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本稿は、近時公表された、中華人民共和国「人民法院オンライン訴訟規則」について、その法文と解説の翻訳的な紹介等を行うものである。, This material is including not only translation but commentary on Rules of the recent On-Line Civil Procedure in China., 資料(Material)

Summary The causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected millions and killed hundreds of thousands of people worldwide, highlighting an urgent need to develop antiviral therapies. Here we present a quantitative mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics survey of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero E6 cells, revealing dramatic rewiring of phosphorylation on host and viral proteins. SARS-CoV-2 infection promoted casein kinase II (CK2) and p38 MAPK activation, production of diverse cytokines, and shutdown of mitotic kinases, resulting in cell cycle arrest. Infection also stimulated a marked induction of CK2-containing filopodial protrusions possessing budding viral particles. Eighty-seven drugs and compounds were identified by mapping global phosphorylation profiles to dysregulated kinases and pathways. We found pharmacologic inhibition of the p38, CK2, CDK, AXL, and PIKFYVE kinases to possess antiviral efficacy, representing potential COVID-19 therapies., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • Phosphoproteomics analysis of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells uncovers signaling rewiring • Infection promotes host p38 MAPK cascade activity and shutdown of mitotic kinases • Infection stimulates CK2-containing filopodial protrusions with budding virus • Kinase activity analysis identifies potent antiviral drugs and compounds, Phosphoproteomics analysis of SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero E6 cells reveals host cellular pathways hijacked by viral infection, leading to the identification of small molecules that target dysregulated pathways and elicit potent antiviral efficacy.

A newly described coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has infected over 2.3 million people, led to the death of more than 160,000 individuals and caused worldwide social and economic disruption1,2. There are no antiviral drugs with proven clinical efficacy for the treatment of COVID-19, nor are there any vaccines that prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2, and efforts to develop drugs and vaccines are hampered by the limited knowledge of the molecular details of how SARS-CoV-2 infects cells. Here we cloned, tagged and expressed 26 of the 29 SARS-CoV-2 proteins in human cells and identified the human proteins that physically associated with each of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins using affinity-purification mass spectrometry, identifying 332 high-confidence protein–protein interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and human proteins. Among these, we identify 66 druggable human proteins or host factors targeted by 69 compounds (of which, 29 drugs are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, 12 are in clinical trials and 28 are preclinical compounds). We screened a subset of these in multiple viral assays and found two sets of pharmacological agents that displayed antiviral activity: inhibitors of mRNA translation and predicted regulators of the sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptors. Further studies of these host-factor-targeting agents, including their combination with drugs that directly target viral enzymes, could lead to a therapeutic regimen to treat COVID-19. A human–SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map highlights cellular processes that are hijacked by the virus and that can be targeted by existing drugs, including inhibitors of mRNA translation and predicted regulators of the sigma receptors.

Introduction/Background Motor functions are affected by the home environment in childhood. This study aims to identify the home environment factors in the motor development of infants and toddlers. Material and Method This follow-up study had involved 1000 typical-development children, classifying children into infant group (6 months old, n = 500) and toddler group (3 years old, n = 500). Participants were from Kids in Taiwan: National Longitudinal Study of Child Development & Care (KIT). Developmental Motor Screening Scale for Preschool Children (DMSSPC), including body coordination (BC), stability and locomotion (S&L), visual motor integration (VMI), and grasp and manipulation (G&M) domains, was used to assess motor development at baseline and follow up (infants: 6-months follow up and toddlers: 12-months follow up). Home Environment Scale (HES), including parent response (PR), parent participation/learning stimulation (PP/LS), physical environment (PE), child acceptance (CA), speech stimulation (SS), learning material (LM), and environmental diversity (ED), was measured at baseline. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between HES and DMSSPC at baseline and change scores of DMSSPC (DMSSPC score at follow-up - DMSSPC score at baseline). Results Nearly all HES domains had significantly positive correlations with DMSSPC domains at baseline in infant group. In toddler group, HES domains had significantly positive correlations with DMSSPC domains, except PE with VMI and S&L, and CA with VMI and S&L. Additionally, HES domains except PE and CA had significantly negative correlations with change scores of G&M in infant group. While only PP/LS and ED had significantly negative correlations with change scores of G&M in toddler group. Conclusion A better home environment is associated with greater motor development in most domains. However, a better home environment is linked to lesser changes in G&M development, especially infant groups. These findings may suggest providing a good home environment is important for motor development, especially infant groups.

Functional regression of the mammary gland is partly reflected by proteolysis of milk protein and tissue protein. The involvement of the plasminogen activation system in degradation of milk protein and mammary tissue damage has been demonstrated under inflammatory conditions. In this study, mammary secretion from 23 dairy goats primarily grouped as lactation (milking twice daily) or involution (milking once daily or less) was used to determine the ratio of gravity-precipitated casein to total milk protein (casein ratio) as an index of caseinolysis, and activities of components of plasminogen activation system as well as their expressions on somatic cells. Based on the casein ratio, lactation goats were subcategorized as very active (71.8 ± 1.0%) or less active (29.9 ± 1.0%) in mammary function; involution goats were subcategorized as gradual (21.7 ± 1.0%) or acute (5.9 ± 0.2%) involution. This result suggests that caseinolysis occurred during regular lactation as well as during involution. On the other hand, activities of components of the plasminogen activation system in mammary secretion were increased along with the decreasing casein ratio, in contrast to the similar activities of their counterparts in circulation throughout various mammary statuses. Correlation analysis between casein ratio and activities of plasminogen activation system of goat milk indicated a significant negative relationship for plasmin (r = −0.64), plasminogen (r = −0.69), and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA; r = −0.78) during involution but not during lactation. As for the cellular components of plasminogen activation system, there was an increase in immunoreactivity on somatic cells toward both monoclonal antibodies of human uPA and human uPA receptor under involution conditions suggesting their upregulation relative to lactation condition. Collectively, these results suggest that plasminogen activation system within the mammary gland differentially contribute to milk caseinolysis along the various stages of goat lactation. Meanwhile, a somatic cell-mediated local elevation of plasmin activity may be committed to extensive caseinolysis during involution.

The time-integrated slip rate in fault zones can be determined if the deformed deposits are reliably dated. Here, we report optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages of Late Pleistocene fluvial deposits cut by the Wangsan fault, southeastern Korea, which displaces a hanging wall block of about 28 m. Five sandy samples of the deformed Quaternary deposits were dated by quartz OSL using the single aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol. Three samples taken from the footwall block show stratigraphically consistent OSL ages of 54±7, 76±5 and 90±6 ka, from top to bottom. Two samples collected from the same layer in the hanging wall block show reproducible OSL ages of 81±5 and 82±5 ka, which are also in good agreement with the stratigraphic relationships. Our OSL ages yield an average sedimentation rate of the Quaternary deposits as around 0.04 mm a −1 , and a minimum value of time-integrated slip rate as 0.52 mm a −1 . This minimum slip rate is considerably higher than those reported earlier for Quaternary faults in southeastern Korea. The youngest OSL age (54±7 ka) constrains the maximum value of the recurrence interval of the fault movement.

Serum samples from two male and two female goats were analyzed by a high-performance liquid chromatographic method developed for the simultaneous determination of adrenal and gonadal steroid species. The 2 ml serum sample was extracted by a solid-phase column prior to the analysis. A C 18 column was used in separation. The separated species were monitored at 240 nm. The estimated serum concentration of progesterone from chromatograms indicated its increase during pregnancy and decrease following delivery. Testosterone and progesterone were not detected in sera of female and male goats, respectively. A cortisol peak was detectable in all serum samples. This method provides an approach for simultaneously monitoring the patterns of secretion of many steroids.

We demonstrate the first intracavity quantum-well photodetector within an InGaAs DBR QW VCSEL for top- and bottom-emitting structures. Minimal spontaneous emission is detected by the internal detector. Dark current is on the order of picoamperes, limited by our instrument noise floor. The internal detector demonstrates high insensitivity to external ambient light as compared to an external detector. Combining various measurement techniques, we gain an understanding of such an integration and discuss the various ramifications of the issues surrounding the design, fabrication, and performance of these integrated VCSEL-detectors. This configuration facilitates flexible tailoring of the laser efficiency and the integrated detector responsivity.

The present study evaluated the effects of chronic A beta administration on radio-labeled plasma fatty acid incorporation in rat brain. A beta was chronically infused intraventricularly via an osmotic minipump, for 1 week, at a concentration of 460 microM. After the infusion, fatty acid incorporation was quantified using an in vivo method developed in this laboratory. Three radiolabeled fatty acids were separately infused IV in awake animals. Biochemical analyses of fatty acid incorporation and histology for A beta showed no differences between control (vehicle infusion only) and experimental groups. However, in vitro tests on the cytotoxicity of A beta showed that it caused significant cell death relative to controls (PC-12 cells). The lack of effect of infused A beta on radiolabeled fatty acid incorporation is discussed.

A max-min variant of the fuzzy λ-formulation strategy, called the alternative global criterion method, the purpose of which is to obtain solutions for multicriteria crisp or fuzzy structural design problems, is presented. This approach goes towards a Pareto optimal set that is equivalent to the min-max variant of the global criterion method. The presented approach is not only capable of acquiring the non-dominated solution, but also capable of achieving the highest design degree of satisfaction. The result shows that a solution with maximum overall satisfaction is not identical to the one which is closest to the ideal solution. The presented methodology is then applied to structural optimization problems involving a vector of conflicting objective functions with crisp or fuzzy constraints.

Long-term estrogen treatment of Syrian hamsters results in the initiation and development of hormone-dependent renal adenocarcinomas. The pathway(s) to neoplastic transformation remain unknown in this animal model of hormonal carcinogenesis. In the present study, short-term primary kidney cell cultures and incubations of freshly prepared kidney slices have been incubated with [35S]-methionine to study the effects of estrogen treatment on protein biosynthesis in the Syrian hamster. An increase in amount of two secreted proteins were observed with an increasing duration of diethylstilbestrol (DES) treatment. Further characterization of these proteins by two-dimensional electrophoresis identified two proteins present only in treated hamsters, a 20-22 kDa protein and a 16-18 kDa protein with an isoelectric point of 8.5-9.0. Immunoprecipitation using specific antibodies to growth factors, followed by separation on SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, showed that kidney slices from five month-treated animals produced a TGF-α-like protein and a bFGF-like protein. The induction of these growth factors may play an important role in the tumorigenic process in kidneys of Syrian hamsters, including cell proliferation and vascularization of the tumor tissue.

Insulin (0.4 IU kg/d) or saline was injected subcutaneously into six goats at 08:00 for 5 days in a double switch-back design in Expt 1. A Latin square design was used in Expt 2 with four treatments, insulin (0.3 IU/kg/d), glucose (50 g/d in 20% solution), insulin plus glucose, or saline, infused intravenously into eight goats at 2-h intervals from 06:00 to 14:00 for 1 day. Milk yield per day/feed consumed was significantly depressed (P 0.05) milk production and average mammary vein glucose concentration. Infusion of glucose with or without insulin depressed average milk fat content (P

We demonstrate a compact integrated method for phase and magnitude control of an optically carried microwave signal with no external high-frequency circuitry. Our device consists of a novel three contact VCSEL, which permits external control of both the cavity loss and gain. Independent control of the phase and magnitude of the optically carried signal is demonstrated. With reference to the small-signal rate equations, we show that such independent control is only possible given the extra degree of freedom offered by the three contact design.

A constitutive model is presented to describe stress-strain responses of a class of pressure sensitive materials. An important feature of this model is that the failure surface and the yield cap are both described by the same list of material parameters. In addition, the model effectively characterizes the variation of strengths along compression and extension paths. The number of material parameters is kept to a minimum and can be determined using conventional test data.

The spatial mode characteristics of index-guided ridge-waveguide broad-area (BA) quantum-well lasers grown by organometallic chemical vapor deposition were investigated experimentally. The index-guided BA lasers lase in a high-order lateral mode, and thus emit a double-lobed far-field pattern. This is significantly different from their gain-guided counterparts, which lase in the fundamental mode. For BA lasers with the same width and made on the same or similar material, the index-guided lasers have lower threshold currents, higher quantum efficiencies, and better linearity in the light versus current characteristics. It is observed that the order of the dominant high-order lateral-mode increased with increasing laser width or effective index step of the laser waveguide. In addition, it is found that the mechanism for degradation in the spatial coherence at high pumping levels is the onset of higher order lateral modes. >

In the dynamic analysis and design of structures and equipment, the behavior of various components beyond the linear range is often of interest. A nonlinear vibration analysis is time consuming, particularly if many configurations or loading conditions have to be considered in order to arrive at representative values for design. The selection of an efficient and yet accurate analysis procedure is therefore extremely important. Two mode-superposition procedures are presented for the dynamic analysis of nonlinear structures with classical (proportional) and non-classical (non-proportional) damping. The nonlinearity at each time step is treated as a pseudo force. Undamped eigensolution and complex modes are used to uncouple the equations of motion for classical and non-classical damping cases. A recursive procedure based on the exact solution of the differential equation is used to obtain the modal responses. The advantages of the proposed method of computing the response over the existing integration techniques are: (a) the simplicity of the procedure, (b) a substantial reduction in computational time, (c) the possibility of using fewer modes to achieve the desired accuracy, and (d) the adaptability of the procedure to parallel processing machines which will further reduce the computational time.

Both endogenous and exogenous proteinases occur in milk, and they can have beneficial or detrimental effects on dairy production. Because the lactation length of dairy goats is shorter and the somatic cell count (SCC) of goat milk is generally greater compared with dairy cows, the objectives of the present study were to investigate the prevalence of major proteinases in raw goat milk, their association with SCC and production stage, and their effects on milk quality. Milk samples were collected from individual goats in consecutive weeks for different durations, covering regular lactation, late lactation, and post-milk stasis. Long-term (monthly) or short-term (weekly) fluctuations of milk fibrinolytic and gelatinolytic capacities of individual goats were revealed chronologically on fibrin and gelatin zymograms, respectively. In a separate trial involving milk samples from 23 goats at random production stages, the percentage of ultracentrifuge force-precipitable casein of total milk protein was calculated to represent milk quality and was assessed to evaluate its correlation with the corresponding proteolytic capacities. The results for regular milk indicate that gelatinase B was more abundant than gelatinase A when they first appeared at SCC of approximately 1 x 10(6)/mL. During the last month before milk stasis, both gelatinases A and B were found to be prevalent and prominent in milk regardless of the broad SCC range recorded there. Fibrinolytic activity and the active form of gelatinase A were only regularly detected in post-stasis secretions and were scarce before stasis. The results of the milk quality trial indicate that milk of relatively high proteinase capacity tended to have a low casein ratio. Correlation analysis confirmed a significant relationship between gelatinase capacity of goat milk and production stage, SCC, or casein ratio. It is suggested that an elevation of gelatinolytic capacity of goat milk coincides with an increase in somatic cell number accompanying the extension of lactation length, which is unfavorable for the production of a more desirable quality of goat milk.

A two-stage multihop shuffle network is experimentally demonstrated. The system is implemented using two-dimensional multiple-plane wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) optical interconnections consisting of an integrated multiple-wavelength WDM transmitting vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser arrays and three wavelength-selective detector arrays. Two-hop data relay of the two-state shuffle network multihop is performed at 622 and 155 Mb/s for a two-wavelength and a three-wavelength fanout, respectively.

Py/sub 150 /spl Aring///Cr/sub 70 /spl Aring///Co/sub 200 /spl Aring///Cr/sub 150 /spl Aring// sputtered films deposited on glass were studied by means of magneto-optical Kerr effect and planar Hall effect. The properties of these films are dominated by the Co layer which exhibits not only uniaxial in-plane anisotropy but, also a very hard magnetization component which is canted out of the film plane. A striking feature of tie angular dependence of hysteresis loops is the apparent loss of two-fold symmetry. Due to the out of plane magnetization, the Hall voltage signal comprises not only the planar Hall but also the ordinary and extraordinary Hall effect signals.

Summary form only given. Triggered by the ever-increasing computer speed and the wide application of the Internet, the demand for higher communication bandwidth and interconnectivity is drastically increasing. Networking a group of (computers in proximity to form LAN has become imperative for corporations and organizations to compete and perform.

Mobile manipulators, which consist of a mobile base and a robot manipulator equipped with a vision system, are appropriate for transferring small quantities of a range of different materials in production lines. Position and orientation errors of the mobile base relative to the station are inevitably caused by the non-horizontality of the ground and positioning errors of the mobile base. Hence, this study utilises an uncalibrated eye-in-hand vision system to provide visual information for controlling the manipulator mounted on the mobile base, to pick up a workpiece located on the station. A vision-guided control strategy is proposed. It is based on selected image features and an image-based look-and-move control structure. The control law employed in the control structure is based mainly on the off-line estimate of the transformation from feature space to Cartesian space using the least squares estimation algorithm. Finally, the positioning performance of the eye-in-hand manipulator is experimentally evaluated by controlling the end-effector of the manipulator to approach and grasp the workpiece in various locations on a station.

The lop ear deformity can treated with laser-assisted reshaping of cartilage. But thermal injury is a problem. In this situation, cryogen spray cooling (CSC) plays an important role in drawing heat from skin when laser heating. Composite cartilage grafts were excised from New Zealand rabbit ears. An incision through the perichondrium exposed a 5mm wide strip of cartilage on the posterior auricle surface. Flat specimens were manually deformed with a jig and maintained in this new position during irradiation. The exposed cartilage was irradiated on the concave surface with an Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm, 3 mm spot) at 10W, 15W, 20W. Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) was applied to the convex, nonirradiated side of the tissue to reduce thermal injury to the graft. The specimens were maintained in a deformation for 15 minutes after irradiation and serially examined for 14 days. It is concluded that higher dosimetry makes more reshaping and more superficial epidermal injury. More cryogen spray cooling makes more protection against superficial epidermal injury and less cartilage reshaping.

Ti/TiN film is usually sputtered on the AlCu surface as anti-reflection layer. In our case, we find that weaker TiN is formed because of the temperature difference between Ti/TiN and AlCu surfaces during subsequent sputtering process. The coming out surface stress by the temperature difference induces weaker TiN in some specified topography and generates the galvanic effect after processing in subsequent developer solution (alkaline-like). In order to avoid the surface stress, cooling down the surface temperature of AlCu before depositing the Ti/TiN layers with the N/sub 2/ gas purging is found to be an effective way for the suppression of galvanic phenomena.

Summary form only given. Wavelength tunable vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) have many applications in compact instrumentation and WDM communications. 31.6 nm of continuous tuning has been demonstrated by a micromechanical tunable VCSEL with a movable cantilever. Because the VCSEL's top mirror is embedded into this movable cantilever, tilt is introduced to this top distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) as the lasing wavelength is tuned. A frequently asked question is the effect of this tilted DBR on the optical mode in such a VCSEL structure. In the paper, we address this question with a numerical approach and show that for devices with diameters of 5 /spl mu/m or less, tilt loss does not dominate modal optical loss in our tunable structure.

Summary form only given. Transverse mode as a function of aperture size is studied. Stringent oxidation accuracy to within a fraction of 1 /spl mu/m is required to render high yield, single mode, oxide confined GaAs QW VCSELs.

We have fabricated closely spaced (8 /spl mu/m) arrays of non parallel etched facet lasers. We compared the thermal cross-talk of angled lasers with that of parallel stripe lasers with same separation. The angled lasers show less than half the thermal coupling of parallel lasers. Lasers are demonstrated in two different material systems. In InGaAs these lasers produced up to 120 mW/facet with an efficiency of .24 W/A per facet.

Nonlinear optical (NLO) polymers are advantageous over inorganic crystalline materials in several aspects and have found interesting applications such as modulators, switches, and more recently as photorefractive devices. However, the second-order NLO response of the materials, which is created by an electric poling process, decays as time lapses. For the use of an electrooptic device, it is highly desirable to keep the NLO response in an infinitely long period. But for the photorefractive applications, a fast response of the orientational distribution of NLO molecules to an electric field is more important. For both cases, the orientational distribution and its response to an electric field convey valuable information of the polymeric materials. In this report, the authors show that probing the orientational distribution of NLO molecules during the poling process provides insight of the thermal stability of the NLO response and the underlying interaction between the polymer and NLO molecules. >

We show that the intracavity detector-VCSEL performance depends critically on the relative alignment of the Fabry-Perot wavelength and the quantum-well absorber band edge. By strategic design, we obtain well-matched behavior of the internal and external detectors-up to 5 times threshold. Comprehensive modeling agrees with experimental results.

The lasing wavelength of a VCSEL is primarily determined by the effective cavity thickness which can be varied by changing the thickness of the /spl lambda/-spacer or the DBR layers. There have been many efforts in making MW-VCSEL arrays, where different methods of varying the effective cavity thickness were explored. Among all these methods, patterned-substrate MBE growth presents a very attractive approach since only a single growth is necessary and wide and accurate wavelength spans can be achieved with in-situ monitoring. In this paper, we review two patterned substrate methods. Both lead to simultaneous achievements of wide /spl lambda/ spacing, high yield and high performance. The comparison between the two methods is discussed.

Thermal effects are well known to limit peak output power and efficiency of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs). However, they are often disregarded in VCSEL design. In this work, using a simple thermal model, we consider the effect of device structure (both geometry and layer composition) on the thermal properties of VCSELs and verify the validity of the model by comparing with experimental results.

Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) offer advantages of being very cost effective and mass manufacturable. By integrating a VCSEL with a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) cantilever, a tunable VCSEL with wide and continuous wavelength tuning can be obtained. Previous demonstrations of this concept were achieved in the short-wavelength (900-980 nm) regime. In this paper, we report the first electrically pumped tunable VCSELs with continuous tuning in 1530-1620 nm wavelength regime. The VCSELs are directly modulated at 2.5 Gbps (OC-48) rates and show error-free transmissions. Wavelength locking to ITU-grids are accomplished in /spl sim/200 /spl mu/s.

The performance of an electrically pumped, continuously tunable, single-epitaxy VCSEL emitting in the 1530-1620 nm wavelength regime is reported. The VCSELs exhibit a continuous, repeatable and hysteresis-free wavelength-tuning characteristic. Further, the VCSELs are directly modulated at 2.5 Gbps and have >45 dB side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) over the entire tuning range. The performance of such VCSELs make them highly promising for reconfigurable WDM metropolitan area networks.

Summary form only given.Analog applications of VCSELs require highly linear wideband operation, minimal intermodulation distortion, and high dynamic range. The maximum spur-free dynamic range (SFDR) obtained for a VCSEL is 104.3 dB Hz/sup 2/3/ at 102 MHz; error-free analog transmission over 3 km of fiber has been demonstrated at 1 GHz. This work suggests that, with future design improvements, VCSELs may be able to compete with DFB lasers for analog applications. The device used in this study is a VCSEL with an independently biased, voltage-controlled, intracavity absorber.

Labeled L-N-arachidonylphosphatidylethanolamine (L-N-arachidonyl PE), a likely precursor of N-arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide), as well as its D-isomer, were synthesized using [14C]arachidonic acid. Anandamide was formed by incubating L-N-arachidonyl PE and rat brain membrane with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), an inhibitor of anandamide amidohydrolase. Formation of anandamide from L-N-arachidonyl PE was inhibited by p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid (p-CMPS), sulfhydryl reagent, and heat inactivate pre-treatment. D-N-Arachidonyl PE, an unnatural analog for N-arachidonyl PE, did not form anandamide.