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Os economistas fizeram grandes progressos na compreensão dos incentivos e do comportamento dos agentes que operam fora dos mercados econômicos tradicionais, incluindo eleitores, legisladores e burocratas. Os incentivos e o comportamento dos juízes, no entanto, permanecem em grande parte incertos. Os juízes atuam como executores neutros de decisões substantivas tomadas por terceiros? Os juízes são legisladores “comuns”, que dão sequência a quaisquer resultados favoráveis, sem qualquer consideração especial pela lei como tal? Estudos recentes começaram a explorar concepções com mais nuances de como o direito, as evidências e as preferências judiciais podem interagir para influenciar as decisões judiciais. Este trabalho desenvolve uma perspectiva de julgamento que pode ser entendida como a manifestação moderna do Realismo Jurídico Americano, um movimento jurisprudencial de advogados, juízes e professores de direito que floresceu no início do século XX. O objetivo deste ensaio é introduzir, de forma simplificada, o relato realista de decisões judiciais; contrastar esta visão com teorias alternativas sobre direito e julgamento; e esboçar como uma integração mais explícita dos insights conceituais dos Realistas sobre direito e comportamento judicial poderia enriquecer o trabalho econômico em rápida expansão neste campo.

BackgroundMitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in sarcopenia. P-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) enables non-invasive measurement of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis rates to probe mitochondrial function. Here, we assessed muscle energetics in older sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic men and compared with muscle biopsy-derived markers of mitochondrial function. MethodsTwenty Chinese men with sarcopenia (SARC, age = 73.1 +/- 4.1 years) and 19 healthy aged and sex-matched controls (CON, age = 70.3 +/- 4.2 years) underwent assessment of strength, physical performance, and magnetic resonance imaging. Concentrations of phosphocreatine (PCr), ATP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) as well as muscle pH were measured at rest and during an interleaved rest-exercise protocol to probe muscle mitochondrial function. Results were compared to biopsy-derived mitochondrial complex activity and expression to understand underlying metabolic perturbations. ResultsDespite matched muscle contractile power (strength/cross-sectional area), the ATP contractile cost was higher in SARC compared with CON (low-intensity exercise: 1.06 +/- 0.59 vs. 0.57 +/- 0.22, moderate: 0.93 +/- 0.43 vs. 0.58 +/- 0.68, high: 0.70 +/- 0.57 vs. 0.43 +/- 0.51 mmol L-1 min(-1) bar(-1) cm(-2), P = 0.003

Background The quality of Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health (MNCH) services delivered varies widely in Lao People Democratic Republic. Swiss Red Cross (SRC) provides support to the country to improve the quality of reproductive health services, enhance access, and positively change health behavior through the MNCH2 project. This implementation research was then undertaken aiming to identify factors affecting decision-making of women relative to accessing postnatal care (PNC) and explore opportunities for improving SRC programming. Methods From August 2020 to January 2021, 33 in-depth interviews and 6 focus group discussion (FGD) with 54 women were conducted. Women who had given birth in the last six months were purposively selected from several ethnic groups residing in Chomphet and Phonexay Districts in Luang Prabang province. Socio-cultural and behavioral factors affecting women's decision to access PNC were assessed during the interviews and FGD. Additional perceptions were gathered though interviews with the partners, health service providers, village heads, and external project stakeholders. Results Traditional practices such as smoking ritual, strict practice of keeping the baby in the house within the first three days, and the treatment and disposal of placenta were identified as the main barrier for women to access PNC. Perceived importance of these traditional practices, however, are affected by family hierarchy especially with older family members insisting on its practice. Economic, road conditions, and transport challenges were also identified as significant barriers. Conclusions Traditional practices and family hierarchy, together with physical and economic access limit women's capacity to engage with facility-based postnatal care. Thus, quality outreach with home visits are critical. Gender inclusive health education given not only to pregnant women but to all family members was also identified as critical and is recommended to improve PNC access. Key messages

Background and purpose: Various blood biomarkers reflecting brain amyloid-β (Aβ) load have recently been proposed with promising results. However, to date, no comparative study amongst blood biomarkers has been reported. Our objective was to examine the diagnostic performance and cost effectiveness of three blood biomarkers on the same cohort. Methods: Using the same cohort (n = 68), the performances of the single-molecule array (Simoa) Aβ40, Aβ42, Aβ42/Aβ40 and the amplified plasmonic exosome (APEX) Aβ42 blood biomarkers were compared using amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) as the reference standard. The extent to which these blood tests can reduce the recruitment cost of clinical trials was also determined by identifying amyloid positive (Aβ+) participants. Results: Compared to Simoa biomarkers, APEX-Aβ42 showed significantly higher correlations with amyloid PET retention values and excellent diagnostic performance (sensitivity 100%, specificity 93.3%, area under the curve 0.995). When utilized for clinical trial recruitment, our simulation showed that pre-screening with blood biomarkers followed by a confirmatory amyloid PET imaging would roughly half the cost (56.8% reduction for APEX-Aβ42 and 48.6% for Simoa-Aβ42/Aβ40) compared to the situation where only PET imaging is used. Moreover, with 100% sensitivity, APEX-Aβ42 pre-screening does not increase the required number of initial participants. Conclusions: With its high diagnostic performance, APEX is an ideal candidate for Aβ+ subject identification, monitoring and primary care screening, and could efficiently enrich clinical trials with Aβ+ participants whilst halving recruitment costs. (Less)

This article proposes that the U.S. Senate adopt a “popular-majoritarian cloture rule,” under which a motion to close debate and proceed to a final vote would carry if but only if supported by a majority of Senators who collectively represent a larger share of the population than those Senators in opposition. This rule, which would be a constitutional exercise of the Senate’s power to set the rules of its proceedings, would make the body more democratic and more functional, and would be preferable both to the current filibuster rule and to simple majority rule.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between brain amyloid β (Aβ) and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) markers, as well as their joint effect on cognition, in a memory clinic study.MethodsA total of 186 individuals visiting a memory clinic, diagnosed with no cognitive impairment, cognitive impairment no dementia (CIND), Alzheimer dementia (AD), or vascular dementia were included. Brain Aβ was measured by [11C] Pittsburgh compound B–PET global standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR). CSVD markers including white matter hyperintensities (WMH), lacunes, and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) were graded on MRI. Cognition was assessed by neuropsychological testing.ResultsAn increase in global SUVR is associated with a decrease in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in CIND and AD, as well as a decrease in global cognition Z score in AD, independent of age, education, hippocampal volume, and markers of CSVD. A significant interaction between global SUVR and WMH was found in relation to MMSE in CIND (P for interaction: 0.009), with an increase of the effect size of Aβ (β = −6.57 [−9.62 to −3.54], p < 0.001) compared to the model without the interaction term (β = −2.91 [−4.54 to −1.29], p = 0.001).ConclusionHigher global SUVR was associated with worse cognition in CIND and AD, but was augmented by an interaction between global SUVR and WMH only in CIND. This suggests that Aβ and CSVD are independent processes with a possible synergistic effect between Aβ and WMH in individuals with CIND. There was no interaction effect between Aβ and lacunes or CMBs. Therefore, in preclinical phases of AD, WMH should be targeted as a potentially modifiable factor to prevent worsening of cognitive dysfunction.

Growing evidence suggests that intimate partner violence (IPV) is a barrier to engagement in HIV care. Bidirectional IPV—being both a perpetrator and victim—may be the most common pattern of IPV, yet no research has examined its effect on engagement in care, which could identify couples in most need of interventions. Married couples ( N = 211) with at least one partner on antiretroviral therapy were recruited from HIV clinic waiting rooms in Zomba, Malawi. Partners completed separate surveys on physical, sexual, and emotional IPV, medication adherence, and appointment attendance. We created categorical variables indicating no violence, perpetrator-only, victim-only, and bidirectional violence. Generalized estimating equation regression models tested for associations between IPV and engagement in care. The bidirectional pattern represented 25.4%, 35.5%, and 34.0% of all physical, sexual, and emotional IPV. Physical IPV victimization-only (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.28, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.08, 0.92) was associated with lower adherence, but the association was stronger for bidirectional physical IPV (AOR: 0.10, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.51). Bidirectional sexual IPV was also associated with lower adherence (AOR: 0.14, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.80). Bidirectional physical IPV (AOR: 4.04, 94% CI: 1.35, 12.14) and emotional IPV (AOR: 3.78, 95% CI: 1.78, 8.05) were associated with missing 1+ appointment. Interventions to address the health effects of bidirectional IPV, which may be greater than victim-only or perpetrator-only IPV, should intervene with both partners to break cycles of violence. Couple-based interventions may be a viable option by intervening on both partners’ trauma and aggression simultaneously.

Natural Bridge, in Rockbridge County, Virginia, is a geological arch carrying U.S. Route 11 over Cedar Creek. The area has significant historical and cultural importance; it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a Virginia Historic Landmark. Until 2015, the arch and area below were privately owned and operated, with only the pavement structure of U.S. Route 11 held by the Virginia Department of Transportation. Since then, the arch and area below have been leased to the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, potentially transferring liability to the Commonwealth. As part of the Commonwealth's due diligence and to help ensure that the arch is preserved for future generations, the Department of Transportation, in partnership with Radford University, completed a comprehensive, non-invasive geological and geotechnical investigation in 2017 and 2018. A complementary variety of geophysical, laser, optical, seismic, and traditional geological methods of study were used to allow for integrated data analysis. The investigation revealed potential risks to the integrity of the arch, which may eventually reduce its suitability for use as a transportation corridor. The investigation methodology allowed planning for protection of the environment, cultural resources, and local economies while avoiding any potential damage to the arch. As of the date of this article, plans are under way to relocate U.S. Route 11 onto an alternate alignment entirely, thereby helping to preserve this valuable cultural, historical, and geological asset.

Room temperature Time-Domain Terahertz (TDS) and Time-Resolved Terahertz (TRTS) spectroscopic methods are employed to measure carrier mobility and charge generation efficiency in thin-film semicond...

Using two Michelson interferometers, we describe an experimental scheme for sensitive pump-probe spectral interferometry measurements at long time delays. It has practical advantages over the Sagnac interferometer method typically used when long-time delays are required. First, with the Sagnac interferometer, achieving many nanosecond delays requires expanding the size of the interferometer so that the reference pulse arrives before the probe pulse. Because the two pulses still pass through the same region of the sample, long-lived effects can still affect the measurement. In our scheme, the probe and reference pulses are spatially separated at the sample, alleviating the need for a large interferometer. Second, in our scheme, a fixed delay between probe and reference pulses is straightforward to produce and is continuously adjustable while maintaining alignment. Two applications are demonstrated. First, transient phase spectra are presented in a thin tetracene film with up to 5 ns probe delay. Second, impulsive stimulated Raman measurements are presented in Bi4Ge3O12. The signal-to-noise using the double Michelson technique is comparable to previously described methods with the added advantage of arbitrarily long pump-probe time delays.

Novel strategies for the management of soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), are needed due to its increasing importance, costs, and challenges of management in soybeans (Glycine max [L.] Merr.; Fabaceae) in the Americas. Pheromone-mediated mating disruption may be 1 such novel strategy, but an effective tool for estimating mating disruption success must be found. The technique of trapping male moths using pheromone baited traps is a common method for assessing mating disruption technology. This paper reports on the testing of 2 trap types and 3 commercially available lures containing (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate as the major active component. Trapping was conducted at 5 locations in the southern USA in the summer of 2019. Universal moth traps and delta traps were tested in combination with the Alpha Scents, Bio Pseudoplusia, and Scentry brand lures along with unbaited traps. Overall, both trap types were effective at capturing C. includens male moths, with universal traps having a higher capture rate. The Alpha Scents and Bio Pseudoplusia lures both had a significantly higher capture rate than the Scentry lure regardless of trap design. The active components of the Scentry lure differed from the others with the inclusion of 2 known minor pheromone components (esters) of C. includens, (Z)-7-dodecenyl propionate and (Z)-7-dodecenyl butyrate. The amount of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate of the Scentry lure also was lower than the Alpha Scents and Bio Pseudoplusia lures. The additional esters or unidentified components (impurities) of the Scentry lures may have influenced C. includens captures. A large number of Ctenoplusia oxygramma (Geyer) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were captured in traps at 3 of the locations, though not in those traps baited with the ester-containing Scentry lure. Taken together, the data provide insight into effective trapping methods for C. includens and elucidates the need for researchers to understand the effectiveness of trapping components available in a region and the need for researchers to plan for captures of non-target species in pheromone-related research.

Due to difficulty in monitoring insect pests, applications of insecticides are frequently conducted on a calendar schedule. However, seasonal variability in pest populations leads to these calendar schedules sometimes being inaccurate. Threshold-based insect management strategies, including use of thresholds with conventional pesticides and with use of organic pesticides only, were compared with a conventional calendar approach for yield, management cost, and production value of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Effect of cultivar was considered by inclusion of the long season cultivar Celebrity and the short season cultivar Early Girl Bush. These factors were compared for spring and fall seasons during two production years. Greatest total and marketable yields were obtained from use of conventional pesticides according to action thresholds. Use of organic insecticides according to thresholds did not affect yields in comparison with a calendar-based approach. Proportion of fruit rated unmarketable was greater with use of organic insecticides due to reduced efficacy and residual of control. Production costs for the organic threshold-based approach were greater due to increased number of insecticide applications required. Gross margin for both conventional and organic threshold-based insect pest management was greater than for the conventional calendar method. Increased economic return for conventional threshold-based management was due to increased yields. Increase in return for organic threshold management was based on premiums received for organically grown tomatoes. Adoption of conventional threshold-based insect pest management by small-scale producers has the potential to increase production efficiency and value, as well as increase environmental sustainability of production. Economic feasibility of organic production requires access to markets willing to pay significant premiums for organic produce. Further research to evaluate economic and yield impacts of production practices for small-scale farms is needed.

A survey for myxomycetes was carried out on Christmas Island in May 2017. Specimens included those that had fruited in the field under natural conditions and those appearing in moist chamber cultures prepared with samples of dead plant material collected on the island. Fifty-nine species in 18 genera were recorded. Hemitrichia serpula was the most common species represented among field collections, whereas Arcyria cinerea, Diderma effusum, Lamproderma scintillans, Didymium squamulosum, Diderma hemisphericum and Diachea leucopodia were recorded the most often in moist chamber cultures. These new records bring the total number of species of myxomycetes known from Christmas Island to 68 species in 22 genera. The distribution and ecology of these species in relation to the various substrates available to them are discussed.

Oral cavity wound healing occurs in an environment that sustains ongoing physical trauma and is rich in bacteria. Despite this, injuries to the mucosal surface often heal faster than cutaneous wounds and leave less noticeable scars. Patients undergoing cleft palate repair have a high degree of wound healing complications with up to 60% experiencing oronasal fistula (ONF) formation. In this study, we developed a mouse model of hard palate mucosal injury, to study the endogenous injury response during oral cavity wound healing and ONF formation. Immunophenotyping of the inflammatory infiltrate following hard palate injury showed delayed recruitment of non-classical LY6Clo monocytes and failure to resolve inflammation. To induce a pro-regenerative inflammatory response, delivery of FTY720 nanofiber scaffolds following hard palate mucosal injury promoted complete ONF healing and was associated with increased LY6Clo monocytes and pro-regenerative M2 macrophages. Alteration in gene expression with FTY720 delivery included increased Sox2 expression, reduction in pro-inflammatory IL-1, IL-4 and IL-6 and increased pro-regenerative IL-10 expression. Increased keratinocyte proliferation during ONF healing was observed at day 5 following FTY720 delivery. Our results show that local delivery of FTY720 from nanofiber scaffolds in the oral cavity enhances healing of ONF, occurring through multiple immunomodulatory mechanisms. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Wound healing complications occur in up to 60% of patients undergoing cleft palate repair where an oronasal fistula (ONF) develops, allowing food and air to escape from the nose. Using a mouse model of palate mucosal injury, we explored the role of immune cell infiltration during ONF formation. Delivery of FTY720, an immunomodulatory drug, using a nanofiber scaffold into the ONF was able to attract anti-inflammatory immune cells following injury that enhanced the reepithelization process. ONF healing at day 5 following FTY720 delivery was associated with altered inflammatory and epithelial transcriptional gene expression, increased anti-inflammatory immune cell infiltration, and increased proliferation. These findings demonstrate the potential efficacy of immunoregenerative therapies to improve oral cavity wound healing.

Detecting transient changes in heart rate and heart rate variability during experimental simulated autonomous driving scenarios can indicate participant arousal and cognitive load, providing valuable insights into the relationship between human and vehicle autonomy. Successfully detecting such parameters unobtrusively may assist these experimental situations as well as naturalistic driver monitoring systems within an autonomous vehicle. However, non-contact sensors must collect reliable and accurate signals. This study aims to compare the in-seat, non-contact Plessey EPIC sensor to the gold standard, contact Biopac sensor. Thirty participants took part in five-minute simulated autonomous vehicle journeys in a city environment and a rural environment, and a five-minute resting condition. To ensure the seat sensor was sensitive to elevated heart rate values, heart rate was also collected following the energetic Harvard Step Test. Lin concordance coefficients and Bland-Altman analyses were employed to assess the level of agreement between the non-contact Plessey EPIC sensor and the contact Biopac sensor for heart rate and heart rate variability. Analyses revealed a high level of agreement (rc > 0.96) between both sensors for one-minute averaged heart rate and five-minute averaged heart rate variability during simulated autonomous driving and rest, and one-minute averaged heart rate following the Harvard Step Test. In addition, the non-contact sensor was sensitive to significant differences during tasks. This proof of principle study demonstrates the feasibility of using the non-contact Plessey EPIC sensor to accurately detect heart rate and heart rate variability during simulated autonomous driving environments.

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background In-person exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) has well-established benefits for health-related quality of life (HRQL) for patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). During COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, remote delivery replaced in-person CR, but the impact on HRQL is unclear. This study addresses this gap. Methods Consecutive patients commencing CR at four sites in one Local Health District in Sydney were recruited (n = 194), recruited from December 2019 to October 2020. Remote delivery from March 2020 created a natural comparison group to in-person CR. HRQL was measured at CR entry and completion using the SF-12v2 and linear regression was used for analyses. Results Participants were aged mean 65.94 (SD 10.45) years, were 80.9% male and diagnoses included elective PCI (37.9%), CABG (26.7%), and MI (34.9%) either with PCI (23.6%) or alone (11.3%). Participants received remote (n = 103, 53.1%) or in-person (n = 91, 46.9%; ≥ assessment + 2 sessions) CR, with more completions for in-person (75.8% vs 63.1%, p=.03). Remote participants were more likely to be white than ethnic minority (35.2% vs 13.6% p HRQL improved from CR entry to completion regardless of delivery mode (adjusted). Most improvements occurred in physical function (SMD 6.37, 95% CI 4.81,7.92), role physical (SMD 5.72, 95% CI 4.29. 7.16) and physical component (SMD 5.77 95% CI 4.43, 7.12) scores. Least improvement occurred in mental component scores (SMD 1.65, 95%CI .53, 2.78). Conclusion Remotely delivered CR provides comparable HRQL outcomes to in-person delivery, thus providing a promising alternative. Data are needed on cost-effectiveness, as well as staff and patient preferences.

The Congressional Review Act (CRA) authorizes fast-track procedures for resolutions disapproving agency rules. The near-universal assumption is that the CRA is relevant only when a new President seeks, with the support of Congress, to cancel regulations promulgated during the previous administration. Yet the CRA has substantially greater unrealized potential to reverse adverse judicial rulings, or, more ambitiously, to entrench preferred statutory interpretations. When the agency, the President, and congressional majorities agree on the correct reading of a statute, they can secure formal legislative endorsement of this interpretation through the following two-step process: First, the agency promulgates an interpretive rule construing the statute to mean the opposite of what the agency actually favors—for example, by interpreting a statute to prohibit a regulation that the agency would like to adopt. (In the case of an adverse judicial ruling on the statute’s meaning, the agency’s rule could simply restate the court’s reading of the statute.) Next, Congress and the President use the CRA to disapprove that interpretive rule—thus establishing, via a formal exercise of legislative power, that the statute has the meaning the agency rule rejected. This strategy would be a lawful way for the executive and legislative branches to override judicial rulings regarding the meaning of the agency’s authorizing statute, and more generally to clarify or alter statutory law in a manner that bypasses the filibuster and other legislative roadblocks.

Driving cessation for some older adults can exacerbate physical, cognitive, and mental health challenges due to loss of independence and social isolation. Fully autonomous vehicles may offer an alternative transport solution, increasing social contact and encouraging independence. However, there are gaps in understanding the impact of older adults’ passive role on safe human–vehicle interaction, and on their well-being. 37 older adults (mean age ± SD = 68.35 ± 8.49 years) participated in an experiment where they experienced fully autonomous journeys consisting of a distinct stop (an unexpected event versus an expected event). The autonomous behavior of the vehicle was achieved using the Wizard of Oz approach. Subjective ratings of trust and reliability, and driver state monitoring including visual attention strategies (fixation duration and count) and physiological arousal (skin conductance and heart rate), were captured duringthejourneys.Resultsrevealedthatsubjectivetrustandreliabilityratingswerehigh afterjourneysforbothtypesofevents.Duringanunexpectedstop,overtvisualattention was allocated toward the event, whereas during an expected stop, visual attention was directed toward the human–machine interface (HMI) and distributed across the central and peripheral driving environment. Elevated skin conductance level reflecting increased arousal persisted only after the unexpected event. These results suggest that safety-critical events occurring during passive fully automated driving may narrow visual attention and elevate arousal mechanisms. To improve in-vehicle user experience for older adults, a driver state monitoring system could examine such psychophysiological indices to evaluate functional state and well-being. This information could then be used to make informed decisions on vehicle behavior and offer reassurance during elevated arousal during unexpected events.\udKeywords: autonomous vehicle, eye tracking, heart rate, human–machine interaction, human–machine interface, older adults, skin conductance level, trust

© 2020 CSIRO Publishing Journal Compilation © Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners 2020 This is an open access article licensed under a. INTRODUCTION: Primary health care providers are playing an increasingly important role in providing gender-affirming health care for gender diverse people. This article explores the experiences of a primary care-based pilot clinic providing gender-affirming hormone therapy in Wellington, New Zealand. AIM: To evaluate service users' and health professionals' experiences of a pilot clinic at Mauri Ora (Victoria University of Wellington's Student Health and Counselling Service) that provided gender-affirming hormones through primary care. METHODS: In-depth interviews were conducted with four (out of six) service users and four health professionals about their perspectives on the clinic. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Three themes were identified in service users' interviews, who discussed receiving affirming care due to the clinic's accessibility, relationship-centred care and timeliness. Three themes were identified in the health professionals' interviews, who described how the clinic involves partnership, affirms users' gender and agency, and is adaptable to other primary care settings. Both service users and health professionals discussed concerns about the lack of adequate funding for primary care services and the tensions between addressing mental health needs and accessing timely care. DISCUSSION: The experiences of service users and health professionals confirm the value of providing gender-affirming hormone therapy in primary care. Models based in primary care are likely to increase accessibility, depathologise gender diversity and reduce wait times.

Corruption is widely believed to be a self-reinforcing phenomenon, in the sense that the incentive to engage in corrupt acts increases as corruption becomes more widespread. Some argue that corruption's self-reinforcing property necessarily implies that incremental anticorruption reforms cannot be effective, and that the only way to escape a high-corruption equilibrium “trap” is through a so-called “big bang” or “big push.” However, corruption's self-reinforcing property does not logically entail the necessity of a big bang approach to reform. Indeed, corruption's self-reinforcing property may strengthen the case for pursuing sustained, cumulative incremental reforms. While there may be other reasons to prefer a big bang approach to an incremental approach, this conclusion cannot be grounded solely or primarily on corruption's self-reinforcing character.

The Lava Jato Operation will end someday. How should it conclude, and what should come afterwards? This chapter highlights the key objectives the operation should aim to accomplish before its conclusion and how it can shape the anticorruption dialogue in Brazil going forward. More specifically, the chapter focuses on three key issues: first, the chapter considers the future of Brazil’s anticorruption law enforcement institutions and practices, including the question of how experts and institutions that have been created to deal with the Lava Jato case (especially the Task Force) can transmit their accumulated expertise effectively. Second, the chapter considers how to leverage the public attention to the Lava Jato operation in order to push for legal reforms that address the root causes of corruption and weaknesses in existing institutions. Third, the chapter considers the longer-term political and cultural significance of Lava Jato, including how competing narratives about the Operation might shape public opinion about anticorruption in Brazil, as well as the question of how to create a more constructive public dialogue about fighting corruption that preserves the best aspects of the “Lava Jato Spirit.”

Head motion occurring during brain PET studies leads to image blurring and to bias in measured local quantities. The objective of this work was to implement a correction method for PET data acquired with the mMR synchronous PET/MR scanner. Methods: A list-mode–based motion-correction approach has been designed. The developed rebinner chronologically reads the recorded events from the Siemens list-mode file, applies the estimated geometric transformations, and frames the detected counts into sinograms. The rigid-body motion parameters were estimated from an initial dynamic reconstruction of the PET data. We then optimized the correction for 11C-Pittsburgh compound B (11C-PIB) scans using simulated and actual data with well-controlled motion. Results: An efficient list-mode–based motion correction approach has been implemented, fully optimized, and validated using simulated and actual PET data. The average spatial resolution loss induced by inaccuracies in motion parameter estimates and by the rebinning process was estimated to correspond to a 1-mm increase in full width at half maximum with motion parameters estimated directly from the PET data with a temporal frequency of 20 s. The results show that the rebinner can be safely applied to the 11C-PIB scans, allowing almost complete removal of motion-induced artifacts. The application of the correction method to a large cohort of 11C-PIB scans led to the following observations: first, that more than 21% of the scans were affected by motion greater than 10 mm (39% for subjects with Mini–Mental State Examination scores below 20), and second, that the correction led to quantitative changes in Alzheimer-specific cortical regions of up to 30%. Conclusion: The rebinner allows accurate motion correction at a cost of minimal resolution reduction. Application of the correction to a large cohort of 11C-PIB scans confirmed the necessity of systematically correcting for motion to obtain quantitative results.