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Severe burns can lead to sustained hypermetabolism in the body, resulting in delayed wound healing, and malnutrition, dysfunction, and even death of patients. It is critical to carry out adequate nutritional risk assessment and provide individualized nutritional support to improve the prognosis of patients with severe burns. This paper describes and summarizes precision nutrition support for severe burn patients from theory to clinical practice.严重烧伤会导致机体出现持续的高代谢，从而造成创面愈合延迟及机体营养不良和功能障碍，甚至死亡等不良后果。对严重烧伤患者进行充分的营养风险评估和提供个体化营养支持治疗是至关重要的，可改善患者预后。该文从理论到临床实践就严重烧伤患者的精准营养支持进行阐述和总结。.

Wound repair is a highly coordinated and mutually regulated complex process involving various kinds of cells, extracellular matrices and cytokines. A variety of growth factors play an important regulatory role in wound healing, and it is critical to achieve effective delivery and sustained function of growth factors. In recent years, the application of biomaterials in tissue engineering has shown great potential, and the effective delivery of growth factors by biomaterials has attracted increasing attention. Based on this, this paper introduces the mechanism of related growth factors in the process of wound healing, focusing on the recent progress of biomaterial delivery of growth factors to accelerate wound healing, in order to provide new enlightenment for clinical wound treatment.创面修复是一个由多种细胞、细胞外基质、细胞因子等共同参与、高度协调又相互调控的复杂过程。多种生长因子在创面修复过程中发挥重要调控作用，而实现生长因子有效递送和功能持续发挥是至关重要的。近年来，生物材料在组织工程中的应用显示出巨大潜力，生物材料对生长因子的有效递送也日益受到关注。基于此，该文介绍了相关生长因子在创面修复过程中的作用机制，并重点讨论了生物材料递送生长因子加速创面愈合的最新进展，以期为临床上创面治疗提供新的启示。.

A 59-year-old male patient with local sinus tract formation due to residual foreign body was admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine on December 17, 2018. The examination showed that the residual foreign body was the component of a sticky cloth implanted when the patient underwent appendectomy 27 years ago. Hypertrophic scar developed at the right-lower abdominal incision for appendectomy 23 years ago and the secondary infection after cicatrectomy resulted in non-healing of the wound. The chronic refractory wound healed completely after surgical treatment in our hospital after this admission. The postoperative pathological examination revealed local inflammatory granuloma. This case suggests that chronic refractory wound is likely to form when secondary infection occurs following the surgical procedure near the implant, and aggressive surgery is an effective way to solve this problem.2018年12月17日，浙江大学医学院附属第二医院收治1例因异物残留导致局部窦道形成的59岁男性患者。经检查，残留异物为患者27年前行阑尾切除手术时植入的“毡布”成分，23年前因右下腹阑尾炎手术致切口处增生性瘢痕形成，瘢痕切除术后继发感染导致创面不愈合。该次收入院后经手术治疗后创面完全愈合，术后病理检查提示局部肉芽肿性炎。该病例提示在植入物附近的手术操作一旦继发感染，容易形成慢性难愈合创面，积极手术治疗是有效手段。.

The International Society of Burn Injury (ISBI) published the second part of the ISBI practice guidelines for burn care in 2018 in the journal of国际烧伤协会于2018年在《Burns》杂志上发布了《国际烧伤协会烧伤救治实践指南》第2部分，主要内容包括烧伤急救、局部外用药物、烧伤感染、动静脉置管管理、代谢管理、运动与功能训练、疼痛管理、镇静、输血、深静脉血栓、精神障碍及门诊和出院患者管理。本文对该指南的要点进行解读。.

On February 6, 2017, one male patient aged 25 years with total burn area of 99% total body surface area (TBSA) and full-thickness burn area of 95% TBSA was transferred from a primary hospital to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine one day post injury. On admission, the patient was clearly conscious, with tracheotomy ventilator assisted ventilation, and received rehydration, antishock, anti-infection, nutritional support, debridement, skin grafting, and negative pressure treatment. During the hospitalization, the patient was in critical condition and 28 central venous catheterizations and 1 peripherally inserted central catheter were performed.Based on multidisciplinary cooperation and on the premise of full risk assessment, nurses focused on strengthening the nursing of central venous catheter related infection. The measures for central venous catheter care were improved after detection of carbapenems resistant2017年2月6日，浙江大学医学院附属第二医院收治1例25岁烧伤总面积99%体表总面积(TBSA)男性患者。患者伤后1 d由基层医院转入，其中Ⅲ度烧伤面积达95%TBSA。入院时患者意识清楚，气管切开呼吸机辅助通气，实施补液抗休克、抗感染及营养支持，清创植皮负压治疗等处理。住院期间病情危重，先后行28次中心静脉置管术和1次经外周穿刺中心静脉导管置入术。护士依托多学科合作，在做好充分风险评估的前提下，重点加强中心静脉导管相关性感染的护理，导管尖端附着物、创面分泌物和血微生物培养检出抗碳青霉烯类抗生素肺炎克雷伯菌后，改良中心静脉导管护理措施。积极预防中心静脉导管周围血栓形成。在翻身床使用、浸浴治疗、患者躁动期间重点做好非计划性拔管的预防。入院第171天，静脉治疗专科护士在右上臂瘢痕形成处行经外周穿刺中心静脉导管置入术，留置55 d后拔除导管，患者康复出院。随访18个月，恢复良好。.

On February 11, 2019, a 37-year-old female patient with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders was admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and her acute osteomyelitis was caused by infection of multiple pressure ulcer wounds with2019年2月11日，浙江大学医学院附属第二医院收治1例37岁的视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病女性患者，其因多处压疮创面感染金黄色葡萄球菌引起急性骨髓炎。对其进行多学科协作诊疗，护士重点做好激素减量治疗期间视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病症候群的严密观察，警惕病情反跳；根据诊疗方案，分阶段落实创面护理，保持有效引流，确保负压合适，加强营养以促进创面愈合。经过积极治疗和精心护理，患者于入院后第39天康复出院。.

A 58-year-old male patient with diabetic foot ulcer was admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine on December 11, 2018. The patient was treated with local debridement, vacuum sealing drainage treatment, and dressing change and discharged after basic wound healing. On January 15, 2019, the patient was hospitalized again due to local infection and rupture of wound surface. He underwent a surgical debridement on the third day after second admission and was given intravenous infusion of 0.4 g teicoplanin twice daily. Histopathological examination after surgery showed keratinizing squamous-cell carcinoma. An extended squamous-cell carcinoma resection plus autologous split-thickness skin grafting and vacuum sealing drainage treatment was carried out on the 10th day after second admission. The patient's whole body turned red after surgery with rash, recurrent fever over 39 ℃, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia. A multi-disciplinary consultation of physicians attributed these symptoms to teicoplanin-induced hypersensitivity syndrome. After withdrawal of teicoplanin and administration of hormone, the patient's temperature returned to normal, and the leucocyte count and platelet count recovered gradually. The patient was cured and discharged on the 49th day after second admission. The case presented reminds us of need to strictly follow the indications of teicoplanin prior to medication, be resolute to the administration and withdrawal, and be alert to adverse drug reactions when above-mentioned abnormalities occur, meanwhile, infection and rheumatic diseases are excluded.2018年12月11日，浙江大学医学院附属第二医院收治1例58岁男性糖尿病足溃疡患者，予以局部扩创、负压封闭引流治疗及局部换药后，创面基本愈合出院。2019年1月15日，患者因创面局部感染破溃再次入院。再次入院后第3天行扩创手术，术后予以每天2次0.4 g替考拉宁静脉滴注治疗，术后组织病理检查提示角化型鳞状细胞癌。遂于再次入院后第10天行鳞状细胞癌扩大切除后自体刃厚皮移植及负压封闭引流治疗，术后患者出现全身发红伴皮疹，反复发热，体温高达39 ℃以上，伴白细胞计数及血小板计数降低。经多学科医师会诊后，考虑为替考拉宁超敏反应综合征，予以停用替考拉宁，改行激素治疗，患者体温转正常，血白细胞计数及血小板计数逐渐回升。患者于再次入院后第49天治愈出院。本病例提示使用替考拉宁治疗需要严格掌握用药指征，敢用敢停，早用早停，一旦治疗过程中发生上述异常情况，在排除感染和风湿免疫性疾病的情况下，应考虑到替考拉宁不良反应的可能。.

On April 26, 2018, a 55-year-old male patient with severe phenol burn complicated with acute poisoning was admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine. The patient quickly developed the symptoms of central nervous system including blurred consciousness and restlessness, anuria, and respiratory failure. After self-rescue before admission and a series of measures in hospital including wound decontamination to reduce phenol absorption, rapid massive infusion and hemodialysis+ hemoperfusion, continuous renal replacement therapy for speeding up phenol excretion and organ function maintenance, the poisoning symptoms were effectively alleviated, and the patient was finally rescued successfully and discharged on post injury day 29. This case suggests that early hemodialysis combined with hemoperfusion and continuous renal replacement therapy are effective methods for treating severe phenol burn complicated with acute poisoning.2018年4月26日，浙江大学医学院附属第二医院收治1例经外院转入的严重苯酚烧伤合并急性中毒的55岁男性患者。该患者伤后很快出现意识模糊、躁动等中枢神经症状及无尿、呼吸功能衰竭，经院前自救及院内创面洗消减少酚吸收、快速大量补液及血液透析＋血液灌流、连续性肾脏替代治疗加快酚排泄、脏器功能维护等一系列措施，中毒症状得到有效缓解，最终得以成功救治，于伤后29 d出院。本病例提示，早期血液透析联合血液灌流及连续性肾脏替代治疗是救治严重苯酚烧伤合并急性中毒的有效手段。.

On January 1st 2018, a male 44 years old diabetic patient with subcutaneous soft tissue infection in right thigh was admitted to our hospital. The patient repeatedly used the same needle to inject insulin subcutaneously in the unsterilized right thigh, and his blood glucose was badly controlled in the long term. Severe subcutaneous soft tissue infection of the right thigh occurred after his fatigue, accompanied with ketoacidosis. Then he received conservative treatment in the local hospital for one month, but the infection persisted. After being transferred to our hospital, we highly suspected the diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis according to previous test indicators and local B-ultrasound results, but suggestion of aggressive surgery was refused. So we treated him with conservative therapies using sensitive antibiotics and supportive remedies. The patient was basically healed after treatment of 1 month and he was recovered well during the follow-up 2 months after discharged from our hospital. This case emphasizes the importance of standard injection of insulin and early diagnosis of severe subcutaneous soft tissue infection.2018年1月1日，笔者单位收治了1例右大腿皮下软组织感染的44岁男性糖尿病患者。该例患者多次使用同一针头在未经消毒的右大腿皮下注射胰岛素，且血糖长期控制不佳，劳累后出现严重皮下软组织感染，发病时伴发酮症酸中毒，于当地医院保守治疗约1个月，感染仍持续存在。转至笔者单位后，结合患者之前实验室检查指标及局部B超检查结果，笔者高度怀疑坏死性筋膜炎的诊断，建议患者进一步手术治疗，但患者明确拒绝，因此继续予抗感染及支持治疗。治疗1个月后患者基本痊愈，出院2个月后随访患者恢复良好。本病例提示规范注射胰岛素以及早期诊断严重皮下软组织感染的重要性。.

Severe skin damage not only causes a mass of tissue defect, but also leads to the loss of various sensory functions. Tissue engineering skin provides a new way for high-quality wound repair, while there are still many problems in the recovery of sensory function, such as abnormality or loss of sensation of pain, touch, and temperature. Therefore, when tissue engineering skin is used to promote wound healing, regeneration and functional recovery of sensory nerve have attracted more and more attention. This article introduces the kind, distribution, regeneration, and factors influencing regeneration of sensory nerve in skin, and explores strategies in promoting regeneration of sensory nerve from dermal scaffold, seed cell, and neurturin of tissue engineering skin.严重的皮肤损伤不仅会造成大量的组织缺损，还会导致各种感觉功能丧失。组织工程皮肤为创面高质量修复提供了新途径，但在感觉功能恢复方面仍存在诸多问题，如痛觉、触觉、温度觉的异常甚至丧失。因此，在应用组织工程皮肤促进创面愈合的同时，感觉神经的再生和功能恢复越来越受到关注。本文介绍了皮肤感觉神经的种类、分布、再生及其影响因素，并从组织工程皮肤的真皮支架、种子细胞、神经营养因子等方面探讨促进感觉神经再生的策略。.

Wound healing is a complex and sequential biological process involving various cells and factors under body's regulation. Appropriate interventions play positive roles in promoting effective wound healing and improving healing quality. In the clinical practice, there are many new instruments, dressings, and drugs developed for wound care, including antibacterial dressings, wet dressings, precise debridement, negative pressure wound therapy, cytokines/growth factors, and dermal substitutes, which provide revolutionary means for wound treatment. This article summarizes the effective or mature methods in wound care, providing theoretical and practical basis for choosing appropriate treatment methods in different stages of wound.创面愈合过程复杂而有序，是由多种细胞、细胞因子等在机体的调控下完成的生物学过程。恰当的创面处理能有效促进创面愈合，提高创面愈合质量。随着现代医学的不断发展，创面处理出现了许多新器械、敷料和药物，主要包括抗菌敷料、湿性敷料、精确清创、负压治疗、生长因子和真皮替代物等，为创面处理带来了革命性的手段。本文总结了比较确切有效或成熟的创面处理方法，为临床上不同阶段选择适合的创面处理方法提供理论总结和实践依据。.

There are many factors that may affect the microenvironment of acute and chronic wounds. This article reviews the relationship between temperature factor in the external microenvironment of wound surface and wound healing. The temperature changes in different types and stages of wounds are closely related to the wound healing status. Therefore, wound temperature monitoring provides timely, reliable, and non-invasive method in the evaluation of wound status. As low temperature affects the physiological state of wound, relieving the low temperature state and maintaining normal temperature of the microenvironment of wound can promote wound healing. Further research is needed on the wound repair related effector cell proliferation and the mechanism of regulatory function to determine the optimal constant temperature and heat treatment duration needed for wound healing.急、慢性创面微环境影响因素众多，本文综述了创面外部微环境中的温度因素与创面愈合之间的关系。不同类型创面和创面不同阶段的温度变化与创面愈合状态存在密切关系，因此创面温度的监测为评估创面状态提供了及时、无创、可靠的方法。创面低温状态影响创面生理的变化，缓解创面低温状态和保持创面微环境的正常温度可以促进创面愈合。但创面微环境所需的最佳恒定温度和加热治疗时间还有待验证，需进一步研究明确温度对于创面修复相关效应细胞增殖及功能的调节作用机制。.

Since its establishment for 60 years, Department of Burns of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine has grown into a famous regional burn center in China under the leading of the pioneers and through the efforts of several generations. The department has distinctive disciplinary features in burn care, nutritional support, scar prevention and treatments, standard management of chronic wound, and skin tissue engineering research, making positive contribution to the development of burn medicine in China.浙江大学医学院附属第二医院烧伤科成立60年来，在前辈的引领下，历经几代人的努力，已经成长为全国知名的区域烧伤中心，在烧伤救治、营养支持、瘢痕防治、慢性创面规范诊治及组织工程皮肤的研发方面形成了鲜明的学科特色，为中国烧伤医学的发展做出了积极贡献。.

Deep skin wounds require skin grafts for coverage. Current treatments such as tissue engineered skin or skin substitutes can not meet the needs of clinical application due to the technical problems involving preservation, transportation, and a lengthy preparation process. In comparison with traditional methods such as freeze-drying, three-dimensional bioprinting can precisely dispense living cells, nucleic acid, growth factor, and phase-changing hydrogels according to the wound form, while maintaining high cell viability. Besides, it has excellent performance in high resolution, flexibility, reproducibility, and high throughput, showing great potential in the fabrication of tissue engineered skin. This review mainly introduces the common techniques of three-dimensional bioprinting, and their application in skin tissue engineering, focusing on the latest research progress, and summarizes the current challenges and future development of three-dimensional skin printing.

The essential internal environment in human being involves water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, which is the basis of balance and stability of internal environment in other systems. For burn patients, the balance of internal environment, referring to metabolism, nutrition, inflammatory response, and immunoreaction, is one of the most important aspects in burn disease. This paper aims to briefly elaborate the balance of internal environment after burn, with the purpose to promote the basic and clinical research in this field.

In clinical practice, skin defects resulted from various acute and chronic diseases occur frequently. Dermal substitute (DS), known as dermal regenerative template, is used more and more widely, but the slow process of vascularization limits its clinical application. At present, there are many strategies developed to enhance the process of vascularization, such as modifying the structure of dermal scaffolds, prevascularization by seeding stem cells and/or endothelial cells. Recently, negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) emerged and rapidly became popular in promoting wound healing due to its intrinsic advantages. Furthermore, some researchers introduced this technique to accelerate the vascularization process of DS. This paper represents a comprehensive overview on the efficiency of NPWT in different combination models, and the related mechanism.

Skin perfusion pressure (SPP) is the perfusion pressure at the skin level, and it can serve as an index of microcirculation in skin and subcutaneous tissue. SPP can be measured simply, with less injury and high reproducibility in a short time, without interfering vascular calcification. It has been widely used in various fields, including evaluation of critical limb ischaemia and effect of vascular surgery, selection of proper level of amputation, and prediction of wound healing. So far, there is no relevant reports about the application of SPP in China. This article reviews the clinical application of SPP abroad.

The wound healing includes non-healing and overhealing of the wounds. The results of wound healing are well known by people such as non-healing of the diabetic ulcer or hypertrophic scar after deep burn. In this issue, three papers involve in wound healing, one about autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells injected into wound or scar of rabbit ear, one about severe hypoxia and hypoalbuminemia inducing human hypertrophic scar derived fibroblast apoptosis in vitro, and another about the dysfunction of protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway contributing to the pathophysiological characteristics of diabetic skin and non-healing wound. The basic problem of hypertrophic scar study is lacking an ideal animal model. Although rabbit ear model or red Duroc pig model has been used widely for study on hypertrophic scar, they can not fully represent human dermal fibrosis after deep trauma on the skin. I recommend

Acute kidney injury (AKI), one of the common and important complications post burn, shows a high incidence and mortality in severely burned patients. The common etiologic factors involved in the development of AKI post burn include hypovolaemia, denatured proteins, nephrotoxic agents, etc., while the molecular mechanisms include oxidative stress injury, systematic or local inflammation, apoptosis, and so on. Furthermore, quite a few signaling pathways participate in the regulation of the occurrence and development of AKI post burn. Existed researches on the treatment of AKI post burn focus on the fluid replacement, renal replacement therapy, anti-infection, and specific agents interfering pathophysiologic or molecular mechanisms of AKI. In this review, we summarize the new advances in the research of the occurrence, development, and diagnosis and treatment of AKI post burn.

Numerous lenses of eclogite occur in a belt of augen orthogneisses in the Gubaoquan area in the southern Beishan orogen, an eastern extension of the Tianshan orogen. With detailed petrological data and phase relations, modelled in the system NCFMASHTO with THERMOCALC, a quantitative P-T path was estimated and defined a clockwise P-T path that showed a near isothermal decompression from eclogite facies (>15.5 kbar, 700-800 � C, omphacite + garnet) to high-pressure granulite facies (12-14 kbar, 700-750 � C, clinopyroxene + sodic plagioclase symplectitic intergrowths around ompha- cite), low-pressure granulite facies (8-9.5 kbar, 700 � C, orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + plagio- clase symplectites and coronas surrounding garnet) and amphibolite facies (5-7 kbar, 600-700 � C, hornblende + plagioclase symplectites). The major and trace elements and Sm-Nd isotopic data suggest that most of the Beishan eclogite samples had a protolith of oceanic crust with geochemical characteristics of an enriched or normal mid-ocean ridge basalt. The U-Pb dating of the Beishan eclogites indicates an Ordovician age of c. 467 Ma for the eclogite facies metamorphism. An 39 Ar ⁄ 40 Ar age of c. 430 Ma for biotite from the augen gneiss corresponds to the time of retrograde metamorphism. The combined data from geological setting, bulk composition, clockwise P-T path and geochronology support a model in which the Beishan eclogites started as oceanic crust in the Palaeoasian Ocean, which was subducted to eclogite depths in the Ordovician and exhumed in the Silurian. The eclogite-bearing gneiss belt marks the position of a high-pressure Ordovician suture zone, and the calculated clockwise P-T path defines the progression from subduction to exhumation.

The Beishan orogenic collage is located in the southernmost part of the Altaids, and connects the Southern Tien Shan suture to the west with the Solonker suture to the east. The orogen was previously regarded as early Paleozoic in age in contrast to the surrounding southern Altaid collages, which are Late Paleozoic or even Early Mesozoic. This paper reviews the tectonic units of the Beishan orogen, which along a north-south traverse consists of several arcs and ophiolitic melanges. These tectonic units were thrust imbricated and overprinted by strike-slip faulting during Permian-Triassic times, and the youngest strata involved in the deformation are Permian. Stitching plutons are Late Permian in age. Peaks of magmatic-metamorphic-tectonic activity, and paleomagnetic and paleogeographic data indicate that the Beishan orogenic collage evolved by development of several, Early to Mid-Paleozoic arcs in different parts of the Paleoasian Ocean. The Late Paleozoic collage is characterized by three active continental margins or island arcs that are separated by two ophiolitic melanges. The northernmost active margin is represented by the Queershan arc, which may have lasted until the Permian. The Shibanshan unit is the southernmost, subduction-related continental arc along the northern margin of the Dunhuang block. In the Late Carboniferous to Permian the eastern end (promontory) of the Tarim Craton probably collided with the Chinese eastern Tien Shan arc, forming a new active continental margin, which interacted with the Beishan Late Paleozoic archipelago, generating a complicated subduction-accretionary orogen; this is suggested to be one of the last phases in the development of the long-lived Altaid accretionary orogenesis. The new model for this orogen bridges the gap between the western and eastern ends of the southern Altaids. The modern Timor-Australia collision zone with its many surrounding arcs is an appropriate analog for the Altaids in the Late Paleozoic.

RIG-1 signalling is responsible for the detection of cytoplasmic viral RNA molecules. DEXH(Asp-Glu-X-His) box polypeptide 58 (encoded by DHX58) is a negative regulator of the RIG-1 signalling pathway. In human, the DHX58 gene can be upregulated and can inhibit the RIG-1 signalling pathway during viral infection. In this study, porcine DHX58 gene expression patterns were studied. According to our results, the porcine DHX58 gene was upregulated not only by the stimulation of Poly I:C but also by the stimulation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). One polymorphism (g.4919G>C), detected in the ninth intron,was significantly associated with some blood parameters including the red cell distribution width of 1-day-old pigs and white blood cell counts, lymphocyte absolute counts, and platelet distribution width of 17-day-old pigs (P < 0.05). Moreover, the individuals with the genotype GG have a significantly higher mean white blood cell count than individuals with genotype CC or GC (P < 0.05). Our study indicates that DHX58 is an important gene that is associated with the immune response in swine.

The purpose of this study was to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for growth and carcass quality traits on BTA6 in a population of Hanwoo cattle. Three hundred and sixty one steers were produced from 39 sires that were sired by 17 grandsires in the two Hanwoo farming branches of the National Livestock Research Institute of Korea, between Spring 2000 and Fall 2002. DNA samples were collected for all of the steers, sires and grandsires, and the phenotypes for six growth and carcass quality traits were measured at 24 months of age. Twelve microsatellite markers were chosen on BTA6 and a linkage map was constructed by using seven of the twelve markers. Then, a chromosome-wide QTL scan was performed by applying an Animal Model, in which effects of QTL alleles within the grand sires were fitted as a random term. Three QTL were detected at the 5% chromosome-wise level for backfat thickness, average daily gain, and final weight. The most likely positions for the QTL were in the proximal region, i.e. 0 cM, 35 cM, and 63 cM, respectively. Also, another QTL for longissimus dorsi muscle area was detected at the 10% chromosome-wise level at 67 cM. These results were, in general, consistent with our previous report, in which candidate gene analyses showed that a SNP near ILSTS035 flanked by BM4621 (62.5 cM) and BMS2460 (81.3 cM) was associated with final weight, carcass weight, average daily gain, and longissimus dorsi muscle area in the same Hanwoo population.

The purpose of this study was to detect significant SNPs for carcass quality traits using DNA chips of high SNP density in Hanwoo populations. Carcass data of two hundred and eighty nine steers sired by 30 Korean proven sires were collected from two regions; the Hanwoo Improvement Center of National Agricultural Cooperative Federation in Seosan, Chungnam province and the commercial farms in Gyeongbuk province. The steers in Seosan were born between spring and fall of 2006 and those in Gyeonbuk between falls of 2004 and 2005. The former steers were slaughtered at approximately 24 months, while the latter steers were fed six months longer before slaughter. Among the 55,074 SNPs in the Illumina bovine 50K chip, a total of 32,756 available SNPs were selected for whole genome association study. After adjusting for the effects of sire, region and slaughter age, phenotypes were regressed on each SNP using a simple linear regression model. For the significance threshold, 0.1% point-wise p value from F distribution was used for each SNP test. Among the significant SNPs for a trait, the best set of SNP markers were selected using a stepwise regression procedure, and inclusion and exclusion of each SNP out of the model was determined at the p

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the efficiency and safety of arterial infusions of calcium gluconate to treat hydrofluoric (HF) acid burns of the distal human limbs. Materials and Methods: Eligible patients with HF burn limbs, collected from January 2008 to October 2011, were given the arterial infusion of calcium gluconate into the injured limbs. The measures of pain were conducted before the infusion, immediately after the infusion, 4 h after the infusion, and 2 days after the infusion by the visual analogy score (VAS). If the VAS score was higher than 4.0 at the time point 4 h after the first infusion, the infusion was repeated. The time of wound healing, and the number and ratio of the cases receiving the surgical operation were also evaluated. Results: A total of 118 patients, male (107 cases) and female (11 cases), were collected, including 64 cases of outpatients and 54 cases of inpatients. The age of the subjects ranged from 16 to 60 years, with the mean age of 37.6. The burn sites were located in the lateral limbs (28 cases) and in the unilateral limbs (90 cases). For 107 cases, the pain scores decreased quickly after the first infusion. The other 11 cases, with the VAS score higher than 4.0 at the time point 4 h after the first infusion, received the second infusion. The average time of wound healing and the ratio of the cases receiving the surgical operation were closely related to the interval from the injury to the reception of infusion. Conclusions: Arterial infusion of calcium gluconate, effectively relieving the pain, blocking wound progressive deepening, and causing no adverse effects, could be the preferential method to treat hydrofluoric acid burns of the distal human limbs.

Multicast routing over semi-permanent VP (virtual path)s in an ATM (asynchronous transfer mode)-based B-ISDN (broadband integrated services digital network) determines a set of VPs connecting from a source node to destination nodes. The problem of finding the optimal constrained multicasting tree over the semi-permanent VPs in an ATM network is known to be NP (nondeterministic polynomial time)-complete. We develop an optimization methodology for searching a constrained multicast routing tree with minimum cost, using simulated annealing technique. We define the problem-dependent components such as state space and cost function, and refine the implementation-dependent factors including initial temperature and cooling schedule. The simulation results show that our optimization methodology demonstrates good behavior in terms of performance on a variety of graphs modeling the sample ATM networks.

For the epoxy encapsulant cured by diethanolamine, optimal epoxy/hardener stoichiometry could hardly be predicted due to the complex curing mechanisms. In this paper, the influences of stoichiometry were investigated by FTIR, DMA and tensile testing. The results showed that stoichiometry has a dominating effect on both Tg and tensile properties of the cured epoxy. The largest Tg , highest crosslink density as well as excellent ductility appeared in epoxy encapsulant cured with 14 wt% diethanolmine. When the content of diethanolamine was lower than 14 wt%, epoxy encapsulants showed smaller glycidyl conversion even with long-duration post-cure. Larger tensile strength and modulus were also observed in the glycidyl-rich epoxies, which could be explained by anti-plasticization effect. The amine-rich epoxy, however, had extremely high glycidyl conversion and presented brittle tensile behavior. A diethanolamine content of 12-14 wt% for the epoxy encapsulant is suggested to obtain optimal thermal and tensile properties.

RIG-1 signalling is responsible for the detection of cytoplasmic viral RNA molecules. DEXH(Asp-Glu-X-His) box polypeptide 58 (encoded by DHX58) is a negative regulator of the RIG-1 signalling pathway. In human, the DHX58 gene can be upregulated and can inhibit the RIG-1 signalling pathway during viral infection. In this study, porcine DHX58 gene expression patterns were studied. According to our results, the porcine DHX58 gene was upregulated not only by the stimulation of Poly I:C but also by the stimulation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). One polymorphism (g.4919GC), detected in the ninth intron,was significantly associated with some blood parameters including the red cell distribution width of 1-day-old pigs and white blood cell counts, lymphocyte absolute counts, and platelet distribution width of 17-day-old pigs (P0.05). Moreover, the individuals with the genotype GG have a significantly higher mean white blood cell count than individuals with genotype CC or GC (P0.05). Our study indicates that DHX58 is an important gene that is associated with the immune response in swine.