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The dynamic deformation behavior of metallic materials is the key to crash-safe design in many applications, e.g., in the automotive sector. However, in the field of additive manufacturing, dynamic deformation properties have only been scarcely studied. Based on the intrinsic interrelationships of process parameters, post-process heat treatments and the resulting microstructure, the present study seeks to provide a holistic overview of the dynamic tensile deformation properties of AISI 316L stainless steel, fabricated by laser-beam directed energy deposition. Utilizing in situ digital image correlation, the local deformation behavior at varying strain rates from 100 s−1 to 1000 s−1 was unveiled. In combination with pre- and post-mortem microstructure analysis using electron backscatter diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscopy, the microstructural effects on the active deformation mechanisms were studied. The results show that twinning contributes to the overall deformation in the heat-treated condition owing to the weaker crystallographic texture. On the contrary, twinning is less prominent in the non-heat-treated condition due to its pronounced texture. As a result of the differences in terms of active deformation mechanisms, superior fracture elongations are observed in heat-treated condition, which are rationalized by delayed necking due to a more homogeneous strain distribution along the gauge section. Independently from the sample condition, fractography analysis revealed a ductile mode of failure being characterized by equiaxed dimples on the fracture surfaces. Consequently, it can be concluded that AISI 316L stainless steel is excellently suited for dynamic tensile loading, although heat-treatment-depended differences have to be taken into account.

Abstract The interdependent crises of climate change and biodiversity losses require strategic policies to protect, manage, and restore essential ecosystems. Here, we evaluate the relative importance of US national forests (NFs) for protection and conservation as natural climate and biodiversity solutions. We compared landscape integrity (degree of modification by humans), habitat for three keystone species, forest carbon density, accumulation, and total biomass carbon stocks across 154 NFs in the United States. Southern Alaska's Tongass and Chugach NFs hold disproportionally large amounts of high landscape integrity area among all NFs with 25.3% and 5.6% (total 30.9%) of all high (≥9.6) landscape integrity found on NF lands. The Tongass and Chugach store approximately 33% and 3% of all biomass carbon stocks that occur in NFs with high landscape integrity. These two NFs together account for about 49%, 37%, and 18% of all bald eagle, brown bear, and gray wolf habitat found on NF lands. Gray wolf habitat extent was 4% of the total or less on remaining NFs. The Tongass and Chugach were historically wetter and cooler among NFs, and are projected to experience much larger increases in precipitation and much lower increases in maximum temperatures over the coming century. Combined with relatively low recent occurrence of wildfire, this makes permanence more likely. The Tongass and Chugach forests, along with the Pacific Northwest's high carbon density forests should be a high priority for protection and conservation to meet climate and biodiversity goals given their landscape‐scale scarcity and high value.

Background: Patients with breast cancer (BC) show strong interest in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), particularly for adverse effects of adjuvant endocrine treatment — e.g., with letrozole. Letrozole often induces myalgia/limb pain and arthralgia, with potential noncompliance and treatment termination. This analysis investigated whether CAM before aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy is associated with pain development and the intensity of AI-induced musculoskeletal syndrome (AIMSS) during the first year of treatment. Patients and methods: The multicenter phase IV PreFace study evaluated letrozole therapy in postmenopausal, hormone receptor–positive patients with early BC. Patients were asked about CAM use before, 6 months after, and 12 months after treatment started. They recorded pain every month for 1 year in a diary including questions about pain and numeric pain rating scales. Data were analyzed for patients who provided pain information for all time points. Results: Of 1396 patients included, 901 (64.5%) had used CAM before AI treatment. Throughout the observation period, patients with CAM before AI treatment had higher pain values, for both myalgia/limb pain and arthralgia, than non-users. Pain increased significantly in both groups over time, with the largest increase during the first 6 months. No significant difference of pain increase was noted regarding CAM use. Conclusions: CAM use does not prevent or improve the development of AIMSS. Pain intensity was generally greater in the CAM group. Therefore, because of the risk of non-compliance and treatment discontinuation due to the development of higher pain levels, special attention must be paid to patient education and aftercare in these patients.

Information on recent biomass distribution and biogeography of photosynthetic marine protists with adequate temporal and spatial resolution is urgently needed to better understand the consequences of environmental change for marine ecosystems. Here we introduce and review a molecular-based observation strategy for high-resolution assessment of these protists in space and time. It is the result of extensive technology developments, adaptations and evaluations which are documented in a number of different publications, and the results of the recently completed field testing which are introduced in this paper. The observation strategy is organized at four different levels. At level 1, samples are collected at high spatiotemporal resolution using the remotely controlled automated filtration system AUTOFIM. Resulting samples can either be preserved for later laboratory analyses, or directly subjected to molecular surveillance of key species aboard the ship via an automated biosensor system or quantitative polymerase chain reaction (level 2). Preserved samples are analyzed at the next observational levels in the laboratory (levels 3 and 4). At level 3 this involves molecular fingerprinting methods for a quick and reliable overview of differences in protist community composition. Finally, selected samples can be used to generate a detailed analysis of taxonomic protist composition via the latest next generation sequencing technology (NGS) at level 4. An overall integrated dataset of the results based on the different analyses provides comprehensive information on the diversity and biogeography of protists, including all related size classes. At the same time the cost of the observation is optimized with respect to analysis effort and time.

La hiperpigmentación cutánea por melanina en zonas expuestas al sol puede estar asociada a un desequilibrio en la homeostasis del hierro. La hepcidina es un péptido responsable de la regulación negativa de la absorción del hierro en el intestino delgado y de su liberación por los macrófagos. Posee capacidad antimicrobiana. Es sintetizada en el hígado, secretada al torrente circulatorio y excretada por la orina. La sobreexpresión causa anemia y su déficit, sobrecarga de hierro (acumulación en diferentes órganos y hemocromatosis hereditaria). Los antagonistas de la hepcidina podrían utilizarse en el tratamiento de la anemia resistente a eritropoyetina, asociada a procesos crónicos. Por su parte, los agonistas o sustancias que estimulen la producción de hepcidina, podrían constituir un tratamiento en enfermedades con sobrecarga de hierro (siderosis) y por consiguiente, corregir la hiperpigmentación asociada.The cutaneous hyperpigmentation by melanin in zones of the skin exposed to the sun can be associated to an imbalance in the homeostasis of the iron. The hepcidin is a peptide responsible for the negative regulation of the absorption of the iron in the small intestine and of its liberation by the macrophages. It has, in addition, antimicrobial capacity. It is synthesized in the liver, secreted to the circulatory torrent and excreted by the urine. Its overexpression causes anemia and its deficit iron overload (accumulation in different organs and hereditary hemochromatosis), The antagonists of the hepcidin, could be used in the treatment of anemia resistant to erythropoyetin associated to chronic processes. On the other hand, the agonists or substances that stimulate the hepcidin production, could constitute a treatment in diseases with overload of iron (siderosis) and therefore, to correct the associate.hyperpigmentation.

We report here on a local spin valve effect observed unambiguously in lateral all-semiconductor all-electrical spin injection devices, employing p+ −(Ga,Mn)As/n+ −GaAs Esaki diode structures as spin aligning contacts. We discuss the observed local spin-valve signal as a result of the interplay between spin-transport-related contribution and the tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance of the magnetic contacts. The magnitude of the spin-related magnetoresistance change is equal to 30 Ω which is twice the magnitude of the measured non-local signal.

We present a programmatic study of physicists' and astronomers' attitudes toward education and public outreach (EPO) using 131 survey responses from members of the Dark Energy Survey. We find a disparity between the types of EPO activities researchers deem valuable and those in which they participate. Most respondents are motivated to engage in EPO by a desire to educate the public. Barriers to engagement include career- and skill-related concerns, but lack of time is the main deterrent. We explore the value of centralized EPO efforts and conclude with a list of recommendations for increasing researchers' engagement.