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Thermal cycling environments were applied to test specimens with J-lead eutectic Sn-Pb solder joints to assess the effect of lead and package material selection. Metallographic examination and finite element analysis were used to evaluate the effect of thermal cycling environments on solder joints. Matching the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the lead and solder was found to be crucial to reducing thermal cycling damage for the J-lead solder joints examined. Matching the CTE of the package and the board was substantially less important. The number of thermal cycles 1.9 nucleate cracks in the J-lead solder joints correlated reasonably well with the number of cycles to produce a 50% drop in the load range in isothermal strain controlled mechanical fatigue tests on Sn/Pb solder. >

20 patients with neuropathic pain syndromes due to tumor-infiltration, who had not responded to conventional analgesics including strong opioids, received additional combination anti-convulsant and anti-depressant treatment. Pain amelioration occurred in all patients within median 46 h, and maximum effect was encountered within one week. Severe side effects were confined to three cases and were associated with carbamazepine treatment. Replacement by another type of anticonvulsants in 6 cases with either no response or intolerable side effects was successful in 5 patients, both in terms of efficacy and tolerability. One patient stopped taking AD/AC after 48 h.

A phenomenological constitutive model that simulates the uniform deformation of type SN62 solder wire under uniaxial monotonic creep tensile and stress relaxation loading is described. The model relates the flow stress of solder to the strain rate in a simple manner. Tensile tests, creep tests, and stress relaxation tests were performed, and the results are compared with the results obtained with the model. The sense and magnitude of the model's fit to the creep data are inconsistent, suggesting that nonuniform deformation or random errors in the experiment are the source of much of the error. The model frequently underpredicts the stress level in relaxation tests. This error could be due to high stress machine compliance or the presence of a threshold stress for plastic deformation. >

A phenomenological model is developed to describe the effect of system compliance on the low-cycle fatigue behavior of surface mount solder joints under conditions of constant displacement range. The model is consistent with fatigue data obtained under conditions of constant plastic strain range. System compliance is found to produce a substantial increase in the sensitivity of fatigue life to displacement range. Features of the model are identified where further development could result in merging the model with viscoplastic constitutive descriptions for solder deformation and failure criteria based on phenomenological models such as the one described by M.C. Shine and L.R. Fox (1985). >

An experimental programme was conducted to investigate the conditions of microstructure and temperature necessary for the stable deformation of Ultrahigh Carbon Steel (UHCS) at very high strain rates (up to 106 s−1). Constitutive data were obtained from rod impact tests and Hopkinson bar tests over a range of strain rates and temperatures. Fracture modes were analysed, and the nature and degree of nonuniform deformation assessed. The strain-hardening behaviour was found to be strongly history-dependent as a result of solute-enhanced strain hardening in UHCS at elevated temperatures. The ductility of UHCS at high strain rates reduced at 600°C because of sharp increases in the temperature sensitivity of its strength, resulting in an increased propensity for shear banding. It is clear that changes in microstructure change the constitutive behaviour of UHCS at high strain rates.

Summary Etoposide now ranks amongst the most important drugs for the treatment of primary or secondary resistant inoperable bronchogenic carcinoma as well as in patients with prior cardiac disease, since it can be combined with CCNU and vincristine for an outpatient therapeutic schedule, and with ifosfamide or cis -platinum for intensive hospital treatment. In the present study of a group of 38 patients with inoperable bronchogenic carcinoma of diverse histological types treated with etoposide plus ifosfamide resulted in: (a) an increase in the survival time in one very unfavorable patients group either with previous cardiac damage or intensive prior treatment; (b) no cross-resistance of etoposide and ifosfamide with the ACO regimen; (c) demonstration that use of Mesnum makes higher ifosfamide doses possible. Although this group of patients was inoperable and had prior heart damage, the prognosis was considerably improved.

Summary The efficacy of ifosfamide combination chemotherapy was studied in 164 patients, 94 with advanced testicular carcinoma and 70 with metastatic sarcoma. Ifosfamide was given at 40–60 mg/kg/day i.v. on five consecutive days every 3–4 weeks together with mesna prophylaxis with 8 mg/kg i.v. being used at 0, 4 and 8 h after ifosfamide administration. Of 70 sarcoma patients 57 were evaluable for response, of whom 49 had received prior chemotherapy. The overall response rate was 46% (26/57) including 3 complete (CR) and 14 partial remissions (PR). Ninety-four patients with germ cell tumours of the testis were treated. Of 16 seminoma patients 15 achieved CR or PR. Seventy-eight patients with nonseminomatous testicular cancer who had received previous chemotherapy were either treated with ifosfamide/etoposide ( n = 63, remission rate: 30%) or ifosfamide/cisplatin ( n = 15, CR + PR: 33%). These results indicate that ifosfamide alone or in combination is active in sarcomas, seminomas and teratomas and that further studies are warranted employing the drug in first-line regimens.

Der vorliegende Bericht umfast 94 Patienten mit histologisch ge-sichertem kleinzelligem Bronchialkarzinom, welche nach den Protokollen »ACO I« und »ACO II« behandelt wurden. Verlaufsanalysen und Langzeitergebnisse sind zunachst nur fur 50 ambulanzfahige Patienten des »ACO-I«-Protokolls nach einer mittleren Beobachtungs-zeit von 2 Jahren auswertbar. Innerhalb dieser relativ gunstigen Pa-tientenselektion wurden bei insgesamt 32 von 50 Patienten klinische Vollremissionen erzielt, welche im Falle der Patienten mit beidseitig pulmonaler oder extrathorakaler Metastasierung (»extensive disease«, n = 24) nur zu einer begrenzten, beschwerdefreien Uberlebensverlangerung fuhrten (mediane Uberlebenszeit 10 Monate, mediane Remissionsdauer 5 Monate), jedoch fur die Patienten mit »limited disease« eine erhebliche Lebensverlangerung (Medianwert 21 Monate, historischer Kontrollwert 3–4 Monate) erbrachten. In der Gruppe »limited disease« uberlebten 30 Monate nach Krankheitsbeginn 7 von 26 Patienten, und 6 von 26 (23 %) sind jetzt im 3. Jahr nach Therapie-beginn ohne Tumorrezidiv. Eine Analyse der Ruckfallmuster ergab in der Gruppe des lokoregionalen Stadiums bei 66 % aller Rezidive eine intrathorakale Lokalisation; bei Patienten mit ‘extensive disease’ war die Erstmanifestation der Rezidive in den meisten Fallen extrathorakal lokalisiert. Die Untersuchungen weisen auserdem auf einen begrenzten positiven Beitrag einer prophylaktischen Schadelbestrahlung. Eine detaillierte Analyse von 9 Langzeituberlebenden zeigt, das die gunstigsten Verlaufe bei unterschiedlicher Grose des inoperablen Pri-martumors und unterschiedlicher TNM-Klassifikation vor allem in der Kategorie »limited disease« zu erwarten sind. Das ‘ACO-II’-Protokoll konnte bei 44 Patienten mit kleinzelliger Histologie vorlaufig ausgewertet werden. Die initiale Remissionsrate liegt ebenfalls im Bereich von 50 %, der Wert einer in dieser Studie prospektiv randomisiert zu prufenden Erhaltungschemotherapie kann zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt noch nicht beurteilt werden.

The effect of solutes on the yield strength and strain hardening behavior of a wide variety of alloys is considered. A discussion of the athermal and thermal mechanisms that appear to explain the observed peaks and plateaus in the temperature dependence of the flow stress is presented. Several explanations based on thermally activated mechanisms are found to provide superior flexibility in modelling the strength versus temperature behavior shown by the available data. These explanations are based on: (1) precipitation during deformation, (2) solute enhanced dislocation multiplication, (3) reduced rate of recovery due to solutes, or (4) enhanced effectiveness of barriers to dislocation motion by solutes. Models that simulate the temperature dependence of the flow stress (in the context of the MATMOD constitutive equations) are presented for each of the explanations cited above.

Le Heron R. B. and Schmidt C. G. (1976). An explanatory analysis of linkage change within two regional industries. Reg. Studies 10, 465–478. This paper discusses a number of issues related to the economic and geographic components of input-output linkage changes at the plant level. Emphasis is placed on defining the economic and geographic dimensions of linkage change, and outlining the conceptual and empirical issue associated with such analyses. Selected aspects of linkage adjustment are investigated through an analysis of 32 plywood-veneer and 20 iron-steel mills in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The productive status and growth characteristics of the mills is employed as a framework for investigating volume and non-volume linkage changes. Various relationships between productivity, growth, and linkage adjustments are identified and discussed. The implications of the research findings for regional growth theory and planning policies are also considered.

Zwischen Dezember 1973 und November 1978 wurden 31 Osteo-sarkompatienten mit einer Kombination aus Cyclophosphamid, Vincristin, Adriamycin und DTIC (CYVADIC) behandelt. 11 von 19 Patienten mit lokalis

Summary Forty-nine patients with small-cell bronchogenic carcinoma were treated with the cytostatic combination etoposide, methotrexate and CCNU at 6-week intervals. For 20 of these patients this was the first attempt at chemotherapy, while in 6 patients the treatment was an adjuvant therapy after induction of a complete remission. Twenty-three patients were primary therapeutic failures following other chemotherapeutic combinations or recurrences after complete remission. While the remission rates and survival times achieved with the primary therapy were somewhat lower than for comparable cytostatic combinations owing to the unfavourable patient selection, remissions of up to 46 weeks were achieved in the treatment of recurrent disease. Given the minor side effects, simultaneous radiotherapy was possible without problems. In the light of these results, the employment of this regimen with non-cross-resistant cytostatic combinations in the form of cyclically alternating induction therapy is a possibility to be considered.

Summary Experimental studies on anticancer drug resistance have shown that cisplatin and alkylating agents have a very low level of cross resistance towards heterocyclic agents such as anthracyclines, podophyllotoxins and vinca alkaloids. Based on this and on the model of Goldie and Coldman protocols using sequentially alternating non-cross-resistant combinations were given in testicular cancer, sarcomas and small cell bronchogenic carcinomas. Preliminary clinical results are presented here.

Karcinom prostaty je jednou z hlavnich přicin umrti souvisejicich s nadorovým onemocněnim u mužů a stale nevylecitelným v metastaticke formě. I přes pocatecni odpověď na androgenni blokadu nemoc postupně graduje v hormonalně refrakterni onemocněni vytvařejici kumulativni geneticke změny v nadorových buňkach. Docetaxel jako prvni cytostatikum prokazalo malý benefit na přežiti u metastatickeho hormonalně refrakterniho karcinomu (HRCP). Ve snaze zlepsit přežiti, několik nových leků cilených na proliferaci, angiogenezi, apoptozu je v soucasne době v prověřovani jak v monoterapii, tak v kombinaci s cytostatiky. Klinicke studie hodnoti inhibici růstu nadorových buněk prostaty vitaminem D v kombinaci s cytotoxickou lecbou. Inhibitory angiogeneze, stejně jako blokatory receptoru pro epidermalni růstový faktor jsou take v ramci klinických zkousek v různých kombinacich.

Seit der Einfuhrung der ersten wirksamen zytostatischen Behandlung nichtseminomatoser Hodentumoren durch Li et al. (1960) sind die Behandlungsergebnisse kontinuierlich verbessert worden (Samuels et al. 1979; Einhorn u. Donohue 1977).

Properties of activated carbon were investigated with respect to their effect on the use of carbon in a carbon-in-pulp circuit. Particular regard was paid to determining the properties to be used for specification of virgin carbon for use in a circuit. The roles of these properties in determining the efficiency of thermal regeneration were also studied. It was found that activated carbon is not a homogeneous product. Carbon activity is decreased by attrition. This is due to the differing resistance to attrition of carbon particles of differing activity. That is, the higher the activity of the carbon, the softer it is, hence the carbon lost first due to attrition, is the softer, more active portion. Thus, if high activity carbon is used in a CIP circuit, its activity is degraded by attrition in the circuit to an extent such that it has the activity of the harder component of the carbon. Therefore, when selecting carbons, the activity is measured after a period of attrition and the selection criterion is such that the attrition resistance should be equivalent to that of a plant carbon. When selecting amongst carbons which have passed the attrition test, the carbon with higher activity after attrition is selected. The aim of such specifications is reduced carbon losses due to attrition and to base carbon purchases on activity values which will have relevance to plant use. Thermal regeneration efficiency is usually represented as a percentage restoration of virgin carbon activity, with 100 per cent as the target. Regenerating to this extent causes softening of the carbon and increased attritional losses. Evaluation of regeneration by restoring activity to the maximum possible without causing structural damage that causes increased attrition losses, is recommended.

Summary A total of 165 patients from the West German Tumor Center in Essen suffering from a malignant testicular tumor received treatment with etoposide alone or in combination. Since this was adjuvant therapy and no measurable tumor parameters were available at the time of etoposide administration in 92 patients, the efficacy of etoposide treatment could be analysed retrospectively in only 73 patients. Thirty-seven of these patients received treatment with etoposide alone (dosage usually 120 mg/m 2 p.o. days 1–5 every 4 weeks) and 36 received treatment with a combination of etoposide and ifosfamide (dosage: etoposide 120 mg/m 2 i.v. days 1, 3, 5 and ifosfamide 40 mg/kg i.v. days 1, 5 every 3–4 weeks) when prior treatment with cytostatics had not been able to achieve complete remission, or the tumors had recurred. In patients treated with etoposide alone a total response rate of 24.3% was observed. In contrast, remission of the tumor was achieved in 58.3% of the patients receiving the etoposide-ifosfamide combination. Despite prior comprehensive cytostatic treatment, etoposide was still effective in some patients with refractory malignant testicular tumors. This was especially true of the etoposide-ifosfamide combination, as ifosfamide showed little cross-resistance with the previously administered cytostatics.

Die Therapie des Bronchialkarzinoms erfordert wegen der ausergewohnlichen und noch zunehmenden Verbreitung besondere Aufmerksamkeit. Zum Zeitpunkt der Diagnose sind bereits 80% der Patienten wegen lymphogener oder primar hamatogener Metastasierung oder allgemeininternistischer Faktoren inoperabel. Hohe Remissionsraten waren durch integrale Behandlung (zytostatische Chemotherapie mit Adriamycin, Cyclophosphamid und Oncovin sowie Radiotherapie) des kleinzelligen, anaplastischen, mittelgroszelligen und groszelligen Bronchialkarzinoms erzielt worden (Seeber et al., 1977). Bei limitierter Ausbreitung („limited disease“) des leinzelligen Karzinoms erreichten 20/26 Patienten eine vollstandige, klinisch definierte Remission uber eine mittlere Dauer von 9,5 Monaten. Von diesen 20 entwickelten 10 ein lokales Rezidiv und 5 disseminierten hamatogen. Ohne nachweisbare Erkrankung sind 5/20 Patienten uber 30 Monate. Bei extensiver Erkrankung („extensive disease“) kamen 50% der Patienten in eine vollstandige Remission geringerer Wertigkeit (Dauer 5 Monate). 4 entwickelten ein lokales Rezidiv und 7/12 Patienten metastatische Absiedlungen. Die mittlere Uberlebenszeit der Patienten mit kleinzelligem, inoperablen Bronchialkarzinom in den Ausbreitungsstadien „limited“ und „extensive disease“ betragt unter dem auch als ACO I bezeichneten Therapieschema 12 Monate (Seeber et al., 1979).

Biguanidy jsou leky urcene pro terapii hyperglykemie u diabetu 2. typu. V posledni době se ukazuje, že nejcastěji předepisovaný biguanid metformin vykazuje take protinadorový ucinek. Jeho možne využiti v protinadorove lecbě podporuji epidemiologicke, preklinicke a klinicke studie. Přiznive ovlivněni karcinomu prsu a tlusteho střeva by mohlo souviset s primarni schopnosti metforminu snižovat hladinu cirkulujiciho inzulinu, ale metformin ma nepochybně i přimý cytostatický efekt, který se uskutecňuje prostřednictvim inhibice mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signalni drahy a blokadou syntezy proteinů. Využiti metforminu v protinadorove lecbě nebo chemoprevenci nadorů ale ukaže teprve budoucnost.