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Without using any interfacial passivation layers, high- κ dielectric Y 2 O 3 , HfO 2 , and Ga 2 O 3 (Gd 2 O 3 ) [GGO], by electron beam evaporation in ultra-high-vacuum (UHV), have been directly deposited on Ge substrate. Comprehensive investigations have been carried out to study the oxide/Ge interfaces chemically, structurally, and electronically: hetero-structures of all the studied oxides on Ge are highly thermally stable with annealing to 500 °C, and their interfaces remain atomically sharp. The electrical analyses have been conducted on metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) devices, i.e. MOS capacitors (MOSCAPs) and MOS field-effect-transistors (MOSFETs). Dielectrics constants of the Y 2 O 3 , HfO 2 , and GGO have been extracted to be ∼17, 20, and 13–15, respectively, indicating no interfacial layer formation with 500 °C annealing. A low interfacial density of states ( D it s), as low as 3 × 10 11 cm −2 eV −1 , has been achieved for GGO/Ge near mid-gap along with a high Fermi-level movement efficiency as high as 80%. The GGO/Ge pMOSFETs with TiN as the metal gate have yielded very high-performances, in terms of 496 μA/μm, 178 μS/μm, and 389 cm 2 /V s in saturation drain current density, maximum transconductance, and effective hole mobility, respectively. The gate width and gate length of the MOSFET are 10 μm and 1 μm.

The debris and the worn surface after dry sliding wear were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). A pin-on-disk method, in which the pin was the 15%Al2O3(p)-6061Al composites and the disk was a 52100 steel, was used. The microstructural features for severe wear appeared to be much coarser than those for mild wear. According to the EDS and XRD results, the chemical compositions of the debris for mild wear were different from those for severe wear. The debris for mild wear mainly consisted of ferric oxide (Fe2O3), while the debris for severe wear was composed of Al2O3, Al and α-Fe. Cross-sectional SEM images showed that Al2O3 particles near the composite surface did not suffer obvious deformation. Thus, it seemed to be the Al2O3 particles which make the composite more wear resistant under the mild wear conditions. However, in the severe wear conditions, many Al2O3 particles near the surface were broken off, which prevented them from resisting wear.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the manufacturing of polyester fibers. The fiber-forming polyester may be obtained from dicarboxylic acids with diols, hydroxyl acids or lactones. Commercially, aromatic polyester is applied using Ethylene Glycol (EG) and Dimethyl Terephthalate (DMT) or Ethylene Glycol and Terephthalic acid (TPA) to produce Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). In industrial practice, the polymerization processes of aromatic polyethylene terephthalate are produced via a two-step process. The first step is esterification and preliminary condensation, while the second is polycondensation or melt polymerization. Then, the spinning process of fiber-forming polyester converted to fiber passes into three stages. In the first stage, solid fiber-forming polyester is produced from polymerization, which is called polymer chips. Polyester chips are converted to dope by heat or by dissolving in some solvent. In the second stage, dope fluid is extruded through a spinneret and then converted to viscoelastic filament. The viscoelastic filament is solidified into solid filament fiber, which may be formed by extending the viscoelastic filament. Solidification may be obtained by cooling, by extruding the viscoelastic filament submerged in a coagulation bath for removal of the solvent, or by extrusion into the heating chamber for evaporation of the solvent.

Presents a mathematical model to simulate the human cardiovascular responses to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) up to -40 mmHg. The basal (initial) blood volume status, which includes the total blood volume and the initial blood volume distribution is the central determinant of the cardiovascular responses to LBNP and has not been included in previous models. Thus, the cardiovascular response to LBNP was regarded as an initial value problem in which the blood volume status and physiological parameters were regarded as initial conditions. When LBNP is applied to the model, the model tracks the blood volume status and physiological parameters from the initial steady state to the final steady state. Results from the model compared favorably with data from the LBNP literature.

Publisher Summary This chapter addresses the implementation of vortex filament methods with adaptive data structures on parallel machines with distributed memory to simulate three-dimensionally evolving jet. The implementation is conducted to experiment with idea with parallelism, data distribution of filament-segments, the dynamical growth of segments in the runtime and load-balancing schemes. This implementation is accomplished through a packet-oriented data structure to support dynamically growing data structure, the increase of filament's segments due to vortex stretching, with non-rectangular index-sets. The number of elements of a packet grows with the data and, the packet is automatically split if the number of elements in the packet is over a preset bound. Packets are moved around different processors to keep the balances of computational loads among processors. Computational results indicate that the load-balancing scheme performs much better than the static data partition scheme. The chapter concludes that the run-time load-balancing scheme is essential in the computations where the computational load is changing dynamically.

Publisher Summary Numerical predictions on parallel machines with distributed memory are applied to a gas-turbine-combustor model, where dilution jets are injected radially inwards into a swirling flow. The predicted axial velocity along the centerline region is found to be highly sensitive to the representation of the diffusive transport, and hence convection schemes adopted. On parallel algorithm developments within the finite-volume numerical framework, experiments are focusing on the distributions of dataset and the message-passing models. In addition, parallel programs were developed on an experimental parallel C++ programming environment. The distributed array and emulated shared memory operator relieve the programming burden in data partition and communication. The problem size has a significant effect on the speed up characteristic, especially at situations in which higher numbers of processors are adopted. Additionally, adoption of alternating-direction implicit time-division multiple access (ADI TDMA) matrix solver requires redistribution of datasets during different computational phases and this involves excessive movements of dataset.

The linearized ideal MHD equations are cast into a set of global differential equations from which the field line resonance equations of the shear Alfven waves and slow magnetosonic waves are naturally obtained for finite pressure plasmas in general magnetic field geometries with flux surfaces. The coupling between the shear Alfven waves and the magnetosonic waves is through the geodesic magnetic field curvature. For axisymmetric magnetospheric equilibria, there is no coupling between the shear Alfven waves and slow magnetosonic waves because the geodesic magnetic field curvature vanishes. The asymptotic singular solutions of the MHD equations near the field line resonant surface are derived. Numerical solutions of the field line resonance equations are performed for the dipole magnetic field, and it is found that the shear Alfven wave field line resonant frequency is proportional to L{sup {minus}4}{rho}{sup {minus}1/2}. The slow magnetosonic wave resonant frequency is much smaller than the Shear Alfven wave resonant frequency and is roughly proportional to P/{rho}L{sup 2}, where L is the equatorial L-shell distance, P is the plasma pressure, and {rho} is the plasma mass density. The results help to understand the continuous spectra observed by AMPTE/CCE.

Electrochemical behavior of a YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO for short) superconductor was studied by potentiodynamic scanning in different aqueous solutions with 0.1 M concentration. The electrochemical stability of the YBC0 compound was found to be superior in sulfurous acid, NaC1, or KC1 solutions. The dissolution potential in the above solutions ranges from 36 – 92 mV, polarization wasn't possible. However, E raised up to 360 – 960 mV in acids corr solutions with oxidizing potential including suluric, phosphoric and nitric acids indicating a passive behavior. Polarization was observed in sulfuric, sulfurous, and phosphoric acids depicting their potential to be used as etching solutions in lithography of this oxide superconductor. Its electrochemical behavior in HC1 solution is peculiar and informative. It shows three transitions in the polarization curve, corresponding to 272, 756, and 1013 mV, respectively. This is probably related to the transition in the valence states of copper ions during dissolution which is suppressed in the oxidizing acids. In comparison with metallic copper, the YBCO is more stable in the above solutions. The Galvanic current decreases at the order of A1 > Cu > Ag, when the YBC0 is coupled with each of them in 1 M phosphoric acid solution.

The advanced energy research is vital on national strategic level of Taiwan and pursued by College of Engineering of National Tsing Hua University, top tier higher education and research institution in the country. The current paper introduces the major research in this regard and crowned by the grant of National Energy Project recently approved. The solar and wind energy are adopted for the innovative “Air Power City” utilizing compressed air energy of zero-emission to substitute the common petrochemical energy from gasoline. Wind turbines and sterling engines are examined to convert the wind power and solar power to mechanical energy. For solar energy, film deposit by sputtering with a quaternary CIGS compound target is studied to meet the requirement for mass production, large deposition area and high throughput for commercial purposes. A vertical type of small wind turbine blades integrates the specialties to develop key components of composite material wind turbine as well as the high performance converter. The effective system integration is explored to reduce the overall cost and enhance performance. The next-generation electrochemical supercapacitors more advanced than the EDLCs in both energy and power densities are being developed utilizing double-layer and faradaic capacitances. Enhancement of energy efficiency by recycling energy waste is often practiced for the high-temperature industrial waste heat, while the low-temperature waste heat is hardly reused but dumped into the environment. Thermoelectric generator (TEG) converts heat into electricity when a temperature difference exists across the TEG module, and is considered perfectly suitable for low-temperature waste heat harvesting. A prototype generating 300 watts at 12 volts with a temperature difference of 150 °C will be demonstrated. Finally, the CO 2 reduction is endeavored including the capture by chemical absorption, physical adsorption, chemical looping process, and conversion of CO 2 into energy products.

The infusion of the hypertonic 7.5% NaCl solution stimulates the afferent vagal innervation of the lungs. In order to verify if this reflex elicits any respiratory mechanical alterations, normovolemic (n = 18) and hypovolemic (n = 18) (20 ml of shed blood/kg) guinea pigs were studied. The animals were assigned to groups of nine receiving either isotonic 0.9% NaCl or hypertonic 7.5% NaCl solutions (4 ml/kg body weight). Passive respiratory system elastance (Ers) and the maximal value of the resistance (Rrsmax) were measured. The latter was further partitioned into its minimal value (Rrsu) using the constant flow inflation method. Ers, Rrsmax, Rrsmin, and Rrsu were measured before and at 0, 2, 5, 10, and 15 minutes following the infusion. The results showed that both isotonic and hypertonic solutions, at the given volume rate, caused no significant alterations of respiratory mechanics in normovolemic and hypovolemic animals.