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Ecosystems with dry soils are particularly sensitive to climate changes and anthropogenic actions, which represents a threat to the survival of many cactus species. Ex situ seed conservation strategies should be adopted to support in situ conservation. This study evaluated the effect of conservation conditions on germination and vigor of seeds of Pilosocereus pachycladus subsp. pernambucoensis and Tacinga inamoena. The seeds were packaged in paper bags and glass containers and stored under controlled (8 ± 1 °C; 56 ± 2% relative humidity) and non-controlled (24 ± 2 °C; 75 ± 5% relative humidity) environmental conditions for 0 (control), 12, 16, and 20 months. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, in a 2 × 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (conservation environment × packaging × storage period) for each species. The variables evaluated were: water content (%), germination (%), germination speed index (GSI), and mean germination time (MGT). The physiological quality of seeds of both species were preserved when seeds were maintained under controlled environment, regardless of the packaging. However, when stored under non-controlled environment, the packaging in paper bags was more efficient for the conservation of seeds of P. pachycladus subsp. pernambucoensis, and the glass container was more efficient for T. inamoena. This information may be needed for ex situ conservation of these species and to support the recovery of degraded areas susceptible to desertification in the Caatinga biome.

The functioning of ecosystems or agroecosystems is mainly dependent on the soil-litterfall interaction. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different soil use and management systems on the dynamics of decomposition of plant residues of Azadirachta indica (neem) and Gliricidia sepium (gliricidia). The study was conducted in four land occupation systems, namely: remaining forest, agroforestry, agricultural mandala, and pasture. The decomposition rate was estimated using nylon bags (litter bags), containing 20 g of leaves of A. indica and G. sepium, which were arranged on the soil surface of each area for 18, 36, 54, 72, 90, and 108 days. A completely randomized design was used for each species, considering each area as one treatment, with four replications for each collection. The data were subjected to regression analysis and the means were compared by the Tukey's test (p

Neutrophil overstimulation plays a crucial role in tissue damage during severe infections. As pathogen-derived neuraminidase (NEU) stimulate neutrophils, we investigated whether host NEU can be targeted to regulate neutrophil dysregulation observed in severe infections.The effects of NEU inhibitors in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated neutrophils from healthy donors or COVID-19 patients were determined by evaluating the shedding of surface sialic acids, cell activation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Re-analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing of respiratory tract samples from COVID-19 patients was also carried out. The effects of Oseltamivir on sepsis and betacoronavirus-induced acute lung injury were evaluated in murine models.Oseltamivir and Zanamivir constrain host NEU activity, surface sialic acid release, cell activation, and ROS production by LPS-activated human neutrophils. Mechanistically, LPS increased the interaction of NEU1 with the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. Inhibition of MMP-9 prevents LPS-induced NEU activity and neutrophil response. In vivo, treatment with Oseltamivir fine-tunes neutrophil migration and improves infection control and host survival in peritonitis and pneumonia sepsis. NEU1 is also highly expressed in neutrophils from COVID-19 patients and treatment of whole blood samples from these patients with Oseltamivir or Zanamivir reduces neutrophil overactivation. Oseltamivir treatment of intranasally infected mice with the mouse hepatitis coronavirus 3 (MHV-3) decreased lung neutrophil infiltration, viral load, and tissue damage.These findings suggest that NEU1-MMP-9 interplay induces neutrophil overactivation. In vivo, it was shown that NEU may serve as a host-directed target to dampen neutrophil dysfunction during severe infections.

With the aid of virtual prototyping and casting numerical simulation, this work presents the optimization of an injection system used in a non-traditional investment casting process that applies perpendicular centrifugal force to inject the molten metal into refractory plaster molds. In this study, advanced techniques of simulation and production of complex geometries in Computer-Aided Design CAD (Computer-Aided Design) are used in the design of the casting system of a miniaturized simple-cubic cell structure. The cast part has a complex shape profile and needs a high surface finish with strict dimensional tolerance. The alloy used to fill the mold is an aluminum bronze shape memory alloy (SMA). CAD was used to model the part and the proposed models for casting optimization. ProCAST software was used for the numerical simulation of the casting process. Experimental parameters were used as input data for the numerical simulation. The simulation results were analyzed focusing on the identification of defects in the Cu–Al–Mn SMA simple-cubic structures. Different feeding systems have been designed to eliminate the identified defects. Concerning the molten recirculation, the optimal nozzle model has a truncated cone profile, with a larger radius of 6.5 mm, a smaller radius of 2.0 mm and a height of 8.0 mm (called here model 3). Experimental observations from cast SMA parts agree with the simulated results of the optimized nozzle model 3. In addition to the elimination of alloy recirculation with the nozzle optimization in this work, the shrinkage porosity at the upper base of the part was eliminated with the addition of a compensation volume close to the region where porosity is more intense. By exploring the possibilities offered by commercial software, the work contributes to advance the knowledge and application of the non-traditional investment casting process, highlighting its advantages and potential applications.

To evaluate the effects of progressive root canal enlargements on the unprepared surface area and remaining dentine thickness of three-rooted maxillary first premolars with different root configurations.Thirty three-rooted maxillary first premolars with three root configurations (n = 10) were selected and scanned in a micro-CT device. The root canals were sequentially enlarged with rotary instruments sizes 30.02 (step 1), 30.04 (step 2) and 30.06 (step 3). After each step, a new scan was taken. Analysed parameters included morphometric measurements (length, volume and surface area), number of static voxels and minimal dentine thickness. Statistical analyses were performed with one-way anova post hoc Tukey tests and paired sample t-test at a significance level of 5%.No statistical differences were observed amongst groups regarding the morphometric parameters and static voxels (p .05). The minimal dentine thickness of the distobuccal root significantly changed depending on the root configuration (p .05), whilst no differences were observed in the other roots (p .05). A great variation in the position of the minimal dentine thickness was observed after preparation. Overall, mean percentage reduction in dentine thickness was higher in the buccal roots than in the palatal root (p .05). In the mesiobuccal and distobuccal root, the number of slices with minimal dentine thickness lower than 0.05 mm increases 2 to 3 times and 3 to 4 times, respectively, from steps 1 to 3.Instruments sizes 30.02 and 30.04 can be safely and effectively used to enlarge the buccal and palatal canals of three-rooted maxillary first premolars.

The Mugil liza mullet is a pelagic fish, widely distributed on the Atlantic coast of South America. Its female gonads have high value and market demand, which makes the female monosexual breeding desirable. The objective of this work was to use the hormone 17β-estradiol orally in juveniles to increase the proportion of females, evaluating the zootechnical performance and the first sexual maturation. There were five treatments: 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 mg of 17β-estradiol per kg of diet and a control without hormone use for 60 days. Each experimental unit was stocked with 150 fish, weighing 0.15 ± 0.7 g and measuring 2.1 ± 0.5 cm. The first sexual maturation was observed at the end of the second year of life. Male (94.64%), female (1.78%) and intersexual or ovotestis (3.57%) gonads were identified. In the majority (96.22%) of the male gonads of the fish that received the hormone, there was a change in morphology, mainly in the treatments that received higher doses. Hormonal treatments affected the gonads, but there was no sexual inversion. As the species presents sexual differentiation several months after fertilization, other tests must be performed, changing the initial size of individuals and the duration of treatment. The higher frequency of males indicates that, in addition to genetic factors, environmental factors may be acting on sex determination mechanisms.

The Brazilian coast of the terrace contains a wealth of evidence that can be used to explain the evolution of the coastline over the past 120k years. These studies include marine sediment geochronology based on dosimetry dating methods, in particular thermoluminescence. To determine the age of the terrace using luminescence dosimetry methods, it is necessary to decide on the exact mass fractions of 238U, 232Th, and 40K. These mass fraction values are used to calculate the annual dose rate of ionized radiation. In this context, in the present work, we studied eight marine sediment samples collected in the city of São Vicente on the coast of São Paulo state, Brazil, and determined the mass fractions of elements 238U, 232Th, and 40K by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and γ-ray spectroscopy. Linear regression mathematical methods are used to evaluate analytical methods accuracy. The results show a good correlation with a R2 value of more than 0.71. Therefore, it is possible to calculate the resulting mass fraction, calculate the dose rates of these sediments, and contribute to their date.

Esta pesquisa foi fruto de um projeto de iniciação científica (IC) realizado pelo Laboratório de Pesquisa em Inovação e Transferência de Tecnologia (LABin) da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados. E teve como objetivo analisar o cenário das micro, pequenas e médias empresas do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, identificando o nível da orientação empreendedora (OE) vivenciada em seus ambientes internos. A metodologia de pesquisa foi uma abordagem qualitativa, e teve como procedimentos técnico, a pesquisa bibliográfica e survey, objetivando realizar a partir do estudo das teorias referente à orientação empreendedora, uma análise do cenário utilizando-se da coleta de dados aplicada a colaboradores de micro, pequenas e médias empresas do Mato Grosso do Sul. Nos resultados obtidos, foi possível identificar que independente do cargo ocupado, os funcionários indicam apresentar as dimensões da OE, tendo rotinas empresariais propícias para a construção de um ambiente de mútuo comprometimento, onde os mesmos se sintam acolhidos e apoiados no processo de inovação, recebendo estímulos para manifestarem comportamento empreendedor e solucionarem problemas internos e externos enfrentados constantemente pelas empresas.

Neutrophil overstimulation plays a crucial role in tissue damage during severe infections. Neuraminidase (NEU)-mediated cleavage of surface sialic acid has been demonstrated to regulate leukocyte responses. Here, we report that antiviral NEU inhibitors constrain host NEU activity, surface sialic acid release, ROS production, and NETs released by microbial-activated human neutrophils.In vivo, treatment with Oseltamivir results in infection control and host survival in peritonitis and pneumonia models of sepsis. Single-cell RNA sequencing re-analysis of publicly data sets of respiratory tract samples from critical COVID-19 patients revealed an overexpression of NEU1 in infiltrated neutrophils. Moreover, Oseltamivir or Zanamivir treatment of whole blood cells from severe COVID-19 patients reduces host NEU-mediated shedding of cell surface sialic acid and neutrophil overactivation. These findings suggest that neuraminidase inhibitors can serve as host-directed interventions to dampen neutrophil dysfunction in severe infections.At a GlanceIn a severe systemic inflammatory response, such as sepsis and COVID-19, neutrophils play a central role in organ damage. Thus, finding new ways to inhibit the exacerbated response of these cells is greatly needed. Here, we demonstrate thatin vitrotreatment of whole blood with the viral neuraminidase inhibitors Oseltamivir or Zanamivir, inhibits the activity of human neuraminidases as well as the exacerbated response of neutrophils. In experimental models of severe sepsis, oseltamivir decreased neutrophil activation and increased the survival rate of mice. Moreover, Oseltamivir or Zanamivirex vivotreatment of whole blood cells from severe COVID-19 patients rewire neutrophil function.

Shape memory alloy (SMA) micro cables have a wide potential for attenuation of vibrations and structural health monitoring due to energy dissipation. This work evaluates the effect of SMA thermomechanical coupling during dynamic cycling and the fatigue life of NiTi SMA micro cables submitted to tensile loadings at frequencies from 0.25 Hz to 10 Hz. The thermomechanical coupling was characterized using a previously developed methodology that identifies the self-heating frequency. When dynamically loaded above this frequency, the micro cable response is dominated by the self-heating, stiffening significantly during cycling. Once above the self-heating frequency, structural and functional fatigues of the micro cable were evaluated as a function of the loading frequency for the failure of each individual wire. All tests were performed on a single wire with equal cross-section area for comparison purposes. We observed that the micro cable’s functional properties regarding energy dissipation capacity decreased throughout the cycles with increasing frequency. Due to the additional friction between the filaments of the micro cable, this dissipation capacity is superior to that of the single wire. Although its fatigue life is shorter, its delayed failure compared to a single wire makes it a more reliable sensor for structural health monitoring.

This review addresses the different aspects of the use of titanium and its alloys in the production of dental implants, the most common causes of implant failures and the development of improved surfaces capable of stimulating osseointegration and guaranteeing the long-term success of dental implants. Titanium is the main material for the development of dental implants; despite this, different surface modifications are studied aiming to improve the osseointegration process. Nanoscale modifications and the bioactivation of surfaces with biological molecules can promote faster healing when compared to smooth surfaces. Recent studies have also pointed out that gradual changes in the implant, based on the microenvironment of insertion, are factors that may improve the integration of the implant with soft and bone tissues, preventing infections and osseointegration failures. In this context, the understanding that nanobiotechnological surface modifications in titanium dental implants improve the osseointegration process arouses interest in the development of new strategies, which is a highly relevant factor in the production of improved dental materials.

Background Apoptosis is a type of cell death involved in different pathways inherent to the cell and the evasion from this mechanism has been related to cancer, although this process remains not very well comprehended. Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most incident and aggressive types of cancer worldwide. In this study, we analyzed the distribution of INDEL variants in GC patients (Case) and individuals from the general population (Control) from the Amazon region, in which GC is remarkably frequent. Methods A panel of nine INDEL markers in apoptosis-related genes (BCL2 rs11269260, CASP3 rs4647655, CASP8 rs3834129 and rs59308963, CASP9 rs4645982 and rs61079693, FADD rs4197, FAS rs10562972 and TP53 rs17880560) was developed and genotyped by multiplex PCR in both groups. Results In our analyses, only marker rs4197 (FADD gene) was associated to GC development as follows: INS/DEL genotype of rs4197 increasing in about 2-fold the chances of developing this type of cancer (P = 0.046; OR = 1.940; 95%CI = 1.011–3.725). Conclusion Our results suggest that rs4197 (FADD gene) might play a role in gastric carcinogenesis in the investigated population. More studies are needed to clarify this relation. Here, we highlight the importance of investigating INDEL variants in genes involved in apoptosis.

The objective of this study was to determine factors affecting phenotypic characteristics related to milk production and reproductive efficiency of dairy buffalo. Phenotypic records of 2,459 Murrah, Mediterranean and crossbred buffaloes from the Embrapa Eastern Amazônia herd, from 1969 to 2013 were used. Traits included: total milk production during lactation (TMP), milk production corrected for 305 days (P305); cow weight at calving (CW), fat milk percentage (F), age at first calving (AFC), calving interval (CI), calf birth weight (BW), as well as lactation (LP) and service periods (SP). Most traits were affected by genetic group as well as year and season or interaction between them. Genetic group affected F, CI, SP and CW. Very young and older cows showed poorer production traits. There was interaction between season and year for F, CI and CW. Correlations traits were generally medium to low. The principal component analysis showed that higher fat milk percentage was associated with higher percentage of Murrah breed, longer lactation period and older cows. Phenotypic characteristics in buffaloes reared in the Brazilian Amazon were significantly affected by genetic and management factors. This information can be used to help build sustainable production systems for the region and guide farmer decisions. RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os fatores que afetam as características fenotípicas relacionadas à produção de leite e a eficiência reprodutiva de búfalas leiteiras. Foram utilizados os registros fenotípicos de 2.459 búfalas das raças Murrah, Mediterrâneo e seus cruzamentos do rebanho da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, de 1969 a 2013. As características incluídas foram: produção total de leite durante a lactação (PTL), produção de leite corrigida para 305 dias (P305), peso da búfala ao parto (PV), percentual de gordura do leite (G), idade ao primeiro parto (IPP), intervalo entre partos (IP), peso do bezerro ao nascimento (PN), assim como os períodos de lactação (PL) e de serviço (PS). A maioria das características foi afetada pelo grupo genético, bem como pelo ano e pela estação ou pela interação entre eles. O grupo genético afetou o G, IP, PS e PV. Búfalas muito jovens e mais velhas mostraram características de produção mais baixas. Houve interação entre estação e o ano para G, IP e PV. As correlações entre as características foram geralmente de médias a baixas. A análise de componentes principais mostrou que a maior porcentagem de gordura no leite foi associada com a maior porcentagem de sangue Murrah, com o maior período de lactação e com búfalas mais velhas. As características fenotípicas das búfalas criadas na Amazônia brasileira foram significativamente afetadas por fatores genéticos e de manejo. Essas informações podem ser usadas para ajudar a construir sistemas de produção sustentáveis para a região e orientar as decisões dos produtores.

This work studies the production of alcoholic beverages using tomato pulp, aiming at characterizing fermentation kinetics by modelling. Batch fermentation tests were carried out in order to assess inoculum concentration, ranging between 1, 3 and 5 g/L, with sugar concentrations at 55, 110, 230 g/L and tomato must containing 20 g/L of pulp concentration at 30 °C and pH 5.5. The best process operating conditions were identified as 230 g/L of sugar and 5 g/L of inoculum, having obtained a tomato wine with 101.5 g/L of ethanol and 99.5% of biochemical efficiency. The kinetic constants obtained (µmax) ranged between 0.2–0.5 day−1 and a half-saturation constant (Ks) with an average value of 17.90 ± 1.08 g/L, exhibiting slow fermentation, with the exponential process lasting for approximately 4 days. The substrate consumption rates and ethanol yield reached maximum values of 4.54 g/(L⋅h) and 1.39 g/(L⋅h), respectively. The conversion factors of YX/S and YP/S were obtained as a function of initial substrate concentration (sucrose) and inoculum concentration. No sharp inhibition rates were observed, with only the Monod Model being used to describe the process.

In order to address the global antivenom crisis, novel antivenoms need to present high therapeutic efficacy, broad neutralization ability against systemic and local damage, sufficient safety, and cost-effectiveness. Due to biological characteristics of camelid single-domain antibodies (VHH) such as high affinity, their ability to penetrate dense tissues, and facility for genetic manipulation, their application in antivenoms has expanded considerably. VHHs that are active against the metalloprotease BjussuMP-II from the snake Bothrops jararacussu were selected. After isolation of BjussuMP-II, a camelid was immunized with the purified toxin in order to construct the recombinant phage library. Following a round of biopanning, 52% of the selected clones were able to recognize BjussuMP-II in an ELISA assay. After sequencing, seven sequence profiles were identified. One selected clone (VHH61) showed cross-reactivity to B. brazili venom, but did not recognize the Crotalus and Lachesis genera, indicating specificity for the Bothrops genus. Through in vitro tests, the capacity to neutralize the toxicity triggered by BjussuMP-II was observed. Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated a robust secondary structure for VHH61, and the calculated melting temperature ( T M ) for the clone was 56.4°C. In silico analysis, through molecular docking of anti-BjussuMP-II VHHs with metalloprotease, revealed their potential interaction with amino acids present in regions critical for the toxin’s conformation and stability. The findings suggest that anti-BjussuMP-II VHHs may be beneficial in the development of next-generation antivenoms.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:50:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-01-01 The cardiac evaluation of wild animals is still a wide and largely unknown field for several species. Therefore, through complimentary examinations such as radiography, echocardiography and serum troponin levels, this study aimed at describing the values observed in 12 crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) anesthetized with a combination of intramuscular ketamine and midazolam. Thus, through complementary exams such as radiography, echocardiography and serum troponin levels, the aim of this study was to describe the cardiac values in 12 wild foxes (C. thous) anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of ketamine and midazolam. After anaesthetization, the radiographic, echocardiographic and immunoenzymatic reference values for the 12 males in the sample group were determined. Compared with those in domestic canids, there was a decrease in the sizes of the septum, wall and left ventricular cavity as well as decreases in the transmitral blood flow velocity indices, correlated with preserved serum cardiac troponin (cTnI) levels. Thus, M-mode echocardiography proved to be safer, with results that were comparative to those for other species of wild canids with indexed values. In addition, when evaluating the systolic function and segmentary contractions, the anesthetic combination did not have any effects on the results of complementary examinations performed in crab-eating foxes (C. thous) included in this study. São Paulo State University (Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP), São Paulo Autonomous Veterinaria Pontifical Catholic University (Pontifical Catholic University-PUC-MG), Minas Gerais São Paulo State University (Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP), São Paulo

Empreender consiste em renovar situações e negócios e até mesmo criar oportunidades, possibilitando assim, mudar cenários de crise. As crises são variáveis que determinam grande parte do fluxo de um negócio, a crise em decorrência da COVID-19 exigiu dos gestores um posicionamento urgente. Os restaurantes que constituem grande parte da estrutura da economia local, foram um dos mais afetados neste período. O setor englobava um milhão de negócios e gerava seis milhões de empregos todo o Brasil, representando atualmente 2,7% do PIB nacional. A pesquisa analisou os impactos econômicos em decorrência a COVID19 nos restaurantes de Dourados/MS, bem como as mudanças realizadas pelos gestores mediante as alterações no perfil do consumidor no período de 2020 a 2021. A análise exploratória consistiu em questionários aplicados com os gestores dos restaurantes associados a Abrasel em Dourados, os consumidores entrevistados foram os alunos da FACE, da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados. Na pesquisa inicial, foi identificado que 70% dos gestores concordam que houveram alterações no perfil do consumidor como aumento da demanda de delivery, já a pesquisa com os consumidores, identificou um aumento de cerca de 425% entre a utilização dos serviços antes e durante a pandemia. O setor precisou se adequar às novas normas de isolamento e decretos municipais e estaduais quanto aos horários de funcionamento.

O presente estudo procurou analisar a percepção dos alunos da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), que cursaram a disciplina de Empreendedorismo e Inovação, sobre o método Design Thinking. A pesquisa possui caráter qualitativo e os dados foram coletados através de questionário aplicado aos alunos do curso de Administração, Ciências Contábeis, Engenharia da Computação, Engenharia de Energia, Engenharia de Produção, Gestão Ambiental e Sistemas de Informação que cursaram a disciplina no período de 2017 a 2019. O referencial teórico versou o Design Thinking e Empreendedorismo e Inovação. Entre os resultados da pesquisa nota-se que alguns alunos já conheciam o Design Thinking antes de cursar a disciplina, devido a necessidade de utilizar um método ágil no gerenciamento de projetos, principalmente os alunos da área de tecnologia que utilizam métodos ágeis no desenvolvimento de softwares. A maioria dos alunos reconheceu a possibilidade de obtenção de ideias criativas e inovadoras através do método. Por meio da pesquisa, foi possível concluir que a disciplina de Empreendedorismo e Inovação auxilia na formação de um perfil empreendedor dos alunos, através da aprendizagem do Design Thinking e que os acadêmicos percebem os benefícios da aprendizagem do método para obter sucesso em suas carreiras profissionais, no gerenciamento de projetos e na estruturação de um negócio.

The objective this work was to evaluate genetically the buffaloes populations using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in the leptin and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) genes, and associate the genotypes with milk production. Sixty-nine samples of Bubalus bubalis - 38 Murrah breed, 18 Mediterranean and 13 mixed-breed of the Murrah with Mediterranean - were evaluated. Allele and genotype frequencies, the heterozygosity observed and expected, the inbreeding coefficients (FIS), the probabilities of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the F statistic for population differentiation and Shannon index were calculated using GENEPOP and GenALEx programs. The associations of the different genotypes with a role in milk production were tested by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and t-test. We reported the leptin and SCD allele contribution to genetic variability in buffaloes herds in the Brazilian Amazonian region. The A allele was more representative in leptin and SCD genes for all breed groups. No significant effects between genotypes and milk production were found in the present study, but there is an indicative that AA genotype in leptin gene affects milk production in Murrah breed. Resumen - El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar genéticamente las poblaciones de búfalos mediante la reacción en cadena de polimerasa-polimorfismos de longitud de fragmentos de restricción (PCR-RFLP) en los genes de leptina y estearoil-CoA desaturasa (SCD), y asociar los genotipos con la producción de leche. Se evaluaron 69 muestras de Bubalus bubalis, 38 de la raza Murrah, 18 de la raza mediterránea y 13 mestizas de la raza Murrah con la mediterránea. Las frecuencias de alelos y genotipos, la heterocigosidad observada y esperada, los coeficientes de consanguinidad (FIS), las probabilidades del equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg, el estadístico F para la diferenciación poblacional y el índice de Shannon se calcularon utilizando los programas GENEPOP y GenALEx. Las asociaciones de los diferentes genotipos con un papel en la producción de leche se probaron mediante Análisis de Varianza (ANOVA) y prueba t . Reportamos la contribución de la leptina y el alelo SCD a la variabilidad genética en rebaños de búfalos en la región amazónica brasileña. El alelo A fue más representativo en los genes de leptina y SCD para todos los grupos de razas. En el presente estudio no se encontraron efectos significativos entre los genotipos y la producción de leche, pero hay indicios de que el genotipo AA en el gen de la leptina afecta la producción de leche en la raza Murrah. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar geneticamente as populações de búfalas por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase e do polimorfismo no comprimento do fragmento de restrição (PCR-RFLP) nos genes da leptina e estearoil-CoA dessaturase (SCD), e associar os genótipos à produção de leite. Foram avaliadas 69 amostras de Bubalus bubalis - 38 da raça Murrah, 18 mediterrâneo e 13 mestiças da raça Murrah com Mediterrâneo. As frequências de alelos e genótipos, a heterozigosidade observada e esperada, os coeficientes de endogamia (FIS), as probabilidades de equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg, a estatística F para diferenciação populacional e o índice de Shannon foram calculados usando os programas GENEPOP e GenALEx. As associações dos diferentes genótipos com o papel na produção de leite foram testadas por Análise de Variância (ANOVA) e teste t. Nós relatamos a contribuição da leptina e do alelo SCD para a variabilidade genética em rebanhos bubalinos na região amazônica brasileira. O alelo A foi o mais representativo nos genes da leptina e SCD para todos os grupos raciais. Nenhum efeito significativo entre os genótipos e a produção de leite foi encontrado no presente estudo, mas há um indicativo de que o genótipo AA no gene da leptina afeta a produção de leite na raça Murrah.

The present study attempted to evaluate the practical experience and methods employed by Brazilian veterinary practitioners for control of parasites. Twenty-one questions were asked of 403 veterinary practitioners based in different climatic zones with reference to parasite epidemiology from the country. Administration of a combination of drugs at three-month intervals was the most common regime recommended for prophylaxis against gastrointestinal helminths, with a single treatment repeated after 15 days. Routine prophylaxis against dog ectoparasites was recommended by 82.4% veterinary practitioners, and 46.6% changed the drug compound used. Monthly prophylaxic treatments for ectoparasites, using systemic, topical and/or collar-impregnated drugs, was recommended by 21.5% veterinary practitioners. Side-effects of ectoparasiticide-impregnated collars were suspected by 58% of the veterinary practitioners. Isoxazolines were the most frequently used chemical group to treat ectoparasites in dogs. Poor efficacy of fipronil in controlling ticks was suspected by 79.5% of the veterinary practitioners. The isoxazolines and combination of anthelmintic compounds are the most common drugs to prevent or treat ectoparasites and gastrointestinal nematodes, respectively. The suspect of the inefficacy of antiparasitic drugs is shared among the veterinary practitioners from part of Brazil. Guidelines are needed, specifically for the control of gastrointestinal helminths and ectoparasites in Brazilian dogs. Resumo O presente estudo avaliou os métodos de controle empregados por médicos veterinários clínicos para o controle de parasitos de cães no Brasil. Vinte e uma perguntas foram feitas a 403 veterinários de diferentes regiões do país. O uso de associações de compostos ativos em intervalos de três meses foi o mais recomendado para profilaxia de helmintos gastrointestinais, repetido após 15 dias. A profilaxia de rotina contra ectoparasitos foi recomendada por 82,4% dos veterinários, e 46,6% mudam rotineiramente o composto indicado. Tratamentos profiláticos mensais para ectoparasitos, com produtos sistêmicos, tópicos e / ou impregnados com colar, foram recomendados por 21,5% dos veterinários. Os efeitos colaterais das coleiras impregnadas com ectoparasiticidas foram relatados por 58% dos médicos veterinários. As isoxazolinas foram o grupo químico mais utilizado para tratar ectoparasitos em cães. A baixa eficácia do fipronil no controle de carrapatos foi suspeitada por 79,5% dos médicos veterinários. As isoxazolinas e a associação de compostos anti-helmínticos são os medicamentos mais comuns para prevenir ou tratar ectoparasitos e nematoides gastrointestinais, respectivamente. A suspeita da ineficácia dos antiparasitários é compartilhada entre os médicos veterinários de algumas regiões do Brasil. Orientações são necessárias, especificamente para o controle de helmintos e ectoparasitos gastrointestinais em cães no Brasil.