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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia is a troublesome disease that bothers the population of ageing men by decreasing their quality of life. It is an abnormal growth involving the submucosal glands of prostate. The disease interferes with the normal daily activities and sleep pattern and hence is a matter of concern to the medical field. The symptoms of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia closely coincide with the symptoms of Mutraghata (urinary obstruction) explained in Ayurveda. When taking the obstructive pathology into consideration, Paneeyakshara Prayoga (alkali for internal administration) is classically mentioned as a treatment option. This work is a case study on the effect of Paneeyakshara prepared out of Paribhadra (Erythrina indica) which is a drug possessing Vatakaphahara (alleviate Vata and Kapha Dosha) and Shophahara Karma (pacify inflammatory swellings) in Mutraghata caused by Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. A 66-year-old male who presented with the signs and symptoms of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia was administered with 500 mg of Paribhadra Paneeyakshara with 1 gram of Guda (jaggery), morning and evening, half an hour before food for a period of 45 days. Assessment was done before and after treatment based on the IPSS (International Prostate Symptom Score) of the American Urological Association and the Ultrasound abdomen findings. The post- interventional assessment showed a lowered IPS Score and reduced USG parameters indicating the efficacy of Paribhadra Paneeyakshara in reducing Mutraghata caused by Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.

To the extent that monetary errands, speeds of onion are the crucial effects. Surprising worth differences are symptoms of market weakness. Artificial intelligence today offers enormous instruments for expecting values to combat market sluggishness this essay will concentrate on in on the simulated intelligence (ML) strategy to onion demand assumption. The information is used to complete the plan. Got from the Cultivation Administration from India. For assumption, we made use of ML models.For instance. Support Vector Machine (SVM), Flighty Forests, Clueless Bayes, and Game-plan Tree (CT), Affiliation Psyche (NN). Then, at that point, we endeavored and overviewed our ways to deal with sort out which procedure gives the best accuracy sufficiency. We notice direct result in the absolute of our strategies. We endeavor to Using the aforementioned frameworks, determine the optimum (low), reasonable (mid), and expensive (high) onion expenses. Catchphrases — Value Vacillations, Irregular Choice Timberland, Onion Value Forecast, AI, {"references":["Asnhari, S. F., Gunawan, P. H., & Rusmawati, Y. (2019, July). Predicting staple food materials price using multivariables factors (regression and Fourier models with ARIMA). In 2019 7th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology (ICoICT) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.","Sugiarto, D., Ariwibowo, A. A., Mardianto, I., Najih, M., & Hakim, L. (2018, October). Cluster analysis of Indonesian province based on prices of several basic food commodities. In 2018 Third International Conference on Informatics and Computing (ICIC) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.","Anggraeni, W., Mahananto, F., Rofiq, M. A., Andri, K. B., Zaini, Z., & Subriadi, A. P. (2018, November). Agricultural strategic commodity price forecasting using artificial neural network. In 2018 International Seminar on Research of Information Technology and Intelligent Systems (ISRITI) (pp. 347-352). IEEE.","Pulido, M., Melin, P., & Castillo, O. (2011, July). Genetic optimization of ensemble neural networks for complex time series prediction. In The 2011 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (pp. 202-206). IEEE.","Melin, P., Urias, J., Quintero, J., Ramirez, M., & Blanchet, O. (2006, July). Forecasting economic time series using modular neural networks and the fuzzy Sugeno integral as response integration method. In The 2006 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Network Proceedings (pp. 4363-4368). IEEE.","Takanashi, H., Furuya, H., & Chonan, S. (2007, October). Prediction of disease infection of Welsh onions by rust fungus based on temperature and wetness duration. In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications (pp. 325-330). IEEE.","Ali, S. A., & Bahnasawy, A. H. (2011, September). Decision support system for technical management of food processing industries. In 2011 International Conference on Internet Computing and Information Services (pp. 20-24). IEEE.","Rosyid, H. A., Widiyaningtyas, T., & Hadinata, N. F. (2019, October). Implementation of the exponential smoothing method for forecasting food prices at provincial levels on java Island. In 2019 Fourth International Conference on Informatics and Computing (ICIC) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.","Duanduan, Z. (2011, August). Predicting price trends in Henan Province during the period of the twelfth five-year plan based on grey fuzzy theory. In 2011 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Management Science and Electronic Commerce (AIMSEC) (pp. 5699-5703). IEEE.","Ye, T. (2017, April). Stock forecasting method based on wavelet analysis and ARIMA-SVR model. In 2017 3rd International Conference on Information Management (ICIM) (pp. 102-106). IEEE."]}

Neonatal pneumonia contributes significantly to mortality due to pneumonia in the under-five age group, but the predictors of mortality are largely unknown.To evaluate the clinical and microbiological characteristics and other risk factors that predict mortality in neonates admitted with pneumonia in tertiary care centres.Prospective observational cohort study.Term and preterm (32 weeks to 36 6/7 weeks) neonates (28 days of life) admitted with clinical and radiological features suggestive of pneumonia.Baseline sociodemographic data, clinical details, blood culture and nasopharyngeal swabs for virologic assay (RT PCR for RSV, Influenza) were collected at admission and the neonates were observed throughout their hospital stay.The primary outcome was predictors of mortality in neonatal pneumonia.Five hundred neonates were enrolled in the study. Out of 476 neonates with known outcomes, 39 (8.2%) died. On multivariate analysis, blood culture positive sepsis was independently associated with mortality (adjusted OR 2.51, 95% CI1.23 to 5.11; P-0.01).Neonates with blood culture positive pneumonia positive are at a higher risk of death.

Background: Neonatal skin care practices that are often guided by personal experience and preferences result in substantial variation in the practices being followed across hospital settings. The objective of this consensus recommendations was to provide guidance to health care practitioners on evidence-based neonatal skin care practices for adoption in hospitals: from delivery to discharge.Methods: A Scientific Advisory Board meeting on “Evidence-based Neonatal Skin Care Practices and Protocols” was held in December 2020 with an expert panel comprising neonatologists, pediatricians, obstetricians and gynaecologists and a pediatric dermatologist were invited. A comprehensive literature search was performed using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases to source relevant evidence.Results: Recommendations were developed on critical aspects of skin care in healthy full-term neonates, including cleansing at birth, skin-to-skin care, cord care, diaper area care, initial and routine bathing, use of cleansers and emollients, and the criteria to choose appropriate skin care products. The newborn’s first bath should occur only once cardiorespiratory and thermal stability have been achieved, anywhere between 6 to 24 hours after birth. Bathing with water alone or water with a mild liquid cleanser demonstrated appropriate for newborn does not impact the developing skin barrier. The use of emollients to maintain and enhance skin barrier function was encouraged for neonates with risk factors that can affect skin barrier integrity. Skin assessment should become an integral part of routine neonatal care. Skin Care Advice with “Do’s and Don’ts” should be a part of the neonatal discharge checklist. The importance of rigorous quality control, high-quality clinical trials to evaluate the safety and efficacy of baby products, usage of products that contain only ingredients and which are formulated appropriately for newborn babies, and full label transparency for baby products were highlighted. The panel further identified gaps in the existing literature and discussed the scope for future research. Conclusions: The consensus recommendations may help standardize evidence-based skin care for healthy full-term neonates in Indian hospital settings. This may also improve the quality of care that the neonates receive in the hospital and facilitate improvement in overall neonatal health outcomes.

Rice husk (RH) and polystyrene (PS) wastes were converted into value-added products using microwave-assisted catalytic co-pyrolysis. The graphite susceptor (10 g) along with KOH catalyst (5 g) was mixed with the feedstock to understand the products and energy consumption. RH promoted the char yield (20-34 wt%) and gaseous yields (16-25 wt%) whereas PS enhanced the oil yield (23-70 wt%). Co-pyrolysis synergy induced an increase in gaseous yields (14-53 wt%) due to excessive cracking. The specific microwave energy consumption dramatically decreased in co-pyrolysis (5-22 kJ/g) compared to pyrolysis (56-102 kJ/g). The pyrolysis index increased (17-445) with the increase in feedstock quantity (5-50 g). The obtained oil was composed of monoaromatics (74%) and polyaromatics (18%). The char was rich in carbon content (79.5 wt%) and the gases were composed of CO (24%), H

The present examination focused on the optimization of the input parameters such as current, welding speed and gas flow rate using TIG welding technique. The 316 Stainless Steel material is selected for the experimentation. The Taguchi’s based design of experiment has been chosen. Tensile strength, Impact strength and corrosion rate are chosen as the response parameters. The optimized values of input parameters were evaluated to attain desired mechanical properties. Desired tensile strength, impact strength and corrosion rate were accomplished at optimum welding current of 150 A, welding speed of 190 mm/min and gas flow rate of 15 L/min using Taguchi based Grey Relational Analysis method.

Vibration measurement is essential for the study and testing of vibrating members, condition monitoring of industrial machines and control of vibration. Accelerometers are preferred for vibration measurement because it is compact size and the other two parameters velocity and displacement can be obtained by method of integration. Conventionally piezoelectric accelerometers are used for vibration measurements. Presently new generation of MEMS accelerometers are available in the market with numerous advantages like miniature in size, low cost, wireless transmission of signals. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the MEMS based accelerometers and to guide the user to select a proper MEMS accelerometer for vibration measurement. The performance and suitability for vibration measurement of three MEMS based accelerometers, two commercially available and one MEMS Accelerometer present in a smart phone are compared with a conventional piezoelectric accelerometer taken as reference.

This work focuses on the experimental investigation of indentation damage resistance in different stacking sequences of glass/epoxy composite laminates under cyclic loading on normal (0°) and oblique (20°) planes. The stacking sequence, such as unidirectional [0]12, angle ply [±45]6S, and cross ply [0/90]6S, were subjected to cyclic indentation loading and monitoring by acoustic emission testing (AE). The laminates were loaded at the center using a hemispherical steel indenter with a 12.7 mm diameter. The cyclic indentation loading was performed at displacements from 0.5 to 3 mm with an increment of 0.5 mm in each cycle. Subsequently, the residual compressive strength of the post-indented laminates was estimated by testing them under in-plane loading, once again with AE monitoring. Mechanical responses such as peak load, absorbed energy, stiffness, residual dent, and damage area were used for the quantification of the indentation-induced damage. The normalized AE cumulative counts, AE energy, and Felicity ratio were used for monitoring the damage initiation and propagation. Moreover, the discrete wavelet analysis of acoustic emission signals and fast Fourier transform enabled the calculation of the peak frequency content of each damage mechanism. The results showed that the cross-ply laminates had superior indentation damage resistance over angle ply and unidirectional (UD) laminates under normal and oblique planes of cyclic loading. However, the conclusion from the results was that UD laminates showed a better reduction in residual compressive strength than the other laminate configurations.

This research work focuses on investigating the effect of external patch repair and its sequence on quasi-static indentation (QSI) response of glass/epoxy laminates. The parent woven glass/epoxy la...

Graphical abstract, Aim & background Smokeless tobacco (SLT) products are extensively consumed throughout the world including India. These products act as the primary addictive agents, due to the presence of nicotine among other tobacco products to humans and animals and its quitting is difficult. Higher the exposure of SLT products more is the toxic effects and alterations in erythrocytes and platelets. Objectives The products of smokeless tobacco could cause increase in the concentrations of oxidants (free radicals), decrease the activities antioxidant enzymes, activate the process of programmed cell death through enhanced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Smokeless tobacco products represent a major modifiable risk factor for the development of redox imbalance through the enhanced production of reactive oxygen species and diminished activities of antioxidant enzymes in plasma, bio-membranes of erythrocytes, and platelets and induction of apoptosis in the blood. Materials and methods The protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was studied by western blot and gene expression of apoptotic proteins, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) was evaluated by RT-PCR technique. Membrane fluidity of erythrocytes and platelets was studied by the fluorescence method. Results The results of the present study revealed that significantly elevated levels of iNOS enzyme in plasma, erythrocyte, and platelet membranes of panmasala users. We found that gene expression levels of Bcl2, Bax, IL-6, caspase proteins (Caspase 8, Caspase 10, and Caspase 12) are greater and decreased levels of TNF-α with no significant change in blood of smokeless tobacco users in comparison with normal controls. In addition, there were substantial significantly higher in concentrations of nicotine, cotinine, and epinephrine in the plasma of panmasala users than non-tobacco users. Panmasala can be caused a significant increase in nitroxidative stress marker (LPO, NO, and ONOO−) values and significant decrease in the levels of antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes and platelets. Conclusion On the basis of the present study results, it may be concluded that the chronic use of panmasala than any smokeless tobacco products may be a contributory risk factor or may give conclusive idea and has been associated with the expansion of the development of structural and functional alterations in the erythrocyte and platelet membranes induced oxidative damage and apoptosis, possibly further enhanced by nicotine and tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. SLT exposure had implicated a threat and enormous implications on public health and is required to prove that may not be viewed as a safe alternative to any tobacco products.

Natural plant fiber-reinforced polymer composites have been in the limelight in the field of materials science for their mechanical properties, economy, and eco-friendliness. Properties of such novel composites depend on the adhesion and interaction between the fibers and the polymer matrix. Consequently, poor interaction can lead to declined mechanical properties, particularly strength. Surface modifications of fibers are carried out to enhance the bonding with the matrix by certain chemical treatments that remove hydroxyl groups in the amorphous cellulose region, making them hydrophobic and hence compatible with the matrix. Doing so also strengthens the composites, widening their scope of application. This review article provides comprehensive information about various surface modification techniques that include alkali, silane, acetylation, permanganate, peroxide, benzoylation, acrylation, acrylonitrile grafting, isocyanate, addition of maleated coupling agents, and fungal treatments. The working mechanisms and the effects of such treatments on mechanical strength are also elucidated. Furthermore, this review provides an overview of nanoclay inclusion in polymers, their addition techniques, and the augmentation of the mechanical properties of polymer matrix composites. The article concludes along with the field of applications, summary of pertinent challenges, and directions for future work.

This article investigates the effects of interface fiber orientation on the mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness, and the evolution of damage was monitored using acoustic emission technique. The results show that changing the interply fiber orientation improved the fracture toughness and delamination resistance significantly. The GIC initiation fracture toughness was found to increase by 87%, 71%, and 69% for 0°/45°, 0°/90°, and ±45° interfaces, respectively. The improvement in fracture toughness was attributed to the crack path diversion along the interply fiber orientation which offered more resistance to crack propagation. In addition, sentry function was also computed based on the correlation between the mechanical strain energy accumulated in the laminates, and the acoustic energy that propagates by fracture events made it possible to evaluate the delamination resistance. The results show that 0°/45° has high resistance to crack propagation followed by 0°/90°, ±45°, and 0°/0°. Finally, scanning electron microscopic analysis was used to determine the fracture surface in different interply fiber orientation of glass/epoxy laminates.

The nano-hydroxyapatite (NHAp), NHAp/PEG and NHAp/PVP have been derived from Clam shell by precipitation method. The presence of characteristic FTIR peaks and XRD planes indicates the formation of NHAp. Surface morphology of NHAp, NHAp/PEG and NHAp/PVP appeared to be flake, majorly hexagonal and rod clusters like structure, respectively. Sizes of the NHAp are in nanometer scale and size of NHAp/PVP is the lowest. The poor crystalline nature and high carbonate content presence in NHAp/PVP are assessed through crystallinity index, C/P ratio and CHNS analysis. EDX analysis shows the presence of HAp composition in NHAp. The calculated structural parameters expose that the NHAp/PVP shows favorable mechanical property. Good antibacterial activity is observed in NHAp/PVP against two bacteria strains. Hemolysis study also indicates that NHAp/PVP is non-hemolytic. Formation of complete apatite is found when NHAp/PVP immersed in SBF for 14 days. Thus, the NHAp/PVP derived from Clam shell may be useful for bone-related applications.

This work relates to the investigation of indentation induced damage resistance in glass fiber reinforced polymer composite laminates under normal and inclined planes. Uni-directional [0] and cross-ply [0/90] glass fiber reinforced polymer composite specimens were subjected to 0° and 20° indentation loading with acoustic emission monitoring. The specimens were loaded at the centre using a hemispherical steel indenter with 12.7 mm diameter. Mechanical responses such as force–displacement behavior, absorbed energy and resulting damage area were used for the quantification of the indentation damage. Acoustic responses such as normalized cumulative counts, energy, duration and peak frequency were considered for monitoring damage progression during 0° and 20° indentation loading. The residual compressive strength of the glass fiber reinforced polymer specimens following indentation was measured by testing them under in-plane loading, once again with acoustic emission monitoring. The correlation between mechanical and acoustic strain energy was used for the evaluation of the damage severity of the laminates. The result revealed indentation damage resistance in cross-ply laminates as 65.08% and 68.01% higher than uni-directional laminates for 0°, whereas for 20°, there was a reduction in the damage resistance in cross-ply laminates to 43.27% and 57.39%. These were higher than uni-directional laminates under the displacements of 2 mm and 3 mm, respectively. The conclusion from these results was that transverse shear load at 20° inclination of laminate leads to reduction in residual compressive strength. Moreover, uni-directional glass/epoxy laminates have better residual compressive strength than cross-ply laminates for both 2 mm and 3 mm indentation displacements.

This paper investigates the effect of glass fibre orientation on the impact damage evolution and post-impact residual strength of glass/epoxy laminates, using mechanical and acoustic emission (AE) ...

In this work, the strength of the composite material is tested and the damages are classified using supervised method. The image is obtained from the front and rear sides of the composite material after applying 5 mm, 6 mm and 7 mm impingement. Initially, the images are filtered using anisotropic diffusion filter. Global and local damages in the structures are segmented using Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering method. Geometrical features and Zernike Moments (ZM) are calculated from the delineated regions. The performance of the features is tested using Support Vector Machine classifier. Results show that the FCM with three and four cluster centres is able to segment the global and local damages respectively. The global damages due to different impinges are classified better compared to the local damages. The global damages in the rear side are able to classify better compared to the front side in both geometrical and ZM features. In the case of local damages, the rear side is able to classify better in 5 mm–6 mm and front side in 6 mm–7 mm. It is concluded that the features obtained from the ZM gives better accuracy in both global and local damages compared to the geometrical features. The image based analysis carried out on this work is able to classify the impairment in composite materials; this framework can be used in the industrial applications for the quantification of damages.

Background: Smokeless tobacco (SLT) acts as a modifier of erythrocyte and platelet membranes by disrupting antioxidant system with the concomitant increase in free radical production and induction of apoptosis. Methods: The SLT users was that individuals used gutkha and khaini products (Khaleja/mahak chaini brand respectively) habitually, at least >20 times per week consists of 50-60 g during the last 2-4 years. Results: The gutkha and khaini users found to be significantly increased levels of iNOS (Inducible nitric oxide synthase) enzyme in plasma, erythrocytes, and platelet membranes when compared to normal controls. The gutkha and khaini users exhibited that the significant increase in the levels of gene expression of apoptotic proteins (Bcl2-B cell lymphoma gene 2, Bax, caspases 8, caspase 10, and caspase 12), IL-6 (Interleukin-6), and decreased levels of TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and decreased expression of caspase 12 of khaini users were observed from blood samples. The significant increase in the concentrations of peroxynitrites (ONOO-), nitric oxide (NO) (Nitrates and nitrites), malondialdehyde (MDA), cholesterol, and phospholipids were reported in the smokeless tobacco users of erythrocytes and platelets. The experimental subjects showed that the increased osmotic fragility and decreased membrane fluidity of erythrocytes and platelets in comparison with non-tobacco users. The normal subjects had been exposed that the proper functioning of antioxidant enzymes and decreased enzyme activities of antioxidants were reported by SLT users. Conclusion: The smokeless tobacco products are exerted chronic damage to membranes of erythrocytes and platelets and elevation of apoptosis in the prolonged periods of human male volunteers.

The trust of Mobile Nodes inside the network is considered on the grounds that the potential factor that needs to be explored for encouraging prevalent network execution. This network execution impacting trust is corrupted by the presence of deliberately carrying on selfish Nodes that doesn't advance information parcels to their local agreeable Mobile Nodes. These narrow minded Nodes decrease the parcel forward action depending on its own vitality state for moderating its vitality in order to gauge dynamic inside the network. Here, a Modified Skellam Distribution - Based Selfish Node Detection Technique (MSD-SNDT) is proposed for authorizing powerful and productive location and segregation of selfishly carrying on portable Nodes from the network. The reproduction tests is directed for evaluating the greatness of the proposed MSD-SNDT approach regarding parcel conveyance, throughput, complete overhead and vitality utilizations under differing quantities of portable Nodes and narrow minded Nodes inside the network.

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a network that permits mobile servers and customers to convey without fixed infrastructure. MANET is a promptly developing region of investigation as it employs a group of uses. To encourage effective information access and update data sets are conveyed on MANET. Since information openness is influenced by the portability and power imperatives of the servers and customers, the information in MANET is reproduced. As in ad hoc network, since portable host moves unreservedly network panel happens habitually in this way information accessibility is decreased bringing about execution debasement. The majority of the replication strategies expect that each node advances each packet provided to it and combine completely as far as sharing the memory space. A portion of the nodes may go about as selfish nodes which may selfishly conclude and participate incompletely with all the different nodes. In this manner, selfish conduct of nodes could lessen the general information openness in the network. At first, a design model of a MANET is built and the correspondence between the versatile is started. The packet drop can occur in MANET because of the selfish node or network clog. In this paper, MSD-SNDT and MBD-SNDT method is proposed to recognize the selfish nodes effectively in MANET. The reproduction study shows that the proposed MSD-SNDT and MBD-SNDT strategy improves the selfish node detection ratio, packet delivery proportion (PDP), and normal packet drop proportion.

In this investigation the behavior of polymer hybrid nanocomposites (PHN) with liquify nanoparticles using chemical reduction method. Mechanical properties are investigated with variants in the nanocomposites to assess influence of nanoparticles with dissimilar weight percentages. This new family of materials improves the mechanical properties obtained filler level and shows better strength parameters of materials. It concludes that (PHN) material specimen displays the comparable to mechanical properties that are the requirement of material. Mechanical properties were raised due to their even particle dispersal and chemical bonding between epoxy and nanoparticles. After combination these nanoparticles change into fascinatingly harder into the epoxy resin.

The purpose of this work is to fabricate and analyse a light weight, recyclable, and non-toxic natural fiber reinforced industrial safety helmet. The fibers were extracted from agro-waste pseudostem of nendran variety banana plant. A facile needle punching technique was employed on banana fibers to produce a needle punched non-woven banana fiber fabric of enhanced mechanical properties without any chemical treatment. Subsequently, the needle punched banana fibers were impregnated with general purpose helmet grade polyester resin in an ISI (Indian standards Institute) endorsed mold to fabricate a needle punched banana fiber helmet (NPBFH). Similarly, 30 mm random banana fiber helmet (RBFH) and glass fiber reinforced helmets (RGFH) were fabricated. The fabricated helmets of 10–50 wt. % fiber content were tested as per ISI standards. The results show that the better properties were achieved at 40 wt. % of fiber content for all varieties of helmets. Significantly, the results revealed that the shock absorption, penetration resistance, and water absorption of NPBFH are 245 kgf, 4.75 mm, and 0.61%, respectively, which is much better than RBFH and comparable with RGFH. This study concluded that the NPBFH (40 wt. %) can be a potential replacement of synthetic fiber reinforced helmets for industrial applications.

In this work, the digital images of damaged composite materials are analysed using multi-level threshold methods and geometrical features. The image are obtained from the front and back side of the composite material after applying 5 mm, 6 mm and 7 mm impingement. Initially, the images are filtered using median and anisotropic diffusion filter. The results are validated using peak signal to noise ratio and structural similarity index measures. The damaged regions are segmented from the filtered images using threshold methods such as Otsu and Tsallis. The geometrical features such as area, perimeter, eccentricity and Major axis to Minor axis (MM) ratio are calculated from the delineated regions. The area calculated from the damaged region is correlated with the perimeter. The visual and validation results show that the median and anisotropic diffusion filter are able to remove the noise. The validation results suggest that anisotropic diffusion performs better than the median filter. The threshold methods are able to segment the damaged regions with the threshold level of four. Area and perimeter calculated from the delineated regions increases with increase in impingement. The damage dimension is seems to be high in the backside of the composite materials compared to the front side. The features calculated from the damaged region, extracted using Tsallis method is able to discriminate the damages better compared to the regions extracted using Otsu. The eccentricity of the damaged region increases and the MM ratio decreases with the increase in impingement. The shape of the damage extends from circle to ellipse and elevate towards the y-axis as the impingement increases. The area calculated from the damage region gives high correlation (R = 0.99) with the perimeter. This suggests that the damage spreads on the composite material as a ring. The image based analysis carried out on this work is able to characterise the impairment in composite materials; this framework can be used for the industrial applications for the quantification of damages.

This work focuses on the investigation of flexural strength in glass fiber reinforced (GFRP) composite laminates. Composite laminates with stacking sequence of [0°/90°]14 were fabricated by hand lay-up technique. Laminates with pre-induced defects were introduced through fibre cut in the 7th layer and the delamination between the 7th and 8th layers. Totally thirty five specimens with ASTM D 790-02 were cut from the fabricated laminates by using water jet cutting. In each case, seven specimens were considered from the fiber cut, delamination, virgin and impact for conducting flexural test with acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. AE response via events, counts, duration and amplitude were obtained for different categories of specimens under flexural loading. A standard probability distribution (Weibull distribution) was fitted to the obtained curves from the tested specimens of each case. The probability density function contained different statistical parameters (α, β) for different cases of specimens. An empirical model was developed for predicting the failure load using regression analysis.

The glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites are widely used in critical parts of the aircrafts. The inter-laminar and intra-laminar shear strength of GFRP laminated composite structures are weak due to presence of voids in matrix, tools dropping during maintenance, birds hitting, lightning strikes. This paper investigates the effect of kevlar thread pitch distance in chopped GFRP composite laminates. The inter-laminar and intra-laminar shear strength of the composites was improved by using kevlar thread stitching in composites. This study focuses on the effect of kevlar thread stitching in chopped GFRP composites with different orientation and pith distance. The experimentation started with 1-cm pitch distance was performed in the direction of longitudinal, transverse and both directions of laminated composites were subjected to three point flexural tests. The result revealed that the longitudinal direction stitching having better mechanical properties compared to transverse and both direction. Further, in longitudinal direction, 1-cm, 2-cm and 3-cm pitch distance of composites were subjected to three point flexural tests. The result inferred that the 3 cm pitch distance of stitching in laminates having better damage resistance and mechanical properties compared to other configurations.

Electric cars are going to be the future of 21st century because the exponential growth of gasoline-based automobile engines resulted in emission of particulate matter and gases creating pollution and global warming. Composite materials gains importance in electric cars owing to light weight enhanced mechanical, thermal properties in comparison with conventional metals and alloys used in gasoline engines. Experiments have been performed to understand the properties of titanium carbide reinforced aluminum metal matrix composites with fly ash as filler material in three different compositions. The following mechanical properties namely ultimate tensile strength, double shear compression strength and impact strength are calculate.

This paper investigates the effect of temperature and hybridization on the impact damage evolution and post-impact residual strength of hemp/epoxy, basalt/epoxy and their hybrid laminates, using mechanical and acoustic emission (AE) based analysis. To start with, the specimens were impacted by a drop weight impact tower machine at two temperatures of 30 °C and 65 °C and then they were subjected to a three-point bending test for the assessment of their residual strength, while online AE signals were recorded during the test. The mechanical behavior of the laminates was evaluated through measurement of the impact force and absorbed energy. AE response of the slope of cumulative rise angle (RA) was used for identification of the severity of the impact-induced damage in the laminates. In addition, the sentry function was computed on the basis of the correlation between the mechanical strain energy stored in the materials and the acoustic energy propagates by fracture events, enabled evaluation of the amount of impact-induced damage. These results showed the hybridized laminates having a better resistance to impact damage at the elevated temperature (65 °C) compared with the non-hybridized laminates, whereas, in the case of the ambient temperature (30 °C), basalt/epoxy laminates had a higher impact damage resistance than other configurations. This study reveals the capability of the proposed AE-based methods to investigate the effect of temperature and hybridization of composite laminates.

Background Nicotine acts as major alkaloid of all tobacco products including smokeless tobacco (SLT) forms. The mode of SLT consumption is in the form of chewing under the cheek or lip and induced biochemical alterations in the plasma, saliva, and urine. Materials and methods The smokeless tobacco products like Raja or blue bull tobacco brands are widely consumed by human male volunteers under the age of 18-30 years for the period of 3 years consisting of 30g per day. The concentrations of nicotine and cotinine in samples of plasma, saliva, and urine are quantified by the method of HPLC. The remaining variables of plasma are evaluated by auto analyzer and spectrophotometric methods. Results The analysis of results presented that significant increase in the levels of nicotine and cotinine in plasma, saliva, and urine of chewing tobacco users. The lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, and LDL-C), liver marker enzymes (SGOT, SGPT, and ALP), kidney markers (Creatinine, urea, and uric acid), glucose, and the remaining variables are present within normal range observed in SLT users. The lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO) (NO2 and NO3), protein carbonyls (PCO), and peroxynitrites (ONOO-) are reported to be higher levels in the plasma of experimental subjects in comparison with normal controls. The various brands of tobacco varieties (Raja, madhu chhap, hans chhap, miraj, badshah, blue bull, and swagat gold tobacco) are presented. Conclusion The chewing tobacco users exhibited greater amounts of nicotine and cotinine are at risk of cardiovascular due to nicotine has cardiovascular effects, and oral cancer disease complications in the future for chronic consumption of smokeless tobacco products due to the presence of carcinogens of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines.