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To confirm the factor structure of the Climate, Health, and Nursing Tool (CHANT) tool via confirmatory factor analysis.This is a cross-sectional analysis of voluntary, anonymous responses collected online in 2019, from a non-representative sample of 489 nurses from 12 nations with 95% of the respondents from the United States.A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test a five-factor measurement model of the 22-item CHANT. Reliability was examined via Cronbach's α coefficient.The five CHANT subscales demonstrated acceptable reliability with Cronbach's α ranging from 0.67 to 0.91. The five-factor model of CHANT demonstrated good fit, xCHANT is a reliable and robust instrument to measure nurses' awareness, concern, motivation, and home and work behaviors regarding climate change and health, and is ready to be utilized in research, policy, professional settings, and among educators.

ZusammenfassungEin 9 Jahre alter, kastrierter Cairn-Terrier-Rüde wurde mit einer seit 3 Monaten andauernden Lahmheit der rechten Vordergliedmaße vorgestellt, die sich nicht auf eine entzündungshemmende Schmerzmedikation besserte. Laboruntersuchungen zeigten eine hochgradig erhöhte Kreatininkinaseaktivität. Mittels Röntgen, Computertomografie und Kernspintomografie ließen sich keine orthopädischen oder vaskulären Ursachen für die Lahmheit finden. Erst nach Aufarbeitung des Falls als eine neurologische oder muskulär bedingte Lahmheit anhand von Elektromyografie, Messung der Nervenleitgeschwindigkeit und histologischer Untersuchung von Muskel- und Nervenbioptaten konnte die Ursache der Lahmheit identifiziert werden. In den Muskelbioptaten wurde eine pyogranulomatöse und nekrotisierende Myositis mit Vorliegen von Nematodenlarven der Gattung Trichinella sp. nachgewiesen. Des Weiteren zeigten sich histologisch Pilze in unterschiedlichen Entwicklungsstadien, die als Mucor spp. identifiziert wurden. Die Therapie mit Albendazol und Itraconazol führte zu einer klinisch signifikanten Besserung der Symptomatik.

Objectives: \ud A previous single-country pilot study indicated serum anti-GM2 and anti-GA1 anti-glycolipid antibodies as potential biomarkers for acute canine polyradiculoneuritis. This study aims to validate these findings in a large geographically heterogenous cohort.\ud \ud Materials and Methods: \ud Sera from 175 dogs clinically diagnosed with acute canine polyradiculoneuritis, 112 dogs with other peripheral nerve, cranial nerve or neuromuscular disorders and 226 neurologically normal dogs were screened for anti-glycolipid antibodies against 11 common glycolipid targets to determine the immunoglobulin G anti-glycolipid antibodies with the highest combined sensitivity and specificity for acute canine polyradiculoneuritis.\ud \ud Results: \ud Anti-GM2 anti-glycolipid antibodies reached the highest combined sensitivity and specificity (sensitivity: 65.1%, 95% confidence interval 57.6 to 72.2%; specificity: 90.2%, 95% confidence interval 83.1 to 95.0%), followed by anti-GalNAc-GD1a anti-glycolipid antibodies (sensitivity: 61.7%, 95% confidence interval 54.1 to 68.9%; specificity: 89.3%, 95% confidence interval 82.0 to 94.3%) and these anti-glycolipid antibodies were frequently present concomitantly. Anti-GA1 anti-glycolipid antibodies were detected in both acute canine polyradiculoneuritis and control animals. Both for anti-GM2 and anti-GalNAc-GD1a anti-glycolipid antibodies, sex was found a significantly associated factor with a female to male odds ratio of 2.55 (P=0.0096) and 3.00 (P=0.0198), respectively. Anti-GalNAc-GD1a anti-glycolipid antibodies were more commonly observed in dogs unable to walk (odds ratio 4.56; P=0.0076).\ud \ud Clinical Significance: \ud Anti-GM2 and anti-GalNAc-GD1a immunoglobulin G anti-glycolipid antibodies represent serum biomarkers for acute canine polyradiculoneuritis.

A 9-year-old Cairn Terrier was presented for a right thoracic limb lameness of 3-month duration resistant to anti-inflammatory pain treatment. Blood chemistry revealed a highly elevated creatine kinase activity. An orthopedic or vascular etiology of the lameness was excluded by radiographs, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Further workup for a neurologic or muscular etiology by electromyography, nerve conduction velocity measurement, and histology of muscle as well as nerve biopsies identified the cause of the lameness. Histology revealed a pyogranulomatous, necrotizing myositis with parasites of the speciesEin 9 Jahre alter, kastrierter Cairn-Terrier-Rüde wurde mit einer seit 3 Monaten andauernden Lahmheit der rechten Vordergliedmaße vorgestellt, die sich nicht auf eine entzündungshemmende Schmerzmedikation besserte. Laboruntersuchungen zeigten eine hochgradig erhöhte Kreatininkinaseaktivität. Mittels Röntgen, Computertomografie und Kernspintomografie ließen sich keine orthopädischen oder vaskulären Ursachen für die Lahmheit finden. Erst nach Aufarbeitung des Falls als eine neurologische oder muskulär bedingte Lahmheit anhand von Elektromyografie, Messung der Nervenleitgeschwindigkeit und histologischer Untersuchung von Muskel- und Nervenbioptaten konnte die Ursache der Lahmheit identifiziert werden. In den Muskelbioptaten wurde eine pyogranulomatöse und nekrotisierende Myositis mit Vorliegen von Nematodenlarven der Gattung

OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of a minimally invasive transilial vertebral (MTV) blocking procedure on the computed tomographic (CT) appearance of the lumbosacral (L7/S1) junction of dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS). STUDY DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 59 client-owned dogs with DLSS. METHODS Lumbosacral CT images were acquired with hyperextended pelvic limbs before and after MTV in all dogs. Clinical follow-up was obtained after 1 year, including a neurologic status classified in 4 grades, and if possible, CT. Morphometric measurements (Mean ± SEM) including foraminal area, endplate distance at L7/S1 and LS angle were obtained on sets of reformatted parasagittal and sagittal CT images. RESULTS The mean foraminal area (ForL) increased from 32.5 ± 1.7 mm2 to 59.7 ± 1.9 mm2 on the left and from 31.1 ± 1.4 mm2 to 59.1 ± 2.0 mm2 on the right (ForR) side after MTV. The mean endplate distance (EDmd) between L7/S1 increased from 3.7 ± 0.1 mm to 6.0 ± 0.1 mm, and mean lumbosacral angle (LSa) from 148.0 ± 1.1° to 170.0 ± 1.1° after MTV. CT measurements were available 1 year postoperatively in 12 cases: ForL: 41.2 ± 3.1 mm2 ; ForR: 37.9 ± 3.1 mm2 ; EDmd: 4.3 ± 0.4 mm, and LSa 157.6 ± 2.1° (values are mean and standard error of mean = SEM). All 39 dogs with long-term follow-up improved by at least 1 neurologic grade, 9/39 improving by 3 grades, 15/39 by 2 grades, and 15/39 by 1 grade. CONCLUSIONS MTV results in clinical improvement and morphometric enlargement of the foraminal area in dogs with variable degrees of foraminal stenosis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE MTV may be a valuable minimally invasive option for treatment of dogs with DLSS.

Overall, 41% of all work-related accidents lead to a hand injury. In the younger generation, the incidence rate even rises to 50%. In Austria, these accidents result in approximately half a million sick leave days per annum, an average of 12.5 days per accident. In comparison, leisure-time hand injuries show a significantly higher accident rate: 60% of hand injuries occur during leisure time. Far fewer safety measures are taken and a lack of adequate training and a disregard for safety recommendations are observed.This large number of hand injuries led to the launch of a campaign in Austria in 2014-2015 called "Hande gut - Alles Gut", (Hands well - all's well). This campaign was aimed at reducing the costs, a sum of 309 million Euros, incurred solely from work-related hand accidents, by at least 5-10%.These exorbitantly high costs are not only due to severe hand trauma, most result from a multitude of slight and superficial wounds.

Three different SiO2-based barrier layers, used in industry for prevention of metallic impurity diffusion into directionally solidified silicon ingots, were investigated in detail by G1 experiments in order to find out the most relevant barrier properties responsible for the blocking behaviour. Minority carrier lifetime and interstitial iron measurements on the grown silicon ingots show significant differences between the barriers regarding the red zone extension as well as the maximum lifetime/minimum iron content in the ingot centre. Structural analysis of the barriers by optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy reveal a clear correlation to the porosity and thickness of the barrier layers. Further, indications were found that the barriers become effective only during the process and that this should occur as early as possible to obtain an optimal impact of the barrier. Only one of the tested barriers shows an overall positive impact on the lifetime, coming close to using a high purity quartz glass SiO2 crucible instead of the standard ceramic SiO2 crucible.

This article introduces a framework for environmental stewardship in nursing practice, the WE ACT

To evaluate stool habits and associated quality of life (QoL) in a matched pair analysis of patients who underwent continent cutaneous diversion using the ileocecal segment [Mainz pouch I (MzPI)] with an intussuscepted ileal nipple as efferent segment with those receiving an ileal conduit (IC) after radical cystectomy. We identified 250 patients who underwent radical cystectomy and urinary diversion (UD) with either MzPI with an ileal nipple or IC in our database. A detailed history of stool habits using the modified Wexner score was obtained, and questions addressing general lifestyle, comparison of symptom differences before and after surgery considering bowel function as well as bowel-associated QoL were assessed. Forty-five age- and sex-matched pairs could be compared. Overall, stool incontinence (p = 0.481) and the Wexner score (p = 0.464) revealed no differences between both groups. However, patients with MzPI as compared to those with IC had significant higher rates of stool frequency (53 vs 31 %), softer stool consistencies (60 vs 13 %), diarrhea (62 vs 20 %) and a lower rate of constipation (4 vs 22 %). Patients with MzPI had a trend toward lower bowel-associated QoL compared with patients with IC. Similarly, the MzPI group reported a significantly impaired overall postoperative QoL (51 %) compared to the IC group (29 %) (p = 0.024). Patients following UD by MzPI have an increased stool frequency and softer stool consistency. However, there is no difference between both groups in terms of de novo stool incontinence. Change in bowel habits should be part of preoperative informed consent in any kind of UD. Careful patient selection is of paramount importance.

We present the cobalt(III)-mediated interaction between polyhistidine (His)-tagged proteins and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA)-modified surfaces as a general approach for a permanent, oriented, and specific protein immobilization. In this approach, we first form the well-established Co(2+) -mediated interaction between NTA and His-tagged proteins and subsequently oxidize the Co(2+) center in the complex to Co(3+) . Unlike conventionally used Ni(2+) - or Co(2+) -mediated immobilization, the resulting Co(3+) -mediated immobilization is resistant toward strong ligands, such as imidazole and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and washing off over time because of the high thermodynamic and kinetic stability of the Co(3+) complex. This immobilization method is compatible with a wide variety of surface coatings, including silane self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on glass, thiol SAMs on gold surfaces, and supported lipid bilayers. Furthermore, once the cobalt center has been oxidized, it becomes inert toward reducing agents, specific and unspecific interactions, so that it can be used to orthogonally functionalize surfaces with multiple proteins. Overall, the large number of available His-tagged proteins and materials with NTA groups make the Co(3+) -mediated interaction an attractive and widely applicable platform for protein immobilization.

The Wide Field X-ray Telescope (WFXT) is a medium class mission proposed to address key questions about cosmic origins and physics of the cosmos through an unprecedented survey of the sky in the soft X-ray band (0.2-6 keV) [1], [2]. In order to get the desired angular resolution of 10 arcsec (5 arcsec goal) on the entire 1 degrees Field Of View (FOV), the design of the optical system is based on nested grazing-incidence polynomial profiles mirrors, and assumes a focal plane curvature and plate scale corrections among the shells. This design guarantees an increased angular resolution also at large off-axis positions with respect to the usually adopted Wolter I configuration. In order to meet the requirements in terms of mass and effective area (less than 1200 kg, 6000 cm 2 c 1 keV), the nested shells are thin and made of quartz glass. The telescope assembly is composed by three identical modules of 78 nested shells each, with diameter up to 1.1 m, length in the range of 200-440 mm and thickness of less than 2.2 mm. At this regard, a deterministic direct polishing method is under investigation to manufacture the WFXT thin grazing-incidence mirrors made of quartz. The direct polishing method has already been used for past missions (as Einstein, Rosat, Chandra) but based on much thicker shells (10 mm ore more). The technological challenge for WFXT is to apply the same approach but for 510 times thinner shells. The proposed approach is based on two main steps: first, quartz glass tubes available on the market are ground to conical profiles; second the pre-shaped shells are polished to the required polynomial profiles using a CNC polishing machine. In this paper, preliminary results on the direct grinding and polishing of prototypes shells made by quartz glass with low thickness, representative of the WFXT optical design, are presented.

Overall, 41% of all work-related accidents lead to a hand injury. In the younger generation, the incidence rate even rises to 50%. In Austria, these accidents result in approximately half a million sick leave days per annum, an average of 12.5 days per accident. In comparison, leisure-time hand injuries show a significantly higher accident rate: 60% of hand injuries occur during leisure time. Far fewer safety measures are taken and a lack of adequate training and a disregard for safety recommendations are observed.This large number of hand injuries led to the launch of a campaign in Austria in 2014-2015 called "Hände gut - Alles Gut", (Hands well - all's well). This campaign was aimed at reducing the costs, a sum of 309 million Euros, incurred solely from work-related hand accidents, by at least 5-10%.These exorbitantly high costs are not only due to severe hand trauma, most result from a multitude of slight and superficial wounds.

Because of the unusually high heats of vaporization of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), volatilization of RTILs through thermal decomposition and vaporization of the decomposition products can be significant. Upon heating of cyano-functionalized anionic RTILs in vacuum, their gaseous products were detected experimentally via tunable vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry performed at the Chemical Dynamics Beamline 9.0.2 at the Advanced Light Source. Experimental evidence for di- and trialkylimidazolium cations and cyano-functionalized anionic RTILs confirms thermal decomposition occurs primarily through two pathways: deprotonation of the cation by the anion and dealkylation of the imidazolium cation by the anion. Secondary reactions include possible cyclization of the cation and C2 substitution on the imidazolium, and their proposed reaction mechanisms are introduced here. Additional evidence supporting these mechanisms was obtained using thermal gravimetric analysis-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and temperature-jump infrared spectroscopy. In order to predict the overall thermal stability in these ionic liquids, the ability to accurately calculate both the basicity of the anions and their nucleophilicity in the ionic liquid is critical. Both gas phase and condensed phase (generic ionic liquid (GIL) model) density functional theory calculations support the decomposition mechanisms, and the GIL model could provide a highly accurate means to determine thermal stabilities for ionic liquids in general.

Der aktuelle Wissensstand belegt evidenzbasiert die klinische Langzeiteffektivitat der Therapie mit Unterkieferprotrusionsschienen (UPS) bei leichter und mittlerer obstruktiver Schlafapnoe (OSA). Allerdings gilt die kontinuierliche Positivdruckbeatmung (CPAP-Therapie) als effizienter und erfolgreicher. Die UPS-Erfolgsrate (definiert als Apnoe-Hypopnoe-Index

Background Peripheral nerve injuries are the most frequent neurologic disorder in cattle. So far, no physiologic values have been established for the motor nerve conduction velocity (mNCV) in this precocial species. Objectives The electrophysiologic and morphometric reference values of peripheral nerves in calves were determined. It was hypothesized that these parameters would correlate to the high degree of maturity in the first days of life in this species compared to other species. Animals Twenty-six healthy calves were used in this study. Methods The mNCV of the radial and the sciatic/common peroneal nerve was measured in all 26 calves. Nerve biopsies from a group of 6 calves were taken to correlate the obtained electrophysiologic data with morphological parameters. Results The mean mNCV of the radial nerve was 48.3 ± 10.6 m/s, whereas the mean mNCV of the sciatic/peroneal nerve was with 83.8 ± 5.9 m/s significantly faster (P

Hand injuries are a frequent occurrence and account for 41% of all occupational injuries. In general such accidents are the result of stress, inattention, tiredness, use of defective or poorly maintained machinery. However, artention must equally be directed at the large number of accidents occurring in leisure time activities since the inability to work due to a leisure time accident is similarly cost-intensive. Throughout Europe attempts have been made in the past 10 years to improve prevention. At the initiative of the Hand Trauma Committee (HTC) of FESSH prevention conferences were stated in 2009. These have in part reduced the number of hand injuries in -Europe. In Austria a special controlling committee was founded by the Austrian Workers' Compensation Board (AUVA) with the specific objective of reducing the number of hand injuries. Similarly the "Circle for Leisure Time Hand Injury Prevention" was created to specifically deal with hand injuries occurring during leisure time activities. Through the cooperation of these 2 committees and implementation of the thus decided measures, a reduction in the number of accidents involving the hand is to be expected with a concomitant reduction in the associated costs. Language: de

The diagnostic value of interictal short time electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings in epileptic dogs under general anaesthesia with propofol and the muscle relaxant rocuronium bromide was investigated. Two activation techniques, namely photic stimulation and hyperventilation, were evaluated for their potential to enhance the diagnostic validity of these recordings. Sixty-one dogs suffering from idiopathic epilepsy and 28 dogs suffering from symptomatic epilepsy were included. Electroencephalograms were recorded using five subdermal EEG electrodes (F3, F4, Cz, O1 and O2). All 89 EEGs were analysed visually and 61 were also evaluated quantitatively with fast Fourier transformation. Interictal paroxysmal epileptiform activity was found in 25% of idiopathic and in 29% of symptomatic epileptic dogs. Quantitative analysis of the EEGs (qEEGs) detected significant differences of frequency analysis in single reading points without any continuous changes of frequency bands. A comparison between healthy and affected brain hemispheres in seven dogs with focal lesions of one hemisphere did not show any significant differences in qEEG analysis. qEEG was not more sensitive than visual evaluation. Despite the use of activation techniques, the results showed that short time EEG recordings in epileptic dogs can detect interictal epileptic activity in less than one third of all seizuring dogs and is not a useful screening method.

Auf der Suche nach innovativen Losungsansatzen wird seit langerem uber eine einfache erweiterte Lebensmittelkennzeichnung diskutiert. Bisher sind erweiterte Kennzeichnungsmodelle auf Lebensmittelverpackungen zu finden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird ein erweitertes Konzept des „Ampelsystems“ fur die betreuten GV-Einrichtungen der Catering-Servicegesellschaft entwickelt. Anhand einer Farbkennzeichnung ausgewahlter Nahrstoffe sollen dem Klientel die Nahrstoffgehalte der angebotenen Mittagsmenus transparenter dargestellt werden. Fur die Realisierung des Konzepts wurden Referenzpersonen ausgewahlt und dazu entsprechende Basiswerte festgelegt. Die Nahrwerte der Mittagsmenus wurden mit dem Nahrwertberechnungsprogramm berechnet und anschliesend anhand festgelegter Nahrwertgrenzen in Ampelfarbbereiche eingeteilt. Dafur wurden spezifische Nahrwertgrenzen fur die Mittagsmahlzeit erarbeitet und davon die Ampelfarbbereiche abgeleitet. Als Basis fur die Nahrwertgrenzen dienten Empfehlungen der DGE/CIAA. Neben der farblichen Ampelkennzeichnung anhand selbst erarbeiteter Nahrwertgrenzen fur die Mittagsmahlzeit, wurden die Nahrstoffmengen auch im Verhaltnis zu den Richtwerten fur die Tageszufuhr in Prozent dargestellt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen innovativen Modellansatz einer Ernahrungsampel fur die Gemeinschaftsverpflegung. Der visuelle (rot/gelb/grun) Effekt der farblichen Nahrwertangaben fur die einzelnen Menus konnte praventive Anreize fur das Klientel setzen. Die Ampelkennzeichnung konnte als Grundlage fur eine optimierte Mittagsmenuspeiseplangestaltung in der GV dienen. Die Kennzeichnung der Mittagsmenus mit einem Ampelmodell soll den Verpflegungsteilnehmern zusatzlich eine Orientierungshilfe bei der Auswahl einer ausgewogenen Ernahrung geben.

Introduction: The advantage of minimally invasive electrodiagnostic methods for periodic evaluation of reinnervation at predefined time intervals does not seem to be widely recognized. In this study, using a rat model, we assessed the utility of periodic electrodiagnostic measurements for monitoring ongoing motor recovery after peripheral nerve injuries of differing severity. Methods: In a comparative study, either unilateral sciatic nerve crush injury (n = 10), end-to-end coaptation (n = 5), or 10-mm nerve autotransplantation (n = 10) were performed. During the 6–16-week period thereafter compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) were recorded percutaneously every week in anesthetized animals. Motor nerve conduction velocity and percentage of axon loss were calculated and compared with footprint analyses (static sciatic index, SSI) and evaluations of sensory recovery. Results: Our results clearly demonstrate that, although SSI measurements reliably demonstrated progress of regeneration after nerve crush injury only, differences in electrodiagnostically determined values precisely remodeled differences in axonal regeneration, which was confirmed by histomorphometric analysis of axonal regeneration. Conclusions: Percutaneous electrodiagnostic measurements enable reliable estimation of axonal regeneration parameters such as myelination and nerve fiber density and display in close proximity the actual status of axonal regeneration. Muscle Nerve 44: 63–73, 2011

Case Description—12 European shorthair cats (6 males and 6 females; age range, 2 months to 3 years) from 1 household were evaluated for clinical signs of recurrent and progressive muscle spasticity. Genetic relationships among the cats were suspected but were not known. Clinical Findings—Physical examination of all cats revealed a thin to mildly emaciated body condition and signs of suppurative rhinitis. Results of neurologic evaluations revealed no abnormalities in any cats at rest, but exercise- and stress-induced episodes of muscle spasticity were observed. Results of hematologic (7/12 cats) and CSF (4) analysis, diagnostic imaging (including radiography [7] and magnetic resonance imaging [4]), electromyography (4), motor nerve conduction tests (4), screening for metabolic storage diseases (4), provocation tests via exercise in a cold (4°C [39.2°F]) environment (7), and gross pathological and histologic examination (5) revealed no abnormalities that could potentially explain the clinical signs. However, consumption of a potassium-enriched diet resulted in severe aggravation of clinical signs in 7 of 7 cats, leading to a diagnosis of potassium-aggravated muscle stiffness. Treatment and Outcome—5 cats were euthanized after initial examination because of poor physical condition and severe clinical signs. Spasticity in the 7 remaining cats was improved during a 6-week follow-up period as they reduced their own activity. Further investigation and treatment were declined. Clinical Relevance—Channelopathies are rarely recognized diseases in domestic animals. In addition to conventional diagnostic evaluation methods, provocation tests in a clinical environment can be used in the assessment of channelopathies.

This study was performed to improve a standard anesthetic protocol for electroencephalography (EEG) in dogs and to evaluate the effect of photic stimulation and hyperventilation on the EEG of healthy dogs. Ten clinically and neurologically normal beagle dogs were anesthetized with propofol given intravenously with average doses of 7.5 mg/kg for induction and 0.37 mg/kg/min constant rate infusion for maintenance. Rocuronium bromide (0.4 mg/kg IV) was used as a peripheral muscle relaxant in order to prevent muscle artifacts. EEGs were recorded digitally using five subdermal needle electrodes. Photic stimulation and hyperventilation were performed to evaluate two activation techniques commonly used in human EEG recording methods. Monopolar and bipolar montages were analyzed visually and quantitatively. The use of rocuronium produced muscle artifact-free EEG recordings during the given recording procedure which indicates that rocuronium is a valuable adjunct to anesthesia during EEG recording. Photic stimulation and hyperventilation did not provoke paroxysmal discharges in the EEG of healthy dogs. Analysis of quantitative EEG data showed that background activity did not differ significantly between periods with and without stimulation. This data are important basic values and will further help to compare the effects of photic stimulation and hyperventilation of healthy dogs and those suffering from epilepsy.

Zusammenfassung Gegenstand und Ziel: Thiaminmangel verursacht bei Katzen häufig zentralnervöse Ausfallerscheinungen, ist häufig verbunden mit einer Dysfunktion des Vestibularsystems und kann unbehandelt zum Tod führen. Ziel der Arbeit war, Thiamin direkt mittels High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) zu bestimmen und Werte bei gesunden und kranken Katzen zu evaluieren. Material und Methoden: In Blutproben von 193 Katzen wurden mittels HPLC die Konzentrationen an Thiamindiphosphat und Gesamtthiamin bestimmt. Zur Auswertung der Daten erfolgte eine retrospektive Einteilung der Katzen in folgende sechs Gruppen:A) gesunde Tiere, B) Katzen mit gastrointestinalen Erkrankungen, C) Tiere nach Trauma ohne Beteiligung des Gastrointestinaltrakts, D) inappetente Katzen, Tiere mit zentral vestibulären Symptomen und Thiaminwerten wie in den ersten vier Gruppen (E) bzw. niedrigen Thiaminwerten (F). Ergebnisse: Bei Katzen der Gruppe F ließ sich keine andere Ursache für die Gleichgewichtsstörungen feststellen und bei drei Tieren trat durch Thiaminapplikation eine spontane Besserung ein, sodass ein Thiaminmangel klinisch vermutet wurde. Die Gesamtthiaminkonzentration (Mittelwert 48,2 μg/l, Standardabweichung ± 22,6) dieser Gruppe unterschied sich signifikant von der aller anderen Gruppen (Gruppe A-D: p < 0,01, Gruppe E: p < 0,001).Vergleichbare Resultate ergaben sich hinsichtlich der Konzentration an Thiamindiphosphat. Niedrige Gesamtthiaminwerte wurden jedoch auch bei inappetenten Katzen ohne neurologische Symptomatik gemessen. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Durch die vorliegende Studie konnte eine bei Wiederkäuern verlässliche Messmethodik zur Thiaminbestimmung für die Katze evaluiert werden. Eine Diagnosestellung und bessere Objektivierung des Thiaminmangelverdachts bei entsprechenden klinischen Befunden und Werten unter 50 μg/l ist möglich. Eine prophylaktische Thiaminsubstitution bei Katzen mit Erkrankungen unterschiedlichster Genese, die eine Gesamtthiaminkonzentration von 50–70 μg/l aufweisen, kann diskutiert werden.

Reaction of α-chloro nitroso compounds with tetramethylallene gives rise to the formation of hitherto unknown crystalline cross-conjugated nitrone hydrochlorides 3, which can be converted into free nitrones 4 upon treatment with liquid ammonia. The reaction between 2-chloro-2-nitrosoadamantane and 3-phenyl-1,2-butadiene proceeds equally well, but with other α-chloro nitroso compounds and with other alkylallenes only complicated mixtures are obtained, which contain the corresponding nitrone hydrochlorides as judged from hydrolysis to ketone and oxime 6.

The reaction of α-chloronitrosoalkanes with aliphatic and aromatic Grignard reagents RMgX has been studied using the model compound α-chloronitrosoadamantane (AdClNO)1. In addition to adamantanone oxime 7 (4-60%) and the adamantanone oxime ether 8 (trace −28%), the expected nitrone 2 is formed. The nitrone can be isolated for synthetic purposes using a non- chromatographic procedure in widely varying yields ( 6 87 %). The structure of all nitrones has been determined using spectroscopic techniques. Formation of oxime and oxime ether has been explained with the mechanism outlined in Scheme 3. This also accounts for the drastic changes in product distribution with the nature of the Grignard reagent. The mechanism involves nitrone formation via polar 1,2-addition of the Grignard reagent to the nitroso group, and single electron transfer (SET) from the Grignard reagent to the nitroso compound which leads to an iminoxy radical together with radical R*. The latter combines with the multident iminoxy radical on nitrogen and oxygen (not on carbon) producing the nitrone and the oxime ether. Disproportionation can result in the formation of oxime. The oxime can also be formed when iminoxy radicals accept an electron from the Grignard reagent. As the electron donating power is strongly influenced by the nature of the Grignard reagent (i.e. SET vs. polar addition), widely varying product distributions are obtained. The phenyl Grignard reagent is amongst the poorest of electron donors, and therefore gives almost exclusively nitrone by polar 1,2-addition. Since nitroso compounds are normally excellent free radical scavengers, it is difficult to explain why trapping of transient radicals R* by the nitroso compound, followed by loss of halogen, appears to be relatively unimportant as a route to nitrone (Scheme 3, reaction iii). The formation of dibenzyl (42%) from the reaction of AdClNO 1 with benzylmagnesium bromide is equally remarkable.

After peripheral nerve injury, Schwann cells (SC) guarantee for a regeneration-promoting milieu and are crucially involved in axonal regeneration. For extended nerve defects, bridging with an autologous nerve transplant is the gold standard therapy. Artificial biohybrid nerve transplants which combine a synthetic conduit with autologous SC genetically modified to express regeneration-promoting proteins may provide an alternative therapy to autotransplantation. The dog seems to be an ideal translational animal model for new treatment strategies. In the present study, utilizing a new transfection protocol, we transplanted enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-expressing adult canine SC (cSC) into a 5 mm epineural pouch in the sciatic nerve of adult rats (n = 9). The epineurial pouch technique serves as proof of principle to follow the fate of the transplanted cSC for up to 14 days after surgery. Fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry revealed survival and integration of EGFP-expressing cSC into the regenerating host nerve tissue. We demonstrate that transplanted cSC contribute to the formation of bands of Bungner and are located in close vicinity to growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) expressing regenerating nerve fibers. This provides first evidence that transplanted genetically modified Schwann cells do successfully integrate into the host tissue where they could actively contribute to the regeneration process.

Zusammenfassung Gegenstand und Ziel: 96 Rinder sowie 86 Schafe und Ziegen mit neurologischen Ausfallserscheinungen wurden untersucht und klinisch-neurologische Informationen über die vorkommenden neurologischen Erkrankungen und deren Differenzialdiagnosen gesammelt. Material und Methoden: Die Untersuchung erfolgte mittels eines tierartlich angepassten klinischen neurologischen Untersuchungsgangs, der bei 67 pathologisch untersuchten Tieren validiert wurde. Eingesetzte weiterführende Untersuchungsmethoden wurden auf ihre diagnostische Aussagekraft überprüft. Ergebnisse: Die systematische neurologische Untersuchung ergab eine gute neurologisch-pathologische Korrelation (neuroanatomische Lokalisation: kleine Wiederkäuer [KLW] 90%, Rind 86%; klinische Diagnose: KLW 80%, Rind 78%). Die entzündlich-infektiösen (Rind: 23%, KLW: 34%) und metabolisch-toxischen Erkrankungen (Rind: 33%, KLW: 53%) zählten zu den häufigsten Ursachen neurologischer Symptome. Bei den Rindern bildeten traumatisch bedingte Erkrankungen mit 36% eine weitere große Krankheitsgruppe (KLW 9%). Die Zellzahlbestimmung im Liquor bietet großen Nutzen, doch erlaubt sie im Einzellfall keine eindeutige Unterscheidung zwischen metabolisch- toxischer und entzündlich-infektiöser Krankheitskategorie. Hierzu müssen die Befunde der labordiagnostischen Blut- und Harnuntersuchung mit berücksichtigt werden. Bei allen Fällen konnte entweder eine Diagnose gestellt oder in ätiologisch unklaren Fällen eine transmissible spongiforme Enzephalopathie (TSE) immunhistologisch ausgeschlossen bzw. diagnostiziert werden. Zu den wichtigsten Differenzialdiagnosen der TSE gehören nach dieser Studie metabolisch-toxische Erkrankungen, die sich auch mit großem labordiagnostischem Aufwand nur schwer ätiologisch aufklären lassen. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Durch den angewandten Untersuchungsgang können die neurologischen Erkrankungen bei Rindern und kleinen Wiederkäuern klinisch umfassend beschrieben werden. Er erlaubt eine Erfassung des neurologischen Status des Patienten, die über die Beschreibung von Einzelsymptomen hinausgeht.

Recent views on Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) question the accuracy of classification into axonal and demyelinating subtypes that represent convergent neurophysiological phenotypes rather than immunological targets. Instead it has been proposed to clarify the primarily affected fibre subunit in nerve biopsies. As nerve biopsies rarely are part of routine work-up in human patients we evaluated tissues taken from companion animals affected by GBS-like polyradiculoneuropathy to screen for distribution of immune cells, targeted fibre components and segregating non-inflammatory lesions. We identified that immune responses were directed either at Schmidt-Lanterman clefts, the paranode-node complex or both. Based on infiltrative and non-inflammatory changes, four subtypes and/or stages were distinguished, some of which indicate localisation of primary target antigens while others represent convergent late stage pictures, as a consequence to epitope spreading. The impact of histological subtyping onto clinical management and prognosis remains to be evaluated in future clinical trials. Natural development and clinical manifestation of large animal dysimmune neuropathy may reflect human Guillain-Barre syndrome more accurately than experimental models and therefore provide complementary clues for translational research.

We describe cobalt cross-linked redox-responsive 4-arm histidine-modified PEG (4A-PEG-His) hydrogels, which can be switched from self-healing viscoelastic liquids to form stable elastic solids through a simple oxidation step from Co2+ to Co3+. The dramatic change in gel properties is quantified in rheological measurements and is associated with the altered ligand exchange rate of the cross-linking cobalt ions. While Co2+ forms kinetically labile coordination bonds with low thermodynamic stability, Co3+ forms kinetically inert and highly stable coordination bonds. Unlike the Co2+ cross-linked hydrogels, the Co3+ cross-linked hydrogels do not dissolve in buffer and swell overtime, where they remain intact longer with increasing gel connectivity, increasing polymer concentration and decreasing temperature. Remarkably, these gels can even resist the strong chelator EDTA and withstand both low and high pH due to the low ligand exchange rates in the primary coordination sphere. Overall, the Co2+/3+ redox pair provides an attractive platform to produce redox-responsive materials with big deviations in mechanical and chemical properties.

Zusammenfassung: Gegenstand und Ziel: Gegenstand der Untersuchung war bei einem 23 Monate alten Deutschen Holstein- Rind die Erforschung der klinischen und pathologisch feststellbaren Auswirkungen einer Gaumenspalte und möglicher Ursachen für diese kongenitale Missbildung. Material und Methode: Das Rind wurde klinisch, labordiagnostisch und genealogisch untersucht. Nach der Euthanasie erfolgte eine Sektion. Ergebnisse: Es wurde eine angeborene Palatoschisis (Gaumenspalte) zusammen mit einer Prognathia superior festgestellt. Die Palatoschisis erstreckte sich von 2 cm kaudal des rostralen Randes des Pulvinus dentalis bis zum Pharynx bei einer maximalen Breite von 2,5 cm. Aufgrund der Palatoschisis entstanden Folgeerkrankungen wie eine mittelgradige chronische katarrhalisch-eitrige Rhinitis, eine geringgradige chronische katarrhalisch-eitrige Bronchopneumonie, eine mikrozytäre hypochrome Anämie (Eisenmangelanämie) und ein rechtsseitiges geringgradiges peripheres Vestibularsyndrom. Zudem war das Rind für sein Alter von fast zwei Jahren deutlich zu klein und zu leicht. Das von den Missbildungen betroffene Tier konnte anhand seiner Abstammungsdaten auf gemeinsame Vorfahren in der väterlichen und mütterlichen Linie zurückgeführt werden. Der Inzuchtkoeffizient betrug 3,0 bei 11 Ahnengenerationen und einem Vollständigkeitsindex von 43%. Da sich für umweltbedingte Ursachen keine Hinweise finden ließen, könnte dem vorliegenden Fall eine genetische Ursache zugrunde liegen. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Aufgrund der aufgezeigten Entwicklung sollten Rinder mit angeborenen Gaumenspalten und Problemen beim Abschlucken der Nahrung nicht zur Mast verwendet, sondern frühzeitig der Verwertung zugeführt werden.

Der Verlauf der Purtscher-Retinopathie (PR) oder Purtscher-like-Retinopathie (P-lR) ist abhangig von der Dauer und Auspragung der konfluierenden Cotton-wool-Herde. Um eine Korrelation zwischen dem Krankheitsverlauf und den Befunden der optischen Koharenztomographie (OCT) zu finden, wurden 2 ausgepragte Verlaufsfalle ausgesucht. Neben der Erhebung des ophthalmologischen Status erfolgten eine Elektroretinographie (ERG) und OCT. Im 1. Fall wurde der Verlauf bis zur vollstandigen Ruckbildung der Odeme beobachtet, im 2. bis 8 Jahre nach Auftreten der P-lR. In der akuten Phase der PR wurde eine Zunahme der zentralen Netzhautdicke auf 308–430 μm festgestellt. Nach 8 Wochen zeigten sich eine Normalisierung der Sehscharfe und der zentralen Netzhautdicke im OCT (210–273 μm) sowie unauffallige ERG-Befunde (35 ms). Bei dem schweren Verlauf der P-lR waren die Odeme noch nach 6 Monaten sichtbar. Nach 8 Jahren wurde eine Abnahme der Neuroretina (112–120 μm) im Sinne einer Atrophie festgestellt. Die Netzhautdickenanalyse bietet eine gute Moglichkeit der Verlaufsbeurteilung und Prognosestellung bei einer PR oder P-lR. Eine schnelle Ruckbildung der Netzhautodeme ging mit einer guten Rehabilitation des Visus einher.

Zusammenfassung Gegenstand und Ziel: In vorliegender Arbeit wird das klinische Bild und die Behandlung von Katzen mit Permethrinvergiftung zusammengefasst, die zwischen 2002 und 2005 an der Klinik für kleine Haustiere der Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover vorgestellt wurden. Material und Methoden: Zehn Katzen wurden durch ihre Besitzer mit einem für den Hund zugelassenen Spot-on-Präparat behandelt, das Permethrin enthielt. Signalement, Symptome, Krankheitsverlauf und Therapie dieser Tiere werden beschrieben. Ergebnisse: Bei den Patienten handelte es sich um neun Europäisch-Kurzhaar-Katzen und eine Siamkatze, die im Median 4,75 Jahre alt und 5 kg schwer waren. Die ersten Symptome wurden vom Besitzer nach zwei bis 24 Stunden bemerkt und hielten 12 Stunden bis zu vier Tage (Median 30 Stunden) an. Neben Tremor, Mydriase, generalisiertem Krampfgeschehen, Tachykardie, Hyperthermie und Ataxie traten ventrikuläre Extrasystolen auf. Die Therapie umfasste unter anderem Waschen mit Seifenlösung, Scheren, Regulation der Körpertemperatur sowie Behandlung der Krämpfe und des Tremors mit Diazepam (neun Katzen), Phenobarbital und/oder Pentobarbital (drei Tiere). Eine Katze wurde auf Wunsch des Besitzers euthanasiert. Die restlichen neun Tiere konnten nach zwei bis neun Tagen asymptomatisch entlassen werden. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Bei frühzeitiger und symptomatischer Behandlung ist die Prognose einer Permethrinintoxikation bei der Katze günstig.

The presentation of biologically active molecules at interfaces has made it possible to investigate the responses of cells to individual molecules in their matrix at a given density and spacing. However, more sophisticated methods are needed to create model surfaces that present more than one molecule in a controlled manner in order to mimic at least partially the complexity given in natural environments. Herein, we present dual-functionalized surfaces combining quasi-hexagonally arranged gold nanoparticles with defined spacings and a newly developed PEG-alkyne coating to functionalize the glass in the intermediate space. The PEG-alkyne coating provides an inert background for cell interactions but can be modified orthogonally to the gold nanoparticles with numerous azides, including spectroscopically active molecules, peptides, and biotin at controlled densities by the copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne click reaction. The simultaneous presentation of cRGD on the gold nanoparticles with 100 nm spacing and synergy peptide PHSRN in the space between has a striking effect on REF cell adhesion; cells adhere, spread, and form mature focal adhesions on the dual-functionalized surfaces, whereas cells cannot adhere on either monofunctional surface. Combining these orthogonal functionalization methods creates a new platform to study precisely the crosstalk and synergy between different signaling molecules and clustering effects in ligand-receptor interactions.

By examining the morphological basis of force generation in the chelae (claws) of both molluscivorous and non-molluscivorous crabs, it is possible to understand better the difference between general crab claw design and the morphology associated with durophagy. This comparative study investigates the morphology underlying claw force production and intraspecific claw dimorphism in six brachyuran crabs: Callinectes sapidus (Portunidae), Libinia emarginata (Majidae), Ocypode quadrata (Ocypodidae), Menippe mercenaria (Xanthidae), Panopeus herbstii (Xanthidae), and P. obesus (Xanthidae). The crushers of the three molluscivorous xanthids consistently proved to be morphologically ‘strong,’ having largest mechanical advantages (MAs), mean angles of pinnation (MAPs), and physiological cross-sectional areas (PCSAs). However, some patterns of variation (e.g. low MA in C. sapidus, indistinguishable force generation potential in the xanthids) suggested that a quantitative assessment of occlusion and dentition is needed to understand fully the relationship between force generation and diet. Interspecific differences in force generation potential seemed mainly to be a function of differences in chela closer muscle cross-sectional area, due to a sixfold variation in apodeme area. Intraspecific dimorphism was generally defined by tall crushers with long in-levers, though O. quadrata exhibited an extreme dimorphism suggesting that factors unrelated to a speed–strength dichotomy (e.g. sexual selection) have shaped dimorphism of that species. It is concluded here that: (1) the majority of interspecific claw strength variation is a function of closer muscle cross-sectional area; (2) variation in claw morphology related to force production and transmission does have some relation to hardness of diet; (3) claw dimorphism in many species does seem to be related to strength and speed trade-offs; (4) factors besides molluscivory must be considered to understand claw evolution fully; (5) a quantitative assessment of force distribution, lacking in the literature, is essential for a more complete understanding of the relationship between claw design and ecological function.

Das Internet findet in den letzten Jahren zunehmende Verbreitung – auch unter Arzten. Neben dem Nutzen zur Recherche von medizinischen Daten entdecken zunehmend Arzte und Kliniken dieses Medium zur Prasentation der eigenen Leistungsfahigkeit. Indes ist arztliche Internetprasenz in Deutschland gesetzlich eng reglementiert. Die Arbeit stellt die einschlagigen Rechtsnormen, sowie Konsequenzen bei Verstosen vor. Weiterhin werden Vorschlage zu rechtskonformen arztlichen Internetseiten gegeben.