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1. Phage-mediated resolution of genetic conflict alters the evolutionary trajectory of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lysogens

Author: Laura C. Suttenfield, Zoi Rapti, Jayadevi H. Chandrashekhar, Amelia C. Steinlein, Juan Cristobal Vera, Ted Kim, and Rachel J. Whitaker
Subjects: lysogen, spontaneous induction, evolution, CRISPR, transposable phages, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract: ABSTRACT The opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is naturally infected by a large class of temperate, transposable, Mu-like phages. We examined the genotypic and phenotypic diversity of P. aeruginosa PA14 lysogen populations as they resolve clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) autoimmunity, mediated by an imperfect CRISPR match to the Mu-like DMS3 prophage. After 12 days of evolution, we measured a decrease in spontaneous induction in both exponential and stationary phase growth. Co-existing variation in spontaneous induction rates in the exponential phase depended on the way the coexisting strains resolved genetic conflict. Multiple mutational modes to resolve genetic conflict between host and phage resulted in coexistence in evolved populations of single lysogens that maintained CRISPR immunity to other phages and polylysogens that lost immunity completely. This work highlights a new dimension of the role of lysogenic phages in the evolution of their hosts.IMPORTANCEThe chronic opportunistic multi-drug-resistant pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is persistently infected by temperate phages. We assess the contribution of temperate phage infection to the evolution of the clinically relevant strain UCBPP-PA14. We found that a low level of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-mediated self-targeting resulted in polylysogeny evolution and large genome rearrangements in lysogens; we also found extensive diversification in CRISPR spacers and cas genes. These genomic modifications resulted in decreased spontaneous induction in both exponential and stationary phase growth, increasing lysogen fitness. This work shows the importance of considering latent phage infection in characterizing the evolution of bacterial populations.
Published: 2024
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2. Appendices

Author: M. Schmid, C. Steinlein, J.P. Bogart, W. Feichtinger, T. Haaf, I. Nanda, E.M. del Pino, W.E. Duellman, and S.B. Hedges
Subjects: Genetics, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2012
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3. Materials and Methods

Author: M. Schmid, C. Steinlein, J.P. Bogart, W. Feichtinger, T. Haaf, I. Nanda, E.M. del Pino, W.E. Duellman, and S.B. Hedges
Subjects: Genetics, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2012
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4. References

Author: M. Schmid, C. Steinlein, J.P. Bogart, W. Feichtinger, T. Haaf, I. Nanda, E.M. del Pino, W.E. Duellman, and S.B. Hedges
Subjects: Genetics, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2012
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5. Species Index

Author: M. Schmid, C. Steinlein, J.P. Bogart, W. Feichtinger, T. Haaf, I. Nanda, E.M. del Pino, W.E. Duellman, and S.B. Hedges
Subjects: Genetics, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2012
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6. Introduction

Author: M. Schmid, C. Steinlein, J.P. Bogart, W. Feichtinger, T. Haaf, I. Nanda, E.M. del Pino, W.E. Duellman, and S.B. Hedges
Subjects: Genetics, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2012
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7. Title Pages / Contents

Author: H.A. Wichman, A. Bardhan, D.A. Parish, M. Rábová, R. Wimmer, A. Banaszek, C.A. Redi, S. Garagna, Terence J. Robinson, D.W. Burt, T.L. Lear, C. Tease, Z. Taib, H. Neitzel, S. Henschel, B.A. Reutter, L. Granjon, W. Vogel, R.M. Jones, B. Sicard, S. Fedyk, E. Sjöstrand, Patricia C. M. O’Brien, J.S. Heslop-Harrison, H. Guedes-Pinto, P.G. Johnston, F. Ståhl, S. Santos, Polina L. Perelman, J.-F. Ducroz, N.B. Rubtsov, R. Chaves, W. Just, T. Raudsepp, H. Brünner, M. Hakhverdyan, N. Ihara, S. Röttger, W. Feichtinger, B.M.N. Wallace, Å. Sjöling, I. Nanda, N. Bogdanchikova, W.R. Harrison, P.M. Mirol, R. Visbal García, C. Mais, S.-I. Kawada, T. Sharma, M. Bahadur, T. Ashley, M. Lombard, V. Aniskin, Natalya A. Serdukova, E. Lecompte, P. Vise, J. Hausser, M.A. Hultén, P. Mariani, G. Dobigny, H. Kühl, A.P. Singh, J.A. Marshall Graves, J. Britton-Davidian, V. Volobouev, R.J. Baker, M.J. Puertas, N.V. Vorobieva, V. Kalscheuer, J.J. Bull, K.M. Mendoza, U. Arnason, L.E. Jensen, P. Gómez-Fabre, C.J. Metcalfe, M. Schmid, T.V. Karamysheva, Jan Zima, M. Morgan-Richards, G. Levan, W. Chetnicki, A. Janke, Y.M. Borissov, O.V. Andreenkova, P. Nová, H. Hameister, K.M. Reed, F. Yang, M.D. Giménez, J.B. Searle, W. Schempp, K. Klinga-Levan, E. Capanna, M.D.B. Eldridge, K. Belkhir, D.A. Martí, T. Haaf, A. Fernández Badillo, A.L. Barlow, F. Adega, Larisa S. Biltueva, B.P. Chowdhary, U. Fiedorczuk, J. Catalan, Alexander S. Graphodatsky, C.A. Everett, V.T. Volobouev, B.S. Milne, F.A. Ponce de León, R. Bellavia, K. Sperling, N.O. Bianchi, A. Behboudi, B. Schreiner, C.W. Beattie, G.L. Bennett, I. Reisert, M.A. Ferguson-Smith, N. Lugon-Moulin, V.M. Aniskin, K.A. Szałaj, C.J. Bidau, M. Corti, B. Fu, M. Zuccotti, C. Steinlein, M.N. Bochkaerev, A. Baumstark, R. Castiglia, Pavel M. Borodin, and Y. Sugimoto
Subjects: Genetics, Library science, Zoology, Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2002
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8. Abstracts of the 37th American Cytogenetics Conference

Author: S.M. White, R. Mollicone, M. Rozek, Z. Tümer, T. Opiola, J.-J. Candelier, C.R. Bonvicino, H. Winking, A. Hebinck, H. Kuiper, Ch. Zühlke, H. Yasue, J.M. Perez de la Lastra, S. Kiuchi, A. Pienkowska, N. Arnal, B. Gläser, C. Ngo, H. Mehenni, C. Steinlein, P.S. D’Andrea, R.P.M.A. Crooijmans, A. Eggen, C. Zijlstra, M. Yerle, U. Butzmann, S.E. Antonarakis, Y.E. Shahein, E. Anton, R. Korstanje, D.F. de Andres-Cara, N.A. de Haan, R. Heilig, B. Brenig, J. Egozcue, C. Delcros, M. Østergaard, G.F. Gillissen, A. Wandall, R. Kreutz, R.J. McKinlay Gardner, F. Piumi, M. Mahony, A. Robic, C. Ozouf-Costaz, N. Tommerup, T. Haaf, C. Rodellar, C. Szpirer, F. Vidal, P.A. Ioannou, P.M. Kroisel, C. Drögemüller, K. Buchet-Poyau, Y. Takagaki, T.L. Harboe, C. Wilhelm, F. Porto-Foresti, J. Barciszewski, A.C.M. Bonné, M.T. Roldan-Arjona, C. Rogel-Gaillard, H. Hiraiwa, Y. Muneta, M. Grzmil, P. Zaragoza, C. Bonillo, H.A. van Lith, J. Kunz, A. Dalski, O. Distl, F. Laccone, D. Milan, C. Windpassinger, T. Awata, H. Uenishi, J. Szpirer, R. Fries, A.A. Bosma, F. Foresti, M.F.Z. Daniel-Silva, H. Hayes, R. Roy, H. Omran, P. Pinton, S. Schlickum, E. Petek, E. Schwinger, L. Li, P. Coullin, C. Knorr, L.F.M. van Zutphen, J. Blanco, H.P. Klinger, A. Volz, J. Mißbach, I.B. Otazu, E. Northrop, C. Andersen, P. Burfeind, M. Den Bieman, M. Meins, R. Melkaoui, J. Beck, U. Radhakrishna, M. Gautier, R. Oriol, L.F. Almeida-Toledo, I. Nanda, K. Wagner, F. Habermann, V. Petrovic, M. Schmid, R. Yamamoto, P. Moore, P. van Vooren, G. Hauke, H. Zürcher, F. Hildebrandt, C.G. Ziegler, J. Koch, P. Laurent, J.L. Williams, M.A.M. Groenen, J.J. Garrido, C. Schelling, S. Yadav, C. Kosan, and H.R. Slater
Subjects: Genetics, medicine.medical_specialty, Cytogenetics, medicine, Library science, Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2002
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9. Selected bibliography of Susumu Ohno

Author: D. Meschede, W. Schempp, W. Traut, J. Klein, T.W. Glover, S.J. Palmer, J.T. Epplen, E.J.M. Santos, B.R. Migeon, R. Toder, J. Horst, M. Guttenbach, G. Bonnet, T. Matsunaga, C.V. Beechey, B. Choudhary, M. Cohn, D. Weichenhan, S. Ball, G. Bernardi, S. Lautsch, H. Winking, T. Vogel, E.Y. Cheng, K. Benirschke, N. Nassar, U. Wolf, J. Schmidtke, L.-S. Correa-Cerro, M. Sugimoto, W. Beçak, B. Kerem, T. Sharma, S.S. Wachtel, J. Zhang, A.T. Midro, K. Sperling, C. O’hUigin, V.V. Kapitonov, R. Lesniewicz, S.K. Mahadevaiah, W.R. Harrison, C. Geerkens, C. Dixkens, W. Just, H. Shibata, R.M. Cabrera, C.M. Disteche, M. Schartl, N. Zhdanova, J.A.M. Graves, U. Drews, S. Saccone, G.P. Holmquist, D.K. Lamatsch, M.F. Lyon, S. Zeitler, S.K. Davis, K. Bender, C. Klett, J. Bruch, G.G. Sharma, M.L. Houck, S. Henschel, N. Takagi, A.T. Kumamoto, R. Raman, H. Neitzel, P.S. Burgoyne, M. Erdel, O.L. Serov, A. Kollak, S. Jainta, S. Mizuno, Y. Hayashizaki, J. Jurka, F.A. Ponce de León, W. Rietschel, Y. Narain, B. Kunze, V. Kalscheuer, C. Ebenhoch, G. Beller, W. Rau, M. Held, A. Baumstark, J. Parzefall, T.J. Robinson, M. Digweed, S. Schmidt Drury, S.M. Gartler, M. Döbler, G. Wanner, Y.-F.C. Lau, H. Hameister, M.L. Beçak, H. Ogura, Y.-J. Chen, S. Takada, F.F.B. Elder, S. Ganesh, A. Ashworth, G. Scherer, K. Fredga, A. Sato, J. Perry, W. Vogel, I. Nanda, W. Mäueler, N. Mise, B.M. Cattanach, W. Feichtinger, H. Macgregor, R.P. Erickson, C. Federico, N.B. Atkin, S.-S. Tan, M. Schmid, I. Schlupp, K.M.S. Townsend, and C. Steinlein
Subjects: Evolutionary biology, Genetics, Bibliography, Animals, Humans, History, 20th Century, Biology, Molecular Biology, United States, Genetics (clinical), Genealogy
Published: 1998
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10. Contents Vol. 114, 2006

Author: I. Solovei, W. Jonat, B. Schlegelberger, H. Stöcklein, J. Schubert, J. Vermeesch, C. Bittner, H.H.Q. Heng, J.-P. Fryns, D. Gisselsson, T. Liehr, T. Hardt, B. Andréo, M. Cohen, F. Pellestor, S. Michel, K. Junker, M. Grigoriadou, B. Farren, A. Gerlach, L. Kearney, G. Lefort, C. Sarri, R. Hastings, P. Paulasova, M. Cremer, C. Rudolph, M. Schmid, B. Thienpont, A.N. Pursley, H.F. Zitzelsberger, J. Walter, P. Zschieschang, A. Helmrich, M. Stumm, H. Mkrtchyan, K. Devriendt, V. Trifonov, S.A. Romanenko, Y. Stewénius, A. Theisen, M.R. Speicher, L.G. Shaffer, Y. Ito, Steven W. Bremer, K. Müller, C.J. Ye, U. Heinrich, M. Gewillig, J. Wiegant, R.C. Dunn, S. Zhang, S. Borell-Kost, T.B. Tuton, N. Arnold, J.F. Weier, A. Kuechler, B.A. Bejjani, M. Gross, T. Abe, L.W. Chu, U. Wedding, M. Stötter, A.C. Feller, H. Tönnies, C. Ferlatte, M. Glaser, A. Barnicoat, E. Leich, V.K. Maloney, A. Baumgartner, M.L. Cooper, S. Darilek, D.E. Mensing, J. Weimer, A. Matthaei, D.A. Pflumm, T. Fritsch, S.J. Fisher, Y. Gyftodimou, R.H. Martin, M.B. Petersen, C. Karst, A. Bolzer, K. Stout-Weider, K.J. Ye, P. O’Brien, B. Heineking, C. Steinlein, W.S. Wun, L.M. Neumann, K. Mrasek, A.K. Raap, S. Singer, S.W. Cheung, C.J. Jung, A. Weise, Joshua B. Stevens, H.J. Tanke, N.V. Rumyantseva, G. Ott, H. Eckel, T. Cremer, A. Heller, U. Wiedemann, S. Müller, P. Adam, M. Oliver-Bonet, H. Merz, M. Bloechle, S. Hamamah, N. Kosyakova, H. Kokotas, J.C.K. Barber, H. Neitzel, H. Starke, S. Kalogirou, I. Fickelscher, A. Rosenwald, E. Haralambieva, L. Brecevic, H.K. Müller-Hermelink, Thomas Liehr, H.-U.G. Weier, A.L. Collins, P.A. Benedetti, F. Yang, C.D. Kashork, R.-D. Wegner, S. Ye, R.A. Pedersen, U. Steinhaeuser, N. Friend, R. Aroutiounian, A. Dufke, J. Wienberg, H.-N. Nguyen, J. Benet, H. Enders, H. Albiez, A. Hartmann, B. Joffe, W. Schulze, E. Schrock, S.C. Angus, U.A. Mau-Holzmann, A.D. Polityko, E. Pandelia, G.M. Grunert, F. Hunstig, K. Höffken, N. Kakazu, G. Liu, and C.-M. Lu
Subjects: Botany, Genetics, Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2006
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11. Mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of polyurethane and polyurethane/polyurea elastomers based on 4,4?-diisocyanatodicyclohexyl methane

Author: J. W. Rosthauser, C. Steinlein, Claus D. Eisenbach, and K. W. Haider
Subjects: Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Compression set, General Chemistry, Dynamic mechanical analysis, Elastomer, Toluenediamine, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Composite material, Thermoplastic elastomer, Prepolymer, Polyurea, Polyurethane
Abstract: The physical and thermal properties of hand-cast polyurethane and polyurethane/polyurea elastomers prepared from prepolymers of 20 and 97% trans,trans-4,4′-diisocyanatodicyclohexyl methane (t,t-rMDI) and C3- and C4-polyethers chain extended with either 1,4-butanediol (XB) or a commercial mixture of diethyl toluenediamine isomers (DETDA) were determined. The influence of the distribution of geometric isomers of the diisocyanate and of the chain-extender building blocks on these properties is significant. Urethane/ureas are harder and have higher modulus than polyurethanes formed from the same prepolymer. The polyurethane/polyurea elastomers all have somewhat high compression set. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) suggests that DETDA extended systems based on 20% t,t-rMDI are phase separated, as illustrated by extended rubbery plateau regions and significantly higher softening points than the corresponding XB extended ones. Uniquely, these elastomers are transparent rather than opaque as typical with most other phase-segregated elastomers. Polyurethanes based on 97% t,t-rMDI are harder and have higher modulus than those based on 20% t,t-rMDI (Desmodur™ W). They have good phase separation and high softening points but they are opaque. Surprisingly, there is not much difference between the physical or thermal properties of polyurethane/polyureas and polyurethanes based on 97% t,t-rMDI. Replacing XB with DETDA gives only moderate improvement in properties, but it does make the elastomers optically clear. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 957–970, 1997
Published: 1997
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12. The hemiphractid frogs. Phylogeny, embryology, life history, and cytogenetics

Author: M, Schmid, C, Steinlein, J P, Bogart, W, Feichtinger, T, Haaf, I, Nanda, E M, del Pino, W E, Duellman, and S B, Hedges
Subjects: Male, Life Cycle Stages, Embryo, Nonmammalian, Genome, Polymorphism, Genetic, Sex Chromosomes, DNA, Ribosomal, Embryo Culture Techniques, Meiosis, Oogenesis, Ovarian Follicle, Heterochromatin, Cytogenetic Analysis, Nucleolus Organizer Region, Oocytes, Animals, Female, Anura, Phylogeny
Published: 2013

13. Structure of trans,trans-4,4'-di(methoxycarbonylimino)dicyclohexylmethane: a model for trans,trans-4,4'-diisocyanatodicyclohexylmethane/1,4-butanediol-based units in polyurethane hard segments

Author: C. Steinlein, C. D. Eisenbach, and W. Milius
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_compound, Crystallography, chemistry, Polymer chemistry, General Medicine, 1,4-Butanediol, Bridge (interpersonal), General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Polyurethane, Monoclinic crystal system
Abstract: C 17 H 30 N 2 O 4 , monoclinic, P2 1 /n, a=17.963 (4), b=6.290 (2), c=18.214 (4) A, β=116.59 (3) o , V=1840.3 (8) A 3 , Z=4, D m =1.16, D x =1.178 Mg m -3 , T=173 K, F(000)=712, final weighted wR=0.039 for 3231 observed independent reflections. The bridge C-CH 2 -C angle of the V-shaped title compound is 116.1(2) o . Both cyclohexyl rings have chair, conformations and are mutually inclined at 55.1 o . The angles between the cyclohexyl rings and the adjacent urethane groups are 101.5 and 66.2 o
Published: 1994
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14. Structure of the hard segments in trans,trans-diisocyanato dicyclohexylmethane based PU elastomers

Author: Claus D. Eisenbach, W. Milius, and C. Steinlein
Subjects: Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, Hydrogen bond, Diphenylmethane, Crystal structure, Elastomer, chemistry.chemical_compound, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Monomer, chemistry, Polymer chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Melting point, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Single crystal, Polyurethane
Abstract: A model for the structure of the hard segments and the hydrogen bonded network in the hard domains of segmented polyurethane elastomers with trans,trans-diisocyanato dicyclohexylmethane (tt-HMDI)/1,4-butanediol (BDO) based hard segments is proposed. The structure of the bis(methylurethane) oftt-HMDI (Me-ttHMDI-Me) has been determined by single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis and the conformation and packing of the polyurethane hard segments are constructed by connecting the successive Me-ttHMDI-Me units via −CH2−CH2− groups using the principle of isomorphic substitution. The conformation and hydrogen bonds of the monomer units are retained. The resulting polyurethane structure is highly crosslinked by a three-dimensional hydrogen bond network. The special packing principle may explain the high melting point as compared to the well-known structure of 4,4′-diisocyanato diphenylmethane (MDI)-BDO hard segments and the differences in the material properties.
Published: 1994
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15. Bibliography of Karl Fredga

Author: K. Klinga-Levan, J. Hausser, E. Capanna, M.J. Puertas, H. Neitzel, N. Ihara, D.A. Martí, U. Fiedorczuk, V.T. Volobouev, B.S. Milne, H. Kühl, L.E. Jensen, W.R. Harrison, S. Henschel, F. Ståhl, W. Vogel, R.M. Jones, A. Behboudi, B. Schreiner, C.W. Beattie, B.A. Reutter, T.V. Karamysheva, G.L. Bennett, B. Fu, P. Vise, W. Schempp, O.V. Andreenkova, T. Haaf, A.L. Barlow, Larisa S. Biltueva, C. Mais, G. Levan, M.D.B. Eldridge, I. Reisert, S. Röttger, C. Steinlein, F. Yang, M.D. Giménez, R.J. Baker, J. Catalan, Natalya A. Serdukova, M.N. Bochkaerev, A. Janke, Polina L. Perelman, U. Arnason, B. Sicard, E. Sjöstrand, S. Santos, W. Just, T. Raudsepp, R. Chaves, J.A. Marshall Graves, Pavel M. Borodin, Y. Sugimoto, W. Feichtinger, A. Bardhan, D.A. Parish, M. Rábová, J.B. Searle, C. Tease, Y.M. Borissov, E. Lecompte, H. Brünner, P. Nová, T. Sharma, Terence J. Robinson, D.W. Burt, T.L. Lear, J. Britton-Davidian, I. Nanda, H. Guedes-Pinto, N. Lugon-Moulin, V.M. Aniskin, K.M. Mendoza, H.A. Wichman, P. Gómez-Fabre, K. Sperling, N.O. Bianchi, K.A. Szałaj, P.G. Johnston, Patricia C. M. O’Brien, S.-I. Kawada, Å. Sjöling, S. Garagna, H. Hameister, R. Wimmer, V. Aniskin, K.M. Reed, A. Baumstark, A. Banaszek, P. Mariani, M. Lombard, C.A. Redi, S. Fedyk, R. Castiglia, A.P. Singh, J.J. Bull, J.S. Heslop-Harrison, N.B. Rubtsov, M. Morgan-Richards, R. Bellavia, K. Belkhir, L. Granjon, N.V. Vorobieva, V. Kalscheuer, G. Dobigny, A. Fernández Badillo, J.-F. Ducroz, R. Visbal García, C.J. Bidau, M. Corti, M. Zuccotti, M.A. Ferguson-Smith, M.A. Hultén, W. Chetnicki, M. Hakhverdyan, B.M.N. Wallace, N. Bogdanchikova, P.M. Mirol, M. Bahadur, T. Ashley, Z. Taib, V. Volobouev, C.J. Metcalfe, M. Schmid, F. Adega, B.P. Chowdhary, Alexander S. Graphodatsky, C.A. Everett, F.A. Ponce de León, and Jan Zima
Subjects: Genetics, Bibliography, Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical), Classics
Published: 2002
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16. Contents Vol. 97, 2002

Author: E. Petek, M. Rozek, Z. Tümer, S.E. Antonarakis, E. Anton, Ch. Zühlke, J.L. Williams, U. Butzmann, M.A.M. Groenen, E. Northrop, A.C.M. Bonné, J.M. Perez de la Lastra, H.R. Slater, N.A. de Haan, R. Heilig, C. Delcros, Y.E. Shahein, J.J. Garrido, F. Porto-Foresti, M. Østergaard, C. Steinlein, A. Robic, G.F. Gillissen, A. Volz, R.J. McKinlay Gardner, T.L. Harboe, B. Brenig, R. Korstanje, S.M. White, M. Den Bieman, R. Melkaoui, R. Kreutz, F. Piumi, J. Beck, D.F. de Andres-Cara, T. Haaf, C. Rodellar, U. Radhakrishna, M. Gautier, N. Tommerup, K. Wagner, I. Nanda, K. Buchet-Poyau, L.F. Almeida-Toledo, P.S. D’Andrea, P.M. Kroisel, M. Grzmil, C. Schelling, M. Mahony, C. Drögemüller, J. Barciszewski, M. Meins, F. Vidal, C. Zijlstra, S. Yadav, C. Bonillo, C. Kosan, V. Petrovic, J. Egozcue, F. Habermann, M. Schmid, R. Roy, A.A. Bosma, F. Foresti, C. Windpassinger, H. Uenishi, R. Yamamoto, H. Hiraiwa, A. Dalski, R. Mollicone, J. Szpirer, R. Fries, C. Wilhelm, R. Oriol, C. Ozouf-Costaz, M.F.Z. Daniel-Silva, H. Hayes, E. Schwinger, P. Coullin, C. Andersen, P. Pinton, M.T. Roldan-Arjona, C. Rogel-Gaillard, J.-J. Candelier, L.F.M. van Zutphen, H.A. van Lith, P.A. Ioannou, O. Distl, H. Omran, J. Kunz, S. Schlickum, T. Awata, L. Li, H. Kuiper, H.P. Klinger, P. van Vooren, S. Kiuchi, J. Mißbach, N. Arnal, A. Pienkowska, D. Milan, C. Ngo, H. Mehenni, R.P.M.A. Crooijmans, T. Opiola, B. Gläser, I.B. Otazu, C.R. Bonvicino, H. Winking, A. Hebinck, J. Blanco, A. Eggen, A. Wandall, C. Knorr, C. Szpirer, H. Zürcher, F. Hildebrandt, C.G. Ziegler, Y. Takagaki, J. Koch, P. Laurent, P. Burfeind, H. Yasue, P. Moore, M. Yerle, G. Hauke, Y. Muneta, P. Zaragoza, and F. Laccone
Subjects: Botany, Genetics, Zoology, Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2002
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17. Contents, Vol. 62, 1993

Author: S. Ohta, D. Simon, J.H. Kurth, C.N. Hahn, B.K. May, M.C. Kurth, I. Rodriguez de Ledesma, Y.D. Patel, C. Steinlein, B.D. Harris, J.P. Banga, S. Mazan, B. Weiffenbach, D.S. Gallagher, O.M. Garson, J.E. Womack, Z. Tümer, H. Nishi, H.M. Kozman, E.J.M. Schuurman, T. Sasazuki, N. Aoki, A. Pellicer, H.A. Phillips, A.A.B. Bergen, G.J.B. van Ommen, J.C. Mulley, J.A. Padilla, A. Kato, C. Jeanpierre, N. Roeckel, A.P. Monaco, C. Rudduck, D. Sheer, T.A. Jones, E. Austruy, C. Junien, R. Espinosa, A.M. Ryan, G.R. Sutherland, J.-P. Bachellerie, Ca. Westbrook, M. Schmid, H. Lerach, E. Dietzsch, A. Rabasco, D.F. Callen, L. Sottrup-Jensen, M. Cohen-Salmon, T. Kristensen, M M Le Beau, S. Hirosawa, A.M. McGregor, J.J. Pérez-Regadera, E. Bakker, P. Laslo, J.L. Fernández-García, L.-H. Qu, M.C. Wapenaar, M. Dixon, L.M. Duncan, R.H. Martin, R.I. Barnes, A. Kimura, E.M. Bleeker-Wagemakers, A.M. Bowcock, S.A. Whitmore, N. Tommerup, B.B. Knowles, J. Santos, J.L. Omdahl, W.L. Neuman, M. Guttenbach, A.N. Silahtaroglu, P.S. Barnett, M.-G. Mattéi, L. Iannuzzi, Y. Nakamura, E. Baker, P.J. Diergaarde, G.P. Di Meo, M. Martínez-Trancón, and S. Toyota
Subjects: Botany, Genetics, Zoology, Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 1993
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18. Contents Vol. 93, 2001

Author: T. Brueckmann, W. Brenner, M. Steinemann, W. Vogel, S. Schlaubitz, C. Zühlke, M. Lombard, F. Boán, K. Benirschke, S. Naumann, S.W. Bremer, C. Steinlein, S. Steinemann, F. Richard, P.D. Thomsen, M. Yerle, K.D. Zang, Z. Docherty, C. Amid, K. Mrasek, I. Schubert, M. Mende, I. Nanda, T. Paiss, C. Genêt, L.J. Peelman, I. Chudoba, M. Hughes, R.-D. Wegner, U. Claussen, L. Sánchez, B. Seipel, F. Grützner, F.J. García-Cozar, D. Prawitt, B.U. Zabel, J.L. Wright, A. Van Zeveren, K. Stout, V. Kalscheuer, M. Stumm, R.V. Rambau, N. Reissmann, D.S. Gallagher, B. Zabel, A. Ishikawa, C. Messaoudi, A.T. Kumamoto, E.C. Akeson, A. Mujica, A. Dalski, P. Kaiser, T. Liehr, J.G. Scammell, S. Bremer, C. Pfeifer, S. Munsche, M.M. Valdivia, M. Van Poucke, M. Schmid, C.M. Tuck-Muller, H. Starke, F. Domínguez, Y. Matsuda, S. Störkel, C.G. Mathew, F.F.B. Elder, S. Narayanswami, H. Scherthan, J. Decker, E. Schwinger, A. Niveleau, V. Trifonov, H. Mayrhofer, J. Gómez-Márquez, J.P. Lambert, S.-E. Bikar, E. Zend-Ajusch, L.J. Bechtel, T. Haaf, Y.A. Wang, A. Viñas, C. Iglesias, C. Mackie Ogilvie, A. Bahr, T. Nagase, A. Dufke, H.H.Q. Heng, A. Winterpacht, W. Lu, T.J. Robinson, C. Maier, K. Matsubara, A. Heller, A. Kuroiwa, M. Rocchi, B. Dutrillaux, C.J. Ye, N. Nomura, N. Rubtsov, E.R. Schmidt, T. Namikawa, M.T. Davisson, C. Tuggle, K. Gardiner, H. Enders, G. Liu, M. Buceta, H. Hanson, H. Hauser, N. Sampson, H. Neitzel, P.D. Waters, T. Hankeln, H. Tönnies, C. Pendón, J. Bolívar, M.L. Houck, D. Reutzel, M. Leipoldt, A. Cichutek, P. Moens, J.A.M. Graves, P.J. Kirby, B. Maurer, A. Astola, S.A. Krawetz, and F. Piumi
Subjects: Botany, Genetics, Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2001
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19. The chromosomes of terraranan frogs. Insights into vertebrate cytogenetics

Author: M. Schmid, C. Steinlein, J.P. Bogart, W. Feichtinger, P. León, E. La Marca, L.M. Diaz, A. Sanz, S.-H- Chen, and S.B. Hedges
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Nuclear gene, Genetic Speciation, Zoology, Context (language use), Biology, Haploidy, Genome, DNA, Ribosomal, Chromosomes, Translocation, Genetic, Evolution, Molecular, Polyploidy, Cytogenetics, biology.animal, Heterochromatin, Genetics, medicine, Nucleolus Organizer Region, Animals, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical), Chromosome Aberrations, Sex Chromosomes, Base Sequence, Chromosome, Vertebrate, Karyotype, Telomere, Meiosis, Karyotyping, Molecular phylogenetics, Chromosome Inversion, Anura
Abstract: "The Chromosomes of Terraranan Frogs" is the most comprehensive, original and comparative cytogenetic study of vertebrates ever performed, presenting results obtained over a 36-year period of more than 70 expeditions to the Neotropics (Central and South America and the Caribbean) and from several laboratories (Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Germany, USA, and Venezuela). The karyotypes and genomes of 227 recognized species and 2,548 individual specimens of Terrarana were examined using a variety of staining techniques, molecular probe in situ hybridization, and genome size measurements. Furthermore, all previously published data on the cytogenetics of Terrarana have been included. The karyotype characters were mapped onto the molecular phylogeny obtained by analyses of several mitochondrial and nuclear genes. This allowed reconstruction of the various karyophylogenies as well as calculation of the chromosomal mutation rates. The results were always interpreted in context with the cytogenetic data published for other amphibian taxa or vertebrates. The general properties of eukaryote chromosomes, the rules governing structural and numerical chromosome repatterning as well as the principles of chromosome evolution are explained. An extensive 'Material and Methods' section was compiled with the intention of providing the necessary guidance for everyone interested in studying amphibian chromosomes. This monograph provides detailed current and archival information on terraranan karyotypes and genomes to colleagues who are already recognized specialists in amphibian or vertebrate cytogenetics. It is also valuable reading for herpetologists involved in the evolution of neotropical amphibians and provides comprehensive insights into vertebrate cytogenetics for students.
Published: 2010

20. Contents Vol. 90, 2000

Author: H. Hameister, R.H. Martin, Eric D. Green, K. Nayernia, C.M. Tsiapalis, S.I. Anderson, W.J. Schwaeble, Alan Archibald, A. Eggen, H. Hayes, S. Weigend, S. Kubalak, K. Hashimoto, T. Escudero, R. Tanuma, P.A. Robinson, M. Schmid, P. Burfeind, V. Fillon, M.A. Ferguson-Smith, K. Wimmers, M. van Bilsen, M.E. Delany, S. Ikegawa, J.P. Leek, J.L. Doyle, N.A. Jenkins, N. Serdukova, K. Kratochwil, F.J. Charchar, W. Lu, S. Bremer, M.F. Maurer, J. Smith, C. Szpirer, Udaya DeSilva, J. Uedelhoven, S. Sexson, K. Ladjali-Mohammedi, J. Szpirer, H.C. Ardley, A.S. Graphodatsky, S. Munné, L. Carim-Todd, J. Burnside, P.A. Doevendans, G. Liu, J. Grønlund, U. Holmskov, J-M. Buerstedde, D. Conklin, N.G. Copeland, M.R. Speicher, G.P. Di Meo, D.W. Burt, N.A.A. Balatsos, S. A’Hara, F. Deák, T.V. Karamisheva, D.J. Gilbert, D.K. Griffin, S.A. Rose, M. Sano, M. Runte, F. Pitel, P. Laurent, J. Hillel, L. Módis, Q. Shi, T.E. Whitmore, N.G.S. Tan, M. Morisson, C. Steinlein, J. Kaufman, F. Raymond, N. Courtis, P. Zaragoza, A. Schulz, J.A.M. Graves, N. Kleiter, I. Kiss, H. Sheng, T. Haaf, M. Tixier-Boichard, J.H. Calvo, R. Bronsaer, M. Schartl, C. Rodellar, M. Balázs, I. Artner, M. Hoehn, M. Hughes, G. Dekomien, P. van Vooren, Webb Miller, N.S. Zhdanova, M .A.M. Groenen, P.R. Lozano, T. Burke, S. Tascou, T. Liehr, C.M. Stover, M. Escarceller, J. Schleypen, J.-C. Courvalin, U. Claussen, M. Gautier, R. Osta, A. Mäki-Tanila, P. Perelman, T.M. Skinner, K. Krysan, N.M. Astakhova, A.F. Markham, A. Vignal, S. Marcos, D. Sable, H.H.Q. Heng, E. Minc, I. Nanda, P. Liénard, H. Marquardt, H.H. Cheng, R.P.M.A. Crooijmans, R. Kreutz, R. Fries, F. Yang, J. Cohen, P.A. Thomson, R. Zákány, S. Mizuno, M. Guttenbach, Y. Nakamura, M. Svartman, A. Robic, L. Iannuzzi, M. Rivière, T.A. Deisher, S. Muratoglu, M. Sandalinas, M. Hirai, B. Buendia, C. Dixkens, C.V. Beechey, N. Bumstead, L. Sumoy, J. Kusuda, B. Schreiner, R. Gödde, Y. Koshizuka, J.T. Epplen, N.B. Rubtsov, N.L. Lopez-Corrales, A. Law, X. Estivill, M. Samiotaki, and W. Engel
Subjects: Botany, Genetics, Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2000
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21. Distribution of (TTAGGG)n telomeric sequences in karyotypes of the Xenopus species complex

Author: I, Nanda, M, Fugate, C, Steinlein, and M, Schmid
Subjects: Polyploidy, Xenopus laevis, Base Sequence, Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Karyotyping, Xenopus, Animals, Telomere, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Metaphase, Chromosome Banding
Abstract: The chromosomal distribution of the conserved vertebrate telomeric (TTAGGG)(n) sequence was studied by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in four Xenopus species and the triploid Silurana tropicalis. As expected, hybridization signals were observed at the distal ends of every chromosome in all species. In addition, the hybridization pattern demonstrates varied organization of (TTAGGG)(n) sequences in the different karyotypes. In X. borealis and X. muelleri hybridization signals intensely labeled one end of a homologous chromosome pair that coincides with the sites containing ribosomal RNA gene clusters. The karyotype of X. clivii remarkably differs from other Xenopus karyotypes in displaying numerous interstitial telomeric sites (ITS). C-banding analysis shows that the non-telomeric sites appear to correspond to the interstitially located constitutive heterochromatin. This suggests that interstitial telomeric sites in X. clivii do not necessarily represent the relic of ancestral telomeres resulting from the fusion of chromosomes, but their occurrence is due to the fact that (TTAGGG)(n) repeat arrays may be a constituent of highly repetitive DNA.
Published: 2008

22. 'Kann ich mich in meinem Alter noch ändern?' – Die Psychosomatische Tagesklinik für Ältere Nürnberg

Author: C. Adler, W. Söllner, C. Steinlein, W. Kessler, R. Martin, and A. Schatz
Subjects: Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, Applied Psychology
Published: 2007
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23. Chromosome banding in Amphibia. XXX. Karyotype aberrations in cultured fibroblast cells

Author: M, Schmid, C, Steinlein, and T, Haaf
Subjects: Chromosome Aberrations, Male, Species Specificity, Karyotyping, Animals, Chromosome Breakage, Anura, Fibroblasts, Kidney, Bufonidae, Cells, Cultured, Chromosome Banding
Abstract: The present study reports for the first time on the numerical and structural chromosome anomalies that spontaneously arise in aging cultured fibroblast cells of Amphibia. The analyses were conducted on kidney fibroblasts of three anuran species with extremely divergent genome sizes (Bufo rubropunctatus, Scaphiopus holbrooki, Gastrotheca riobambae), in the sixth up to the 14th culture passage. The chromosomal rearrangements were identified by means of the 5-bromodeoxyuridine/deoxythymidine (BrdU/dT) replication banding technique. The aberrations can be either confined to a single chromosome, or else involve all chromosomes of the karyotype. The most frequent structural aberrations in the cell cultures of S. holbrooki and G. riobambae are tandem fusions between two or more chromosomes. These tandem fusions originating in vitro in long-termed cell cultures reflect the chromosome mutations which also took place during amphibian phylogenesis.
Published: 2003

24. Chromosome banding in Amphibia. XXVIII. Homomorphic XY sex chromosomes and a derived Y-autosome translocation in Eleutherodactylus riveroi (Anura, Leptodactylidae)

Author: M, Schmid, W, Feichtinger, C, Steinlein, R, Visbal García, and A, Fernández Badillo
Subjects: Male, Meiosis, Genome, Sex Chromosomes, X Chromosome, Karyotyping, Y Chromosome, Animals, Female, Anura, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Translocation, Genetic, Chromosome Banding
Abstract: Extensive cytogenetic analyses on a population of the leptodactylid frog Eleutherodactylus riveroi in northern Venezuela revealed the existence of multiple XXAA male/XYAA female/XAA(Y) female sex chromosomes. The XAA(Y) karyotype originated by a centric (Robertsonian) fusion between the original, free Y chromosome and an autosome. 46.2% of the male individuals in this population are carriers of this Y-autosome fusion. In male meiosis the XAA(Y) sex chromosomes pair in the expected trivalent configuration. In the same population 53.8% of the male animals still possess the original, free XY sex chromosomes. E. riveroi is only the second vertebrate species discovered in which a derived Y-autosome fusion coexists with the ancestral free XY sex chromosomes. The free XY sex chromosomes, as well as the multiple XA(Y) sex chromosomes are still in a very primitive (homomorphic) stage of differentiation. With no banding technique applied it is possible to distinguish the Y from the X. Various banding techniques and in situ hybridizations have been carried out to characterize the karyotypes. DNA flow cytometric measurements show that the genome size of E. riveroi resembles that of other Eleutherodactylus species. The cytogenetic data obtained in E. riveroi are compared with those of the sole other vertebrate known to possess the extremely rare, multiple XXAA male/XYAA female/XAA(Y) female sex chromosomes. Surprisingly enough, this vertebrate again is a frog belonging to the genus Eleutherodactylus [E. ((maussi) biporcatus] which lives exactly in the same habitat in northern Venezuela as does E. riveroi.
Published: 2003

25. The giant B chromosome of the cyprinid fish Alburnus alburnus harbours a retrotransposon-derived repetitive DNA sequence

Author: C G, Ziegler, D K, Lamatsch, C, Steinlein, W, Engel, M, Schartl, and M, Schmid
Subjects: Blotting, Southern, Base Sequence, Retroelements, Molecular Sequence Data, Cyprinidae, Animals, DNA, Chromosomes, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
Abstract: The cyprinid fish Alburnus alburnus possesses one of the largest supernumerary chromosomes in all vertebrates. In the present study, amplified fragment length polymorphism analyses (AFLP) and fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) were performed in order to characterize these extraordinary chromosomes in detail. Sequence analysis of the B chromosome-specific DNA revealed a strong homology to a Drosophila Gypsy/Ty3 retrotransposon and also to a medaka (Oryzias latipes) one. The sequence is highly abundant on the B chromosome but undetectable in the normal A chromosome complement. It is also absent from the B chromosome of the closely related species, Rutilus rutilus, suggesting a specific spreading of the mobile element during evolution of the giant supernumerary chromosome within A. alburnus. Meitotic chromosomes were in-situ hybridized with the B chromosome-specific probe, documenting that the additional chromosome behaves as an autopaired ring chromosome in diakineses. Our results suggest that the supernumerary chromosome of A. alburnus is not derived from the normal chromosome complement but has evolved independently.
Published: 2003

26. Chromosome banding in Amphibia. XXVII. DNA replication banding patterns in three anuran species with greatly differing genome sizes

Author: M, Schmid, C, Steinlein, and T, Haaf
Subjects: DNA Replication, Genome, Bromodeoxyuridine, Species Specificity, Karyotyping, Animals, DNA, Anura, Chromosome Banding
Abstract: The mitotic chromosomes of three anuran species, Scaphiopus holbrooki, Litoria infrafrenata and Odontophrynus americanus, were analyzed by means of the 5-bromodeoxyuridine/deoxythymidine (BrdU/dT) replication banding technique. These species exhibit large differences in their genome sizes: S. holbrooki possesses one of the smallest genomes among vertebrates, L. infrafrenata has a genome size near the modal DNA value of most Amphibia, whereas O. americanus is a tetraploid species. BrdU/dT labeling induces reproducible and reliable R- and G-replication bands along the metaphase chromosomes of all three species. Irrespective of the genome size of the species considered, the number of early (R-) and late (G-) replicating bands per haploid karyotype is nearly the same. The chromosomes of the autotetraploid O. americanus can be arranged into sets of four homologous chromosomes (quartets). C-bands and BrdU/dT replication bands reveal heterogeneity within the quartets 1, 3 and 4 that are interpreted as the initiation of a diploidization process.
Published: 2003

27. Chromosome banding in Amphibia. XXIV. The B chromosomes of Gastrotheca espeletia (Anura, Hylidae)

Author: M, Schmid, C G, Ziegler, C, Steinlein, I, Nanda, and T, Haaf
Subjects: Male, Karyotyping, Nucleolus Organizer Region, Animals, Female, Anura, Telomere, In Situ Hybridization, Chromosome Banding
Abstract: The mitotic chromosomes of an Ecuadorian population of the marsupial frog Gastrotheca espeletia were analyzed by means of banding techniques and fluorescence in situ hybridization. This species is characterized by unusual supernumerary (B) chromosomes. The maximum number of B chromosomes is 9 and they occur in three different morphological types. Banding analyses show that the B chromosomes are completely heterochromatic, consist of AT base pair-rich repeated DNA sequences, replicate their DNA in very late S-phase of the cell cycle, and are probably derived from a centromeric or paracentromeric region of a standard (A) chromosome. Exceptionally, the B chromosomes carry 18S + 28S ribosomal RNA genes and the conserved vertebrate telomeric DNA sequence appears to be underrepresented. Flow cytometric measurements of the nuclear DNA content differentiate between individuals with different numbers of B chromosomes. Significantly more B chromosomes are present in female than in male animals.
Published: 2002

28. Chromosome banding in Amphibia. XXII. Atypical y chromosomes in Gastrotheca walkeri and Gastrotheca ovifera (Anura, Hylidae)

Author: M, Schmid, W, Feichtinger, C, Steinlein, I, Nanda, C, Mais, T, Haaf, R, Visbal García, and A, Fernández Badillo
Subjects: Male, Meiosis, Embryo, Nonmammalian, X Chromosome, Karyotyping, Y Chromosome, Animals, Female, DNA, Anura, Flow Cytometry, Metaphase, Chromosome Banding
Abstract: The chromosomes of the rare South American marsupial frogs Gastrotheca walkeri and G. ovifera were extensively reexamined with various banding techniques. The karyotypes of both species are distinguished by a new category of XY female symbol /XX male symbol female sex chromosomes. The unusual Y chromosomes are characterized by containing the least amount of constitutive heterochromatin in the karyotypes. This is in contrast to all previously known amphibian Y chromosomes and does not fit the evolutionary model of early XY differentiation in vertebrates. In male meiosis, the heteromorphic XY chromosomes of both species still exhibit the same pairing configurations as the autosomes. DNA flow cytometric measurements show the nuclear DNA amount of G. walkeri to be 10.90 pg. The significance of the XY/XX sex chromosomes of these marsupial frogs, the various classes of constitutive heterochromatin detected, and the data obtained from meiotic analyses are discussed in detail.
Published: 2002

29. Chromosome banding in amphibia. XXIII. Giant W sex chromosomes and extremely small genomes in Eleutherodactylus euphronides and Eleutherodactylus shrevei (Anura, Leptodactylidae)

Author: M, Schmid, W, Feichtinger, C, Steinlein, A, Rupprecht, T, Haaf, and H, Kaiser
Subjects: Male, Genome, Sex Chromosomes, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, DNA, Chromatin, Chromosome Banding, Species Specificity, Karyotyping, Grenada, Animals, Female, Anura, Base Pairing, Interphase, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Fluorescent Dyes
Abstract: Highly differentiated, heteromorphic ZZ female symbol /ZW male symbol sex chromosomes were found in the karyotypes of the neotropical leptodactylid frogs Eleutherodactylus euphronides and E. shrevei. The W chromosomes are the largest heterochromatic, female-specific chromosomes so far discovered in the class Amphibia. The analyses of the banding patterns with AT- and GC base-pair specific fluorochromes show that the constitutive heterochromatin in the giant W chromosomes consists of various categories of repetitive DNA sequences. The W chromosomes of both species are similar in size, morphology and banding patterns, whereas their Z chromosomes exhibit conspicuous differences. In the cell nuclei of female animals, the W chromosomes form very prominent chromatin bodies (W chromatin). DNA flow cytometric measurements demonstrate clear differences in the DNA content of male and female erythrocytes caused by the giant W chromosome, and also shows that these Eleutherodactylus genomes are among the smallest of all amphibian genomes. The importance of the heteromorphic ZW sex chromosomes for the study of Z-linked genes, the similarities and differences of the two karyotypes, and the significance of the exceptionally small genomes are discussed.
Published: 2002

30. Chromosome banding in Amphibia. XXV. Karyotype evolution and heterochromatin characterization in Australian Mixophyes (Anura, Myobatrachidae)

Author: M, Schmid, T, Haaf, C, Steinlein, I, Nanda, and M, Mahony
Subjects: Heterochromatin, Karyotyping, Nucleolus Organizer Region, Animals, Anura, Chromosome Banding
Abstract: The mitotic chromosomes of the Australian ground frogs Mixophyes fasciolatus and M. schevilli were analyzed by means of banding techniques and restriction endonuclease digestions. Chromosomal differentiation in these two species occurred exclusively by considerable changes in the amount of telomeric and centromeric heterochromatin, whereas the sizes and locations of interstitial heterochromatic regions, the sizes of all euchromatic segments as well as the positions of centromeres remained nearly identical during karyotype evolution. The major heterochromatic regions in the karyotypes of M. fasciolatus and M. schevilli amount to 30.2% and 20.7%, respectively. They consist of AT base pair-rich repetitive DNA sequences that are brightly labeled by AT-specific fluorochromes and display quenched fluorescence after staining with GC-specific fluorochromes. The heterochromatic regions can be differentiated by treatment of metaphase chromosomes and interphase cell nuclei with various restriction enzymes which either disclose the complete set of C-band patterns in the karyotypes of both species, or else reveal several subsets of these C-bands.
Published: 2002

31. Chromosome banding in Amphibia. XXVI. Coexistence of homomorphic XY sex chromosomes and a derived Y-autosome translocation in Eleutherodactylus maussi (Anura, Leptodactylidae)

Author: M, Schmid, W, Feichtinger, C, Steinlein, T, Haaf, M, Schartl, R, Visbal García, J, Manzanilla Pupo, and A, Fernández Badillo
Subjects: Male, Genome, Sex Chromosomes, X Chromosome, Sex Determination Processes, Flow Cytometry, Translocation, Genetic, Chromosome Banding, Karyotyping, Y Chromosome, Animals, Female, Anura, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
Abstract: A 15-year cytogenetic survey on one population of the leaf litter frog Eleutherodactylus maussi in northern Venezuela confirmed the existence of multiple XXAA male symbol /XAA(Y) female symbol sex chromosomes which originated by a centric (Robertsonian) fusion between the original Y chromosome and an autosome. 95% of the male individuals in this population are carriers of this Y-autosome fusion. In male meiosis the XAA(Y) sex chromosomes pair in the expected trivalent configuration. In the same population, 5% of the male animals still possess the original, free XY sex chromosomes. In a second population of E. maussi analyzed, all male specimens are characterized by these ancestral XY chromosomes which form normal bivalents in meiosis. E. maussi apparently represents the first vertebrate species discovered in which a derived Y-autosome fusion still coexists with the ancestral free XY sex chromosomes. The free XY sex chromosomes, as well as the multiple XA(Y) sex chromosomes are still in a very primitive (homomorphic) stage of differentiation. With no banding technique applied it is possible to distinguish the Y from the X. DNA flow cytometric measurements show that the genome of E. maussi is among the largest in the anuran family Leptodactylidae. The present study also supplies further data on differential chromosome banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments in this amphibian species.
Published: 2002

32. Karyotype and chromosome banding in the Turkish desert woodlouseDesertellio elongatus (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea)

Author: K. E. Linsenmair, G. Röder, C. Steinlein, and M. Schmid
Subjects: Pharmacology, Genetics, biology, Nucleolus, Chromosome, Karyotype, Cell Biology, biology.organism_classification, Crustacean, Silver stain, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Isopoda, Microchromosome, Molecular Medicine, Constitutive heterochromatin, Molecular Biology
Abstract: The karyotype ofD. elongatus was investigated by means of C-banding, silver staining, and mithramycin-and quinacrine fluorescent staining. The diploid chromosome number is 2n=50. C-banding shows pericentromerically localized constitutive heterochromatin in every chromosome. Two of the chromosome pairs carry two telomeric nucleolus organizer regions each. No heteromorphic sex chromosomes were found.
Published: 1993
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33. Sex chromosomes, sex-linked genes, and sex determination in the vertebrate class amphibia

Author: M, Schmid and C, Steinlein
Subjects: Amphibians, Male, Sex Differentiation, X Chromosome, Karyotyping, Y Chromosome, Disorders of Sex Development, Animals, Female, Sex Determination Processes
Abstract: In this chapter the different categories of homomorphic and heteromorphic sex chromosomes, types of sex-determining mechanisms, known sex-linked genes, and data about sex-determining genes in the Amphibia have been compiled. Thorough cytogenetic analyses have shown that both XY/XX and ZW/ZZ sex chromosomes exist in the order Anura and Urodela. In some species quite unusual systems of sex determination have evolved (e.g. 0W-females/00-males or the co-existence of XY/XX and ZW/ZZ sex chromosomes within the same species). In the third order of the Amphibia, the Gymnophiona (or Apoda) there is still no information regarding any aspect of sex determination. Whereas most species of Anura and Urodela present undifferentiated, homomorphic sex chromosomes, there is also a considerable number of species in which an increasing structural complexity of the Y and W chromosomes exists. In various cases, the morphological differentiation of the sex chromosomes occurred as a result of quantitative and/or qualitative changes to the repetitive DNA sequences in the constitutive heterochromatin of the Y and W chromosomes. The greater the structural differences between the sex chromosomes, the lesser the extent of pairing in meiosis. No dosage compensation of the sex-linked genes in the somatic cells of the homogametic (XX or ZZ) individuals have been detected. The genes located to date on the amphibian sex chromosomes lead to the conclusion that there is no common ancestral or conserved sex-linkage group. In all amphibians, genetic sex determination (GSD) seems to operate, although environmental factors may influence sex determination and differentiation. Despite the accumulated evidence that GSD is operating in Anura and Urodela, there is little substantial information about how it functions. Although several DNA sequences homologous to the mammalian ZFY, SRY and SOX genes have been detected in the Anura or Urodela, none of these genes is an appropriate candidate to explain sex determination in these vertebrates.
Published: 2001

34. Noninvasive determination of genome size and ploidy level in fishes by flow cytometry: detection of triploid Poecilia formosa

Author: D K, Lamatsch, C, Steinlein, M, Schmid, and M, Schartl
Subjects: Genome, Indoles, Ploidies, Karyotyping, Fishes, Oryzias, Animals, Female, DNA, Flow Cytometry, Zebrafish
Abstract: In order to understand the evolutionary significance of single triploids among the mostly diploid Poecilia formosa we have developed a simple, noninvasive technique for DNA content and ploidy determination.From dorsal fin clips of 14 different fish species single cell suspensions were obtained by chopping the material in 2.1% citric acid/0.5% Tween20, passing it through a 0. 6-gauge needle and incubating it for 20 min at room temperature (RT) with gentle agitation. After overnight fixation in 70% ethanol, the cells were treated with 1ml 0.5% pepsin/0.1 M HCl for 15 min at RT before adding DAPI to a final volume of 2 ml. The cells were stained for 1-3 h and then analyzed by flow cytometry.We obtained good measurements with CVs ranging from 1.23% to 3.36%. The poeciliid species measured contain from 1.6 to 2.0 pg/nucleus, Oryzias latipes (Medaka) exhibits a nuclear DNA content of 2.2 pg, Danio rerio (zebrafish) 4.6 pg, Tetraodon fluviatilis (freshwater fugu) 0.70 pg. All values except zebrafish are in good agreement with the literature.The identification of living specimens of different ploidy for breeding experiments, behavioral studies and tissue transplantations is now made possible. With slight modifications the method can be extended to a field technique, providing therefore a useful tool for a variety of researchers.
Published: 2000

35. Contents Vol. 118, 2007

Author: A. Fournier, T. Ried, W. Scheppach, N. Douet-Guilbert, J.J.M. van Groningen, F.E. Cotter, S. Savola, G. Nanjangud, S. Hahtola, A.D. Zelenetz, S. Mehra, D.J. Wolff, E.J. Perlman, A. Kimura, D. Iliopoulos, J. Qin, R.P. Kuiper, S. Myllykangas, A. Florin, L. Karenko, F. Micci, C.J. Rosser, C. Sreekantaiah, S. McAvoy, S. Anai, W.N.M. Dinjens, M.B. Prystowsky, A. Geurts van Kessel, H.H.Q. Heng, B. Puppe, D.I. Smith, M.B. Callanan, D. Gisselsson, E. Jaffee, G. Liu, F. Hecht, C. Lefebvre, R. Melcher, L.D. Siracusa, F. Kosari, S.W. Bremer, J.P. Hagan, C.J. Ye, C.A. Griffin, G. Childs, I. Nanda, L. Morsberger, S. Goodison, R.V. Smith, R. Hogue-Angeletti, C. Hader, G. Donnelly, K. Neveling, H. Vauhkonen, R. van Marion, V. Urquidi, D. Leroux, R.S.K. Chaganti, K. Shifteh, S.C. Ganapathiraju, A.L. Ducharme-Smith, E.F.P.M. Schoenmakers, D. Schindler, K.A. Iczkowski, A. Bergman, M. Garg, J. Teruya-Feldstein, K. Huebner, B.L. Barnoski, S. Maisch, F.H. Hartmann, B. Schiff, H. Hanenberg, A.A. Sandberg, A. Herry, A.R. Florl, M.G. Tibiletti, N.F. Schlecht, J.R. Pritchett, K. Nakamura, R. Mancini, W.A. Schulz, T. Menzel, S. Alvarez, A. Rosenwald, M. Ott, O. Al-Taie, S. Herterich, A. Negassa, G. Ott, K. Mihara, A.L. Hawkins, H. Lührs, H. Tönnies, M. Haddadin, N. Zanesi, M.A. Knowles, I. Bernicot, E. Schrock, S. Knuutila, K.J. Vissers, D.S. Perez, M. van Duin, M. Schmid, R. Owen, J.C. Cigudosa, R.L. Auer, J. Thijssen, M. Hameed, T. Kudlich, H. Hoehn, L. Vreede, C.D. Hurst, Z. Siprashvili, C.M. Croce, M. Schepens, J. Schoof, C.D. James, M. Haigentz, P. Adam, E. Hartmann, K.A. McCorkell, Q. Chen, P.H. Rao, S. Heim, S. Schwarz, J. Suela, M. Brandwein-Gensler, Y. Takihara, Y. Zhu, T. Druck, W.C.J. Hop, H.K. Müller-Hermelink, S.C. Jhanwar, O. Calcagnile, M. Hartmann, T.J. Belbin, C. Steinlein, L.G. Koss, S. Heino, R. Moadel, K.H. Ramesh, X. Zheng, S.K. Boehlein, P.M. Lindholm, L.A. Cannizzaro, P.D. Siersema, H.W. Tilanus, R.L. Stallings, M. De Braekeleer, F. Morel, K. Medendorp, M.-J. Le Bris, R. Kalb, A. Patel, R. Friedl, F. Solly, H. van Dekken, L.Y.Y. Fong, A. Ranki, and W.H. van den Hurk
Subjects: Botany, Genetics, Zoology, Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2007
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36. Localization of the human membrane-type 2 matrix metalloproteinase gene (MMP15) to 16q12.1 near DNA elements that are part of centromeric and non-centromeric heterochromatin of 11 human chromosomes

Author: M R, Koehler, C G, Sauer, N, Reismann, C, Steinlein, B H, Weber, H, Will, and M, Schmid
Subjects: Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated, Heterochromatin, Karyotyping, Molecular Sequence Data, Chromosome Mapping, Humans, Matrix Metalloproteinase 15, Metalloendopeptidases, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Metaphase
Abstract: We have localized a second gene for membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases, MT2-MMP, to chromosome 16q12 by in situ hybridization. FISH experiments using a genomic PAC clone containing the MT2-MMP gene resulted in an unusual hybridization pattern detecting centromeric and non-centromeric heterochromatin regions or its flanking sequences in 11 human chromosomes in addition to the MT2-MMP locus on chromosome 16q12. The detailed analysis of this hybridization pattern using molecular cytogenetic methods together with the specific hybridization of the MT2-MMP cDNA allowed a refined mapping of the gene to 16q12.1, directly adjacent to the 16q heterochromatin. Our findings may give some insights into the evolution of the MMP gene family.
Published: 1998

37. Contents Vol. 99, 2002

Author: H. Suzuki, R. Kunita, J.-N. Volff, R. Willemsen, A. von der Wense, S.B.A. Fonteles, A. Wolf, K. Saso, K. Sekiya, S.M. Gartler, I. Miura, S. Christin-Maitre, M. Ito, T. Tada, J.T. Lee, C.B. Moysés, D.J. Penman, W. Feichtinger, J. Bernardino-Sgherri, K. Sasaki, Y. Matsuda, S. Jakubiczka, C. Steinlein, M. Matsumura, A. Gal, W. Werner, S. Yamaguchi, D.K. Griffin, Y. Hasegawa, A.I. Shevchenko, A. Fernández Badillo, C.J. Brown, M. Fellous, M. Kuro-o, K. Kutsche, Y. Sabbagh, S. Kirsch, C.E. Schwartz, N. Brockdorff, G.A. Rappold, M. Ogata, T.V. Karamysheva, D.J. Paull, S.-S. Tan, P.G. Johnston, L.V. Pereira, J. Manzanilla Pupo, J.-Y. Lee, T. Ogata, A. Kuroiwa, D. Flagiello, P. Meinecke, K.D. Tsuchiya, L.L. Hall, M.F.Z. Daniel-Silva, T. Namikawa, A.D. Riggs, J.S. Masabanda, R. Campos-Ramos, H. Hameister, Julie Cocquet, C.E. Lopes, K. Abe, P. Muschke, F. Vialard, O.V. Anopriyenko, N.A. Mazurok, M. Schmid, S. Shetty, S. Mizuno, M. Tsudzuki, I. Yoshida, R. Visbal García, T. Kida, H.S. Tenenhouse, T. Hori, J.M.A. Turner, O. Nakabayashi, T. Sado, M. Harata, M. Gomez, E. Heard, O. Bartsch, Y. Fujinuki, H. Kiyosawa, M. Yoshino, Z. Webster, D. Zarkower, P. Wieacker, M. Teranishi, M. Alexiou, G.N. Filippova, C. Ikebe, Paul S. Burgoyne, M. Yamazaki, N. Arai, M. Monk, K. Tanaka, N.B. Rubtsov, S. Kim, Y. Watanabe, C. Gauthier, Y. Itoh, T.B. Nesterova, Y. Fukushima, L.F. de Almeida-Toledo, T. Nakamura, T. Yokomine, M. Adams, T. Kubota, P.J. Kirby, M. Schartl, H. Kimura, B.A. Oostra, I. Nanda, R. Wimmer, N. Okamoto, Y. Arakawa, N. Nakatsuji, E. Li, G.E. Herman, S. Sutou, Y. Goto, W. Schempp, S.C. Harvey, C. Nishida-Umehara, I.B. Van den Veyver, A. Akama, M.-L. Caparros, M. Krawczak, D.W. Burt, N. Takagi, H. Ohashi, Daniel Vaiman, R. Feil, I. Wieland, H.M. El-Hodiri, Y. Kuroda, H. Sasaki, S.M. Zakian, M. Tada, K. Akaba, M. Guggiari, L. Gerlach, L.-J. Ayling, M.N. Klöckner, F. Foresti, L.R. Vasques, B. Dutrillaux, T. Haaf, M. Okabe, R.E. Stevenson, J. Gécz, R.S. Hansen, S. Kohno, O.A. Ojarikre, T. Igarashi, N.V. Rubtsova, M. Sugimoto, M. Hemberger, S. Hatano, Y. Izumisawa, J.C. Chow, J.A.M. Graves, Reiner A. Veitia, J.B. Lawrence, Y. Ogawa, C.M. Watson, C.M. Disteche, A. Weber, K. Muroya, A. Ogawa, N.R. Bromage, B.R. Migeon, H. Ohtani, K. Wakui, Y. Ichikawa, J. Chaumeil, and I. Okamoto
Subjects: Botany, Genetics, Zoology, Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2002
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38. Contents Vol. 96, 2002

Author: V. Volobouev, W. Schempp, M. Corti, C.J. Metcalfe, M. Schmid, Z. Taib, M.D.B. Eldridge, M. Hakhverdyan, B.M.N. Wallace, N.V. Vorobieva, V. Kalscheuer, A. Bardhan, D.A. Parish, M. Rábová, S.-I. Kawada, T.V. Karamysheva, A. Janke, H. Neitzel, J.B. Searle, V. Aniskin, P. Mariani, U. Fiedorczuk, N. Lugon-Moulin, J. Hausser, C. Tease, S. Henschel, P. Vise, V.T. Volobouev, B.S. Milne, M. Zuccotti, L.E. Jensen, V.M. Aniskin, Terence J. Robinson, B.A. Reutter, N. Bogdanchikova, A. Behboudi, U. Arnason, K.A. Szałaj, F. Adega, B.P. Chowdhary, K.M. Reed, G. Levan, C. Mais, B. Schreiner, M.J. Puertas, G. Dobigny, Alexander S. Graphodatsky, F. Yang, M.D. Giménez, C.A. Everett, S. Fedyk, H. Guedes-Pinto, M.A. Ferguson-Smith, Natalya A. Serdukova, S. Garagna, C.W. Beattie, F.A. Ponce de León, Y.M. Borissov, Patricia C. M. O’Brien, Å. Sjöling, J.A. Marshall Graves, I. Nanda, J.S. Heslop-Harrison, M. Lombard, N. Ihara, H. Brünner, S. Röttger, P.G. Johnston, R. Visbal García, E. Lecompte, J.J. Bull, R. Chaves, T. Sharma, M. Morgan-Richards, B. Sicard, E. Sjöstrand, C.A. Redi, H.A. Wichman, K.M. Mendoza, K. Klinga-Levan, E. Capanna, H. Kühl, S. Santos, G.L. Bennett, L. Granjon, D.W. Burt, T.L. Lear, I. Reisert, R. Bellavia, C.J. Bidau, R. Wimmer, A. Banaszek, O.V. Andreenkova, J. Catalan, W.R. Harrison, T. Haaf, A.L. Barlow, W. Vogel, R.M. Jones, Larisa S. Biltueva, K. Sperling, N.O. Bianchi, R.J. Baker, P. Nová, Polina L. Perelman, W. Just, T. Raudsepp, W. Feichtinger, M.A. Hultén, K. Belkhir, W. Chetnicki, A. Fernández Badillo, N.B. Rubtsov, J. Britton-Davidian, P. Gómez-Fabre, Jan Zima, D.A. Martí, B. Fu, A.P. Singh, C. Steinlein, F. Ståhl, M.N. Bochkaerev, Pavel M. Borodin, Y. Sugimoto, A. Baumstark, R. Castiglia, H. Hameister, P.M. Mirol, M. Bahadur, T. Ashley, and J.-F. Ducroz
Subjects: Botany, Genetics, Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2002
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39. Subject Index Vol. 97, 2002

Author: P.S. D’Andrea, R. Fries, M. Den Bieman, M.F.Z. Daniel-Silva, R. Melkaoui, J. Beck, H. Hayes, Ch. Zühlke, J.M. Perez de la Lastra, N.A. de Haan, R. Heilig, C. Delcros, A. Robic, I. Nanda, R. Oriol, F. Vidal, R.J. McKinlay Gardner, Y.E. Shahein, R. Kreutz, F. Piumi, T. Haaf, C. Rodellar, G.F. Gillissen, C. Zijlstra, M. Østergaard, R.P.M.A. Crooijmans, P. Laurent, C. Drögemüller, P. Pinton, P. van Vooren, R. Roy, M. Rozek, Z. Tümer, M. Grzmil, C. Bonillo, L.F.M. van Zutphen, K. Buchet-Poyau, P. Moore, J. Barciszewski, H. Yasue, H.P. Klinger, J. Mißbach, U. Radhakrishna, M. Gautier, L. Li, J. Egozcue, J.L. Williams, R. Korstanje, D.F. de Andres-Cara, Y. Takagaki, J.-J. Candelier, C. Andersen, C.R. Bonvicino, L.F. Almeida-Toledo, M.A.M. Groenen, A. Volz, H. Winking, M. Yerle, C. Windpassinger, H. Uenishi, H. Omran, S. Schlickum, I.B. Otazu, E. Petek, C. Schelling, S. Kiuchi, N. Arnal, G. Hauke, S. Yadav, A. Hebinck, F. Habermann, M. Meins, C. Ozouf-Costaz, C. Kosan, H. Hiraiwa, J. Koch, E. Schwinger, B. Brenig, H. Kuiper, S.E. Antonarakis, F. Hildebrandt, C.G. Ziegler, T. Opiola, E. Anton, E. Northrop, B. Gläser, J.J. Garrido, H. Zürcher, K. Wagner, C. Steinlein, J. Blanco, O. Distl, T. Awata, V. Petrovic, M. Schmid, R. Yamamoto, F. Porto-Foresti, A. Eggen, N. Tommerup, C. Knorr, A. Pienkowska, Y. Muneta, P. Zaragoza, A. Wandall, C. Ngo, H. Mehenni, F. Laccone, P.M. Kroisel, R. Mollicone, C. Szpirer, P. Burfeind, A.A. Bosma, F. Foresti, T.L. Harboe, P. Coullin, D. Milan, A.C.M. Bonné, A. Dalski, J. Szpirer, M.T. Roldan-Arjona, C. Rogel-Gaillard, U. Butzmann, M. Mahony, H.R. Slater, H.A. van Lith, J. Kunz, C. Wilhelm, S.M. White, and P.A. Ioannou
Subjects: Index (economics), Statistics, Genetics, Subject (documents), Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2002
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40. Subject Index Vol. 99, 2002

Author: K. Abe, S. Yamaguchi, H. Ohashi, J.M.A. Turner, M. Tsudzuki, D.K. Griffin, M. Tada, K. Tanaka, M. Hemberger, Y. Fujinuki, C.J. Brown, Y. Watanabe, A. Weber, M. Fellous, S. Hatano, Y. Izumisawa, A. Gal, R. Wimmer, J.C. Chow, K. Muroya, J.A.M. Graves, Reiner A. Veitia, R.E. Stevenson, A.D. Riggs, J. Gécz, R.S. Hansen, Y. Arakawa, N. Arai, T. Sado, Y. Hasegawa, L.-J. Ayling, Y. Itoh, M. Adams, T. Kubota, C.M. Disteche, L.V. Pereira, N. Okamoto, M. Yoshino, I. Nanda, L.F. de Almeida-Toledo, K. Saso, T. Yokomine, J.-N. Volff, F. Foresti, M. Schartl, K. Akaba, M. Ogata, D.J. Paull, S.-S. Tan, J. Manzanilla Pupo, Y. Fukushima, D. Zarkower, M.N. Klöckner, C.E. Schwartz, N. Brockdorff, O.A. Ojarikre, N. Nakatsuji, S. Sutou, G.N. Filippova, N.B. Rubtsov, J.B. Lawrence, Y. Sabbagh, S. Kim, C. Gauthier, J.T. Lee, H. Sasaki, N.R. Bromage, S. Kirsch, C.B. Moysés, M. Ito, L.L. Hall, P.J. Kirby, Y. Goto, C. Nishida-Umehara, T. Tada, D.J. Penman, Y. Ogawa, J.S. Masabanda, I. Wieland, B.A. Oostra, S.M. Gartler, M.F.Z. Daniel-Silva, T. Namikawa, Julie Cocquet, M. Guggiari, L. Gerlach, F. Vialard, C. Ikebe, Z. Webster, S.C. Harvey, A. Fernández Badillo, H.M. El-Hodiri, H. Hameister, P. Wieacker, G.E. Herman, T. Ogata, O.V. Anopriyenko, M. Monk, T. Igarashi, N.V. Rubtsova, M. Sugimoto, W. Feichtinger, J. Bernardino-Sgherri, M. Matsumura, R. Willemsen, S. Mizuno, D. Flagiello, Y. Kuroda, J.-Y. Lee, R. Visbal García, R. Feil, S. Jakubiczka, S.M. Zakian, N.A. Mazurok, S. Shetty, R. Kunita, N. Takagi, Daniel Vaiman, A. von der Wense, A. Akama, H.S. Tenenhouse, M. Alexiou, H. Suzuki, T. Hori, T. Kida, G.A. Rappold, B. Dutrillaux, L.R. Vasques, W. Werner, T.B. Nesterova, A.I. Shevchenko, E. Li, W. Schempp, T. Haaf, M. Okabe, M. Kuro-o, S. Kohno, S.B.A. Fonteles, A. Wolf, I. Miura, I.B. Van den Veyver, M. Krawczak, M. Harata, K. Sekiya, M. Gomez, E. Heard, T.V. Karamysheva, S. Christin-Maitre, A. Kuroiwa, C.E. Lopes, K. Kutsche, P. Muschke, M. Schmid, I. Yoshida, O. Nakabayashi, O. Bartsch, K. Sasaki, Y. Matsuda, P.G. Johnston, C. Steinlein, Y. Ichikawa, J. Chaumeil, I. Okamoto, B.R. Migeon, H. Ohtani, K. Wakui, C.M. Watson, A. Ogawa, H. Kiyosawa, M. Teranishi, Paul S. Burgoyne, M. Yamazaki, P. Meinecke, K.D. Tsuchiya, R. Campos-Ramos, T. Nakamura, H. Kimura, M.-L. Caparros, and D.W. Burt
Subjects: Index (economics), Statistics, Genetics, Subject (documents), Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2002
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41. Werner Schmid, 1930–2002

Author: Z. Liu, H. Starke, C.L. Li, A. Rupprecht, S.L. Ewart, L. Fröhlich, R. Tomasini, D. Gallagher, N. Gmachl, N. Ghaffari-Tabrizi, N.A. Jenkins, T. Leeb, M. Grosz, S. Izraeli, H. Akutsu, C. Steinlein, I. Eisenberg, C. Drögemüller, M. Satoh, W. Engel, I.M. Adham, D.J. Gilbert, K. Ying, H.P. Klinger, Y. Ma, N. Coleman, J. Nowak, T. Yagi, R.L. Prueitt, A. Bernheim, N.B. Atkin, H. Kikuchi, R. Tang, M. Bina, L. Ziercher, T. Osada, N. Dusetti, J. Taylor, E. Antoniou, E.I. Pares-Matos, C. Knorr, D.R. Beier, A. Kuechler, H. Chen, T. Haaf, Y. Mao, W. Feichtinger, D.B. Zimonjic, A. Heller, S.K. Swanson, D.K. Griffin, P. Quignon, B. Bjerkehagen, M. Muenke, M. Shibazaki, N.G. Copeland, H. Kuiper, J.C. Phillips, G. Cao, E. Nacheva, L.A. Azizi Samir, H.-U.G. Weier, M.-G. Mattei, M. Wills-Karp, H. Hochner, D.C. Shing, T.P. Yang, H. Cheng, R. Shamsadin, A.M. Simckes, E. Roessler, D.M. Shubitowski, K. Mrasek, R. Fries, B. Lanske, I. Artner, M.-J. Pébusque, S. Kollers, C.A. Morley-Jacob, A. Dutra, S. Mitrani-Rosenbaum, N. Kleiter, R.A. White, P. Coullin, F. Micci, I. Roberts, A.R. Zinn, N.C. Popescu, S. Heim, R. Yanagimachi, F. Galibert, A. Weise, A. Srisodsai, C. Auffray, S.C. Harvey, B. Brenig, I. Kirsch, X. Ni, Selena Davis, C. Ji, C.L. Keck-Waggoner, B. Perbal, Z.H. Shan, J. Young, Y. Xie, B. Hong, T. Niimi, H. Kaiser, S. Fukushige, D.J. Penman, L.A.P. Carrasco, R.I. Barnes, W.H. Brooks, N.R. Bromage, J. Masabanda, J.-L. Iovanna, G.A. Rohrer, O. Distl, S.G. Rak, M. Schmid, Y. Shiratori, K. Kratochwil, M. Sadeh, H. Kusakabe, U. Claussen, M. Jiang, M.R. Teixeira, Z. Argov, T. Liehr, R. Zoorob, W.H. Reeves, J. Womack, J.D. Karkera, S. Kimura, J.-C. Dagorn, and L. Guo
Subjects: Psychoanalysis, Genetics, Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2002
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42. Subject Index Vol. 96, 2002

Author: Å. Sjöling, P.G. Johnston, M. Lombard, J.J. Bull, C. Tease, N. Lugon-Moulin, V.M. Aniskin, V. Volobouev, C.J. Metcalfe, M. Schmid, M. Morgan-Richards, K.A. Szałaj, F. Adega, B.P. Chowdhary, Alexander S. Graphodatsky, C.A. Everett, F.A. Ponce de León, U. Fiedorczuk, P. Vise, S.-I. Kawada, V. Aniskin, H. Guedes-Pinto, V.T. Volobouev, B.S. Milne, K. Klinga-Levan, L. Granjon, Z. Taib, U. Arnason, E. Lecompte, P. Mariani, E. Capanna, B. Fu, P.M. Mirol, M. Bahadur, T. Ashley, S. Röttger, G.L. Bennett, C.A. Redi, I. Reisert, K.M. Mendoza, Y.M. Borissov, A. Behboudi, D.W. Burt, T.L. Lear, J.B. Searle, A. Bardhan, C. Steinlein, B. Schreiner, D.A. Parish, M. Rábová, K. Sperling, H. Neitzel, N.O. Bianchi, M. Hakhverdyan, A.P. Singh, J. Catalan, K.M. Reed, S. Henschel, M.N. Bochkaerev, C.W. Beattie, B.M.N. Wallace, B.A. Reutter, C.J. Bidau, W. Schempp, R.J. Baker, H. Hameister, M.D.B. Eldridge, M.A. Hultén, Pavel M. Borodin, Y. Sugimoto, Polina L. Perelman, J.-F. Ducroz, O.V. Andreenkova, R. Chaves, G. Dobigny, T. Haaf, S. Garagna, F. Ståhl, W. Just, T. Raudsepp, A.L. Barlow, R. Visbal García, Larisa S. Biltueva, S. Fedyk, W. Feichtinger, W. Chetnicki, P. Nová, M.A. Ferguson-Smith, N. Ihara, J.S. Heslop-Harrison, J. Hausser, I. Nanda, T.V. Karamysheva, M. Corti, H.A. Wichman, H. Brünner, H. Kühl, R. Wimmer, A. Janke, A. Banaszek, R. Bellavia, N.V. Vorobieva, V. Kalscheuer, A. Baumstark, M. Zuccotti, M.J. Puertas, W. Vogel, R.M. Jones, S. Santos, R. Castiglia, J. Britton-Davidian, K. Belkhir, A. Fernández Badillo, P. Gómez-Fabre, Jan Zima, D.A. Martí, B. Sicard, E. Sjöstrand, N.B. Rubtsov, Patricia C. M. O’Brien, W.R. Harrison, Terence J. Robinson, T. Sharma, L.E. Jensen, G. Levan, F. Yang, M.D. Giménez, N. Bogdanchikova, C. Mais, Natalya A. Serdukova, and J.A. Marshall Graves
Subjects: Index (economics), Statistics, Genetics, Subject (documents), Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2002
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43. Chromosome banding in Amphibia. XVIII. Karyotype evolution and genomic size variation in Pleurodema (Anura, Leptodactylidae)

Author: M, Schmid, C, Steinlein, W, Feichtinger, and M, Poot
Subjects: Male, Base Composition, Genome, Staining and Labeling, Genetic Variation, Mitosis, DNA, Flow Cytometry, Biological Evolution, Chromosome Banding, Heterochromatin, Karyotyping, Animals, Female, Anura
Abstract: DNA flow cytophotometric measurements demonstrate that the quantity of nuclear DNA of the South American leptodactylid frog Pleurodema brachyops is 3.4 times greater than that of P. thaul. Nevertheless, the conventionally stained karyotypes of both species are nearly identical. In the metaphase chromosomes of P. brachyops, the chromatin has a distinctly higher degree of packaging than in those of P. thaul. C-banding reveals that almost 6 times the constitutive heterochromatin is present in the karyotype of P. brachyops than in the karyotype of P. thaul. Analysis of fluorescence banding patterns shows that the chromosomes of P. brachyops contain AT- and GC-rich heterochromatin, whereas the karyotype of P. thaul is devoid of brightly fluorescing heterochromatin. The substantial differences in the genome sizes of Pleurodema is explained by homogeneous, symmetrical changes in the amounts of all DNA sequence classes along all chromosomes, which preserved the ancestral morphology of the chromosomes.
Published: 1993

44. Subject Index Vol. 93, 2001

Author: N. Sampson, W. Lu, H. Neitzel, P.D. Waters, T. Brueckmann, W. Brenner, C. Mackie Ogilvie, A. Heller, H. Tönnies, B. Dutrillaux, M. Steinemann, C. Pendón, J. Bolívar, R.-D. Wegner, M. Lombard, C.J. Ye, A. Ishikawa, E. Zend-Ajusch, T. Nagase, Y.A. Wang, F. Richard, A. Kuroiwa, N. Rubtsov, E.R. Schmidt, C. Tuggle, C. Genêt, K. Gardiner, H. Enders, B. Zabel, A. Van Zeveren, M. Rocchi, H. Scherthan, A. Dalski, R.V. Rambau, J.P. Lambert, K. Stout, A. Dufke, B. Seipel, F.F.B. Elder, J.L. Wright, T. Namikawa, H. Hauser, E. Schwinger, M. Buceta, C. Pfeifer, S. Narayanswami, A.T. Kumamoto, H. Starke, V. Kalscheuer, J.G. Scammell, M. Stumm, K. Matsubara, V. Trifonov, C. Amid, K. Mrasek, G. Liu, A. Bahr, T. Haaf, A. Viñas, C. Iglesias, Z. Docherty, H. Mayrhofer, P. Kaiser, S.-E. Bikar, I. Chudoba, C.M. Tuck-Muller, J. Decker, L.J. Bechtel, H.H.Q. Heng, A. Winterpacht, M.M. Valdivia, C. Messaoudi, D. Reutzel, M. Van Poucke, C. Steinlein, S. Störkel, U. Claussen, T.J. Robinson, J.A.M. Graves, A. Niveleau, F. Grützner, A. Mujica, N. Nomura, W. Vogel, S. Naumann, M. Hughes, E.C. Akeson, S. Steinemann, I. Nanda, S. Bremer, S. Munsche, S.W. Bremer, P.D. Thomsen, F.J. García-Cozar, D. Prawitt, B.U. Zabel, B. Maurer, A. Astola, T. Liehr, F. Domínguez, M.T. Davisson, H. Hanson, T. Hankeln, L.J. Peelman, M.L. Houck, N. Reissmann, Y. Matsuda, J. Gómez-Márquez, M. Leipoldt, A. Cichutek, K.D. Zang, P. Moens, T. Paiss, D.S. Gallagher, M. Schmid, C.G. Mathew, S.A. Krawetz, F. Piumi, S. Schlaubitz, C. Zühlke, F. Boán, K. Benirschke, M. Yerle, I. Schubert, M. Mende, P.J. Kirby, L. Sánchez, and C. Maier
Subjects: Genetics, Index (economics), Subject (documents), Social science, Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2001
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45. Contents Vol. 91, 2000

Author: E. Glauner, C. Baldermann, A. Bardhan, Susumu Ohno, A. Mannan, C. Althaus, R. Brauner, E. Schnakenberg, K. Hirschhorn, W. Krone, G. Williams, B.H.F. Weber, K. Sperling, G.A. Rappold, K.R. Held, J.S. Schinfeld, J. Seidel, H. Guedes-Pinto, H. Berninger, O.J. Miller, M. Kämper, M.J. Wakefield, H.L. Schulz, W.K. Holloman, M. Schmidt, M. Krawczak, B. Petersen, S. Kußmann, N. Mah, S. Fröhlich, M. Fellous, Helmut Baitsch, M.L. Houck, T. Bonk, D. Bächner, B. Skawran, L.G. Kömüves, J. Andrich, W. Vogel, T.O. Goecke, Y.-F.C. Lau, P.M. Chou, U. Zechner, N.B. Atkin, V. Beensen, D.K. Lamatsch, andK. Benirschke, H.P. Klinger, A. Rosenthal, T. Dörk, A. Gal, R. Melcher, G. Tariverdian, S. Ebner, P.E. Warburton, W. Schloot, P. Miny, C. Kelbova, J. Neesen, C. Reuter, M.S. Magid, K. Lücke, U. Drews, M. Rosemblatt, W. Jaggernauth, S. Knauf, E. Günther, A. Rump, C. Backsch, B. Gharavi, K. Trenz, M. Stumm, M. Wilda, V. Kalscheuer, S. Stengel-Rutkowski, B. Schröder, R. von Golitschek, H. Bostelmann, J. Schmidtke, U. Klein-Vogler, D. Schlote, J.T. Epplen, L. Walter, T. Grimm, S.S. Wachtel, S.C. Kingswood, M.P. Achary, F. Jaubert, H. Przuntek, C. Steinlein, U. Langenbeck, M. Schöning, W. Kress, H. Enders, A. Schinzel, S. Kümmerle, R. Breuer, B. Levy, I. Nanda, C. Nihoul-Feketé, S. Henschel, K. Schiebel, H. Kehrer-Sawatzki, H.G. Nothwang, H. Stöhr, M. Winkelmann, C. Groß, C.R. Mueller, W. Schempp, P. Kaiser, C. Saft, S.G. Somkuti, N.A. Ellis, M. Gencik, F. Vogel, R. Chaves, P. Schütz, P.R. Papenhausen, H. Neitzel, M. Schartl, R. Werdin, A.P. Singh, A. Epplen, G. Senger, J.H. Tepperberg, L. Setterfield, M.M. Sanz, K. Dreikorn, F. Dechend, A.J. Kersten, T. Liehr, M. Schmid, H. Hameister, A. Alfieri, C. Tyler-Smith, A.T. Kumamoto, S.J. Charter, S. Schubert, C. Dixkens, M. Büsse, S. Balg, U. Grumpelt, L. Salas-Cortés, H. Collmann, B. Vikram, K. Fredga, H.M. Schüler, P. Wieacker, A. Humeny, E. Passarge, M.B. Petersen, K. Kainer, G. Herzberger, J. Meder, S. Röttger, H. Hoehn, S. Jakubiczka, T.M. Dunn, B. Halliger-Keller, W. Mosgoeller, R. Bendix, J.S. Heslop-Harrison, S.K. Bohlander, E.P. Evans, E.M. Bühler, I. Hansmann, R. Toder, M. Mikkelsen, K. Kutsche, D. Schindler, P. Burfeind, T. Haaf, J. Frowein, H.G. Schwarzacher, M. Döbler-Neumann, T. Sharma, B. Eiben, P.H. Yen, N.B. Kardon, J. German, M. Proytcheva, H. Winking, G. Speit, G. Scherer, C. Fischer, K. Eggermann, A. Pomarino, A. Hehr, A. Dufke, E. Reichl, W. Engel, S. Avenarius, P.S. Burgoyne, J.A. Alonzo, T. Schwarzacher, A. Gehrig, T.O. Schulz, J.A.M. Graves, E. Gross, U. Müller, J.C. Iezzoni, U. Mittwoch, S. Fallet, and J.J. Pasantes
Subjects: Botany, Genetics, Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2000
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46. Subject Index Vol. 91, 2000

Author: H. Kehrer-Sawatzki, G. Williams, H. Berninger, O.J. Miller, K. Dreikorn, F. Dechend, M. Kämper, T. Bonk, V. Beensen, N. Mah, S. Balg, S. Jakubiczka, W. Schloot, I. Hansmann, M. Wilda, D. Schindler, K. Lücke, A. Hehr, G. Herzberger, T. Liehr, H.G. Nothwang, A. Bardhan, S. Henschel, A. Dufke, N.A. Ellis, J.S. Heslop-Harrison, S.K. Bohlander, K. Eggermann, M. Gencik, T.M. Dunn, R. Werdin, L. Setterfield, L. Walter, W. Vogel, M.P. Achary, K. Kainer, M. Schmid, S. Kußmann, R. Bendix, C. Nihoul-Feketé, K. Schiebel, W. Engel, S. Avenarius, B. Gharavi, E. Passarge, G. Tariverdian, H.L. Schulz, K. Trenz, D.K. Lamatsch, J. Frowein, P. Schütz, H. Neitzel, M.S. Magid, C. Steinlein, T. Grimm, J. Meder, T. Dörk, M. Fellous, M. Stumm, G. Senger, J.A. Alonzo, M.B. Petersen, H. Enders, M.L. Houck, S. Kümmerle, U. Grumpelt, R. Chaves, W. Mosgoeller, P.E. Warburton, A.T. Kumamoto, B. Schröder, R. Melcher, P.H. Yen, K. Kutsche, J.T. Epplen, C. Kelbova, H.G. Schwarzacher, D. Schlote, M. Döbler-Neumann, P.M. Chou, R. Brauner, F. Jaubert, J. Neesen, M. Proytcheva, B. Eiben, J. German, C. Reuter, J.J. Pasantes, G. Scherer, H. Winking, Y.-F.C. Lau, U. Zechner, V. Kalscheuer, Susumu Ohno, M. Winkelmann, A. Mannan, W. Jaggernauth, E. Reichl, P.S. Burgoyne, E. Glauner, S. Knauf, H. Przuntek, S.G. Somkuti, U. Müller, C. Baldermann, andK. Benirschke, C. Backsch, A. Gehrig, H. Stöhr, H.P. Klinger, M.M. Sanz, S. Fröhlich, M.J. Wakefield, T.O. Goecke, J.C. Iezzoni, C. Dixkens, M. Büsse, C. Althaus, R. Breuer, B. Levy, I. Nanda, A. Epplen, B. Vikram, E. Schnakenberg, P. Miny, R. Toder, L. Salas-Cortés, C. Groß, F. Vogel, P.R. Papenhausen, E.M. Bühler, A. Rump, U. Langenbeck, M. Schöning, W.K. Holloman, M. Schmidt, A. Alfieri, H. Collmann, S.C. Kingswood, K.R. Held, Helmut Baitsch, P. Burfeind, T. Haaf, J.A.M. Graves, E. Gross, S. Ebner, B.H.F. Weber, T. Sharma, K. Sperling, U. Klein-Vogler, J. Seidel, H. Guedes-Pinto, G. Speit, B. Petersen, J. Schmidtke, K. Hirschhorn, A.P. Singh, M. Krawczak, L.G. Kömüves, B. Halliger-Keller, M. Mikkelsen, N.B. Kardon, C. Fischer, W. Krone, J.S. Schinfeld, A. Schinzel, M. Rosemblatt, S.S. Wachtel, W. Kress, A.J. Kersten, C.R. Mueller, C. Saft, W. Schempp, A. Humeny, J.H. Tepperberg, N.B. Atkin, S. Schubert, H.M. Schüler, P. Wieacker, G.A. Rappold, R. von Golitschek, H. Bostelmann, J. Andrich, S. Röttger, P. Kaiser, M. Schartl, H. Hameister, C. Tyler-Smith, S.J. Charter, K. Fredga, E.P. Evans, H. Hoehn, D. Bächner, B. Skawran, U. Mittwoch, A. Rosenthal, A. Gal, S. Fallet, U. Drews, A. Pomarino, E. Günther, T. Schwarzacher, T.O. Schulz, and S. Stengel-Rutkowski
Subjects: Genetics, Index (economics), Subject (documents), Biology, Social science, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2000
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47. Subject Index Vol. 90, 2000

Author: M.A. Ferguson-Smith, J.L. Doyle, M. Tixier-Boichard, A. Vignal, D. Sable, H.H.Q. Heng, N.M. Astakhova, S. Marcos, L. Iannuzzi, T.A. Deisher, S. Muratoglu, R. Kreutz, S. Mizuno, P.A. Thomson, M. Rivière, M. Sandalinas, K. Ladjali-Mohammedi, J. Schleypen, M.E. Delany, S. Ikegawa, P.R. Lozano, C.M. Stover, C.M. Tsiapalis, J. Grønlund, J. Smith, L. Carim-Todd, S. Bremer, A. Law, J. Hillel, M.F. Maurer, P. Zaragoza, N. Courtis, P. Perelman, R.P.M.A. Crooijmans, J. Szpirer, I. Kiss, M. Guttenbach, T. Burke, S. Tascou, H. Hameister, Eric D. Green, X. Estivill, K. Nayernia, H.C. Ardley, A. Eggen, A. Schulz, S.I. Anderson, S. Weigend, U. Claussen, M. Hirai, Webb Miller, H. Sheng, N.A.A. Balatsos, C.V. Beechey, N. Bumstead, S. Munné, C. Szpirer, D. Conklin, R. Osta, T.M. Skinner, P. van Vooren, B. Buendia, M. Samiotaki, J.H. Calvo, W. Engel, F. Pitel, T. Liehr, H. Hayes, N.G.S. Tan, M. Morisson, C. Steinlein, M. Sano, M. Runte, N. Serdukova, K. Kratochwil, J. Kaufman, C. Rodellar, J.A.M. Graves, A.S. Graphodatsky, W.J. Schwaeble, D.K. Griffin, T.E. Whitmore, P.A. Doevendans, Alan Archibald, L. Sumoy, Udaya DeSilva, C. Dixkens, S. Kubalak, J. Cohen, J. Kusuda, N.S. Zhdanova, N.G. Copeland, D.W. Burt, S. A’Hara, G. Dekomien, M. van Bilsen, M.R. Speicher, M. Schartl, Q. Shi, J.-C. Courvalin, T. Escudero, V. Fillon, M. Hoehn, M. Hughes, Y. Nakamura, M. Svartman, M. Gautier, A. Mäki-Tanila, H. Marquardt, E. Minc, I. Nanda, B. Schreiner, G. Liu, F. Yang, R. Fries, R. Gödde, R. Zákány, P.A. Robinson, M. Schmid, A.F. Markham, P. Burfeind, N. Kleiter, G.P. Di Meo, N.A. Jenkins, J.T. Epplen, R. Bronsaer, W. Lu, N.B. Rubtsov, S.A. Rose, S. Sexson, N.L. Lopez-Corrales, A. Robic, Y. Koshizuka, K. Krysan, P. Liénard, H.H. Cheng, M. Escarceller, F. Raymond, J. Uedelhoven, U. Holmskov, T.V. Karamisheva, R.H. Martin, P. Laurent, M. Balázs, K. Hashimoto, R. Tanuma, J-M. Buerstedde, F. Deák, D.J. Gilbert, J. Burnside, T. Haaf, L. Módis, I. Artner, M .A.M. Groenen, K. Wimmers, J.P. Leek, and F.J. Charchar
Subjects: Genetics, Index (economics), Subject (documents), Social science, Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical)
Published: 2000
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48. Correction to article in Vol 86:252–258 (1999)

Author: B.J. Morris, R.T. Mulcahy, T. Taguchi, M. Nadal, M.Q. Islam, M.J. Ha, J. Scalzi-Martin, F. Nagai, C. Steinlein, P.A. Ioannou, Y. Endo, J. Weimer, L. Carim, R. Jiménez, J.F. Gui, J.Y. Le Gall, S. Aytay, A. Le Treut, J. Szpirer, R.J. Leach, Y. Zhao, K.P. Fung, S.K.W. Tsui, O. Cremona, D.J. Gilbert, O. Jaillon, C. Ozouf-Costaz, Y. Remache, S. Yoshida, C. Fischer, B. Peral, M. Burgos, N. Inoue, S. Minvielle, N. Berger, K. L. Puschus, A. Goy, A. Kovacic, K. Ilc, A.D. Bi, B. Dupont, R. Gong, L. Yin, T. Faraut, R. Díaz de la Guardia, A. Sánchez, S. Denis, A.C. Clase, P. Amati, L.L. Hansen, A.U. Christoff, J. Yang, P. Bray-Ward, L.D.S. Kok, J. Yoon, G. Calabrese, L. Sumoy, S.S. Siu, Y. Yonenaga-Yassuda, F.J. Lovicu, J. Demongeot, H.S. Kooistra, M. Breen, A.D. Zelenetz, L. Zhou, O. Cohen, S. Shiosaka, M.-A. Mermet, C. Szpirer, J.J. Gipp, M. Harada, Melissa C. Liechty, P. van Vooren, B.L. Barnoski, Y. Wang, W. Feichtinger, S. Cuccato, K. Fukasawa, G. Romeo, R. Giannini, M. Schmid, H. Tamura, H. Satoh, B.K. Hall, K. Gardiner, P De Camilli, J.-F. Laes, M.M. Chen, K. Islam, S. Zhao, B. Levy, N. Arnold, T. Mitsuya, M. Ravoet, W. Kim, T. Werner, A. Hirata, D.C. Ward, Y. Jacques, L van der Weyden, H. Roest Crollius, M. Escarceller, R. Corvi, C. Renier, M. Kiechle, C. Henry, A. Solans, T.M. Dunn, D.J. Adams, J. Justesen, A. Tosolini, H. Zhang, S.V. Reddy, H. Lührs, P. Miccoli, C.A. Moreira-Filho, V. Fagundes, K.E. McVeigh, G. Palka, F. Basolo, B.A. van Oost, C. Dasilva, Y.M. Lee, J.J. Mallee, E. Moon, F. Gilles, G.D. Roodman, L. Bouneau, R. Schaub, B. Toutain, M.L. Little, M. Bullejos, D.W. Cox, S.S. Murthy, L. Guenet, N.A. Jenkins, John Hozier, R. Cinti, S.D.P. Moore, I.S. Lantinga-van Leeuwen, A. Bernot, S. Wu, H.J. Kim, M.M.Y. Waye, L. Stuppia, R. Mural, J.A. Mol, C.R. Müller, F. Magrangeas, T. Menzel, G. Tate, F. Apiou, S. de la Luna, W. Scheppach, G. Torre, M. Gratacòs, G.T. Berry, L. Yu, S.-Y. Zhao, M. Matsui, C. Dubourg, J.R. Testa, C. Haffner, J. Weissenbach, A. Lucente, N. Kardon, X. Quan, R. Jørgensen, U. Weidle, C. M. Carpio, K.M. Fukasawa, V. David, A. Pizzuti, Q. Tu, N.G. Copeland, C. Bonillo, X. Estivill, M. Nimmakayalu, V. Gatta, R. Melcher, C.Y. Lee, J.C. Hozier, M.A. Pujana, J.E. Wiley, I. Fogh, A. Ratti, K. Hirschhorn, and Y. Xu
Subjects: Genetics, Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical), Classics
Published: 2000
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49. Chromosome banding in Amphibia. XVI. High-resolution replication banding patterns in Xenopus laevis

Author: Michael Schmid and C. Steinlein
Subjects: DNA Replication, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Xenopus, Biology, Polyploidy, Xenopus laevis, Prophase, Centromere, Genetics, medicine, Nucleolus Organizer Region, Animals, Prometaphase, Genetics (clinical), Sex Chromosomes, Cytogenetics, Chromosome, Karyotype, biology.organism_classification, Biological Evolution, Chromosome Banding, Bromodeoxyuridine, Karyotyping, Female, Heterogametic sex, Thymidine
Abstract: High-resolution replication banding patterns were induced in prometaphase and prophase chromo- somes of Xenopus laevis by treating kidney cell lines with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and deoxythymidine (tiT) in succession. Up to 650 early and late replicating bands per haploid karyotype were demonstrated in the very long prophase chromosomes. This permits an exact iden- tification of all chromosome pairs of X, laevis. Late repli- cating heterochromatin was located by analysing the time sequence of replication throughout the second half of S-phase. Neither heteromorphic sex chromosomes nor sex chromosome-specific replication bands were demon- strated in the heterogametic ZW females of X. laevis. A detailed examination of the BrdU/dT-labelted prome- taphases and prophases revealed that the X. laevis chro- mosomes can be arranged in groups of four (quartets), most of which show conspicuous similarities in length, centromere position, and replication pattern. This is in- terpreted as further evidence for an ancient allotetra- ploid origin of X. laevis.
Published: 1991

50. Sex-Determining Mechanisms and Sex Chromosomes in Amphibia

Author: M. Schmid, I. Nanda, C. Steinlein, K. Kausch, T. Haaf, and J.T. Epplen
Subjects: Evolutionary biology, Biology
Published: 1991
Full Text: View/download PDF

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