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ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of glyphosate herbicide as growth regulator on two turfgrasses bahiagrass and broadleaf carpetgrass. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, using a completely randomized design, with 10 glyphosate rates (0, 5.625, 11.25, 22.5, 45, 90, 180, 360, 720, and 1.440 g a.e. ha-1) and four replicates. Bahiagrass and broadleaf carpetgrass plants were transplanted to 2 liter pots filled with a clayey soil. Phytotoxicity and green cover index (GCI) were evaluated through digital analysis; plant height at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after application (DAA); and dry biomass of cuttings at 28 DAA. The glyphosate rates of 5.625 to 22.5 g a.e. ha-1 (for bahiagrass) and up to 90 g a.e. ha-1 (for broadleaf carpetgrass) reduced the plant growth, without affecting the plant visual quality phytotoxicity, GCI, and dry biomass in the evaluated periods. Contrastingly, rates equal to and above 45 g a.e. ha-1 (for bahiagrass) and equal to and above 180 g a.e. ha-1 (for broadleaf carpetgrass) caused phytotoxic effects in all evaluated periods and affected negatively plant height, GCI, and dry biomass, denoting the sensitivity of these grass species to these glyphosate rates. The digital image analysis allowed the verification and quantification of the effects of the herbicides on turfgrasses.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the 2,4-D herbicide on the growth and development of Digitaria insularis and Digitaria horizontalis plants under different climatic conditions. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design, with 11 treatments (rates of the herbicide) and four replications. Rate-response curves were determined for the 2,4-D rates of 0, 50.37, 100.75, 201.5, 403, 806, 1,612, 3,224, 6,448, 12,896, and 25,792 g a.i. ha-1. The plants presented growth stimulus with low rates of 2,4-D in the autumn-winter period, but this stimulus was not found in the spring-summer period. The plants subjected to application of high rates of 2,4-D had significantly lower growth and development than the control, regardless of the climatic conditions. Therefore, auxin herbicides must be used with caution, mainly in periods of low temperatures, because any problems related to the application technology - which may cause the contact of plants with low rates of this herbicide - will promote the growth of plants of these species, hindering the control and favoring the dispersion of these plants.

ABSTRACT: Sourgrass (Digitaria insularis) is a perennial plant with high infestation potential, has fast and aggressive development, and reproduces by seeds and rhizomes. D. insularis infestations have increased in agricultural areas without cover crops established between the main crop seasons. The control of this species has become one of the most expensive in these areas in Brazil. The present work evaluated the growth and development of D. insularis plants from different vegetative parts of clumps. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design, with four replications. A 5 × 4 factorial arrangement was used, with factor A corresponding to the different propagation methods, and factor B corresponding to the biotypes used (experiment 1) and the different planting depths evaluated (experiment 2). The parameters evaluated in all experiments were: rate of tiller emergence, number of tillers, flowering time, number of inflorescences, and shoot dry weight. Fragments of different parts of the sourgrass clumps, planted at up to 7 cm depth, can generate a new plant. The management of perennial plants of sourgrass by using plows, harrows, or cultivators favors the dispersal of this species.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to monitor the resistance of sourgrass (Digitaria insularis) to glyphosate in urban areas of the State of São Paulo to understand the spread of resistant biotypes. Three experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized design, with four replications. In the first experiment, seven sourgrass biotypes were used, and the control of plants was evaluated at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after application (DAA) of glyphosate. In the second experiment, the shikimic acid accumulation was quantified at 72 hours after the glyphosate application, and the same evaluations of weed control were performed. In the third experiment, rate-response curves were developed, with glyphosate at rates of 0, 90, 180, 360, 720, 1,440, 2,880, and 5,760 g a.e. ha-1 applied on three progenies obtained from self-fertilized seeds; the percentage of control and shoot dry weight of the plants were evaluated at 28 DAA to determine their resistance factor. The results confirmed the occurrence of biotypes of sourgrass resistant to glyphosate in urban areas of Ipaussu and Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo and transmission of this resistance to the progenies obtained from self-fertilized seeds. These results indicate the possibility of resistant sourgrass seeds to be transported and disseminated to other Brazilian regions, thus, contributing to increase cases of resistance of sourgrass to this herbicide. However, it should be confirmed by more detailed studies involving DNA and family trees to determine the genetic proximity between resistant biotypes from different regions, since independent selection may also occur.

ABSTRACT: Maintenance of straw on the soil surface in sugarcane production areas can influence weed occurrence and herbicide dynamics. After application, considerable losses of clomazone can occur as a result of its physicochemical characteristics. For this reason, novel formulations have been developed. In addition to the conventional formulation, microencapsulated formulations are currently available. Thus, the aim of this study was to observe and compare the effect of clomazone formulations under different application conditions. For this purpose, the experiment was carried with 12 treatments in a completely randomized design, with four replications, using clomazone formulations (1,200 g a.i. ha-1), on soils with different moisture levels, in the presence and absence of sugarcane straw, followed or not by rainfall simulation. The treatments were compared by observation of number of emerged plants and phytotoxicity at 7 and 14 DAA, as well shoot dry matter at 14 DAA for Ipomoea nil, Urochloa decumbens and Panicum maximum. In general, the microencapsulated formulation presented a better performance under the less suitable application conditions when compared to the conventional one. However, for the other conditions, both formulations had a similar performance.

ABSTRACT: With the possibility of using ammonium glufosinate in corn, studies on its association with other herbicides are essential. The aim of this study was to assess weed control and herbicide selectivity in association with ammonium glufosinate in corn containing the pat and cp4-epsps genes. The experiment was carried out under field conditions in two sites in a randomized block design with four replications. Treatments consisted of ammonium glufosinate, glyphosate, ammonium glufosinate + glyphosate, ammonium glufosinate + nicosulfuron, ammonium glufosinate + atrazine, ammonium glufosinate + tembotrione, ammonium glufosinate + mesotrione, ammonium glufosinate + carfentrazone ethyl, ammonium glufosinate + bentazon, ammonium glufosinate + 2,4-D, control without weeding, and hand-weeded control. Visual assessments were performed regarding damage, electron transport rate in photosystem II (ETR), ammonia quantification, height, and grain yield of corn plants, as well as weed control at both sites. The application of ammonium glufosinate and its associations did not provide a reduction in productivity when compared to the hand-weeded control. Some treatments presented higher levels of visual damage and ammonia accumulation, but without a yield reduction. Therefore, herbicide mixture with ammonium glufosinate may be an alternative to weed control without damaging corn crop, which presents in its genetic constitution the cp4-epsps and pat genes.

ABSTRACT For the successful execution of chemical weed control in sugarcane crop, the selectivity of herbicides is a factor of great importance to maximize crop yield. Each cultivar may respond differently to the same herbicide in the same dose, and selectivity is not only determined by the visual presence or absence of phytotoxicity. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of herbicides amicarbazone, tebuthiuron, and diuron + hexazinona on the electron transport rate in photosystem II (ETR), along with the development and yield of sugarcane cultivars RB867515, CTC 4, CTC 9, and CTC 17 in greenhouse, and field conditions. Under greenhouse conditions ETR was assessed by a portable fluorometer, aa well as dry weight and phytotoxicity of the plants. In field evaluations, ETR, number of stems, yield and technological characteristics were assessed. In the greenhouse, the tebuthiuron herbicide caused the lowest reduction levels of ETR, phytotoxicity and dry weight of different sugarcane cultivars, followed by amicarbazone, and diuron + hexazinona. The effects of herbicides in ETR and phytotoxicity were more intense in greenhouse conditions than in field conditions for all cultivars. Herbicides tebuthiuron, amicarbazone and diuron + hexazinoa were selective for all evaluated cultivars, and reductions in the ETR after herbicide application did not affect the yield and technological characteristics of sugarcane cultivars.

ABSTRACT One of the major constraints to sustainable tillage is the rapid decomposition of the dry matter. The mechanism known to facilitate this process is the interference in the metabolic pathways of lignin polymers from spraying herbicide underdoses. This study has aimed to verify the effect of underdoses of haloxyfop-methyl in the synthesis of lignin and correlate the interference of this phenolic compound in the decomposition of maize stover. Two preliminary experiments were carried out in a greenhouse to set up the best underdoses to be applied in the yield area experiment. The treatments in the first experiment consisted of: 0; 2.5; 5 and 10 g a.i. ha-1 of haloxyfop-methyl herbicide. And in the second experiment: 0; 0.625; 1.25 and 2.5 g a.i. ha-1 of haloxyfop-methyl herbicide. In all treatments were added 0.5% (v:v) of the surfactant ethoxylated nonyl phenol + dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (Aterbane). For the yield area experiment, the underdoses used were 0, 0.625, 1.25 and 2.5 g a.i. ha-1 of haloxyfop-methyl plus 0.5% (v:v) of the surfactant Aterbane. There was an increase in lignin content in the greenhouse experiments with the underdose 0.625 g a.i. ha-1. In this underdose, change in maize plants growth was not observed. In the field, the concentration of 0.625 g a.i. ha-1 of haloxyfop-methyl increased in 13% the lignin content without interfering in height and biomass of the plants, contributing to delay the decomposition rate in 4% in the residual stover.

ABSTRACT: This work is the first one after the consolidation of the introduction of the RR technology in maize and soybean crops, following weed surveys previously carried out in the region of the Middle Paranapanema, São Paulo state. The objective was to carry out a phytosociological survey of weeds in off-season maize crops no-tillage, in the same properties where the studies had been previously carried out, in the described region, taking into account the management of the weed community adopted by farmers, and the percentage of plant coveron the soil. The surveys were carried out in 19 farms conducted under no-tillage systems, with off-season maize cultivated in soybean succession, both RR crops, in nine municipalities of the São Paulo region of the Middle Paranapanema, in 2016. The main weeds were Bidens pilosa, Cenchrus Echinatus, Commelina benghalensis, Digitaria horizontalis, Gnaphalium spicatum, Leonotis nepetifolia, Raphanus sativus and Sonchus oleraceus. The predominant management of weeds was the chemical method, and in the vast majority of properties, control was based on the use of glyphosate and atrazine. The other used herbicides are nicosulfuron, chlorimuron-ethyl, clethodim, haloxyfop, tembotrione and 2,4-D, almost always associated with the EPSPs inhibitor. The soil cover with straw, found at the time of the evaluation, had no correlation with the presence or absence of the weeds.

ABSTRACT: The use of herbicides is widespread in weed management, and adjuvants are added to the spray solution to improve the effectiveness of applications. The goal was to evaluate the influence of adjuvants added to the herbicides saflufenacil and glyphosate, isolated or in combination, and the effects on the surface tension, deposition and effectiveness in post-emergence applications to control Conyza sumatrensis. Experiments were conducted completely randomized experimental design to evaluate surface tension (TS), deposition and herbicide effectiveness. The treatments were glyphosate, glyphosate + saflufenacil and saflufenacil with or without the adjuvants Natur’al óleo®, Assist®, Aterbane®, Sillwet L-77 and Dash HC® (surface tension). For the experiments about mixture deposition and herbicide effectiveness, the factorial scheme 3 x 5 was adopted in the experiment performed in April, where factor A corresponded to the combination of the herbicieds glyphosate, saflufenacil and glyphosate + saflufenacil, and factor B was the addition of the adjuvants Natur’al óleo®, Assist®, Aterbane®, Sillwet L-77. For experiments conducted in November, the adjuvant Dash HC® was added, and the 3x6 factorial design was adopted. The adjuvants reduced the ST of the herbicide mixture, and Silwet L-77® was the most effective one. However, the ST reduction did not influence the mixture deposition on C. sumatrensis plants. The use of adjuvants did not result in an effective control for the applications with sole glyphosate.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to assess the response of Urochloa decumbens plants to different doses of glufosinate ammonium, and the sensitivity of plant population to the herbicide. Two studies were conducted, both in greenhouse and repeated at different times. In the dose-response analysis, two experiments were conducted using seven doses of the glufosinate ammonium (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 g a.i. ha-1) with four replications each. In the analysis of sensitivity levels of U. decumbens to herbicide, 44 plants were sprayed with a dose of 200 g a.i. ha-1 of the herbicide. Tissue ammonium content was determined, and injury percentage was visually assessed. Experiment data were converted to mg of ammonium per kg-1 of fresh mass and submitted to analysis of variance, and treatment means were compared by t test (p?0.10). Control of Urochloa decumbens plants by glufosinate might be associated with plant tissue ammonia content, which increased as a function of herbicide application, but not linearly as a function of dose rate. Variability existed in the ammonium content among the individuals of the population of U. decumbens.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the availability of herbicides clomazone and tebuthiuron in the solution in different kinds of soils saturated with water or vinasse. Samples of 30 soils with different characteristics were arranged on trays to the herbicides spraying. Then they were homogenized, placed in plastic cartridges and saturated with deionized water or vinasse, and remaining at rest during 18 hours. Two extractions were made, the first one quantified the presence of the herbicides in the soil solution and in the second one the total extraction of herbicide remaining in the soil was taken to determine the recovery percentage of each herbicide tested. For quantification, a LC-MS/MS system was used, a compound of a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) coupled to a triple quadruple mass spectrometer. Tebuthiuron was more available in the soil with the vinasse addition when compared to water. Vinasse applications resulted in no significant difference in availability of clomazone between treatments. Tebuthiuron showed the highest availability frequencies, and on average of all samples 32.49% were extracted from total herbicide applied, while for clomazone this value was 16.50%.

This study has aimed to develop a method for simultaneous extraction and determination by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), shikimic acid, quinic acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. For the joint analysis of these compounds the best conditions of ionization in mass spectrometry and for chromatographic separation of the compounds were selected. Calibration curves and linearity ranges were also determined for each compound. Different extraction systems of the compounds were tested from plant tissues collected from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urophylla platiphylla) plants two days after the glyphosate application at the dose of 720 g a.e. ha-1. The plant material was dried in a forced air circulation drying oven and in a lyophilizer, and subsequently the extractions with acidified water (pH 2.5), acetonitrile-water (50:50) [v/v] and methanol-water (50:50) [v/v] were tested. To verify the recovery of the compounds in the plant matrix with acidified water as an extracting solution, the samples were fortified with a solution containing the mixture of the different analytical standards present so that this one presented the same levels of 50 and 100 μg L-1 of each compound. All experiments were conducted with three replicates. The analytical method developed was efficient for compounds quantifications. The extraction from the samples dried in an oven and using acidified water allowed better extraction levels for all compounds. The recovery levels of the compounds in the fortified samples with known amounts of each compound for both plants samples were rather satisfactory.

ABSTRACT In Brazil, ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) has been identified as resistant to glyphosate, becoming a major problem, especially in crops cultivated in the winter season. This herbicide can indirectly affect photosynthesis by inhibiting biosynthesis of many compounds. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of glyphosate on the physiological profile of susceptible and resistant ryegrass populations to the herbicide. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (720 and 1,080 g e.a. ha-1) and four replications plus control with no treatment. Two ryegrass populations were sown, one susceptible and another one resistant to glyphosate. After the treatments, evaluations were carried out at 1, 3, 7 and 28 days after application (DAA). Variables analyzed were: CO2 net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, CO2 internal concentration, transpiration, water use efficiency and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency. The glyphosate herbicide caused irreversible damage in a susceptible population which at 28 DAA in all variables analyzed this population was already dead and it was impossible to analyze it, but it was shown that the effects of this herbicide were intensified from the third day after application. In the case of the resistant population, at 3 DAA in all variables, it suffered significant effects comparing to the control, showing that even with a high level of resistance the herbicide can affect its metabolism.

ABSTRACT The sensitivity of weed species to herbicides is variable, and the behavior can be repeated or not in the next generation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of morningglory plants to different doses of glufosinate ammonium and the sensitivity of plant populations and their progenies to the herbicide. Three studies were conducted, all in a greenhouse and repeated in two periods. In the first study, two experiments were conducted to examine the dose-response curve, and the treatments were seven different doses of the herbicide glufosinate ammonium (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 g a.i. ha-1), with four replications each. In the second study, which examined the range in sensitivity of morningglory to glufosinate ammonium, 44 plants were sprayed with a dose of 200 g a.i. ha-1 of the herbicide. Finally, in the third study, the range in sensitivity of morningglory progenies to glufosinate ammonium was investigated; in this experiment, the progenies of seven of the previous plants were sprayed with 200 g a.i. ha-1 of herbicide. The ammonium contents in the tissues were measured, and percent injury were visually assessed. Ammonium content in morningglory leaves was increased more than seven times by glufosinate application and the maximum ammonium content was observed for the highest herbicide dose. Variability existed in the ammonium content among the individuals of the morningglory population; however, the behavior was not replicated in the same way in progenies. Plants survival after herbicide application allows the production of progenies with wide variability in their sensitivity to the product, regardless of the behavior verified in progenitor plants.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência fotossintética, através da taxa de transporte de elétrons, de seis espécies de plantas daninhas e três cultivares de cana-de-açúcar após aplicação do herbicida diuron em pós-emergência inicial. Os cultivares utilizados (PO8862, SP80-3280 e RB83-5486) foram cortados em gemas e plantados em vasos com capacidade de 12 litros. A semeadura das seis espécies de plantas daninhas - Brachiaria decumbens, Digitaria horizontalis, Panicum maximum, Ipomoea grandifolia, Ipomoea hederifolia e Merremia cissoides - foi realizada para obter 25 plantas por vaso. A aplicação do herbicida diuron em pós-emergência inicial das plantas daninhas e dos cultivares de cana-de-açúcar foi realizada na dose de 3,0 kg ha-1, com adição de 0,2% de surfatante. As avaliações da taxa de transporte de elétrons no fotossistema (ETR) das plantas após a aplicação foram realizadas com auxílio de um fluorômetro portátil. Para as espécies de plantas daninhas, a ETR foi avaliada após intervalos de 2, 4, 24, 48, 72, 96 e 144 horas após a aplicação. Quanto aos cultivares de cana-de-açúcar, os intervalos avaliados foram de 2, 24, 48, 72, 120, 168 e 240 horas após a aplicação. De maneira geral, as reduções dos valores da ETR indicaram o nível de sensibilidade dos diferentes cultivares de cana-de-açúcar e das diferentes plantas daninhas ao diuron, e a intoxicação foi detectada antes ou mesmo sem a presença dos sintomas. A classificação da sensibilidade dos cultivares de cana-de-açúcar foi em ordem decrescente: PO-8862, SP80-3280 e RB83-5486; para as plantas daninhas, as espécies mais sensíveis foram M. cissoides, I. grandifolia e I. hederifolia, seguidas das gramíneas D. horizontalis, P. maximum e B. decumbens.The aim of this study was to assess the photosynthetic efficiency through electron transport rate (ETR) of six weed species and three sugarcane cultivars after application of the herbicide diuron in post-emergence. Plant cultivars PO8862, SP80-3280, and RB83-5486 were used, cut in buds and planted in pots with a capacity of 12 liters. Six weed species (Brachiaria decumbens, Digitaria horizontalis, Panicum maximum, Ipomoea grandifolia, Ipomoea hederifolia, and Merremia cissoides) were sown so as to obtain 25 plants per pot. Diuron was applied on the weeds and sugarcane in post-emergence at 3.0 kg ha-1 with the addition of 0.2% surfactant. Electron transport rate was evaluated in the photosystem of the plants after herbicide application was carried out with the aid of a portable fluorometer. ETR of the weed species was measured after intervals of 2, 4, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 144 hours after application. For the sugarcane cultivars, the intervals were: 2, 24, 48, 72, 120, 168, and 240hours after application. Reduced ETR values indicated the sensitivity of different varieties of sugarcane and weeds to diuron, with intoxication being detected before or without the presence of symptoms. Sensitivity of the sugarcane cultivars was classified in a decreasing order (PO8862, SP80-3280 and RB83-5486) and the most susceptible weed species were M. cissoides, I. grandifolia, and I. hederifolia, followed by grasses D. horizontalis, P. maximum, and B. decumbens.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a fluorescência através da taxa de transporte de elétrons, consumo de água e intoxicação de plantas de Ipomoea triloba após aplicação de quatro herbicidas de diferentes mecanismos de ação. Os herbicidas aplicados foram: glyphosate, haloxyfop-methyl, diuron e amicarbazone. A aplicação foi feita com auxílio de um pulverizador estacionário instalado em laboratório; após a aplicação dos tratamentos, as plantas foram mantidas em casa de vegetação. Foi avaliada a taxa de transporte de elétrons (ETR), o consumo de água e a intoxicação das plantas em vários períodos após o início do experimento. Os dados de ETR e fitointoxicação foram expressos em porcentagem da testemunha e submetidos à análise de variância e à comparação das médias. Quanto ao consumo de água, os dados foram acumulados e ajustados por modelos de regressão. Assim, pode-se dizer que o fluorômetro é uma ferramenta adequada para verificar a intoxicação antecipada em plantas de I. triloba tratadas com os herbicidas amicarbazone e diuron, visto que a inibição da ETR foi verificada antes de qualquer intoxicação visual sofrida por essas plantas; o consumo de água está relacionado diretamente com o transporte de elétrons, com exceção das plantas submetidas ao haloxyfop-methyl, que não sofreram interferência no transporte de elétrons, mas reduziram o consumo de água.This work was carried out to evaluate fluorescence through electron transport rate (ETR), water consumption and intoxication of Ipomoea triloba after application of four herbicides with different mechanisms of action. The herbicides glyphosate, haloxyfop-methyl, diuron, and amicarbazone were applied using a stationary sprayer installed in the laboratory. After application, the plants were kept under greenhouse conditions. Electron transport rate, water consumption and plant intoxication were evaluated at various periods after the start of the experiment. ETR and intoxication data were expressed as percentage of control and subjected to analysis of variance and comparison of means. The water consumption data were accumulated and adjusted to regression models. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the fluorometer is an appropriate tool to verify anticipated toxicity in plants of I. triloba treated with the herbicides amicarbazone and diuron, whereas ETR inhibition was observed before any visual intoxication experienced by the plants. Also, water consumption was found to be directly related to ETR, except for the plants subjected to haloxyfop-methyl which did not suffer electron transport interference, but reduced water consumption.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a seletividade e a absorção do sulfentrazone em clones de eucalipto. O primeiro experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, no esquema fatorial 2 x 4, sendo duas doses do sulfentrazone (400 e 600 g ha-1) e quatro clones de eucalipto, híbridos de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla (FB1, FB2, FB3 e FB4). Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de intoxicação das plantas de eucalipto e, no final do estudo, determinou-se a massa seca da parte aérea dos clones. No segundo experimento, foram utilizados os mesmos clones, sendo estes acondicionados em tubos falcon com 50 mL da solução contendo o sulfentrazone na concentração de 129 mM. As plantas de eucalipto permaneceram por 24 horas com as raízes imersas na solução e, em seguida, foi realizada a extração da seiva do xilema das plantas por meio de uma câmara de pressão. A concentração de sulfentrazone na seiva das plantas foi determinada através de cromatografia líquida e espectrometria de massas. O clone FB3 apresentou menor acúmulo de massa seca em relação aos demais, o que pode estar diretamente associado aos altos níveis de intoxicação observados. O clone FB2, apesar de mostrar elevada intoxicação, não apresentou níveis tão elevados de redução de massa seca em relação à testemunha. No tocante às concentrações de sulfentrazone nas plantas, elas foram proporcionais ao acúmulo de massa seca, o que indica que as variações na seletividade dos clones de eucalipto podem estar relacionadas à absorção diferenciada do herbicida.The objective of this work was to evaluate the selectivity and absorption of sulfentrazone in clones of eucalyptus. The first experiment was set up in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design in a factorial 2 x 4, with two rates of sulfentrazone (400 and 600 g ha-1) and four clones of eucalyptus, hybrids of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla (FB1, FB2, FB3, FB4), with four replications. Visual evaluations of intoxication of the eucalyptus plants were carried out and the dry mass of the plants was determined at the end of the study. In the second experiment, the same clones of eucalyptus were placed in falcon tubes with 50 mL of sulfentrazone at a concentration of 129 Mm, remaining for 24 hours until the extraction of xylem sap plant through a pressure pump. The concentration of sulfentrazone in the sap of the plants was determined by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Clone FB3 showed greater dry mass reduction in relation to the other clones, and this reduction can be directly associated with the high levels of phytotoxicity observed. Clone FB2 presented high levels of intoxication, but did not show high dry mass reduction. The concentrations of sulfentrazone absorbed by the plants were proportional to the reductions in dry mass, indicating that variations in the selective eucalyptus clones may be related to the differentiated absorption of the herbicide.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os teores de lignina e celulose em plantas de cana-de-açúcar após a aplicação de dois maturadores para a colheita. O experimento foi conduzido em uma área de cana-soca, cultivar SP 803280, no município de Igaraçu do Tietê/SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se da aplicação de dois maturadores: sulfometuron-methyl (Curavial) e glyphosate (Roundup original). As doses utilizadas foram: glyphosate a 72 g e.a. ha-1; glyphosate a 144 g e.a. ha-1 ; glyphosate a 72 g e.a. ha-1 + sulfometuron methyl a 10 g p.c. ha-1; glyphosate a 108 g e.a. ha-1 + sulfometuron-methyl a 12 g p.c. ha-1; sulfometuron-methyl a 20 g p.c. ha-1; e a testemunha sem aplicação de maturadores. As análises de lignina e celulose foram realizadas pelo método lignina em detergente ácido modificado. O glyphosate e o sulfometuron-methyl alteraram os níveis de lignina no momento da colheita, e esse efeito foi observado também durante o crescimento da cana-de-açúcar (meses após a aplicação desses produtos). O glyphosate a 72 g e.a. ha-1 promoveu reduções nos teores de lignina, na colheita e durante o crescimento da cana-de-açúcar, quando comparados com os da testemunha, enquanto o sulfometuron-methyl isolado na menor dose (10 g ha-1) promoveu aumento nos teores desse biopolímero na soqueira da cana-de-açúcar.The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of lignin and cellulose in sugarcane after application of ripeners. The experiment was carried out in a sugarcane ratoon area, variety SP803280 in Igaraçu Tietê, São Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. The treatments consisted of application of two ripeners: sulfometuron methyl (Curavial) and glyphosate (Roundup Original). The doses used were: glyphosate 200 mL pc ha-1; glyphosate at 400 mL p.c. ha-1, glyphosate at 200 mL p.c. ha-1 plus sulfometuron methyl at 10 g p.c. ha-1; glyphosate at 150 mL p.c. ha-1 plus sulfometuron methyl at 12 g p.c. ha-1; sulfometuron methyl at 20 g p.c. ha-1 and the untreated control without ripener application. Lignin and cellulose analyses were made using acid detergent lignin modified. Glyphosate and sulfometuron methyl altered lignin levels at harvest and during sugarcane growth (months after application of the products). In general, glyphosate at 200 mL ha-1 promoted reductions in lignin compared to the control, while sulfometuron methyl isolated at a dose of 10 g ha-1 promoted an increase in the levels of this compound in sugarcane.

O bloqueio parcial das rotas onde atuam os herbicidas, com uso de baixas doses, pode ter implicações importantes, como a alteração do balanço de processos metabólicos nas plantas. Assim, foi conduzido no ano agrícola 2006/2007 um experimento em cana-soca de segundo corte na Fazenda Jurema, pertencente ao grupo COSAN, município de Barra Bonita-SP, para verificar os efeitos do glyphosate e do sulfumeturon-methyl, em subdoses, no comportamento fisiológico da cana-de-açúcar pelos níveis de clorofila e carotenoides. Os tratamentos constituíram-se da aplicação de dois herbicidas: sulfumeturon-methyl (Curavial 360 e.a. kg-1) e glyphosate (Roundup 480 i.a. kg-1), isolados e em misturas, em diferentes doses, e um tratamento controle, sem a aplicação dos herbicidas. As doses utilizadas foram: glyphosate 200 mL p.c. ha-1; glyphosate 400 mL p.c. ha -1; glyphosate 200 mL p.c. ha -1 + 10 g p.c. ha-1 de sulfumeturon-methyl; glyphosate 150 mL p.c. ha -1 + 12 g p.c. ha -1 de sulfumeturon-methyl; e sulfumeturon-methyl 20 g p.c. ha -1. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As avaliações foram realizadas 15 e 30 dias após o plantio (DAP) e 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias após a colheita (DAC). As folhas foram cortadas padronizando-se o mesmo peso e área foliar. Para determinação do conteúdo de clorofila e carotenoides, amostras de 0,2 g de tecido foliar fresco foram preparadas e os extratos filtrados, sendo efetuadas leituras em espectrofotômetro (663 e 645 nm para clorofilas a e b, respectivamente). A aplicação de glyphosate e sulfumeturon-methyl nas maiores doses interferiu no conteúdo de carotenoides quando estes foram comparados com a testemunha. A maior dose de glyphosate diminuiu significativamente o conteúdo de clorofilas e carotenoides na cana-de-açúcar, porém esse resultado não se manteve quando a dose foi reduzida para 200 mL p.c. ha-1 . Os teores de clorofila foram inversamente proporcionais aos níveis Fe. A aplicação de sulfumeturon-methyl não interferiu nos teores de clorofila, no entanto os níveis de carotenoides se mostraram mais sensíveis e seus teores reduzidos. As alterações observadas nos níveis de clorofilas e carotenoides pela aplicação dos produtos podem afetar de maneira distinta o metabolismo da fotossíntese pela absorção e/ou conversão de energia.The partial blockage of the routes of action of herbicides, using low doses, may have important implications by altering the balance of the metabolic processes in plants. Thus, an experiment was conducted in cutting cane ratoon 2 at Cosan Group's Fazenda Jurema in Barra Bonita-SP, during the agricultural years 2006/2007, to verify the effects of glyphosate and sulfometuron methyl sub-doses on the physiological behavior of sugarcane based on the the levels of chlorophyll and carotenoids. The treatments consisted of applications of two herbicides: sulfometuron methyl (480 a.i. kg-1) and glyphosate (360 a.e. kg-1) in different doses and mixtures (Roundup and Curavial, respectively), plus a control treatment, without herbicide application. The doses used were: glyphosate pc ha-1 of 200 mL, 400 mL of glyphosate pc ha-1; pc ha-1 of 200 mL glyphosate + 10 g of pc ha-1 of sulfometuron methyl; pc ha-1 of 150 mL glyphosate + 12 g of pc ha-1 of sulfometuron methyl, sulfometuron methyl pc ha¹ of 20. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. The evaluations were carried out 15 and 30 days after planting (DAP) and 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days after harvest (DAH). The leaves were cut using the same standardized weight and leaf area. To determine the content of chlorophyll and carotenoids, samples of 0.2 g of fresh leaf tissue were prepared and the extracts were filtered, and spectrophotometer readings were conducted (663 and 645 nm for chlorophyll a and b, respectively). The application of glyphosate and sulfumeturon methyl at larger doses were found to interfere in the carotenoid content, when compared with the control. The highest dose of glyphosate significantly reduced the content of chlorophyll and carotenoid in sugarcane, but this result was not maintained when the dose was reduced to 200 mL. The contents of chlorophyll were inversely proportional to the levels of Fe. The application of sulfumeturon methyl did not affect the levels of chlorophyll; however, the carotenoid levels were more sensitive and were reduced. The changes observed in the chlorophyll and carotenoid levels caused by the application of the herbicides may distinctly alter the metabolism of photosynthesis by absorbtion and/or conversion of energy.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o depósito de calda pulverizada por dois tipos de pontas de pulverização sobre plantas de Salvinia auriculata dispostas em diferentes arranjos populacionais com plantas de Eichhornia crassipes e Pistia stratiotes. Um experimento foi conduzido em condições de caixas-d'água em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 2 x 8, sendo dois tipos de pontas de pulverização (ConeJet TXVK-8 e TeeJet DG 11002 VS) e oito proporções entre as plantas aquáticas, a saber: dominância total da área de cobertura da caixa-d'água pelas plantas de salvínia (100%); e as proporções entre plantas de salvínia e de aguapé ou alface-d'água a 75%:25%, 50%:50% e 25%:75%. Também foi utilizada uma densidade tripla, na qual as três espécies estiveram igualmente dispostas na proporção de 33%. Soluções dos corantes Amarelo Tartrasina FDC-5 a 3.500 ppm e Azul Brilhante FDC-1 a 1.000 ppm foram utilizadas como traçadores para as pontas TXVK-8 e DG 11002VS, respectivamente. A pulverização das soluções foi efetuada na mesma unidade experimental, com intervalo de 30 minutos entre si, com auxílio de um pulverizador costal pressurizado com CO2, calibrado de modo que proporcionasse volume de aplicação aproximado de 200 L ha-1. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os tipos de pontas de pulverização nas diferentes proporções estudadas, exceto para depósitos totais de calda de pulverização nas plantas na condição de dominância total da salvínia, uma vez que a ponta ConeJet TXVK-8 foi superior à TeeJet DG 11002 VS. Os valores dos depósitos diminuíram com o aumento da proporção de plantas de aguapé na associação e foram na condição em que 25% de plantas de salvínia estiveram associadas a 75% de plantas de aguapé. A presença da espécie alface-d'água não influenciou a deposição de gotas sobre as folhas de salvínia.This study aimed to evaluate two types of spray tips (ConeJet TXVK-8 and TeeJet DG 11002 VS) and the amount of spray mix deposited on Salvinia auriculata plants organized under different population arrangements with Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes plants. In addition to a full-dominance proportion over the area, corresponding to 100% cover of the water tank by eared water moss plants, arrangements with either water hyacinth or water lettuce were made at 75%:25%, 50%:50%, and 25%:75%. A triple density, in which the three species were equally disposed at a 33.33% proportion, was also used. Dye solutions of FD&C Yellow no. 5 at 3,500 ppm and FD&C Blue no.1 at 1,000 ppm were used, as spraying tracers for TXVK-8 and DG 11002 VS nozzles, respectively. Both solutions were sprayed at the same plot within a 30-minute interval each, through a CO2 pressured backpack, calibrated to deliver a spray volume of around 200 L ha-1. The total spray deposits were estimated in mL per plant and the unit deposits in mL cm² of foliar surface. No significant differences were observed between the nozzle tips used at different population arrangements, except total spray mix deposited on plants at 100% of eared water moss dominance proportion, with ConeJet TXVK-8, providing superior spray mix deposition, compared with TeeJet DG 11002 VS. The highest spray mix deposition was obtained under 100% of salvínia dominance. However, the spray mix quantity decreased with increase of water hyacinth in the proportion and reached the lowest value when 25% of eared water moss plants were associated with 75% of water hyacinth plants. The presence of water lettuce did not influence spray mix deposition over eared water moss plants.

O experimento teve o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da cobertura de palha e da simulação de chuva sobre a eficácia da mistura formulada clomazone + hexazinone no controle de plantas daninhas em área de cana-crua. Foi avaliado o controle de Brachiaria decumbens, Ipomoea grandifolia, Ipomoea hederifolia e Euphorbia heterophylla. A dose do herbicida utilizada foi de 2,2 kg ha-1 de produto comercial, correspondendo a 880 e 220 g ha-1 dos ingredientes ativos clomazone e hexazinone, respectivamente. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1) semeadura + palha 5 t ha-1 + aplicação + chuva de 30 mm (1DAA); T2) semeadura + chuva de 30 mm + palha 5 t ha-1 + aplicação; T3) semeadura + aplicação + palha 5 t ha-1 ; T4) semeadura + palha 5 t ha-1 + chuva de 30 mm + aplicação (12h após); T5) semeadura + palha 5 t ha-1 + aplicação + chuva de 2,5 mm (logo após); T6) semeadura + aplicação + chuva de 30 mm; T7) testemunha sem palha; e T8) testemunha com 5 t ha-1 de palha, totalizando oito tratamentos com quatro repetições, dispostos no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados. Foram feitas avaliações visuais de controle aos 6, 13, 21, 27 e 35 dias após a aplicação (DAA). Para controle de B. decumbens, os melhores tratamentos foram aqueles nos quais o herbicida foi aplicado diretamente no solo, recebendo ou não uma camada de palha sobre o solo após a aplicação do herbicida, e quando foi aplicado sobre a camada de palha, recebendo uma chuva após a aplicação. Para a espécie E. heterophylla, os resultados foram bastante satisfatórios, proporcionando médias acima de 98% de controle, quando ocorreram precipitações posteriores à aplicação do herbicida. De modo geral, os tratamentos com a aplicação do herbicida, na ausência ou presença de palha, e posterior chuva apresentaram controle total da espécie I. hederifolia aos 35 DAA. Todos os tratamentos mostraram excelente controle para a espécie I. grandifolia.The experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy ofcombining clomazone + hexazinone and straw cover to control weeds in raw sugarcane area. The species Brachiaria decumbens, Ipomoea grandifolia, Ipomoea hederifolia and Euphorbia heterophylla were evaluated. The herbicide rate used was 2.2 kg ha-1 of the commercial product, corresponding to 880 and 220 g ha-1 of the active ingredients, clomazone and hexazinone, respectively. The treatments were: T1) seeding + 5 t ha-1 of straw + application + rain 30 mm (1 DAA); T2) seeding + rain (30 mm) + 5 t ha-1 of straw + application; T3) seeding + application + 5 t ha-1 of straw; T4) seeding + 5 t ha¹ of straw + rain (30 mm) + application (after 12h); T5) seeding + 5 t ha-1 of straw + application + rain 2.5 mm (after application); T6) seeding + application + rain (30 mm); T7) control without straw, and T8) control with 5 t ha-1 straw, totaling eight treatments with four replications in a randomized block design. A visual control evaluation was carried out at 6, 13, 21, 27 and 35 days after application (DAA). For the species B. decumbens, the best treatments observed were when the herbicide was applied directly on the soil, or not receiving a layer of straw on the ground and when it was applied on the layer of straw, with rainfall following application. For the species E. heterophylla, the results were quite satisfactory, providing averages of 98% of control, when rainfall occurred after herbicide application. In general, herbicide treatments in the absence or presence of straw, and subsequent rainfall and/or soil moisture, provided a full control of I. hederifolia, at 35 DAA. All treatments showed excellent control of the species I. grandifolia.

Realizou-se um experimento em uma área de implantação da cultura do eucalipto no município de São Miguel Arcanjo-SP, com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia da aplicação aérea de grânulos de argila como veículo dos herbicidas sulfentrazone e isoxaflutole, no controle de plantas daninhas. Foi realizada aplicação aérea dos herbicidas sulfentrazone, nas doses de 500 e 750 g i.a. ha-1, e isoxaflutole, nas doses de 150 e 225 g i.a. ha-1, utilizando-se como veículo grânulos de argila com densidade de 1,05 g cm ³, alta capacidade de absorção (24 mL 100 g-1), alta resistência ao desgaste e tamanho das partículas entre 500 mícrons e 1 mm. Também foram feitas aplicações via líquida dos mesmos herbicidas e doses com um pulverizador convencional, acoplado a um trator. Além desses tratamentos, foi mantida uma parcela testemunha, sem aplicação dos herbicidas. Nas parcelas experimentais foram semeadas as espécies de plantas daninhas Brachiaria decumbens, Ipomoea grandifolia, Merremia cissoides e Panicum maximum, sendo realizadas avaliações visuais de controle aos 75 e 110 dias após a aplicação. Em geral, foram observados, nas plantas daninhas avaliadas, resultados de controle semelhantes ou superiores para a aplicação aérea (via grânulos) até 75 DAA e superiores para essa modalidade de aplicação aos 110 DAA, indicando uma extensão no período do efeito do residual dos herbicidas estudados.An experiment was carried out in the eucalyptus area of São Miguel Arcanjo in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, to evaluate the efficacy of the aerial application of the herbicides sulfentrazone and isoxaflutole using clay granules for weed control. Aerial application of the herbicides sulfentrazone at 500 and 750 g a.i. ha-1 and isoxaflutole at 150 and 225 g a.i.. ha-1 was carried out using clay granules with 1.05 g cm-3 density, high absorption capacity (24 mL 100 g-1), high wear resistance, and particle size between 500 microns and 1 mm. Liquid spraying was also performed using the same herbicides at the same doses. A check plot without herbicide application was also used. The weeds Brachiaria decumbens, Ipomoea grandifolia, Merremia cissoides and Panicum maximum were sown in the experimental plot, with control evaluations being conducted at 75 and 110 days after application. In general, similar or superior weed control results were observed for the aerial application (via clay granules) up to 75 DAA, and superior results for the same application modality at 110 days DAA, indicating an extension of the period of the residual effect of the herbicides studied.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficácia da mistura formulada de clomazone e hexazinona aplicada sobre o solo e em associação com a palha de cana-de-açúcar, após diferentes períodos de permanência sem a ocorrência de chuvas. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos em casa de vegetação, no município de Botucatu-SP. Os vasos foram preenchidos com solo, e as sementes de plantas daninhas (Brachiaria decumbens, Ipomoea grandifolia, Ipomoea hederifolia e Euphorbia heterophylla) foram semeadas superficialmente e, em seguida, cobertas ou não com palha de cana-de-açúcar, dependendo do tratamento utilizado. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em um esquema fatorial 3 x 6, sendo os fatores seis períodos sem ocorrência de chuvas (0, 3, 7, 15, 30 e 60 dias) e três posicionamentos do produto (sobre o solo sem palha, sobre e sob a palha de cana). Foram realizadas avaliações de controle aos 10, 21, 35 e 42 dias após a ocorrência da chuva. A mistura de clomazone + hexazinona promoveu excelentes resultados de controle para todas as espécies estudadas quando aplicada sobre, sob ou na ausência de palha de cana-de-açúcar. No entanto, observou-se tendência de redução nos níveis de controle para períodos superiores a 60 dias sem ocorrência de chuva.The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of the formulated mixture clomazone and hexazinone applied in soil or combined with sugarcane mulch, after different periods of permanence without the occurrence of rain. The experiment was carried out in vases under greenhouse conditions in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. The weeds Brachiaria decumbens, Ipomoea grandifolia, Ipomoea hederifolia and Euphorbia heterophylla were sown and covered or not with sugarcane mulch. The experiment was arranged in a complete randomized design with four repetitions. The treatments were displaced in a 3x6 factorial scheme, with the factors being six periods without rain ( 0, 3, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days) and three modes of herbicide application( on the soil without sugarcane mulch, on and under sugarcane mulch). Control evaluations were carried out at 10, 21, 35 and 42 days after the occurrence of rain. The clomazone + hexazinone mixture promoted an excellent weed control for all the species studied when applied on, under, or without sugarcane mulch. However, the control levels tended to reduce for periods over 60 days without rain.

Os herbicidas, mesmo quando usados em doses reduzidas ou utilizados como maturadores, podem alterar a morfofisiologia da planta, o que pode levar a modificações qualitativas e quantitativas na produção. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a eficiência agronômica e os efeitos, durante o crescimento da cana-soca, da aplicação de glyphosate e sulfometuron-methyl em baixas doses. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelos herbicidas sulfometuron-methyl e glyphosate em diferentes doses e misturas e por uma testemunha (sem aplicação dos produtos). Uma linha de plantas de cana-de-açúcar foi destinada à aferição da qualidade tecnológica, sendo estabelecido 1 m aleatório a cada época de amostragem. Os colmos coletados foram submetidos ao desponte na altura da gema apical e à desfolha; em seguida, foram encaminhados para processamento segundo a metodologia do Sistema de Pagamento de Cana pelo Teor de Sacarose (SPCTS), sendo considerados os parâmetros tecnológicos: pol cana (PCC), pureza do caldo (PUI), açúcar total recuperável (ATR) e Brix. Nas soqueiras de cana-de-açúcar, realizaram-se análises de crescimento (altura e perfilhos). As avaliações foram realizadas na pré-colheita (30 dias após aplicação dos maturadores) e 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias após a colheita. Os herbicidas glyphosate e sulfometuron-methyl propiciaram melhoria da qualidade tecnológica da matéria-prima,com incrementos significativos na pureza do caldo e no Brix. A aplicação dos produtos não interferiu na produtividade e no teor de açúcar. Houve efeito estimulante no perfilhamento quando se usou glyphosate na dose de 400 mL ha-1 e redução em crescimento (altura) no início do desenvolvimento da cana, porém, com o tempo, o efeito não se manteve.Even when used at low doses, or used as growth regulators, herbicides can change the morphology and physiology of the plant, leading to qualitative and quantitative changes in production. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic efficiency and the effects during sugarcane ratoon growth after applying low doses of glyphosate and sulfometuron-methyl. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments consisted of application of two herbicides (glyphosate and sulfometuron-methyl at various doses and mixtures) and a control (without herbicide application). One row of plants was used to measure technological quality, with a random 1 m being established for each sampling time. The stems collected were submitted to apical bud emergence and defoliation and were sent to be processed according to the methodology of the Cane Payment System based on Sucrose Content (CPSSC), considering the following technological parameters: pol cane (PCC), broth purity (BP), total recoverable sugar (TRS), and Brix. The stumps were analyzed for sugarcane growth (height and tillers). Evaluations were performed during pre-harvest (30 DAA), 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days after harvest. The treatments with glyphosate and sulfometuron-methyl provided improved technological quality of the raw material, with significant increases in broth purity and Brix. Herbicide application did not affect productivity and sugar content. There was a stimulating effect on tillering with glyphosate at a dose of 400 mL, and growth reduction (height) at the start of cane development, but such effect was not maintained along time.

A eficácia dos herbicidas no sistema de cana-crua é diretamente influenciada pela quantidade e distribuição de palha na área, bem como pela ocorrência da primeira chuva superior a 20 mm posterior à aplicação, uma vez que a palha é capaz de interceptar o herbicida antes que este atinja o solo. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia e o comportamento do herbicida amicarbazone no controle de plantas daninhas no sistema de cana-crua. Para isso, foi realizado um experimento em condições controladas, considerando diferentes doses de amicarbazone (D1 = 1,05 kg ha-1, D2 = 0,875 kg ha-1, D3 = 0,700 kg ha-1 e D4 = 0,525 kg ha-1) e situações de aplicação desse herbicida, a saber: sobre 5 t de palha ha-1, sobre o solo e coberto com 5 t de palha ha-1, além de pulverização sobre o solo sem cobertura de palha, resultando assim em 12 tratamentos. Aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação (DAA), foi avaliada a porcentagem de controle das seguintes espécies de plantas daninhas: Ipomoea grandifolia, Brachiaria decumbens, Merremia cissoides e Euphorbia heterophylla. Pelos resultados obtidos, pode-se constatar que, independentemente da espécie de planta daninha avaliada, os maiores índices de controle foram observados quando o amicarbazone foi aplicado sobre a palha, simulando-se em seguida precipitação correspondente a 30 mm de chuva, e nos tratamentos em que o herbicida foi aplicado diretamente no solo sem palha. Dessa forma, para as espécies I. grandifolia, M. cissoides e E. heterophylla, todos os tratamentos apresentaram excelente controle (nota 6 - 100%) a partir dos 14 DAA; para B. decumbens, o controle total ocorreu aos 28 DAA. Portanto, pode-se concluir que o amicarbazone é uma excelente alternativa para o manejo dessas espécies de plantas daninhas em cana-crua.Herbicide efficacy in raw sugar cane is directly influenced by the amount and distribution of straw in the area, as well as by the occurrence of the first rainfall exceeding 20 mm after application, since straw is able to intercept the herbicide before it strikes the soil. Within this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and performance of the herbicide amicarbazone in weed control in raw cane. Thus, an experiment was conducted under controlled conditions considering different doses of amicarbazone (D1 = 1.05 kg ha-1; D2 = 0875 kg ha-1; D3 = 0700 kg ha-1 and D4 = 0525 kg ha-1) and herbicide applications on 5 tonnes of straw ha-1 on the ground and covered with 5 tonnes of straw. ha-1; in addition to spraying on the ground without straw cover, resulting in 12 treatments. At 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after application (DAA) the percentage of control of the weed species Ipomoea grandifolia, Brachiaria decumbens, Merremia cissoides and Euphorbia heterophylla was evaluated. The results obtained showed that regardless of the type of weed assessed, the highest rates of control were observed when amicarbazone was applied on the straw, followed by simulated precipitation of 30 mm of rain and in treatments in which the herbicide was applied directly into the soil without straw. Thus, for the species I. grandifolia, M. cissoides and E. heterophylla, all the treatments had excellent control (grade 6 to 100%) after 14 DAA; for B. decumbens, complete control occurred at 28 DAA. Therefore, we can conclude that amicarbazone is an excellent alternative for the management of these species of weeds in raw cane.

A palha pode alterar a dinâmica do herbicida oxyfluorfen no sistema de cana-crua; assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficácia do oxyfluorfen em condições de casa de vegetação, com a cobertura de palha, no controle das plantas daninhas que ocorrem em cana-crua. Foram avaliadas as espécies de Brachiaria decumbens, Ipomoea grandifolia, Ipomoea quamoclit e Merremia cissoides. A dose utilizada do oxyfluorfen foi de 3 L ha-1 (720 g i.a. ha-1). Os tratamentos constaram de diferentes posicionamentos do herbicida e condições antes e após a aplicação. A porcentagem de controle das plantas daninhas foi avaliada aos 12, 20, 26, 33 e 38 DAA. Os maiores índices de controle aos 38 DAA, independentemente da planta daninha estudada, foram alcançados quando se aplicou oxyfluorfen em tratamentos com a presença de palha em cobertura, com ou sem umidade. No entanto, os resultados obtidos nos demais tratamentos mostraram-se eficientes no controle das diferentes espécies de plantas daninhas estudadas.Straw can change the dynamics of the herbicide oxyfluorfen in the raw sugarcane system. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of oxyfluorfen with straw cover in controlling weeds in raw sugarcane under greenhouse conditions. The species Brachiaria decumbens, Ipomoea grandifolia, Ipomoea quamoclit and Merremia cissoids were evaluated and the dose used was oxyfluorfen 3 L ha-1 (720 g .i.a. ha-1). Treatments consisted of different herbicide positions and conditions before and after application. Weed control percentage was evaluated at 12, 20, 26, 33 and 38 DAA. The highest control rates at 38 DAA, regardless of the weed studied, were reached when oxyfluorfen was applied in treatments with the cover straw, with or without humidity. However, the results obtained in the other treatments were effective in controlling the different weed species studied.

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a ação de adjuvantes na absorção e translocação de glyphosate em plantas de aguapé (Eichhornia crassipes). Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 5 x 8, sendo: cinco tratamentos com glyphosate (sem adjuvante e com os adjuvantes Aterbane a 0,5 e 0,25% v/v e Silwet L77 a 0,1 e 0,05% v/v), aplicados somente em uma folha de cada planta; e oito intervalos para lavagem ou corte das folhas (2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 e 48 horas, além de um intervalo contínuo sem lavagem ou corte). Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de controle aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos. Os adjuvantes Aterbane a 0,5% e Silwet a 0,1% promoveram maior controle em períodos mais curtos sem a lavagem das folhas (duas e quatro horas), embora no final do estudo todos os adjuvantes tenham resultado em controle eficiente a partir de duas horas, assim como o glyphosate sem adjuvante. No estudo de translocação, independentemente do adjuvante testado, observou-se excelente controle após o período de seis horas sem o corte das folhas. Nos períodos de duas e quatro horas, observou-se controle insatisfatório independentemente do adjuvante testado: esse fato demonstra que o corte das folhas em períodos inferiores a seis horas após a aplicação não é suficiente para uma translocação eficiente e garantir o controle de plantas de aguapé.This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of adjuvants on glyphosate absorption and translocation in Eichhornia crassipes. The treatments were arranged in a 5 x 8 factorial scheme, being five with glyphosate (with no adjuvant and with the adjuvants Aterbane at 0.5 and 0.25% v/v and Silwet L 77 at 0.1 and 0.05% v/v ) applied on a single leaf of each plant at 8 intervals to wash or cut the leaves (2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours, plus a continuous interval without washing or cutting). Visual control evaluations were carried out at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment application. The absorption of 0.5% Aterbane and 0.1% Silwet promoted a higher control after shorter periods without leaf washing (2 and 4 hours).However, by the end of the study, all the adjuvants showed an excellent control after the period of 6 hours, as well as glyphosate without adjuvant. For the translocation study, no leaf cutting after six hours promoted an excellent control, regardless of the adjuvant tested. For the 2 and 4 hour periods, an unsatisfactory control was observed, regardless of the adjuvant tested, showing that leaf cutting during periods below 6 hours after application is not sufficient for an efficient translocation and to guarantee control of the aquatic plants.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia do diclosulam (doses de 21,8 e 25,2 g i.a. ha-1) associado à palha de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) cultivar AG 1018 no controle de Ipomoea grandifolia e Sida rhombifolia, realizou-se um experimento em casa de vegetação, onde os tratamentos foram constituídos de diferentes posicionamentos do herbicida, aplicado sobre e sob a palha em diferentes condições de umidade. Após o preenchimento dos vasos com solo, as plantas daninhas (I. grandifolia e S. rhombifolia) foram semeadas superficialmente; em seguida, nos tratamentos com palha de sorgo, os vasos foram cobertos com 6 t ha-1. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de controle (0 a 100%) aos 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias após a aplicação (DAA) e contagem de plantas e biomassa seca, ao final do estudo. Observaram-se elevados níveis de controle do herbicida diclosulam já para a menor dose utilizada (21,8 g i.a. ha-1) quando este foi aplicado diretamente sobre o solo, na ausência e presença de palha, ou sobre a palha e seguido da ocorrência de chuvas de 30 mm. A maior dose (25,2 g i.a. ha-1) promoveu elevados níveis de eficácia de controle das plantas daninhas nos diferentes posicionamentos do produto, exceto para a aplicação em palha seca e úmida sem ocorrência de chuvas.A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the herbicide diclosulam (doses 21.8 and 25.2 g .i.a.. ha- 1) associated with Sorghum bicolor L. Moench mulch in controlling Ipomoea grandifolia and Sida rhombifolia. The treatments consisted of different modes of herbicide application, over and under the mulch, under different moisture conditions. The vases were filled with soil and the weeds were sown superficially and later covered with S. bicolor (6 t ha-1) mulch. The experimental design was completely randomized with four repetitions. The control was evaluated visually, through percent note scale and counting of the plants, besides dry mass evaluation. High control levels of diclosulam were observed at the lowest dose used (21.8 g a.i. ha-1) when applied directly on the soil, with or without mulch, or over the mulch and followed by 0 mm rainfall. The highest dose (25.2 .i.a. ha-1) promoted high levels of weed control efficacy under the different modes of herbicide application, except over wet or dry mulch without rainfall.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia do metribuzin (480 g i.a. ha-1) associado à palha de milheto no controle de Ipomoea grandifolia e Sida rhombifolia, foram realizados dois experimentos em casa de vegetação. No primeiro, os tratamentos constituíram-se de diferentes posicionamentos do herbicida, aplicado sobre e sob a palha em diferentes condições de umidade. No segundo, foram estudados diferentes períodos de permanência (0, 7, 14 e 21 dias) do herbicida sobre a palha de milheto antes da ocorrência da primeira chuva. Após o preenchimento dos vasos com solo, as plantas daninhas (I. grandifolia e S. rhombifolia) foram semeadas superficialmente e, em seguida, cobertas com palha de milheto (8 t ha-1). O delineamento experimental utilizado em ambos os experimentos foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de controle (0 a 100%), contagem das plantas daninhas aos 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias após a aplicação (DAA) e biomassa seca ao final. Verificou-se controle excelente das duas espécies nos diferentes posicionamentos do herbicida, exceto para I. grandifolia na condição de aplicação em palha úmida, seguido de período seco. Observou-se, ainda, que o herbicida promoveu controle eficaz em pós-emergência e em pré-emergência, mesmo sem ocorrência de chuva após a aplicação. No segundo experimento, constatou-se controle excelente (>96%) de I. grandifolia nos os períodos sem chuva de até 7 DAA; nos demais períodos, tal controle foi insatisfatório. Para S. rhombifolia, observou-se controle excelente para os períodos até 14 dias sem ocorrência de chuvas. Para o período de 28 dias, não se obteve controle satisfatório.Two experiments were carried out under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the efficacy of the metribuzin herbicide associated to Pennisetum americanum mulch in the control of the weeds Ipomoea grandifolia and Sida rhombifolia. The treatments in the first experiment were constituted by different metribuzin application positions, over and under the straw, under different humidity conditions. In the second experiment, different periods of metribuzin permanence on the mulch before the occurrence of the first rain were observed on 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after herbicide application on the mulch. The vases were filled up with soil and the weeds were sowed superficially and covered with P. americanum (8 t ha-1) mulch. The experimental design was randomized with four repetitions. The metribuzin dose used was 480 g ha-1 (a.i.). The control was evaluated visually, by percentile note scale and by counting the plants and evaluating plant dry mass. In the first experiment, an excellent control of the two species studied in the different positions of the tested herbicide was observed, except for I. grandifolia applied on the humidity mulch. The herbicide promoted an efficient control in post-emergence and pre-emergence, even when absorbed by direct contact with the mulch. In the second experiment, an excellent I. grandifolia control was observed in the periods without rain until 7 days after application (>96%), being unsatisfactory in the other periods. S. rhombifolia showed an excellent control during the periods up to 14 days without rain, presenting a satisfactory control even up to a 21 day period. The 28-day period did not present a satisfactory control.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de pontas de pulverização, pressão e intensidade do vento na deriva gerada em aplicações simuladas de herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência. Os modelos de pontas de pulverização e as respectivas pressões testadas foram: SF 11002 (207 e 310 kPa), JA-2 (345 e 655 kPa) e AVI 11002 (207 e 414 kPa). As aplicações foram realizadas em dois períodos, em dias com condições de velocidade de vento distintas, em uma área de 1.200 m², localizada na Fazenda Experimental da FCA/UNESP. Um pulverizador com barra de 12 m, 24 bicos e tanque de 600 L foi utilizado nas aplicações. A calda de aplicação foi composta por água e o corante alimentício FDC-1 foi usado como traçador. A deriva foi amostrada por coletores ativos fixados sobre a barra de pulverização. As velocidades mínimas, médias e máximas de vento registradas no primeiro e segundo períodos das aplicações foram de 7, 14 e 23 km h-1 e 1, 5 e 18 km h-1, respectivamente. Nas duas ocasiões de aplicação, as pontas de pulverização com indução de ar AVI 11002 e de jato cônico vazio JA-2 a 655 kPa resultaram nas menores e maiores quantidades de depósito de líquido detectadas, respectivamente. A maior intensidade do vento incrementou a deriva. A redução na pressão pode ser utilizada para controle de deriva, mas a seleção adequada de uma ponta mostrou ser mais eficiente para esse propósito.The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of nozzles, spray pressure and wind intensity on spray drift generated in simulated preemergence herbicide applications. The nozzle designs and respective pressures tested were: SF 11002 (207 and 310 kPa), JA-2 (345 and 655 kPa) and AVI 11002 (207and 414 kPa). The applications were performed during two periods, on days with different wind conditions, in an area with 1,200 m², in the Experimental Farm of the FCA/UNESP. A sprayer with a 12 m boom, 24 nozzles and tank with 600 L was used for the applications. The spray liquid was composed by water and the food dye FDC-1 as a tracer. The spray drift was sampled by active collectors fixed on the spray boom. The minimum, mean and maximum wind velocity values registered in the first and second spraying period were 7, 14 and 23 km h-1 and 1, 5 and 18 km h-1, respectively. The air induction flat fan nozzle AVI 11002 and the hollow cone JA-2 at 655 kPa resulted in the lowest and highest amounts of deposit detected, respectively, for both applications. The higher wind intensity increased the drift. Reductions on the spray pressure can be used to control the drift, but adequate nozzle selection was found to be more important for this purpose.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de surfatantes e pontas de pulverização na deposição da calda de pulverização em plantas de Cynodon dactylon. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em um esquema fatorial 2 x 5, sendo duas pontas de pulverização (XR 11002 e TX-VK 8) e cinco caldas de pulverização (sem surfatante e com os surfatantes Aterbane e Silwet a 0,05% e 0,1%). As caldas foram preparadas utilizando-se o corante FDC-1 a 1.500 ppm como traçador. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 10 repetições. As aplicações foram realizadas através de um pulverizador estacionário a pressão constante e com consumo de calda de 150 L ha-1. A ponta de pulverização do tipo jato cônico vazio proporcionou maior deposição nas folhas de grama-seda, quando comparada com a ponta do tipo jato plano, independentemente do adjuvante utilizado. As maiores deposições ocorreram nas doses de 0,1%, para ambos os surfatantes, quando utilizada a ponta de jato plano e para o Silwet a 0,05% pulverizado com a ponta de jato cônico. A deposição de calda nas folhas foi menor quando da não-adição de surfatante, independentemente da ponta de pulverização utilizada.The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of surfactants and nozzle types on spray deposition over Cynodon dactylon plants. The treatments were arranged in a 2x5 factorial design, as follows: two nozzles (XR 11002 and TX-VK 8) and five spray solution conditions (Aterbane and Silwet at 0.05% and 0.1%, and without surfactant). The spray solution was prepared using brilliant blue FDC-1 at 1,500 ppm as a tracer. The trial treatments were set up on a randomized design with 10 replications. The applications were performed with stationary spray equipment in a constant pressure so as to obtain a spray solution consumption of 150 L ha-1. Nozzle TX-VK 8 provided a higher drop deposition compared with the flat fan nozzle, regardless of solution condition. Both Aterbane and Silwet at 0.1% provided increases in drop deposition with the solution applied with the flat fan nozzle. The highest drop deposition was observed when Silwet was applied at 0.05% through the hollow cone nozzle. Drop deposition on the leaves was more reduced for both nozzles when the solution was applied without surfactant.

Estudos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar os depósitos de gotas pulverizadas através de dois tipos de pontas sobre as faces adaxial e abaxial de folhas de Eichhornia crassipes dispostas em diferentes ângulos. No primeiro estudo, os tratamentos foram dispostos no esquema fatorial 2x4x7: dois tipos de pontas (TX12 e XR11002VS), quatro ângulos verticais (0º, 30º, 60º e 90º) e sete ângulos horizontais (0º, 15º, 30º, 45º, 60º, 75º e 90º). No ângulo vertical de 90º a lâmina foliar foi posicionada paralelamente ao sentido de deslocamento do jato de pulverização; e no ângulo horizontal de 90º a folha foi posicionada perpendicularmente ao plano do solo. Como traçadores, foram utilizadas soluções de 1.000 ppm do corante Azul FDC-1 e 3.500 ppm do corante Amarelo Tartrasina para as pontas tipo leque e cone, respectivamente. No segundo estudo, os tratamentos foram dispostos no esquema fatorial 2x2x3: dois tipos de pontas (TX12 e XR11002VS), dois tipos de calda (com e sem Aterbane BR a 0,5%) e três ângulos horizontais (0º, 45º e 90º). Adotou-se o ângulo vertical de 90º como padrão para todos os tratamentos. Soluções de 1.000 ppm do corante Azul FDC-1 e 3.500 ppm do corante Amarelo Tartrasina foram utilizadas como traçadores para a calda com e sem surfatante, respectivamente. Os resultados do primeiro estudo revelaram que os depósitos observados em toda a folha e na face adaxial das lâminas foliares de aguapé diminuíram à medida que se aumentou a angulação vertical, independentemente da ponta utilizada. Os menores depósitos sempre estiveram relacionados ao ângulo vertical de 90º, independentemente do ângulo horizontal utilizado. Não foi detectado nenhum depósito na face abaxial das folhas de aguapé em todas as combinações dos fatores estudados. No segundo estudo também foram observados os mesmos decréscimos no volume de calda depositado em toda a folha e na face adaxial à medida que se aumentou a angulação vertical das lâminas foliares. As duas pontas proporcionaram depósitos nulos na face abaxial quando o surfatante não foi utilizado; entretanto, a adição do surfatante à calda incrementou significativamente os depósitos nesta face da folha do aguapé.This study aimed to evaluate the deposition of drops using two nozzle types over Eichhornia crassipes leaves. The first trial was arranged in a factorial design 2x4x7, as follows: 2 nozzle types (TX12 and XR11002VS), 4 vertical angles (0º, 30º, 60º and 90º) and 7 horizontal angles (0º, 15º, 30º, 45º, 60º, 75º and 90º). The laminar leaf was set up parallel to the jet spraying movement direction at a vertical angle of 90º, and perpendicular to the soil plane at a horizontal angle of 90º. Solutions of dyes FD&C Blue no. 1 at 1,000 ppm and FD&C Yellow no. 5 at 3.500 ppm were used as spraying tracers for flat fan and cone nozzles, respectively. The second trial was set up as a factorial design 2x2x3, being 2 nozzle types (TX12 and XR11002VS), 2 spray solution conditions (with and without Aterbane BR at 0.5% v/v) and 4 horizontal angles (0º, 45º and 90º). The vertical angle of 90º was assigned as pattern to all the treatments. Solutions of dyes FD&C Blue no. 1 at 1,000 ppm and FD&C Yellow no. 5 at 3.500 ppm were used as spraying tracers with or without surfactant, respectively. The results obtained from the first trial showed that the spray solution deposits observed on the whole leaf and on the foliar adaxial face of the laminar leaves of water hyacinth decreased as the vertical angle became higher, regardless of the nozzle type used. The lowest spray solution deposits were always related to the vertical angle of 90º, regardless of the horizontal angle adopted. No spray solution deposit was detected on the abaxial face of water hyacinth leaf at the combinations of the factors studied. In the second trial the same spray solution deposit was observed to decrease the whole leaf and adaxial faces as the vertical angle increased. Both nozzle types provided null and void deposits on the abaxial face when the surfactant was not used. However, the surfactant addition to the spray solution provided significant increases on the abaxial face of water hyacinth leaves.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do adjuvante Aterbane na deposição de calda de pulverização, aplicada sobre plantas de Pistia stratiotes. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por três concentrações do adjuvante Aterbane (0, 0,25 e 0,5%), usado na elaboração da calda de pulverização. As caldas foram preparadas utilizando-se o corante FDC-1 a 1.500 ppm como traçante. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado com 30 repetições, sendo cada repetição constituída por uma planta com seis folhas. A aplicação foi feita com um pulverizador estacionário, à pressão constante de 2 bars, com consumo de calda de 200 L ha-1. Foram utilizadas pontas de jato plano Teejet 11002vs. Os resultados demonstraram que, quantitativamente, o Aterbane não promoveu nenhum efeito na deposição da calda, entretanto, qualitativamente, quanto maior a concentração utilizada maior foi a uniformidade de deposição de calda.This trial was carried out to evaluate the effect of the surfactant Aterbane on spray solution deposition applied over Pistia stratiots plants. The treatments were concentrations of Aterbane at 0, 0.25 and 0.5% used in a spray solution preparation with brilliant blue FDC-1 at 1,500 ppm as tracer. The experimental treatments were set up in a randomized design with 30 replications. Application was performed with stationary spray equipment with pressure at 2 bars and consumption of 200 L ha-1. XR 11002vs nozzles were used. Aterbane did not improve the quantity of spray solution deposition but it improved quality deposition, the higher the concentration, the greater the uniformity of the spray solution deposition.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram desenvolver e avaliar o rendimento operacional de um equipamento para controle de plantas aquáticas, além de estabelecer procedimentos que permitissem a otimização dessa prática na UHE de Americana-SP. O equipamento constitui-se de uma esteira de margem (3,0 m de largura x 10,0 m de comprimento) para captação e condução das plantas até um picador, que as fragmenta antes do descarte, facilitando assim sua decomposição e seu transporte. A análise realizada indicou que a capacidade operacional foi de aproximadamente 7,73 m³ h-1. Considerando-se a menor taxa de crescimento observada no histórico do reservatório, 2,27%, o sistema deveria permitir a remoção de aproximadamente 28 m³ h-1. Dessa forma, esse equipamento pode funcionar como um método auxiliar no controle das plantas aquáticas, não realizando um controle efetivo se empregado de forma isolada.The aim of this work was to develop and evaluate the operational capacity of a device for aquatic plant control, as well to establish procedures to improve plant control at the Americana reservoir in Brazil. Basically, the equipment consists of a shore conveyor (3.0 m wide x 10.0 m long) for collecting and carrying the plants to a cutter (that breaks the plants before transportation, facilitating their decomposition and transport. The analysis showed that the operational capacity of the equipment was approximately 7.73 m³ h-1. Considering the lowest growth index observed in the reservoir description, 2.27%, the system should remove approximately 28 m³ h-1. This equipment can act as a support for aquatic plant control, without providing an effective control when used alone.

O leiteiro (Peschiera fuchsiaefolia) é uma infestante de pastagens de importância para as regiões Sudeste e Centro-Oeste do Brasil, cuja dispersão ocorre por sementes. Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de leiteiro, em função do estádio de maturação e armazenamento dos frutos, foram colhidos frutos em cinco regiões diferentes, constituindo cinco acessos: lote 1-Vitoriana/SP, lote 2-Botucatu/SP, lote 3Bauru/SP, lote 4-São Manuel/SP e lote 5-São Pedro/SP. Cada lote de sementes foi avaliado individualmente, seguindo-se o delineamento estatístico inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 2x4, sendo dois períodos de armazenamento dos frutos (0 e 7 dias após colheita) e quatro estádios de maturação (verde-oliva, verde-limão, alaranjado-fechado e alaranjado-aberto). A polpa dos frutos foi retirada e as sementes extraídas mediante fricção em peneira sob água corrente. As sementes foram colocadas para germinar a 30 ºC com 8 h de luz, sendo as contagens realizadas semanalmente até os 42 dias do início do teste. Os resultados dos testes da primeira contagem de germinação, IVG e condutividade elétrica mostraram que o vigor das sementes foi superior em frutos colhidos nos estádios finais de maturação e que, de modo geral, o armazenamento dos frutos prejudicou a qualidade das sementes.Peschiera fuchsiaefolia is a pasture weed in southern Brazil whose dispersion occurs by seeds. The objective of this research was to evaluate the physiological quality of P. fuchsiaefolia at fruit maturation stages and storage periods. This experiment was carried using fruit seeds harvested in 5 different regions: lot 1-Vitoriana/SP, lot 2-Botucatu/SP, lot 3Bauru/SP, lot 4-São Manuel/SP and lot 5-São Pedro/SP. The experimental design was completely randomized with the treatments arranged in a factorial design 2 x 4, being two storage periods (0 and 7 days after harvest) and four fruit maturation stages [dark green (5GY 4/4), green (5GY 6/8), dark orange (5YR 5/10) and light orange (2,5Y 8/12)]. The fruit pulp was removed and the seeds were extracted by friction in sieve under running water. The seeds were put to germinate at 30 ºC during 8 hours of light. Germination was weekly evaluated up to 42 days after sowing. Seed vigor was determined by first germination counting, index of germination speed and electrical conductivity. Seed vigor was greatest in fruits harvested at the final stage of maturation. Storage affected seed quality.

Panicum repens e Paspalum repens são espécies infestantes de ambientes úmidos e alagados, freqüentes em margens de lagos, reservatórios, canais de irrigação e drenagem. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de diferentes herbicidas no controle dessas duas espécies. O experimento foi conduzido no Núcleo de Pesquisas Avançadas em Matologia, do Departamento de Produção Vegetal, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas/UNESP, campus de Botucatu-SP. As plantas foram cultivadas em caixas d'água e as pulverizações foram realizadas utilizando-se um pulverizador costal pressurizado a CO2. Os tratamentos testados foram: glyphosate a 2.400, 3.360 e 4.320 g e.a. ha-1 + Aterbane 0,5% v/v, glyphosate a 2.400, 3.360 e 4.320 g e.a. ha-1 + Silwet 0.1% v/v, imazapyr a 750 e 1.500 g e.a. ha-1 e diquat a 400 e 800 g i.a. ha-1 (em aplicações seqüenciais de 200+200 g i.a. ha-1 e 400+400 g i.a. ha-1), além de uma testemunha sem aplicação de herbicidas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Avaliações visuais de controle foram realizadas, sendo a massa seca das plantas determinada ao final do estudo. O herbicida glyphosate na dose de 4.320 g e.a. ha-1, independentemente do adjuvante utilizado, assim como na dose de 3.360 g e.a. ha-1 com Aterbane, proporcionou bom controle de Panicum repens e, em todas as doses e adjuvantes testados, promoveu controle excelente de Paspalum repens. O herbicida imazapyr, independentemente da dose testada, apresentou resultados insatisfatórios no controle das plantas de Panicum repens, porém promoveu um excelente controle de Paspalum repens; o herbicida diquat, apesar das duas aplicações e independentemente da dose utilizada, mostrou-se ineficiente para controle das duas espécies.Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the susceptibility of Panicum repens and Paspalum repens Bergius to different herbicides applied in postemergence. The plants were cultivated in reservoirs and the treatments tested were: glyphosate (Rodeo) at 2,400, 3,360 and 4,320 g a.e. ha-1 plus Aterbane 0.5% v/v; glyphosate at 2,400, 3,360 and 4,320 g a.e. ha-1 plus Silwet 0,1% v/v; imazapyr (Arsenal) at 750 and 1,500 g a.e. ha-1, diquat (Reward) at 400 and 800 g a.i. ha-1 (in sequential applications of 200+200 g a.i. ha-1 and 400 + 400 g a.i. ha-1, respectively) and an untreated control. A CO2 backpack sprayer with 2 bars and consumption of 200 L ha-1 of spray solution was used.The experimental design was completely randomized with four repetitions. The control was evaluated visually and plant dry matter determined at the end of the study. The herbicide glyphosate at 4,320 g a.e. ha-1, regardless of the adjuvant used, and at 3,360 g a.e. ha¹ with Aterbane, provided a good control of Panicum repens, and an excellent control of Paspalum repens at all the doses tested; the herbicide imazapyr, regardless of the dose tested, presented unsatisfactory results in controlling Panicum repens plants, but provided an excellent control of Paspalum repens; the herbicide diquat was inefficient in controlling both species, despite the two applications and regardless of the dose applied.

Foram realizados dois experimentos, com objetivo de avaliar a suscetibilidade de Brachiaria subquadripara e Brachiaria mutica a diferentes herbicidas aplicados em pósemergência. Os herbicidas e doses testados foram: glyphosate (Rodeo) a 2.400, 3.360 e 4.320 g e.a. ha-1 com Aterbane a 0,5% v/v; glyphosate a 2.400, 3.360 e 4.320 g e.a. ha-1 com Silwet a 0,1% v/v; imazapyr (Arsenal) a 750 e 1.500 g e.a. ha-1; e diquat (Reward) a 400 e 800 g i.a. ha-1 com aplicação seqüencial. Manteve-se uma testemunha sem aplicação de herbicidas. As parcelas experimentais foram constituídas de caixas d'água de 60 x 60 x 45 cm, com 55 L de solo. A aplicação foi realizada quando as plantas se encontravam a 45 e 65 cm de altura para B. subquadripara e B. mutica, respectivamente. Foi utilizado um pulverizador costal, a pressão constante de CO2 (2 bars), pontas 110.02 XR, com um consumo de calda de 200 L ha-1. O controle foi avaliado visualmente, através de escala percentual de notas, além de se avaliar a massa seca das plantas. O herbicida glyphosate nas doses de 3.360 e 4.320 g e.a. ha-1, independentemente do adjuvante testado, proporcionou controle excelente para as duas espécies, porém as parcelas que receberam glyphosate a 2.400 g e.a. ha-1 apresentaram controle apenas satisfatório. O herbicida imazapyr nas doses de 750 e 1.500 g e.a. ha-1 proporcionou controle eficiente para B. subquadripara e excelente para B. mutica. Já o herbicida diquat, apesar de duas aplicações e independentemente da dose utilizada, mostrou-se ineficiente no controle das duas espécies.Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the susceptibility of Brachiaria subquadripara and Brachiaria mutica to different herbicides applied in post-emergence. The herbicides and doses used were: glyphosate (Rodeo) at 2,400, 3,360 and 4,320 (g a.e. ha-1) plus Aterbane 0.5% v/v; glyphosate at 2,400, 3,360 and 4,320 (g a.e. ha-1) plus Silwet 0.1% v/v; imazapyr (Arsenal) at 750 and 1,500 (g a.e. ha-1), diquat (Reward) at 400 and 800 (g a.i. ha-1) with sequential application and an untreated control. The experimental plots were constituted of 60 x 60 x 45 cm water reservoirs, with 55 L of soil. Herbicides were applied when the plants reached 45 and 65 cm for B. subquadripara and B. mutica, respectively. A CO2 backpack sprayer was used with 2 bars, 110.02 XR nozzles and consumption of 200 L ha-1 spray solution. The control was visually evaluated, through percentile note scale, and plant dry mass as well. The herbicide glyphosate (doses of 3,360 and 4,320 g a.e. ha-1) showed an excellent control for the two species, regardless of the adjuvant tested. However, the plots that had received glyphosate at 2,400 g a.e. ha-1 showed only a satisfactory control. The herbicide imazapyr (doses 750 and 1,500 g a.e. ha-1) provided an effective control for B. subquadripara and a very effective control for B. mutica. The herbicide diquat, although applied twice and regardless of the dosage used, was found to be inefficient in controlling the two species.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de alguns herbicidas no controle de Polygonum lapathifolium. O experimento foi instalado e conduzido no Núcleo de Pesquisas Avançadas em Matologia, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP - Botucatu-SP. Plantas de P. lapathifolium foram coletadas no rio Tietê e cultivadas em caixas d'água de fibra de vidro de 0,6 x 0,6 x 0,45 m, contendo 15 cm de solo. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: 2,4-D amina a 720 a 1.440 g e.a. ha-1; diquat a 480 g i.a. ha-1; glyphosate a 2.400 e 3.360 g e.a. ha-1 + Aterbane 0,5% v/v; imazapyr a 250 e 500 g e.a. ha-1; e testemunha sem aplicação de herbicida. A aplicação foi realizada com um pulverizador costal pressurizado a CO2, a pressão constante de 2,0 bars, equipado com barra de pulverização munida de dois bicos de jato plano, tipo Teejet XR 110.02 VS. O consumo de calda foi de 200 L ha-1. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. As avaliações foram visuais, atribuindo-se notas para os sintomas de injúrias de acordo com uma escala percentual. Apenas o herbicida glyphosate, independentemente da dose utilizada, controlou as plantas de Polygonum lapathifolium, atingindo 100% aos 46 dias após a aplicação. Inicialmente o herbicida diquat promoveu injúrias severas, entretanto, no decorrer do período de avaliações, elas se dissiparam e as plantas rebrotaram.The objective of this trial was to study the efficacy of some herbicides in controlling P. lapathifolium. The experiment was carried out at Núcleo de Pesquisas Avançadas em Matologia of the Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas/Botucatu - São Paulo, Brazil. Polygonum lapathifolium plants were collected in the Tietê River and cultivated in 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.45 m fiber glass tanks containing 15 cm of soil. The herbicides used were 2,4-D amine at 720 and 1,440 g e.a. ha-1, diquat at 480 g a.i. ha-1, glyphosate at 2,400 and 3,360 g e.a. ha-1 + Aterbane 0.5% v/v, imazapyr at 250 and 500 g i.a. ha-1 and an untreated plot. The application was carried out using a backpack sprayer pressurized with CO2 at 2,0 bar equipped with 2 flat fan nozzles type TeeJet XR110.02 VS. The application volume was 200 L ha-1. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design, with 3 replications. Visual evaluations were conducted by grading the injury symptoms according to a percentage scale. The results showed that only glyphosate provided an excellent control of Polygonum lapathifolium even at the lowest rate, reaching 100% at 46 days after application. Diquat caused severe injuries initially but these symptoms disappeared and the plants sprouted along the evaluation periods.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a velocidade e intensidade de ação do hexazinone isolado e em mistura com outros inibidores do fotossistema II, através da eficiência fotossintética de Panicum maximum em pós-emergência. O ensaio foi constituído de seis tratamentos: hexazinone (250 g ha-1), tebuthiuron (1,0 kg ha-1), hexazinone + tebuthiuron (125 g ha-1 + 0,5 kg ha-1), diuron (2.400 g ha-1), hexazinone + diuron (125 + 1.200 g ha-1), metribuzin (1.440 g ha-1), hexazinone + metribuzin (125 + 720 g ha-1) e uma testemunha. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Após a aplicação dos tratamentos, as plantas foram transportadas para casa de vegetação sob condições controladas de temperatura e umidade, onde ficaram durante o período experimental, sendo realizadas as seguintes avaliações: taxa de transporte de elétrons e análise visual de intoxicação. A avaliação com o fluorômetro foi realizada nos intervalos de 1, 2, 6, 24, 48, 72, 120 e 168 horas após a aplicação, e as avaliações visuais, aos três e sete dias após a aplicação. Os resultados demonstraram diferença nos tratamentos, enfatizando a aplicação do diuron, que reduziu lentamente o transporte de elétrons comparado com os outros herbicidas e, em mistura com hexazinone, apresentou efeito sinérgico. Verificou-se com o uso do fluorômetro a intoxicação antecipada em plantas de P. maximum após a aplicação de herbicidas inibidores do fotossistema II de forma isolada e em mistura.This work aimed to evaluate the speed and intensity of action of hexazinone applied alone and in combination with other photo-system II inhibitors on the photosynthetic efficiency of Panicum maximum in post-emergence. The assay consisted of six treatments: hexazinone (250 g ha-1), tebuthiuron (1.0 kg ha-1), hexazinone + tebuthiuron (125 g ha-1+ 0.5 kg ha-1), diuron (2,400 g ha-1), hexazinone + diuron (125 + 1,200 g ha-1), metribuzin (1,440 g ha-1), hexazinone + metribuzin (125 + 720 g ha-1) and a control. The experiment was conducted in a randomized design with four replications. After treatment application, plants were transported to a greenhouse with controlled temperature and humidity, remaining there throughout the experimental period, during which electron transport rate and visual analysis of intoxication were assessed. The fluorometer evaluation was performed at intervals of01, 02, 06, 24, 48, 72, 120, and168 hours after application, and visual assessments at 3 and 7 days after application. The results showed differences in the treatments, with the application ofthe herbicide diuron slowly reducing electron transport, compared with the other herbicides, and presenting a synergistic effect when mixed with hexazinone. Early intoxication of P. maximum plants was verified with the use ofthe fluorometer, after application of the photo-system IIinhibitors, alone and in combination.