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In this paper, a simulation and measurement return loss parameter results comparison in frequency reconfigurable antenna is proposed. More lowprofile and compact microstrip antennas have been developed in recent years for 5 GHz, 5G, WLAN, Wi-Fi, and ISM band applications. These antenna frequency bands may be single, dual, or multiband. The small microstrip antenna, without connecting any external devices like switches, resonators, and passive elements, does not show any variations in their simulation and measurement results like return loss (S11 parameter), gain, and efficiency. However, in the S11 parameter most frequency reconfigurable antennas show a mismatch between simulation and measurement results. The reason for this mismatch between the simulation and measurement results are given in the paper.

In this paper, a light-controlled frequency reconfigurable antenna is presented for 5 G, WLAN, and radio altimeter applications. The given (44 × 28) mm2 antenna consists of a radiating V-shaped structure and three stub arrangements. The main λ/2 length stub is used to feed the antenna and the two λ/4, λ/8 length open-circuited stubs are located perpendicular to the main feeding stub for tuning the frequency of the antenna. The length of the stubs can be adjusted by placing (4 × 1.2) mm photodiode switches on the perpendicular stubs. Four experiments are carried out to analyze the performance of the antenna. When light and DC bias voltage is not applied (Experiment-1) to the photodiodes the proposed antenna radiates from 4.1 to 4.63 GHz with 12% bandwidth. When light is applied to the photodiode without DC bias voltage and DC bias voltage is applied without light (Experiment-2,3) the antenna reconfigures its frequency band from 3.43 to 3.6GHz and 4.8 to 5.4 GHz with 4.85% and 12% bandwidth respectively. The antenna shifts the radiation from 4.8 to 5.5 GHz with 14% bandwidth when the light and DC bias voltage is applied to the antenna(Experiment-4). The measured gain of the proposed antenna is greater than 3.8dBi in all the experiments.

The power over fiber (PoF) scheme delivers simultaneous multiband data and feed power transmission via a double-clad fiber (DCF) for bidirectional radio over fiber (RoF) system. The 5G technology demands cell splitting resulting in an increasing number of remote antenna units (RAU). The RAU is conventionally powered by public power lines. The PoF system is the potential candidate to deliver the electrical power required to drive the RAU during the power outage due to natural calamities and disasters. The PoF system may ensure uninterrupted communication during the debacle. In the proposed scheme, the multiband data signals are generated and transmitted through the single-mode (SM) core of the DCF, whereas feed power from a high-power laser diode (HPLD) is transmitted through the inner cladding for which the core-effective area is larger than the SM core. To increase the electric power conversion efficiency, we use six customized photovoltaic converters (PVC) by introducing the back surface reflector beneath the active photovoltaic layer resulting in improved conversion efficiency of 68% at 858 nm operation wavelength. The power transmission loss can be reduced by using more PVC as it reduces the feed power leakage. As a result, the PoF system yields the power delivery of 12.33 W, sufficient to drive an RAU. The complexity of the system is reduced by using multiband signal over a single DCF and carrier reuse for uplink transmission enabling LD-free RAU. This work helps design the power delivery for the RoF system with DCF and achieve a good transmission performance with negligible power penalty.

Oceans cover about 72 percent of the Earth’s atmosphere. Owing to distinct incredible aquatic activities the Oceans remain unclear and deep-seated to investigate. “Underwater wireless communication” (UWC) plays an important role in sea species tracking, water contamination, oil and gas production, natural hazard control, maritime security, naval military activities, and in detecting improvements in the aquatic environment. To achieve these applications in an efficient way, a new era name Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) is introduced. IoUT is a scientific development that could bring a new phase for research, business, and underwater military applications. It also severs as an important feature of 5G and 6G networking systems. The up-coming fifth (5G)- and sixth (6G)-generation connectivity networks are supposed to make tremendous improvement relative to the current fourth-generation systems with some essential and general problems about 5G coverage performance, 6G and high-ability networking networks, huge coverage, low latency, high protection, low power usage, strong knowledge, and stable networking. To encounter the obstacles in 5G networks, innovations like optical (OWC) communication by means of wireless means is utilized. Innovations such as optical wireless communication (OWC) are used to tackle the obstacles in 5G networks. OWC is a better employee for operation in 5G network specifications than other wireless technologies. This paper explains how the OWC strategy would be the best and most effective approach to effectively implement 5G, 6G, and IoUT networks.

Recent trends in the field of communication science show that most devices are built and governed by Visible Light Communication (VLC) and Light Emitting Diodes (LED). The communication process depends on source characteristics and bandwidth restriction, and effective methods of modulation and demodulation can enhance data rate. Attractive and practical Carrierless Amplitude-Phase (CAP) modulation is used for higher efficiency and easier implementation. However, the performance of the CAP-VLC system gets adversely affected by factors like jamming, scattering, and low sensitivity to receiver signal. Hence, this paper examines the mitigation of available system degrading factors, based on a high-speed, extreme learning machine algorithm (ELM). Prediction analysis and simulation are processed using trained raw dataset for CAP demodulation, to prove the level of performance in terms of accuracy as 92%, under various parametric conditions. This system that is proposed can achieve bit error rate (BER) of 40% to 50% of noise ratio and can be effectively used in sectors like medical health care, banking, and finance.

Underwater communication is an emerging field of research currently, which is an important aspect in predicting the climatic conditions accurately. Underwater communication is disadvantageous when compared with aerial communication because water is basically non transparent and blurred to electromagnetic radiations excluding visible region. In the visible region, factors such as suspended sediments and the presence of aquatic life affects the penetration of light. It may penetrate only upto a few hundreds of metres in clear water and in turbid waters, penetration is even less. Underwater communication is also affected by Intersymbol Interference (ISI) due to multipath fading. Currently, a booming and mature technology called acoustic technology is employed for underwater communication systems. Acoustic systems are proficient for long distance communication. But acoustic communication has limitations. They have very low data rates for monitoring applications and due to velocity of sound in water, it has a huge latency which means a significant time delay. To cope up with the limitations of acoustic communication, we use optical communication whose wavelength lies in the visible region. Optical communication is known for high data rate and low latency. Many accidents take place under water such as the plane crash, ship sinking. It is a tedious job to find the lost debris. Hence an underwater optical link is developed which could identify the lost debris. In this project, a hybrid model comprising of acoustic as well as the optical link is proposed. The comparison between acoustic and optical technique is studied and simulated using MATLAB simulation and the responses were plotted. The simulated results can be used in various applications including climate monitoring, military services.

Road injuries are a big drawback in society for a few time currently. Ignoring sign boards while moving on roads has significantly become a major cause for road accidents. Thus we came up with an approach to face this issue by detecting the sign board and recognition of sign board. At this moment there are several deep learning models for object detection using totally different algorithms like RCNN, faster RCNN, SPP-net, etc. We prefer to use Yolo-3, which improves the speed and precision of object detection. This algorithm will increase the accuracy by utilizing residual units, skip connections and up-sampling. This algorithm uses a framework named Dark-net. This framework is intended specifically to create the neural network for training the Yolo algorithm. To thoroughly detect the sign board, we used this algorithm.

The performance of radio-over-fiber (ROF) optical transmission and wireless transmission of ultra-wideband (UWB) system administrations is described when operating in the underwater communication. In order to increase the coverage and enhance channel efficiency, ROF system which employs subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) and dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) is used. DWDM provides efficient channel with tapered channel spacing, whereas SCM’s unique commonality helps in achieving high mobility and large bitrates. The performance of dual-carrier modulation orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing is compared with other modulation techniques, and to indicate an exchange between bit error ration and throughput for the system, our work investigates the punctured turbo coding. For 6 dB Eb/No value, a maximum of 1120 Mbps throughput per band can be accomplished in comparison with 480 Mbps per band of the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing UWB. To modulate and to develop code designs for a rational UWB-ROF and wireless system in underwater communication with VLC, the proposed study provides a reliable solution.

A bidirectional radio over fiber (RoF) system for multi-band signal generation and transmission is proposed. Simultaneous bidirectional transmission of 5Gbps orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based multi-band 16-QAM downlink signal and 5Gbps OFDM based 4-QAM uplink signal over a single fiber is demonstrated. The simultaneous copropagation over a single fiber reduces the infrastructure requirement by 50%, which also reduces the installation and maintenance cost. The multi-band signals for multi-serve applications are obtained at the user end by heterodyne beating of the downlink signal based on the requirement. The blank carrier for uplink transmission is extracted from the downlink signal with the tunable fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and modulated by the uplink signal. After 24km of bidirectional transmission, the error vector magnitude (EVM) has been estimated as 15.9% and 21.03% for downlink and uplink, respectively, below the FEC limit for transmission. The power penalty after transmission of 24km is 4.5dB and 2.3dB for downlink and uplink transmission, respectively.

This paper describes a cancer sensor using Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) combined with mechanism of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) that is numerically simulated to identify the MDA-MB-231 affected breast cancer cell based on its refractive index (RI). The sample is taken mostly in fluid where the affected cancer cell has a RI of 1.399 and normal cell that is unaffected has an RI 1.385. The shift variation happens through plasmonic band gap amidst the silica as well as cancer cell portion when the sample analyte is affected by cancer cells. This shift variation assists in identification of the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell at the initial period. Numerical examination is done by Finite Element Method (FEM) to study the coupling characteristic along with the guiding properties of described PCF-SPR cancer sensor. The design is created simple in structure with gold selected as plasmonic layer glazed externally which also aids to reduce the complications in fabrication process. The described cancer PCF-SPR sensor reaches maximum spectral sensitivity as 19,285.7 nm/RIU with maximum resolution as 5.2 × 10-6 RIU. Simplicity in structure along with maximum sensitivity is accomplished by the described sensor when compared with previously reported works that drives the sensor to emerge as a future potential contender in numerous bio-medical applications.

Radio communication (RF) is the older communication technology which has many standards to form an updated version of 5G and above. It is a cost effective system for experimenting and implementing because of its available equipment. Under higher order and higher spectrum level it may harm human beings because it can penetrate through walls. This effect can be overcome by the growing technology like light communication. It has more benefits than conventional RF systems. Here, a high security module reduces data loss for the new technology system and also derive analytical expression. In the proposed model chaotic sequence is generated using Rossler algorithm. These sequences would look like a noise to cover the message signal. To improve the encryption strength it uses Lorenz and tent algorithm as a multi-threaded algorithm (MTA). This chaotic system is a dynamic spreading of sequence that are more sensitive and so authenticated users can retrieve the information during the transmission. The data security is given in such a way that even malicious attacker cannot retrieve the data when they do the snooping. Through the simulation using multi-threaded algorithm, the results have proved that it is a validated security algorithm. The obtained values from the analysis would provide high security information transmission for the VLC model with the better BER of 10-6 to 10-4.

We have proposed Twin Elliptical Core Photonic Crystal Fiber (TEC-PCF) sensor for the detection of blood glucose level under the influence of hemoglobin components. The main featuring of the proposed biosensor is to detect the wide range of blood glucose content with enhanced sensitivity, by utilizing small length of the fiber. In order to achieve this, we have constructed asymmetric TEC-PCF where the elliptical core is filled by blood sample. The numerical sensing characteristics are evaluated using Finite Element Method (FEM). By varying hemoglobin concentrations as 120 g/L, 140 g/L and 160 g/L, we realize enhanced blood glucose sensing with detection range from 0 g/L to 100 g/L. The sensing performance of the proposed biosensor is studied through the coupling length and transmission power spectrum by calculation of effective index of the coupling mode. The obtained maximum wavelength sensitivity under the influence of 160 g/L hemoglobin content is 2.4 nm/(g/L) and 2.42 nm/(g/L) with fiber length of 0.245 mm and 0.215 mm for X and Y polarization, respectively. Further, limit of detection (LOD) is calculated under the influence of 160 g/L hemoglobin content is 0.375 mg/L and 0.372 mg/L for X and Y polarization, respectively. The proposed miniaturized sensing device can be integrated with microfluidic systems for the development of next-generation biosensor applications as point of- care and lab-on-a-chip.

Visible light is considered one of the foremost exciting areas of communication science and industry, gaining prominence over data broadcast and radiance instantaneously using low-cost light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Though, the high speed characteristics of this network are restricted by the truncated bandwidth of the LED. Therefore, amazing efficient, advanced modulation and demodulation schemes are considered for establishing high data rates in VLC. Carrierless amplitude-phase (CAP) modulation is such an attractive and effective modulation that it is gaining a good position due to its high efficiency and practical implementation. But multi-path scattering factors, noise factors, vigorous jamming and low sensitivity can have a significant impact on the performance of CAP-VLC systems. To overcome this problem, this paper examines the implementation of the CAP-VLC system based on the High Speed Feed Forward Neural Network, which operates on the principle of Extreme Learning Machines. The experiment was carried out by new simulated datasets used to train cap demodulators and parameters such as accuracy, retrieval, accurate bit error ratio (BER), noise ratio (SNR). Also the proposed learning based CAP-VLC systems has shown better performance such as 92.4% accuracy at various conditions, increase in BER by 40% and 50% of reduction of noise respectively.

The proposed system of a 450 nm blue GaN (Gallium Nitride) laser diode directly modulated by pre-leveled 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM) Orthogonal Frequency Divisional Multiplexing (OFDM)data is implemented to achieve high transmission capacity upto 10.02 Gbits/sec. The simulation analysis will be done under sea water and tap water to enable underwater wireless optical communication(UOWC) over a distance of upto 12 m. The UWOC tap water provide an allowable bit rate decrease from 16.57 to 14.67 Gbps with the transmission distance significantly increased from 2 m to 6 m, exhibit bit/distance decay ratio of −0.236 Gbps/m. By performing Underwater Optical Wireless Communication (UOWC) in sea water, the impurities in sea water scattered the light causing attenuation of the blue laser power. This reduces the transmission capacity with a slightly higher decay ratio −0.410 Gbps/m. There are other noise sources in the sea produced by creatures or by natural and man made activities. All these noise are also taken into consideration so that the ambient noise are eliminated with the help of digital signal processing.

Platinum Diselenide, PtSe2 is becoming highly trending owing to its fascinating optoelectronic, thermoelectric and semiconductor properties. They are non-toxic, chemically inert and allow high biomolecule absorption which makes them highly applicable in sensors to boost the sensing performance. Here, we propose Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) based Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) sensor for enhanced refractive index sensing at mid infrared wavelengths. In order to achieve this, tri-path PCF coated with hybrid layer of gold/PtSe2 which allows light to travel freely through the cladding and interact with the plasmonic material to create strong coupling effect. Finite Element Method is used for numerical examination and investigation of the sensing performance for the designed tri-path sensor. The optimized proposed sensor exhibits maximum wavelength sensitivity of 42,000 nm/RIU and maximum wavelength resolution of 2.4 x 10-6 within the analyte range from 1.33 to 1.38, which almost covers the unknown analytes of chemical, bio and gas. Further, we achieve very low loss and unique design to accomplish high sensitivity which makes it applicable to be a future candidate in various sensing applications.

To investigate the influence of non-linearity in the bidirectional optical link which enables simultaneous uplink and downlink transmission of 16-QAM data signal. We analyze non-linear effects like self-phase modulation (SPM) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). The performance limitation due to the non-linear effects in the system is analyzed. The analysis shows that the SBS threshold for launch power is 16 dBm for unmodulated carrier signal and 6 dBm for modulated signal. At 6 dBm launch power, the system has an average Q of 44.

Printed antennas are designed for various applications in recent years. The latest development of antennas are wearable antennas; these wearable antennas are playing a major role in the energy harvesting mechanisms, patient monitoring systems, and military applications. In this chapter a reconfigurable wearable antenna is proposed. Reconfigurable wearable antennas are able to operate in both modes on body and off body. These antennas are reconfigured from one frequency to another frequency depending upon the requirement. Three types of reconfigurable antenna modes are designed and analyzed in the chapter. Frequency reconfiguration with off body mode and on body mode, frequency reconfiguration between inside receiver and outside interrogator, and frequency reconfiguration with different substrate conditions. The choice of frequency bands are WBAN and other wireless application bands. Different switches are used to control the frequencies.

A novel bidirectional RoF link with compensated SBS and RB for 60 GHz OFDM-based 16-QAM downlink and uplink vector signal generation and co-propagation over a single fiber is proposed. At the central station (CS), 60 GHz optical mm-wave is generated and modulated in the optical single-sideband modulation (OSSB) technique by the 16-QAM OFDM downlink vector signal. At the base station (BS), the 60 GHz downlink signal is detected by a high-speed photodetector (PD). The 60 GHz electrical mm-wave signal is transmitted to the user end by an antenna. The uplink carrier is extracted from the unmodulated sideband of the mm-wave downlink vector signal. This reduces the complexity of BS and makes it free from the laser source. The 16-QAM OFDM-based mm-wave uplink signal is received from the user end through an antenna and down-converted to a 10 GHz uplink vector signal. The uplink signal modulates the extracted blank carrier in the OSSB technique. The uplink and downlink vector signals are co-propagated through the standard single bidirectional fiber. Although the carrier reuse over a single fiber reduces the fiber capacity by half, it generates non-linear backscattering such as Rayleigh Backscattering (RB) and Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS). A theoretical analysis is made on the backscattered power and its effect on the fiber transmission. The compensation of SBS by maintaining the SBS threshold and mitigation of RB is carried out by appropriate modulation technique. In addition, downlink and uplink signal with different data rate is transmitted through the compensated bidirectional RoF link, and the transmission performance is analyzed. Based on the analysis, the theoretical model for simultaneous downlink and uplink signal transmission over a single fiber is proposed and verified by the software simulation. The compensated bidirectional RoF link shows up a better performance up to 75 km with negligible power penalty.

This work proposes the generation of multi-band K-band, V-band, W-band of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) and its transmission performance through the standard SMF of various lengths. The optical frequency multiplication (OFM) principle is used for multi-band signal generation by the optical modulator’s non-linear characteristic. The frequency doubling, quadrupling, and six-tupling are done for multi-band generation. The generated multi-band is modulated with downlink data at the central station and transmitted through the conventional Radio over Fiber (RoF) network. The received signal is photo-electrically converted by heterodyne mixing with the local oscillator according to the user’s requirement. The transmission performance is analyzed at the receiver end for varying lengths of SMF. The simulation analysis result shows that the RoF system holds good for multi-band transmission of 30, 60, 90 GHz for about 40 km. The power penalty for 30, 60, 90 GHz signal from B-T-B to 40 km is -3.79 dB, -4.847 dB, -6.33 dB.

Blockchain has recently become an essential tool which enables sensitive cloud services without the need for central confidence. For example, several different cryptocurrencies were permitted with public blockchains. Unfortunately, confidential details may be exposed on current public blockchain and smart contracts implemented there. Whilst some continuous work is under way to resolve these insecure knowledge leakage problems using advanced cryptography, they need major improvements on current and common Blockchain technology such as Ethereum and are typically costly in computing. On the other hand, blockchain applications were proposed to allow the data exchange among the pre accepted nodes/participants to be more efficient and privacy-preserving. While private blockchains respond to certain challenges of privacy by allowing only the particular community of participants to view sensitive data, they do not allow public transparency for communications because businesses are accepted by a known number of users also cannot be freely viewed. One natural problem is whether we should use public and private Blockchain networks in order to allow effective, improve privacy and accountable applications in view of these findings? In this work, we try in connection with digital auctions to face this challenge. In specific, we provide a newly designed blockchain architecture combined with private and open blockchains which enables sensitive offers to be opened up on a secluded blockchain so solitary the merchant can study the offers, and none of others. We also use shared blockchains to report the public sale winner and to make transfers responsible. Moreover, we demonstrate how we can promote sincere activity among auction participants by using intelligent contracts on public blockchains. Our detailed analytical findings suggest that it’s more cost effective compared to pure public auction implementations based on blockchain.

We present a bimetallic coated, low-loss spiral lattice PCF sensor combined with SPR technology that achieves a high sensitivity. The sensing performance and properties of our recommended sensor are realized numerically by the Finite Element Method. Gold is utilized as the plasmonic layer and titanium Oxide (TiO2), which is sandwiched between the silica glass fiber and the gold coating, forming the bimetallic surface. As TiO2 has a high refractive index, they create a strong surface plasmon wave in the plasmonic region that attracts the evanescent field originating from the core region and increases the coupling effect plasmonic and core mode. Hence, the bimetallic coating is performed to achieve better sensing performance and strengthen the SPR process for the presented sensor. The presented sensor’s nominal tolerance is 12,000 nm/RIU for x-polarization to 11,000 MHz for y-polarization. The presented sensor is intended to be used in several applications and sensing fields due to its high sensitivity.

Indoor Visible light communication (VLC) is considered one of the most famous communication technologies in today’s industrial life, showing importance in data broadcasting and glowing instantly with the cost-effective source of light-emitting diode (LED). This kind of high-speed network’s properties is controlled by the source device’s shortened bandwidth (LED). Therefore, it is considering highly efficient modulation technique and extreme adaptive demodulation technique for better data rate in visible light communication. Carrier less amplitude-phase (CAP) modulation is an eminent modulation scheme that increases implementation ease and places good position inefficiency. Somehow, the CAP-VLC system’s impact is signal jamming, poor sensitivity, scattering, and noise issues. To overrule this problem, it witnesses the implementation of VLC system with CAP modulation using advanced neural network system of High-Speed Feed Forward Neural Network, which works based on the principle of Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). The same is adopted and extended using the BAT algorithm. Along with this, algorithm optimization technique has been integrated to enhance the entire CAP-VLC system’s performance. Altogether, it can be named as bat-optimized reliable ELM (BORE). The proposed new learning-based algorithm for CAP-VLC has shown better performance in received power distribution of 90.6% at various modulation indexes, better BER of about 97.6% in the voltage level of 3V, and different distances between transceivers, respectively.

Analysis of crosstalk in multi-core fiber is using the trench-assisted technique. To reduce the crosstalk between the cores in the fiber, coupled-mode theory and coupled power theory are adopted for crosstalk estimation and considering different design parameters such as core pitch, bending radius, and wavelength to optimize the crosstalk performance. The homogeneous fiber, which works under single-mode operation, has been considered. The study of performance by varying the trench width is also analyzed. Crosstalk variation in outer cores and center cores of the fiber is studied. The numerical simulation results of crosstalk behavior over bending radius and wavelength are obtained.

Objectives: Many vehicular accidents take place in India which are primarily due to lack of traffic discipline. Our aim is to minimize the accidents by creating an efficient communication system. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In our proposed system, we have used light as the carrier to create a fast and reliable communication system where OOK modulation technique is used, unlike other systems where RF is used. The LED’s are positioned in the headlights and taillights of the car which also contain the photodetector to receive light signal. The circuitry have designed and simulated in PROTEUS. Findings: It was found that by replacing all the windows of the car with BIPV, the system can run independently. Theoretically it can work up to 20m with a low bit error rate and this can be achieved by using an array of LED’s or increasing the intensity of the LED. It was observed that by hindering the intensity of the LED, the range decreased and hence the validity of the relation between Intensity of LED and range was established. It was found that the data from individual cars were being transmitted immediately with no delay. It will help conserve energy and also act as a builtin glass for the vehicle thus allowing sufficient sunlight to enter. Application/Improvements:This system can be used for vehicular communication to detail about speed, position and traffic. In the future, automatic braking and intelligent synchronization can be implemented.

This paper presents a compact, bouquet-inspired, four-element MIMO array for super wideband (SWB) applications. The proposed unit element monopole antenna has compact geometry, and it is deployed by the fusion of an elliptical and circular-shaped radiator. The convoluted geometry and semi-elliptical ground plane, along with the narrow rectangular slit defected ground structure, provides a wide impedance bandwidth. The designed unit cell has the dimensions of 32 mm &times, 20 mm &times, 0.8 mm, operates from 2.9 to 30 GHz (S11 &le, &minus, 10 dB) and provides a bandwidth dimension ratio (BDR) of 2894. The proposed low-profile diversity array without any decoupling structures consists of four orthogonally placed, uncorrelated antennas with an inter element spacing of 0.05 &lambda, 0, occupies an area of 57 mm &times, 57 mm and provides dual polarization. The performance metrics of the diversity array were validated for frequencies over ultra-wideband, using mutual coupling characteristics, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) by far-field radiation, diversity gain (DG), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), channel capacity loss (CCL) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) analysis. The measured mutual coupling over the operating band was less than &minus, 18 dB, the ECC was less than 0.004 and the TARC was less than &minus, 15 dB, and a better CCL of ˂0.28 bits/s/Hz was achieved by the fabricated antenna.

The storage of natural fuel is decreasing day by day and burning much of it can cause a massive environmental disaster. In order to save the nature from the disaster people need to think about some alternatives. The concept of making the battery operated vehicles comes as a rescue. The battery operated electric vehicle help in saving fuel and also help in lowering air pollution. Hybrid vehicles are already brought by several automobile manufacturers in market. This proposed system is going to offer an electric motorcycle combined with some security features based on ARM microcontroller, 8051 microcontroller, ZigBee and GSM communication which can be utilized both in Hybrid motorcycles and Electric motorcycles. When the proposed security features will be merged with those vehicles it will be an evolutionary concept in the world of next generation two-wheeler industry because besides lowering the level of air pollution and helping in controlling the use of fuel it mainly helps people to drive motorcycles safely.

Wireless body area network (WBAN) is a breakthrough technology in healthcare areas such as hospital and telemedicine. The human body has a complex mixture of different tissues. It is expected that the nature of propagation of electromagnetic signals is distinct in each of these tissues. This forms the base for the WBAN, which is different from other environments. In this paper, the knowledge of Ultra Wide Band (UWB) channel is explored in the WBAN (IEEE 802.15.6) system. The measurements of parameters in frequency range from 3.1-10.6 GHz are taken. The proposed system, transmits data up to 480 Mbps by using LDPC coded APSK Modulated Differential Space-Time-Frequency Coded MB-OFDM to increase the throughput and power efficiency.

Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) is widely used in current broadband access markets. This is due to the usage of optical radiation through free space for transmission. OWC employs Intensity Modulation with Direct Detection (IMDD) to modulate the intensity of the signal in order to transmit information. This offers a flexible networking solution. OWC systems that operate in the visible band region (390–750 nm) are referred to as Visible Light Communication. VLC has a dual purpose of illumination and communication system. VLC uses On-Off Keying (OOK) and Pulse Position Modulation (PPM). But recently, a noticeable increase in the use of a number of other modulation techniques such as Digital Pulse Interval Modulation (DPIM) and Dual-header Pulse Interval Modulation (DH-PIM) to improve the efficiency in terms of both the bandwidth and power has been observed. This paper concentrates on baseband pulse time modulation techniques that are used to modulate data for OWC and compares OOK, PPM, DH-PIM and DPIM techniques with respect to their spectral efficiency, optical power, bandwidth, transmission capacity, packet transmission rates and peak average power ratio (PAPR).

Ultra wideband (UWB) technology is the foundation for future pervasive, wireless personal area networks (WPANs). The ability of UWB to utilize a large spectrum and thereby provide higher data rates, neither with the expense of multiple antennas nor the power requirements of narrow band transmissions, makes it ideal for low cost, high speed wireless communication. A detailed study of UWB properties in WPAN's, provides a solution to certain key challenges. The high data rate demand of multimedia WPAN's is achieved by utilizing the spectral resources efficiently. This requires UWB devices to be able to use the multiband-UWB (MB-UWB) technology with low complexity in low power systems. Accordingly, this paper proposes the use of UWB in the pulsed-OFDM system as an enhancement to incorporating LDPC coding and APSK modulation schemes that performs comparably to the existing system with low-complexity and power consumption. This thesis proposes the pulsed-OFDM modulation technique as an enhancement to the MB-OFDM system for UWB communications and also to reduce its power consumption and complexity. QPSK, QAM and DCM are the current modulation schemes used for MB-OFDM in the ECMA-368 standard which offers up to 480 Mbs instantaneous bit rate. Furthermore this paper proposes APSK modulation scheme that fits within the configuration of the current standard and increases the system throughput by achieving 960 Mbs. Practical UWB devices are limited to simple coding techniques to minimize both power consumption and device cost. LDPC codes have advantages with respect to the system complexity and hence they are utilized in designing the system.

Background/Objectives: In underlay cognitive radio network, the power control systems play a major role where the secondary users should not affect the primary users transmission. The interference constraints are not attained by all users as the Signal to Interference Noise Ratio (SINR) of the target requirement is not satisfied in the distributed algorithm for power control. Hence, an algorithm is proposed to reduce the power and to regulate the interference constraints of the primary and secondary users. The SINR also has to be maintained. In the proposed method, the distributed statistical algorithm is used when the interference constraints is not available when all transmitters are in active mode to obtain an efficient solution. Methods: In order to minimize the level of SINR for each link between primary and secondary user, a distributed algorithm for power control is proposed. The traditional power control algorithms are used to maintain the secondary users transmission within specific power levels. The main drawback of the traditional algorithms is that the constraints are not met when all the transmitters are active. Result: A Power minimizing algorithm along with the distributed statistical elimination algorithm, to suppress the transmission of selected number of links when all the nodes are active is proposed. This satisfies the SINR requirement of the secondary links. Application: The proposed elimination algorithm enables the optimized power distribution, hence it is a more practical solution in networks with increased number of secondary users.

Ultra Wide Band (UWB) technology is a fast emerging technology for short distance wireless communication. UWB plays a preeminent role in the short range wireless systems, due to the advantages of high speed, low power consumption and very high security. Methods/Statistical Analysis: With cooperative communication as a decisive member in its side this paper proposes cooperative MB-OFDM communication using effective grouped relays in multichannel with use of Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM) for UWB systems. We can attain maximum diversity by using simple Maximum Likelihood (ML) receiver without reduction of data rate as its found using almounti coding which is most used to provide diversity in cooperative communication. Findings: The Proposed method’s resulting diversity is observed using outage probability as a basic parameter and also how the outage probability varies in accordance to threshold power. Application/Improvements: The results shows an improved BER versus SNR with effect of CFO is considered and the improvement in channel capacity and data rate of various different modulation schemes is obtained by varying SNR and distance.

The time has come that people need to think about saving fuel seriously because burning too much of fuel can cause a large number of environmental pollutions. The concept of making the battery operated electric vehicle comes as a rescue. In one hand it helps to save fuels and on the other it helps in lowering the level of air pollution; which helps in improving the health condition of the populace. Even though several automobile manufacturers have introduced Hybrid Vehicles (hybrid vehicles generally utilize a traditional combustion engine and a fuel tank, as well as one or more electric motors and a battery pack).This paper is going to propose an electric motorcycle security system based on ARM microcontroller, 8051 microcontroller, ZigBee and GSM communication which can be utilized both in Hybrid motorcycles and Electric motorcycles. When the proposed security features will be merged with those vehicles it will be an evolutionary concept in the world of next generation two-wheeler industry because besides lowering the level of air pollution and helping in controlling the use of fuel it mainly helps people to drive motorcycles safely.

Proposed is a detection technique utilised for the physiological monitoring of heart rate and breathing rate. This new methodology is better than the other conventional systems that utilise either continuous waves or impulse radio systems for detecting remote vital signs that either suffers from non-stationary clutters or anomalies in accuracy. Vital Radio which operates on wireless technology can sense and monitor the breathing rate and the heart beat rate of the concerned person. This device is designed in such a manner that it can be installed in the walls so that it can capture and maintain a health record of a person dwelling in smart homes. It has the prime advantage of revealing high level of accuracy in the detection of the required vital signs.

The conventional glass can be replaced with building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) which serve as a power source as it provides better insulation and clean energy. In the proposed system, car windows and sunroofs are replaced with BIPV, to power the Li-Fi system. Streetlights are used to transmit information to a vehicle which acts as a master node and further transmits this data to other nearby vehicles. Each vehicle acts as a transceiver, a network for sending and receiving data related to traffic, road conditions and regarding braking. As information is sent at the speed of light, Li-Fi communication is both faster and more accurate for short distance communication than the existing systems using RF. All the data are processed using IoT. Proteus simulations are shown. The size and capacity of the BIPV glass to be used is calculated based upon the current requirements of the individual components.