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The article analyzes the problem of the composition of the Imperial Cabinet of Ministers in the aspect of the current personal activities of its members at the stage of initial consideration and resolution of incoming cases, which is insufficiently covered in Russian historical science. The chronological scope of the article is limited to November 1731–1733. At this stage of its history, the Cabinet was still being formed as a state authority, overcoming the boundaries of the personal chancellery of Empress Anna Ivanovna. The integrity of the designated period is also given by the state of cabinet office work. In particular, the logs of its meetings at that time were more informative than later. The author proposed the following method of studying the official activity of individual ministers: identifying in the "protocol notes" and outgoing documentation of the collegial institution their independent administrative activities on the days when they were in the "presence" separately from each other. In the office documentation for the years mentioned, such information was reflected, first of all, by the ministers A. I. Osterman and A. M. Cherkassky. In the course of the work, the main types of their cabinet activities were compared, among which were: bringing reports to the empress, receiving reports from officials, discussing cases together with invited dignitaries, expressing special orders. As a result of the study, preliminary conclusions were formulated about the nature of their daily service in the "presence", as well as about the specifics of their subjective impact on the functioning of the Cabinet during the specified period. The presented data correct some well-established historiographical theses on the issues under study, primarily concerning the activity of Minister A. M. Cherkassky., Анализируется проблема состава императорского Кабинета министров в недостаточно освещенном в отечественной исторической науке аспекте текущей личной деятельности его членов на стадии первоначального рассмотрения и решения поступавших дел. Хронологические рамки статьи ограничены ноябрем 1731–1733 гг. На указанном этапе своей истории Кабинет еще формировался как орган государственной власти, преодолевая границы личной канцелярии императрицы Анны Ивановны. Цельность обозначенному периоду придает также состояние кабинетского делопроизводства. В частности, журналы его заседаний в это время были более информативны, чем впоследствии. Автором был предложен следующий способ изучения служебной активности отдельных министров: выявление в «протокольных записках» и исходящей документации коллегиального учреждения их самостоятельных административных занятий в те дни, когда они оказывались в «присутствии» отдельно друг от друга. В делопроизводственной документации за отмеченные годы подобные сведения отразились, прежде всего, по министрам А. И. Остерману и А. М. Черкасскому. В процессе работы сопоставлены основные типы их кабинетской деятельности, в числе которых были: принесение докладов императрице, прием отчетов от чиновников, обсуждение дел вместе с приглашенными сановниками, изъявление особых приказов. В результате исследования сформулированы предварительные заключения о характере их повседневной службы в «присутствии», а также о специфике их субъективного воздействия на функционирование Кабинета в течение указанного периода. Представленные данные корректируют некоторые устоявшиеся историографические тезисы по изучаемым вопросам, прежде всего, касающиеся активности министра А. М. Черкасского., Вестник гуманитарного образования, Выпуск 4 (24) 2022, Pages 20-26

На основе источникового материала, вовлечённого в научный оборот уже в дореволюционную эпоху, впервые анализируется проблема особенностей документации Кабинета Е.И.В. в 17311741 гг. с точки зрения его развития как высшего органа государственной власти. Рассмотрены нормативы о кабинетском делопроизводстве, предложена классификация его документов, показан процесс смены исходящих документационных форм, выявлены виды входящих бумаг, отразившие рост его влияния., The problem of the documentation features of the Сabinet of the Imperial Majesty in 1731-1741 is analyzed for the first time from the point of view of its development as the institution of higher authority on the basis of source material, involved in scientific circulation in the pre-revolutionary era already. Standards of Cabinet documentation are considered, a classification of its documents is proposed, the process of changing outgoing documentation forms are shown, the types of incoming papers, that reflect the growth of its influence, are revealed., №3(23) (2020)

The article analyzes the process of formation of a new government in Hungary which was launched after the April 2018 elections. In fact, this is the fourth office of the permanent leader of the party FIDES Viktor Orban. Unlike the neighboring countries, where the formation of governments was delayed for months and was extremely complicated by various political contradictions, in Hungary the issue of negotiations with other political forces was not on the agenda due to the fact that the ruling party once again received a constitutional majority in the country's Parliament

В статье анализируются наиболее значимые внутриполитические события и социально-экономическая ситуация в Японии за 2017 г. Важными были выборы в нижнюю палату парламента. От их результатов зависела расстановка политических сил в стране. По итогам выборов правящая Либерально-демократическая партия (ЛДП) получила наибольшее количество мест в этой палате. Учитывая её преимущество в верхней палате парламента, можно с уверенностью сказать, что ЛДП сохраняет сильные позиции на политической арене страны. Это даёт возможность ЛДП вместе с партией «Комэйто», которая выступает с ней в коалиции, практически без препятствий принимать выгодные для правящего блока законы, поскольку оппозиционные партии слабы и располагают меньшинством в обеих палатах парламента. Например, правящая ЛДП давно вынашивает планы по пересмотру Конституции страны, главным образом её девятой статьи, запрещающей Японии официально иметь вооружённые силы и участвовать в войнах. Это вызывает протесты со стороны оппозиционных партий и населения. В стране идёт подготовка к общенациональному референдуму по пересмотру Конституции. Значимым внутриполитическим событием прошлого года был также съезд ЛДП, на котором её председателю Синдзо Абэ продлили полномочия до 2021 г. В выборах в нижнюю палату участвовали две новые политические партии — Партия надежды и Конституционно-демократическая партия, которые выступили удачно. После выборов в нижнюю палату премьер-министр Синдзо Абэ, согласно существующим правилам, произвёл реорганизацию своего кабинета министров. Социально-экономическая ситуация в стране за прошлый год не претерпела резких колебаний. Премьер-министр Синдзо Абэ, выступая в парламенте после выборов, подтвердил продолжение курса на дальнейшее развитие экономики. В списке самых значимых международных событий года были сообщения о ракетно-ядерных испытаниях Северной Кореи, об итогах визита президента США в Японию, участие Синдзо Абэ в третьем Восточно-экономическом форуме во Владивостоке и переговоры с президентом РФ В. В. Путиным., The article analyses major internal political events as well as a social and economic situation in Japan in 2017. Among the most important of them there were elections to Lower House of Parliament (Diet). Alignment of political forces in the country depended on their results. Based on the election outcome, the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) got the majority of seats in the House. Considering its advantages in the Upper House of Diet, it would be appropriate to say that the LDP maintains strong stands in the political games in the country. This enables the LDP together Komeito (ruling blok), more or less freely, to adopt the laws beneficial for the LDP, since the oppositions parties are week and have minority in both Houses of Diet. For example, the ruling LDP has nourished an idea for a long time to review the Constitution of Japan, mainly, its 9th article prohibiting the country to officially have any armed forces and get involved in wars. The draws protests on the part of some out-parties and the public. With this aim in view, preparation for the national-wide referendum to review the basic law of Japan is underway. Among internal political events it was Party Congress of LDP in which Sindzo Abe, as a President of Party, was prolong the powers till 2021 year. In Lower House election took part two new political parties — Party of Hope and Constitutional Democratic Party, which advanced successfully. Upon elections to the Lower House of Diet, Japan’s Prime Minister Sinzo Abe, according to working rule, carried out a government reshuffle. The social and economic situation in Japan not suffers violent changes. Prime Minister Sinzo Abe, speaking in the Diet after election, confirmed to continue on the course for further development of the economy. The list of the most significant international events includes the news about missiles and nuclear test of North Korea, official visit U. S. President Donald Trump to Japan, participation Prime Minister Sinzo Abe in the 3rd Eastern Economic Forum in Vladivostok and negotiations with Russian President Vladimir Putin.

This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) covers the five-year period FY16-20. Anchored in the government’s medium-term development plan as outlined in a January 2015 Cabinet of Ministers Program of Action, it also reflects the analysis and recommendations of the World Bank Group’s (WBG) 2015 Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) for Uzbekistan and the lessons learned from the Completion Report of the previous CPS. The CPF’s objectives and program, which focus on developing the conditions for faster job creation, are consistent with the WBG’s twin goals of eliminating extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity. The Uzbekistan Systemic Country Diagnostic (SCD) identified ten priority areas that would need to be addressed to eliminate poverty, boost shared prosperity, and enable Uzbekistan to reach upper middle-income status. The government’s strategic objectives are for Uzbekistan to achieve upper middleincome status by 2030, implying income growth averaging 6 percent annually, and in particular to create 500,000 jobs annually. Building country systems for statistical, fiduciary, safeguard, and statistical capacity underlie the foundation of this CPF. The CPF program will remain flexible as circumstances change and new opportunities may arise.

Straipsnyje analizuojami vieno svarbiausių 1926 m. perversmo dalyvių, 2-ojo pėstininkų pulko vado plk. Vinco Grigaliūno-Glovackio ir Mykolo Sleževičiaus vadovaujamų vyriausybių santykiai 1919 m. ir 1926 m. Tyrimo autorius nagrinėja plk. V. Grigaliūno-Glovackio nepasitenkinimą M. Sleževičiaus vadovaujamų antrosios ir ketvirtosios vyriausybių politika, 2-ojo pėstininkų pulko nepaklusnumą vyriausybės nurodymams ir plk. V. Grigaliūno-Glovackio įsitraukimą į Ministrų Kabineto bei Valstybės Tarybos konfliktą 1919 m. Straipsnyje atskleidžiamas pulkininko politinis aktyvumas ir sąsajos su krikščionių demokratų ir tautininkų partijoms atstovaujančiais politikais. Tyrime prieinama išvada, kad 1926 m. perversmo priežastis galėjo būti ne tik karininkijos nepasitenkinimas koalicinės valstiečių liaudininkų vyriausybės reformomis, bet ir politiškai angažuotų karininkų bei politikų konfliktai, užsimezgę dar vykstant Nepriklausomybės kovoms. The paper presents an analysis of the relationships between Colonel Vincas Grigaliūnas Glovackis, commander of the 2nd Infantry Regiment and one of the major participants in the coup in 1926, and the cabinets led by Mykolas Sleževičius in 1919 and 1926. The author of the research looks into Colonel Grigaliūnas Glovackis’ dissatisfaction with the policies of the second and fourth Sleževičius governments, the defiance of government orders by the 2nd Infantry Regiment, and the involvement of Colonel Grigaliūnas Glovackis in the conflict between the Cabinet of Ministers and the State Council in 1919. The paper reveals the colonel’s political pro-activeness and his links with politicians representing the Christian Democrats and the Nationalists. The research concludes that the 1926 coup could have been caused not only by the officers’ dissatisfaction with the reforms by the coalition government of Popular Peasants and Social Democrats, but also by the conflicts between politically engaged officers and politicians that started as early as the wars of independence.

This note is prepared as part of the FSAP. Its main objective is to describe the status and recent developments in corporate financial reporting framework in Montenegro and highlight key issues relevant to financial sector. The note represents a technical annex to the main FSAP Aide-Memoire and seeks to provide a high level overview of developments since the 2007 A&A ROSC2, as well as highlight the areas that are most relevant to the financial sector. The Annex 1 to this note offers details on status of implementation of 2007 A&A ROSC policy recommendations and was based on the team’s knowledge of corporate financial reporting reforms in Montenegro and limited research. Montenegro has undertaken notable efforts to improve the corporate financial reporting framework since the 2007 A&A ROSC, especially in improving the statutory framework and efforts to align it with the EU acquis communautaire. However, implementation and enforcement of financial reporting and auditing requirements has been hampered by major capacity and resource constraints. The major consequences are that, with exception of banks and insurance companies, there is limited quality financial information on corporate entities available in the market that is reliable for economic decision making or supervision of financial sector entities. The capacity and skills of the accounting and auditing profession in Montenegro needs further development while the institutions responsible for accounting and auditing regulation, in some cases, are at inception. acquis communautaire.

This assessment of accounting and auditing practices in Latvia is part of a joint initiative of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) to prepare Reports on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC). One of the twelve ROSC modules focuses on Accounting and Auditing (A&A), this assessment addresses the strengths and weaknesses of the accounting and auditing environment that influence the quality of corporate financial reporting and includes a review of both mandatory requirements and actual practice. This is the second A&A ROSC for Latvia. The first one was published in 2005.

This diploma thesis deals with camarilla changes of three Russian rulers. Sources and literature of this theme are dealt in the thesis introduction. Camarilla, favourite, favouritism and absolutism are defined in another chapter. Subsequent chapters deal with particular rulers, their accession to the throne, key government institutions and mainly with the most important camarilla members. Last chapter compares the three regimes. Firstly it goes in for qualifications of rulers to rule. Further it compares their favourites and then it focusses at the most successful persons who were able to maintain their position throughout several regimes and gives reply to questions if those people had common features which were reasons for success and if these positions sometimes changed or remained constant. Key words: camarilla, tzarina, regent, favourite, foreigners, 18th century, palace coups, autocracy, Cabinet of ministers, Senate, Guards

Azerbaijan is a secular, majority-Shiite, oil and gas-rich country whose per-capita income quadrupled in real terms during the period 2004-10. While rising incomes have reduced poverty, steps towards a more secure, diversified economy are held back by a public sector that rests on vested interests, patronage-based incentive structures, and ingrained patterns of behavior that include significant rent extraction, particularly from the non-oil economy, with minimal checks and balances from Parliament, the private sector, and civil society. Bank engagement in Azerbaijan at the country level focused on areas which had government support. Some modest results have been achieved, even though in many cases modern laws and practices were adopted without adequate plans for implementation. At the project level, the Bank has supported the strengthening of project implementation units (PIUs) and tools for monitoring, and governance and institutional filters have signaled that Governance and Anticorruption (GAC) processes need to be embedded in the Bank projects. At the sector level, the Bank's work was highly relevant in supporting oil revenue transparency, primary education, roads, and the development of safeguards. It was substantially relevant in public financial management, and private sector development and procurement. Bank engagement was moderately relevant in decentralization, civil service reform, and accountability institutions.

Sustainable economic growth and strong institutions are interlinked, and the present report summarizes recent economic and fiscal developments in West Bank and Gaza (WB&G) as well as providing a broad overview of institutional accomplishments to date. The present report begins by discussing the apparent slowdown in economic growth in WB&G and the current fiscal crisis facing the Palestinian Authority (PA)-resulting partly from lower-than-expected external support this year. A further drop in donor funding would likely reduce growth, which would in turn further aggravate the fiscal situation in the coming year. A protracted fiscal crisis, in turn, risks jeopardizing the gains made in institution-building and thereby losing what has been painstakingly achieved over the past years. In addition, the report highlights that in order for the PA to sustain the reform momentum and its achievements in institution-building, remaining Israeli restrictions must be lifted and any reductions in international aid flows must be carefully calibrated and managed. Economic growth in WB&G has slowed down in 2011, and together with the shortfall in external financing, this has led to a fiscal crisis for the PA. Economic growth in WB&G remains robust but appears to be slowing due to economic and political uncertainty, so that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has revised the projected real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate for 2011 from 9 down to 7 percent. Despite some improvement, unemployment remains stubbornly high and labor force participation low in WB&G.