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Watershed management increasingly requires ecohydraulic modeling and assessment within a regional context, rather than on a project-by-project basis. Such holistic modeling and assessment require evaluation capabilities across multiple temporal and spatial scales. Thus, modeling and assessment tools must be integrated in a scientifically and computationally effective infrastructure. The US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, in concert with the Hydrologic Engineering Center and its academic partners, including Brigham Young University, is establishing a comprehensive set of hydroinformatics modeling and assessment tools for ecohydraulic and water resources management applications, all linked based on a common data and information infrastructure. This paper presents the attributes of this information infrastructure and compares it with the analogous integration initiatives elsewhere.

The reduction of RhCl3·3H2O by sodium amalgam in the presence of P-i-Pr3 has been reexamined. Reaction of RhCl3·3H2O with P-i-Pr3 in THF gives i-Pr3PO and [RhHCl2(P-i-Pr3)2] or [RhDCl2(P-i-Pr3)2] if D2O is added. Further reaction of [RhHCl2(P-i-Pr3)2] with P-i-Pr3 gives [i-Pr3PH][RhHCl3(P-i-Pr3)2], which reversibly dissociates to [RhHCl2(P-i-Pr3)2] and [i-Pr3PH]Cl at high temperatures in solution. Sodium amalgam reduction of [RhHCl2(P-i-Pr3)2] in THF containing P-i-Pr3 gives [RhH(P-i-Pr3)3] if water is rigorously excluded, but [RhH2Cl(P-i-Pr3)2] if water is present.Key words: rhodium, trisiopropylphosphine, hydride, reduction.

Ammonia can be carbonylated catalytically to urea under mild conditions of temperature and pressure using [Ru 3 (CO) 12 ] as catalyst precursor.

Understanding the level of uncertainty associated with a prediction is valuable in determining its utility in decision making. One measure of information is R.R. Yager's (1982) notion of specificity. Yager views specificity as the degree to which a possibility distribution points to a single element in the universe of discourse (U). Specificity in relation to U may complicate its utility in the optimization of fuzzy models in their linguistic space. An increase in granularity is useful to measure the amount of information contained in a possibility distribution in relation to fuzzy sets as opposed to U. This abstracted view of specificity motivates the need for a more generalized version of specificity, denoted linguistic specificity (Sp/sub L/), where alternatives are measured in relation to the linguistic terms. Such a generalization is useful in support of automating decisions in a fuzzy domain. Results of the linguistic specificity measure are illustrated using an automobile fuel consumption example.

Over the past decade the role and focus of the Army has changed drastically. The days of the Cold War are gone and with the recent cutbacks in the military budget, efforts must be refocused on building the Army of the future. Today's leaders believe the future of the Army is in information and digital technologies. Many challenges face the Army as they venture into the information technology world. Full exploitation of information and digital technologies will present major challenges for developers of these systems. Fortunately, technologies have arisen in the computer science field that will contribute to solutions to many of the problems these developers will face. One specific technology, fuzzy logic, which has been applied only to a very limited degree in military systems, holds great promise. The information used in the planning and conduct of military operations has very high levels of uncertainty and ambiguity. Fuzzy logic technologies provide an effective means to address, and even exploit, this uncertainty and ambiguity. This paper shows the applicability of fuzzy logic technologies to a specific military application by automating a specific intelligence analysis task. The task involves evaluating the suitability of various locations for the conduct of a reconnaissance mission. The positive results produced through this effort underscore the overall desirability of applying fuzzy logic technology to problems in the military domain.

Understanding the level of uncertainty associated with a prediction is valuable in determining its utility in decision making. One measure of information is Yager's notion of specificity. Yager views specificity as the degree to which a possibility distribution points to a single element in the universe of discourse (U). Specificity in relation to U may complicate its utility in the optimization of fuzzy models in their linguistic space. An increase in granularity is useful to measure the amount of information contained in a possibility distribution in relation to fuzzy sets as opposed to U. This abstracted view of specificity motivates the need for a more generalized version of specificity, denoted linguistic specificity (Sp/sub 1/), where alternatives are measured in relation to the linguistic terms. Such a generalization is useful in support of automating decisions in a fuzzy domain. Results of the linguistic specificity measure are illustrated using an automobile fuel consumption example.

Purpose: As oral and maxillofacial surgeons are performing more aesthetic facial skin procedures, they should also be familiar with the pathogenesis and treatment of acne vulgaris, an extremely common skin disease.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of two dosage regimens of dexamethasone on the serum cortisol levels of a group of patients undergoing major maxillofacial surgical procedures. Analysis of the data demonstrated that the use of dexamethasone, 10 to 20 mg intravenously given every 3 hours intraoperatively and every 4 hours postoperatively over 24 hours, followed by a repository dose of 80 mg of intramuscular methylprednisolone, causes short-term serum cortisol suppression. The maximum depression occurred on postoperative day 3; normal levels were restored by postoperative day 7. Therefore, pulsed therapy can be considered relatively safe when known contraindications have been considered.

The risk of fire in the airway associated with laser surgery is well known, but there are reports of endotracheal tube fires ignited by electrocautery, particularly during pharyngeal surgery or tracheostomy or both. This uncommon complication has potentially devastating consequences. Surgeons undertaking these procedures should be aware of this complication and be familiar with measures to avoid them. We present a case report of an electrocautery-ignited endotracheal tube fire during an elective tracheostomy, which resulted in the patient's death.