distally broadened, excavated in basal half (Fig. 11). Dorsomedian area of mesoscutellar-axillar complex (disc of mesoscutellum+axillar foveae) elongated, 1.3 longer than broad in dorsal view, trapezoid. Hindwing similar to female with narrow infuscate stripe on the anterior margin, starting from hamuli and extending along the margin for more than 3/4 of its length (Fig. 29). Metasoma with long petiole, longer than wide (Figs 31, 33). Body length 2.3���2.5 mm. Gall (Figs 2, 4, 5). The gall is located on apical or lateral buds of young shoots. It is plurilocular, elongate and approximately shaped like a bell pepper fruit (Fig. 2); the surface of young galls is green, smooth, glossy and sticky with apical white pale hairs and frequently has a reddish tinge. The color turns from green and plum to brown as the gall matures. Mature galls have a finely warty, non-sticky surface (Fig. 5) and are approximately 6���8 mm in length and up to 5 mm in width. Inside the gall, the ovate and yellow larval chambers (2.3���2.7 mm) are surrounded with spongy tissue which later hardens and have their major axis arranged roughly parallel to the major axis of the gall (Fig. 4). Sexual generation galls of D. destefanii are similar to the galls of D. mayri but differ in having an elongate shape rather than being approximately spherical. In addition, D. mayri galls are monolocular, sometimes gregarious, individual galls are 5���7 mm in diameter, but often form irregularly shaped clusters 15���20 mm across. Biology. Sexual generation gall development on Quercus suber begins late March and the first days of April, concomitant with the release of new leaves; the galls complete their development during the first half of April and the adults emerge during the last 10 days of the same month. As reported by Cerasa et al. (2018), the asexual generation galls begin development in May on the same host plant species, and adults emerge in August and the first half of September. Diagnosis. Sexual D. destefanii most closely resemble D. mayri. In D. destefanii sexual females, the striae radiating from clypeus are more diffuse medially on the face and reach the ventral margin of the antennal toruli where they are stronger; LOL is nearly half of OOL, malar space is short, 0.26���0.27 times as long as the height of the eye; mesopleuron with few delicate indistinct striae marking transepisternal line; mesoscutellum rounded, not elongated, smooth and glossy in the central part; scutellar foveae subtriangular-ellipsoidal in shape; forewing 1.3���1.5 times as long as body, R1 and Rs reaching and extending along the wing margin (Rs for more than half its length); all metasomal tergites, except T2, with distinct uniform dense micropunctures. In contrast, in D. mayri sexual females the striae radiating from clypeus never reach the antennal toruli; LOL is slightly shorter than OOL; malar space very short, 0.16���0.17 times as long as height of the eye; mesopleuron without striae marking transepisternal line; mesoscutellum distinctly longer than broad, elongated, quadrangular or trapezoid, rugose to coriaceous in its central part; scutellar foveae rectangular; forewing longer than body, R1 nearly reaching wing margin, Rs extends slightly along margin; all metasomal tergites without micropunctures. In D. destefanii males the diameter of lateral ocellus is about equal to or slightly greater than OOL; POL 2.4 times as long as OOL; malar space very short, 0.11���0.12 times as long as height of eye; metasomal petiole longer than wide; all metasomal tergites, except 2nd, with distinct uniform dense micropunctures while in D. mayri males the diameter of lateral ocellus more than twice OOL; POL 2.8 times as long as OOL; malar space extremely short, 0.06���0.07 times as long as height of eye; metasomal petiole as long as broad; all metasomal tergites without micropunctures. Distribution. Currently known only from Sicily, Italy (Cerasa et al., 2018). The sexual generation decribed here was collected from the same locality as the asexual generation described in Cerasa et al. (2018). Molecular results. A 433 base pair fragment of cytb was obtained for just the female sexual generation individual. This individual had a haplotype only one base pair different from that previously published for the asexual generation. A 544 base pair fragment of ITS2 was successfully sequenced from both sexual generation individuals and the one asexual generation individual. This gene was invariant among the three individuals. These very low levels of variation are typical of within-species variability in oak gallwasps (e.g. Nicholls et al. 2012, 2018a, Tang et al. 2016a, 2016b), and provide confirmation of the match between the sexual generation of D. destefanii described herein and the asexual generation of this species previously described by Cerasa et al. (2018). All new sequences are deposited in GenBank, accessions MN184638 ��� MN184641., Published as part of Cerasa, Giuliano, Verde, Gabriella Lo, Caleca, Virgilio, Massa, Bruno, Nicholls, James A. & Melika, George, 2020, Description of the sexual generation of Dryocosmus destefanii (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) and disclosure of its life cycle, pp. 359-374 in Zootaxa 4742 (2) on pages 363-370, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4742.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/3754879, {"references":["Cerasa, G., Lo Verde, G., Caleca, V., Massa, B., Nicholls, J. A. & Melika, G. (2018) Description of Dryocosmus destefanii new species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) from Quercus suber L. in Italy. Zootaxa, 4370 (5), 535 - 548. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4370.5.5","Nicholls, J. A., Challis, R. J., Mutun, S. & Stone, G. N. (2012) Mitochondrial barcodes are diagnostic of shared refugia but not species in hybridising oak gallwasps. Molecular Ecology, 21, 4051 - 4062. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 X. 2012.05683. x","Nicholls, J. A., Melika, G., DeMartini, J. & Stone, G. N. (2018 a) New species of Dryocosmus Giraud gallwasps from California (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) galling Chrysolepis Hjelmq. (Fagaceae). Zootaxa, 4532 (3), 407 - 433. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4532.3.6","Tang, C. - T., Miko, I., Nicholls, J. A., Schweger, S., Yang, M. - M., Stone, G. N., Sinclair, F., Bozso, M., Melika, G. & Penzes, Z. (2016 a) New Dryocosmus Giraud species associated with Cyclobalanopsis and non- Quercus host plants from the Eastern Palaearctic (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 53, 77 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / jhr. 53.9890","Tang, C. - T., Sinclair, F., Hearn, J., Yang, M. - M., Stone, G. N., Nicholls, J. A., Schweger, S. & Melika, G. (2016 b) Eight new species of Cycloneuroterus Melika & Tang gallwasps from Taiwan and mainland China (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). Zootaxa, 4088 (4), 451 - 488. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4088.4.1"]}

Key to the Western Palaearctic Dryocosmus species 1 Females............................................................................................. 2 - Males.............................................................................................. 10 2 Mesoscutellum entirely smooth, glossy; at most a very narrow strip laterally and posteriorly along emarginated edges sculp- tured; disk of mesoscutellum always smooth, glossy.......................................................... 3 - Mesoscutellum entirely and uniformly coriaceous or rugose.................................................... 5 3 Scutellar foveae more or less distinct, separated by distinct median carina (Fig. 16)................................. 4 - Scutellar foveae absent, anteriorly only a transverse impression present (Fig. 32).......................... D. tavakolii 4 Pedicel and scape 1.5–1.7 times broader than flagellomeres (Fig. 15); all flagellomeres nearly of the same width; scutellar foveae subtriangular, separated by median carina wider and shorter, with diverging sides, this short median carina occupies 1/8 of mesoscutellum length (Fig. 16).......................................................... D. destefanii n. sp. - Pedicel and scape at least 2.2–2.5 times broader than flagellomeres; flagellomeres towards the apex broadened, F8–F12 at least 2.0 times as broad as preceding flagellomeres (Fig. 30); scutellar foveae subquadrangular, separated by distinct narrow median carina with non diverging sides, this long median carina occupies 1/4 of mesoscutellum length (Fig. 31)...... D. caspiensis 5 Gena not or inconspicuously broadened behind eye, not visible in anterior view................................... 6 - Gena strongly broadened behind eye, easily visible in anterior view (Fig. 33).................... D. cerriphilus, asexual 6 Entire body reddish brown to light yellowish brown......................................................... 7 - Entire body black or brownish black...................................................................... 8 7 Eye large, silvery, transfacial distance nearly equal to height of eye, body uniformly light brown to yellowish..... D. mikoi - Eye small, black, transfacial distance longer than height of eye; head and mesosoma reddish brown, metasoma darker (Fig. 34)............................................................................................ D. jungalii 8 All metasomal tergites, except 2nd, with distinct uniform dense micropunctures; mesoscutellar disk reaching mesoscutum in the center, very narrow anterior scutellar depression present only on both sides of this attachment point (Fig. 35)................................................................................................... D. kuriphilus - All metasomal tergites, including 2nd, without micropunctures; mesoscutellar disk never reaching mesoscutum; broad com- plete transverse anterior scutellar depression present across mesoscutellum....................................... 9 9 Mesoscutellum distinctly longer than broad, rugose to coriaceous, elongate, with nearly parallel sides, with narrow median carina reaching mesoscutum and dividing medially smooth glossy broad anterior scutellar depression; body usually black or dark brown.................................................................................... D. mayri - Mesoscutellum as long as broad or only slightly longer than broad, dull rugose, without median carina, with rugose anterior scutellar depression; body usually brown to reddish brown.................................... D. cerriphilus, sexual 10 Body entirely yellow, except dark brown or black head..................................................... 11 - Body black or dark brown............................................................................. 12 11 Mesoscutellum smooth, glossy, without sculpture; head black......................................... D. jungalii - Mesoscutellum uniformly coriaceous, head brown...................................................... D. mikoi 12 Diameter of lateral ocellus more than distance between ocellus and margin of eye; mesopleuron uniformly smooth glossy or delicately alutaceous; mesoscutellar disk alutaceous or very delicately coriaceous............................ D. mayri - Diameter of lateral ocellus less than distance between ocellus and margin of eye; mesopleuron smooth glossy, with delicate longitudinal striae in medioanterior part; mesoscutellar disk uniformly coriaceous to rugose............... D. cerriphilus

Dryocosmus destefanii Cerasa & Melika new species Figs 1–4; 9–27 Type material. HOLOTYPE female: ITALY: Sicily, Cefalù, loc. Campella, ex Quercus suber, 09.VI.2016, 38°1'19.06"N 13°59'15.49"E, 200m, ex small leaf galls, em[erged]. 07–15.VIII.2016, (N. 6051), G. Cerasa (Museo Civico di Storia Naturale ‘ Giacomo Doria’, Genoa, Italy). PARATYPES: two females with the same labels as the holotype, but “em. 20–22.VIII.2016, (N. 6 044) G. Cerasa (Collection Giuliano Cerasa, Giuliana (Palermo) Italy); two females labelled Italy, Sicily, Cefalù (PA) loc. Campella 9.VI.2016 on Quercus suber em. 20–22.VIII.2016 (N. 6044) G. Cerasa (Plant Health and Molecular Biology Laboratory, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary). Description. ASEXUAL FEMALE (holotype). Head amber, except for dark brown to black occiput and vertex; mandibles brown, maxillary palps and labial palps yellowish; antennae amber, last 5–6 flagellomeres amber to brown; eyes dark brown to black. Mesosoma amber, legs yellow-amber; tarsal claws brown. Metasoma dark brown, T2 dorsally and laterally light brown, subsequent tergites dark brown. Wings hyaline, veins yellow-brown to brown. Body length 1.1–1.3 mm. Head nearly 1.2 times as broad as high in anterior view, 2.1–2.2 times as broad as long in dorsal view; glabrous and smooth except for a few short and indistinct or very weak striae irradiating from clypeus, more pronounced near antennal foramen. Gena very slightly broadened behind eye in anterior view. Clypeus projected over mandibles. Lower face and malar space alutaceous, with a few scarce and short white setae; frons glabrous, with impression under central ocellus. Malar space short, 0.3–0.4 times as long as height of eye. Transfacial distance 1.3–1.4 times as long as height of eye and 2.1 times as long as height of lower face (distance between antennal rim and tip of clypeus); diameter of torulus nearly equal to distance between them, distance between torulus and inner margin of eye 1.8 times as large as diameter of torulus. Ocelli slightly elevated over dorsal margin of head; OOL slightly shorter or equal to POL; OOL 4 times as long as diameter of lateral ocellus, 1.8 times as long as LOL. Inner margins of eyes slightly converging ventrally. Clypeus small, trapezoid, delicately coriaceous, with strongly elevated central area, anterior tentorial pits, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct, shallow, ventrally emarginated. Frons, vertex and occiput smooth, glossy, without surface sculpture. Labial palpus 3–segmented, maxillar palpus 4–segmented. Antenna filiform, with 12 flagellomeres, 1.4–1.5 times as long as body length, with long and sparse hairs; pedicel as long as broad, 0.5 times as long as scape; pedicel and scape slightly broader than flagellomeres, not more than 1.5–1.7 times broader than flagellomeres; F1–F12 nearly equal in breadth, F5–F12 very slightly broader than F2–F4; scape 1.3 times as long as F1; F1 slightly longer than F2, F3–F9 distinctly longer than broad; F10–F11 only slightly longer than broad and F10 nearly equal in length to F11; F12 nearly equal in length to F1; placodeal sensilla present on all flagellomeres, hardly traceable on F1. In some specimens an indistinct suture appears on the last antennomere. Mesosoma very high, only 1.1 times as long as high, smooth, glossy, without pubescence, except some scattered white setae along notauli and lateral edges, on mesopleural triangle and mesoscutellum. Pronotum smooth, glossy, with delicate striae in posterodorsal part and with scattered white setae along anterolateral edge; emarginated along ventrolateral edge, with distinct striae along the impressed emarginated anterior rim; anterior rim of pronotum narrow, amber to brown; propleuron amber, delicately coriaceous, concave in mediocentral part with a few scattered white setae. Mesoscutum slightly broader than long in dorsal view (largest width measured at the level of the base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, well impressed along all its length, converging at the posterior end; parapsidal lines and anterior parallel lines absent, median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina distinct. Mesoscutellum, rounded, nearly as long as broad from dorsal view; smooth, glossy, without surface sculpture, emarginated along lateral and posterior edges, slightly overhanging metanotum; the part which overhangs metanotum is areolate-rugose along lateral sides and with wrinkles posteriorly (visible in posteroventral view on Fig. 19). Scutellar foveae subtriangular, deep, with smooth glossy bottom, separated by median carina with diverging sides, wider and shorter, 1/8 of mesoscutellum length. Mesopleural triangle with sparse and short white setae and some wrinkles. Mesopleuron smooth, glossy, without striae, acetabular carina delimiting a very narrow area laterally. Preaxilla delicately coriaceous, glossy; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, glossy, with sparse short white setae; axillar carina narrow, without longitudinal striae; axillula smooth, glossy, without setae or with rare and scattered white setae; subaxillular bar triangular, narrow, coriaceous, glossy, at most posterior end as high or slightly shorter than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus straight, reaching mesopleuron slightly above 1/3 of its height (Fig. 17). Metascutellum trapezoid, irregularly sculptured, slightly curved inferiorly, nearly 1.5 times as broad as high; equal or slightly higher than height of smooth, minutely wrinkled ventral impressed rim of metanotum; metanotal trough alutaceous, without setae. Central propodeal area smooth, glossy, with numerous delicate irregular wrinkles; lateral propodeal area coriaceous, with rare white setae; lateral propodeal carina strongly curved outwards in the middle. Nucha very short, with irregular longitudinal wrinkles dorsolaterally and laterally. Forewing pubescent, hyaline, much longer than body, with very long marginal cilia (marginal cilia length/ forewing width=0.12); radial cell open, 4.5 times as long as broad; R1 and Rs reaching wing margin, R1 imperceptibly extending along wing margin and Rs slightly extending along wing margin; 2 r almost straight, only slightly curved; areolet distinct, triangular, large; Rs + M reaching basal vein in its lower half. All tarsal segments longer than broad, T1 the longest one, tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe; fore leg tarsomere I to V ratio as 1.0:0.5:0.4:0.3:0.6; tibial spur of foreleg very long, curved inward, bifid at apex, nearly 0.6 times as long as basitarsus. Metasoma strongly compressed laterally, higher than long in lateral view; slightly shorter than head + mesosoma; slightly larger than mesosoma; metasomal tergite 2 occupying nearly half the length of metasoma in dorsal view; all tergites smooth, glossy, without setae and micropunctures or with rare and scattered white setae anterolaterally on metasomal tergite 2. Prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium short, less than 1.6 times as long as broad, with long and scattered white setae reaching beyond apex but never forming apical tuft. Gall (Figs 1–4). Asexual generation. Gall is 1–3 mm in diameter, subsphaerical to ellipsoid in shape, with the longest axis parallel to the leaf surface. Young growing galls are red, with warty surface covered with translucent tiny blister-like humps (Figs 2–3); when mature they turn reddish-brown. Galls are fixed to the median or lateral veins of lower leaf surface through a short, whitish stalk; typically 3–8 or even more galls can be found on one leaf (maximum number observed is 17 galls on a leaf). The gall wall is thin (Fig. 4), spongy on its inner surface and slightly woody externally. A single larval chamber is present in each gall. Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, and induces tiny subspherical leaf galls on Quercus suber L. This is the only oak host known for this species, with no records from other sympatric section Cerris oaks, Quercus cerris L. or Quercus gussonei (Borzì) Brullo. Galls develop in May, complete their development whilst remaining fixed to the leaf on the tree and adults emerge in August and the first half of September. The biology of other Dryocosmus species suggests that a sexual generation, if one exists, should be found on the same oak host. The new species has emergence in August, which is unusual for asexual females compared with other oak gall wasp species with heterogonic life-cycles. In other species associated with Q. suber, the asexual females never emerge in late summer, but instead in late winter or the early spring of the year following gall induction. It is possible that the new species has a life history similar to that of D. kuriphilus and D. zhuili, i.e., it does not have a sexual generation and only reproduces asexually (cf. Zhu et al., 2015). Alternatively, the differences in the adult emergence period between the new species and other heterogonic congeners are due to the peculiar climatic conditions of Sicily. Etymology. The species is named in honor of the distinguished Italian entomologist Teodosio De Stefani Perez (1853–1935) for his contributions to the study of cecidology and systematics of Hymenoptera. Diagnosis. The new species most closely resembles Dryocosmus caspiensis Melika, Sadeghi, Atkinson, Stone & Barimani, in which the pedicel and scape are very broad, at least 2.2–2.5 times broader than flagellomeres; flagellomeres broadened towards the apex, F8–F12 at least 2.0 times as broad as the first few flagellomeres; the mesoscutum distinctly broader than long in dorsal view; the mesoscutellum quadrangular, elongated, with nearly parallel lateral sides, 1.5 times as long as broad from dorsal view; the scutellar foveae are subquadrangular, separated by a distinct long and narrow median carina, median carina occupying 1/4 of the mesoscutellum length; the metapleural sulcus is curved; metascutellum alutaceous to delicately coriaceous, very short, only slightly higher than the height of the ventral impressed area of metanotum, which is smooth, glossy, without wrinkles; the metanotal trough alutaceous, with very few short white setae; R1 not reaching the wing margin while Rs nearly reaching it; the ventral spine of the hypopygium with very few short white setae, not extending beyond the apex of the spine. In contrast in D. destefanii new species, the pedicel and scape are slightly broader than flagellomeres, not more than 1.5–1.7 times broader than flagellomeres; F1–F12 nearly equal in breadth, F5–F12 very slightly broader than F2–F4; the mesoscutum slightly broader than long in dorsal view; the mesoscutellum rounded, nearly as long as broad from dorsal view; the scutellar foveae are subtriangular, separated by short median carina with diverging sides, wider and shorter, median carina occupying 1/8 of the mesoscutellum length; the metapleural sulcus is straight; the metascutellum trapezoidal, irregularly sculptured, slightly curved inferiorly, broad, nearly 1.5 times as broad as high, equal or slightly higher than the height of the ventral impressed rim of metanotum; which is smooth, with minute wrinkles; the metanotal trough alutaceous, without setae; R1 and Rs reaching wing margin (Fig. 15), R1 imperceptibly extending along wing margin and Rs slightly extending along wing margin; the ventral spine of the hypopygium with long and scattered white setae reaching beyond the apex of spine (Figs 23–24). It also somewhat resembles Chilaspis israeli (Sternlicht) and C. nitida (Giraud), but has scutellar foveae are separated by a median carina and distinctly delimited posteriorly, whereas the scutellar foveae in the latter species are not separated by a median carina and are not distinctly delimited posteriorly. In addition, the asexual generation of C. nitida antenna has 11 flagellomeres and the female of the sexual generation of C. israeli has antennae with 13 flagellomeres and central tarsomeres (Ts2–Ts4) that are very short, strongly transverse (Fig. 6 in Pujade-Villar et al. 2003). In D. destefanii new species, the antenna has 12 flagellomeres (Fig. 15) and tarsomeres are of normal length (Fig. 25). Finally, adult females of the sexual generation of C. nitida are 2.3–2.8 mm in length while in D. destefanii adults are 1.1–1.3 mm in length. D. destefanii and C. nitida were also reported from the same localities in Sicily. Similar galls. The overall form of the gall is similar to the asexual generation of Dryocosmus caspiensis. In D. destefanii new species the surface of the gall is warty, covered in translucent hairs with clubbed tips; the galls are fixed to the leaf through a short and thin peduncle, while in D. caspiensis the surface of the gall is covered in dense brownish hairs with pointed tips and the peduncle is a little longer and thicker (Fig. 8). Distribution. Currently known only from Sicily (Italy). Comments. A 433 base-pair fragment of the cyt b gene was successfully amplified for 24 individuals representing 10 species (GenBank accession numbers KY655905 - KY655925). Variation within species was minimal, ranging from 0 to 1.3% (Table 2; values on diagonal). The cyt b sequence for D. destefanii new species was most similar to the complex containing D. caspiensis, D. mayri and D. tavakolii (divergences between 4.1% and 6.3%; Table 2). The observed divergence between D. destefanii new species and the morphologically very similar D. caspiensis is approximately the same or greater than the divergence seen between other recently described Iranian/European species pairs: Andricus schoenroggei Melika & Stone from Iran and A. sieboldi (Hartig) from Europe (4.7%), A. csokai Melika & Tavakoli from Iran and A. quercusradicis (Fabricius) from Europe (6.8%), A. chodjaii Melika from Iran and A. seckendorffi (Wachtl) from Europe (2.3%), and A. megatruncicolus Melika from Iran and A. truncicolus (Giraud) from Europe (2.3%; Tavakoli et al. 2008). These divergence values are consistent with those expected for within- and between-species variation both in gallwasps (Nicholls et al. 2012) and among insects in general (Hebert et al. 2003), supporting the distinctiveness of the newly described D. destefanii.

Puntuali strategie di controllo, campionamenti personalizzati e maggiore consapevolezza entomologica, insita nell’approccio del coltivatore biologico, consentono ottimi risultati quali-quantitativi ed economici nella difesa fitosanitaria in olivicoltura “organica” e in qualsiasi area olivicola italiana. Le minori spese fitosanitarie rispetto all’olivicoltura convenzionale inducono un sempre maggior numero di produttori alla conversione verso il bio. Gli autori illustrano le metodologie ammesse e consigliabili in regime di agricoltura biologica, per il controllo dei principali insetti fitofagi del olivo nel Mediterraneo, con particolare riferimento alla mosca delle oilve, Bactrocera oleae, e alla tignola dell'olivo, Prays oleae. Timely control strategies, customized sampling on plant organs and greater entomological awareness, inherent in the approach of the organic grower, allow qualitative and quantitative results in organic olive growing, and in any Italian olive growing area. The smaller expenses of defense against pests than conventional olive growing induce an increasing number of producers to convert to the organic rules. The authors illustrate the permitted and recommended methods for organic farming regime for the control of major insect pests of the olive tree in the Mediterranean, with particular address to the oilve fly, Bactrocera oleae, and the olive moth, Prays oleae.

Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), mosca delle olive, è presente anche in Sud Africa, ma finora non si sono avute notizie di infestazioni economicamente rilevanti negli oliveti. L’accertata presenza di un maggior numero di braconidi parassitoidi della mosca delle olive rispetto alle aree mediterranee è stata ed è considerata da molti autori la principale causa di queste minori infestazioni, senza che però siano stati eseguiti in Sud Africa adeguati studi sulle infestazioni da B. oleae e sui fattori cli- matici delle aree interessate. Analizzando recenti dati sui livelli d’infestazione di B. oleae registrati su olivo coltivato e selvatico nel Western Cape e in Sicilia, appaiono simili in una normale annata fino a metà estate, ma sono nettamente differenti a fine estate-inizio autunno, quando in Sicilia il clima diviene più umido. Da una puntuale analisi dei corrispondenti dati climatici registrati nelle due aree è infatti emersa una sostanziale differenza nel decorso più caldo e secco degli ultimi tre mesi precedenti la raccolta nel Western Cape; questo periodo invece in Sicilia è caratterizzato da temperature più fresche e un aumento dell’umidità relativa che favorisce l’impennata delle infestazioni di B. oleae. Nei quattro mesi presi in considerazione si rileva anche una significativa differenza nell’escursione termica, maggiore nel Western Cape, dovuta a minime notturne più basse. Da un confronto dei livelli di parassitizzazione di B. oleae del Western Cape (Sud Africa) e dell’area costiera della Provincia di Trapani, recentemente registrati su olivo colti- vato e selvatico (Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata in Sud Africa, Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris in Sicilia) non sono emerse sostanziali differenze quantitative, pur confer- mando che in Sud Africa i principali parassitoidi sono tre bra- conidi (Utetes africanus (Szépligeti), Psyttalia lounsburyi (Silvestri) e Bracon celer (Szépligeti)), con il primo preva- lente sull’olivo selvatico e l’ultimo sul coltivato, mentre in Sicilia il braconide parassitoide Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti) prevale sia sull’olivo selvatico che sul coltivato. Comunque in entrambe le aree la parassitizzazione su B. oleae non rag- giunge elevati ed efficaci livelli. Il clima, e non la parassitizzazione dovuta ai braconidi, appare il più importante fattore di contenimento di B. oleae anche in Sud Africa. L’introduzione di parassitoidi specifici della mosca delle olive è necessaria nelle aree colonizzate di recente dove essi mancano, ma i tentativi di fornir loro una maggiore dis- ponibilità di larve dell’ospite mediante l’impianto di cultivar d’olivo a maturazione e permanenza dei frutti più differen- ziata, potrebbe produrre risultati certamente più negativi che positivi nei confronti della presenza e dei livelli d’infesta- zione di B. oleae sull’olivo coltivato, come avviene nelle aree pandacie dove cresce spontaneo l’olivastro. Natural environmental control of Bactrocera oleae (Rossi): climate or parasitoids? A comparison between the Western Cape of South Africa and Sicily. Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), the olive fruit fly is considered not a continuosly serious pest of olive trees in the Western Cape of South Africa, in spite of the climate similar to Mediterranean areas. South African braconid parasitoids of B. oleae are more numerous than in Mediterranean areas, and until now their action has been considered the factor lowering the level of infestation due to the olive fruit fly, but no deep studies on its infestation levels and climatic factors influencing them were carried out in the past. Analyzing recent data on infestation levels collected in the Western Cape and Sicily, they appear similar in a regular mid- summer, differing at the end of summer-beginning of autumn, when in Sicily the climate becomes more humid than in the Western Cape. A comparison of climatic data regarding four years underlines that Somerset West and Franshhoek, in comparison with Trapani, have significantly lower minimum daily temperatures, a higher daily thermal excursion and a lower relative humidity in the last three months preceding harvesting. Parasitization rates on B. oleae of Western Cape and Sicily, recorded on both cultivated and wild olives (Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata in South Africa, Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris in Sicily) are not substantially different, confirming that in South Africa three braconids, Utetes africanus (Szépligeti), Psyttalia lounsburyi (Silvestri) and Bracon celer (Szépligeti), are the main parasitoids, with the first one as leader in wild olives and the last one as leader in cultivated ones, while in Sicily the braconid Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti) is the main parasitoid in both wild and cultivated olives. Nevertheless parasitism on B. oleae doesn’t reach effective levels of control in bats ragions. The climate, instead of parasitization due to braconids, is the main environmental factor limiting the olive fruit fly infestations in the Western Cape of South Africa. The introduction of parasitoids specific to the olive fruit fly is necessary in new invaded areas where they lack, but the attempt of providing them a more available amount of host fruits along the year, planting olive trees bearing fruits up to spring, could bring serious problems as those typical of Mediterranean areas where the European wild olive naturally grows.

La frontiera dell’olivicoltura biologica da mensa passa attraverso il controllo della mosca delle olive in aree pandacie a forte pressione del dittero. In queste aree è di grande ausilio l’irrigazione, che facendo raggiungere prima la pezzatura desiderata, consente di sfuggire in parte alle più dannose infestazioni d’inizio autunno; in assenza d’irrigazione, spesso le drupe, all’arrivo delle piogge, aumentano in volume insieme alle infestazioni. I mezzi di controllo suggeriti sono quasi totalmente volti a evitare l’attacco, mediante l’uccisione degli adulti (catture massali o “attract and kill”) o la repellenza (argille e composti del rame); se si esclude l’uccisione delle larve di prima età con i composti del rame, sono quindi da considerare mezzi non curativi, ma preventivi. Nonostante siano mezzi di controllo preventivi, non si consiglia d’impostare un calendario dei trattamenti o della collocazione dei dispositivi per l’uccisione massale degli adulti, ma invece d’impostare un calendario di campio- namenti sulle olive. In tale modo il momento d’inizio per i trattamenti repellenti e delle esche con Spinosad o per la collocazione dei dispositivi per la cattura massale viene deciso adottando la soglia prudenziale dell’1% d’infestazione attiva (uova e larve vive) nelle olive.

Dyscritobaeus ndokii Tortorici et Caleca sp. nov. (Figs 27, 29, 38c, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:56F210DB-0EDE-497F-9981-334D5 A 8D2B24 http://hol.osu.edu/index.html?id=410571 Diagnosis. Absence of the preoccipital lunula (Fig. 56), a character state shared with D. comitans, differentiates these two species from the other African species. The rugose T2 separates this species from other species of the comitans- group, which either have T2 with some longitudinal striation (D. comitans, D. bolivar, other undescribed species) or with minute granulate punctuation or coriaceous (D. minoculo, one undescribed species). Additionally the frontal depression with arched striae arising from the top of the central keel and reaching the oral foramen laterally of the clypeus (Fig. 27) distinguishes this species from D. comitans that has the frontal depression shallow and smooth (Fig. 26). The black head differentiates this species from D. comitans having a brown head. Description. Length of the body: 0.91 mm Head. Color black. Coriaceous. Head covered by long hair, mandibles yellow. Frontal depression with a shallow area starting from the interantennal process, reaching mid eye height with long striae starting from the top of central keel and reaching the oral foramen (Figs 27, 54). Central keel reaching 1/2 the height of the eye (Fig. 54). Fan-like striation in malar area from oral foramen to eye margin, fan-like striation present in genal area surpassing half-length of malar sulcus. Malar sulcus length: 0.01 mm. Preoccipital lunula absent (Fig. 56). Measures of the head width: height: length = 0.41: 0.34: 0.19 mm. Measures of eye width: heigth = 0.14: 0.19 mm. OOL: LOL: POL = 0.09: 0.06: 0.1 mm. Mandibles bidentate without odontoid process (Figs 55, 57). Antennae not present in the specimen. Mesosoma. In dorsal view, mesoscutum anteriorly yellow, dark brown in central and posterior part; scutellum with dark brown anterior and central part and yellow posterior and lateral margins; propodeum brown; metascutellum and metanotal spine brown with dark edge (Figs 29, 55). In lateral view brown (Fig. 57). In dorsal view mesonotum and scutellum imbricate (Fig. 55); in lateral view speculum with furrow; femoral depression smooth and fan-like striation absent on it; posterior mesepimeral area well delimitate anteriorly; dorsal and ventral metapleural area with a crenulate depression with rugae (Fig. 57); metapleural carina with one posterior pointed projection (Fig. 58). Metascutellum visible in dorsal view, small metanotal spine (Fig. 55). Mesosoma length 0.25 mm, width 0.4 mm; scutellum length 0.15 mm, width 0.3 mm. Wings. Fore wing hyaline, surpassing metasoma; ratio st: pm: mg: sm: ww: lw: af: pf = 1: 0.4: 0.8: 3.4: 3.4: 9.0: 0.4: 1.0; angle st-pm= 43�� as in Fig. 38c. st length is 0.09 mm; width: length of fore wing is 0.31: 0.81 mm. Legs yellow except fore and middle coxe light brown, hind coxe brown. Metasoma. In dorsal view metasoma anteriorly yellowish as in propodeum, color gradually changes in dark brown in last tergite; T1, T2, T3 color light brown on side (Fig. 29); laterotergites yellowish. On T1 pair of longitudinal submedial carinae are aligned with the metapleural carinae and separate lateral coriaceous microscupture from internal smooth area. In the middle of T1 a microsculpure striate to coriaceous starts from the anterior margin and gradually dissolves towards the posterior margin. T2 rugose, not foveolate in anterior margin (Fig. 29). Female: unknown Comment. This species is represented by only one specimen, but the characters easily diagnose the species. Size, and sculpture of the head place this species close to the genus Titta Mineo, O���Connor et Ashe, but the bidentate mandible and palpal formula 2,1 are typical features of Dyscritobaeus species. Distribution. Etymology. The species name is the genitive of the word ndoki that in the Lingala language means sorcerer; this species is so unique in Africa that it could appear to be the result of witchcraft. The collection site is located in the Ndoki sector of the Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, named after the Ndoki River flowing from Central African Republic to Congo, which gives its name to this forest area in both countries. Material examined. Holotype. ��: AFRICA: Central African Republic: Parc National de Dzanga-Ndoki, 38.6km 173�� S Lidjombo, Lowland Rainforest, 2��21.60'N, 16��09.20'E, 350m, 2001/05/22, S. van Noort, Sweeping, (SAMC), [SAM-HYM-P025617] (wings on slide, in Fig. 38c)., Published as part of Tortorici, Francesco, Caleca, Virgilio, Noort, Simon Van & Masner, Lubomir, 2016, Revision of Afrotropical Dyscritobaeus Perkins, 1910 (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), pp. 1-59 in Zootaxa 4178 (1) on pages 20-22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/261632

Dyscritobaeus tanzaniensis Tortorici et Caleca sp. nov. (Figs 30, 40f, 106, 107, 108) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:15CB2DAA-B68A-4C5F-A9C5-652483D9B4E6 http://hol.osu.edu/index.html?id=410572 Diagnosis. The species is brachypterous; in the Afrotropical region this feature is shared only with D. kilimanjarensis and D. parvipennis. On T1 the pair of longitudinal submedial carinae are absent and T1 is homogenously coriaceous; only three brachypterous species, D. aspinosus, D. carens (female and male) and D. minoculo (only male) from Australia have the same character state. The absence of the metanotal spine and the lack of a protruding metascutellum is shared only with D. aspinosus, from which D. tanzaniensis Tortorici et Caleca sp. nov. can be easily distinguished by the smaller A2���A3 ratio and darker color of the body. Description. Male. Length of the body: 0.91 mm. Head. Color brown. Coriaceous; head covered by short hairs, mandibles yellow. Frontal depression shallow and lightly coriaceous; central keel present (Fig. 106). Fan-like striation in malar area from oral foramen to eye margin, fan-like striation not visible in genal area. Malar sulcus length: 0.15 mm. Preoccipital lunula present and sculptured (Fig. 106). Head measures width: height: length = 0.37: 0.36: 0.21 mm. Eye measures width: length = 0.12: 0.16 mm. OOL: LOL: POL = 0.1: 0.1: 0.11 mm. Mandibles bidentate without odontoid process. Antenna. Radicles and scape dark yellow; A 3 ��� A 12 brown; A 1 length: 17; A 2 as long as A 3; A 11: A 12 ratio= 1:2. Mesosoma. In dorsal view, mesoscutum brown; mesoscutellum brown with posterior margin yellow; propodeum brown to yellow in lateral margin(Fig. 108); mesosoma in lateral view light brown (Fig. 107). In dorsal view mesoscutum and mesoscutellum imbricate (Fig. 108); in lateral view speculum with furrow; femoral depression smooth with fan-like striation starting by post-ventral angle; posterior mesepimeral area not well delimitate anteriorly; dorsal and ventral metapleural area with crenulate depression with rugae (Fig. 107); metapleural carina with one posterior pointed projection. Metascutellum not protruding, not visible in dorsal view, metanotal spine absent (Fig. 108). Mesonotum length 0.24 mm, width 0.41 mm; mesoscutellum length 0.14 mm, width 0.32 mm. Wings. Fore wing hyaline, brachypterous, do not reach T1; sm: 0.17 mm; wing width 0.06 mm, length 0.19 mm. as in Fig. 40f. Legs light brown. Metasoma. Metasoma brown; laterotergites yellow; Coriaceous. On T1 pair of longitudinal submedial carinae absent (Figs 107, 108). Female: unknown Comment and variability. The description of this species is based on only a single specimen, which, however, possesses uniquely diagnostic character states: brachypterous with the rare character state where the metascutellum is not visible in dorsal view. Distribution. (Fig. 109) Etymology. The species is named after the country where the specimen was collected, Tanzania. Material examined. Holotype. ��: AFRICA: Tanzania: West Usambara Forests - Site 4, Forest - montane - disturbed, 420m, 1996/05/13, Robertson, Winkler Bag, (SAMC), [SAM-HYM-P018754] (wings on slide, in Fig. 40f)., Published as part of Tortorici, Francesco, Caleca, Virgilio, Noort, Simon Van & Masner, Lubomir, 2016, Revision of Afrotropical Dyscritobaeus Perkins, 1910 (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), pp. 1-59 in Zootaxa 4178 (1) on pages 55-57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/261632