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1. Post-mortem analysis of the deposit layers on the lower divertor after the 2023 high particle fluence campaign of WEST

Author: C. Martin, M. Diez, E. Bernard, M. Cabié, A. Campos, C. Pardanaud, G. Giacometti, A. Gallo, J. Gaspar, Y. Corre, and E.Tsitrone
Subjects: Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: We analysed deposits collected on the lower divertor of WEST after the first high fluence campaign performed in 2023. Deposits were collected on the high field side (thick deposition area) of 2 ITER-grade plasma facing units (PFUs), located on different toroidal positions. Using focused ion beam cross sectioning, the deposits were found to be very thick (12–55 µm). A significant difference was observed in the toroidal direction with thicker deposits for the PFU located at the maximal heat load in the inner side, showing a deposition pattern due to the toroidal magnetic field modulation. Deposits present a complex layer-by-layer structure with dense layers, some melted parts and porosities within the layers. The deposition is mainly composed of tungsten with oxygen, boron, carbon and traces of nitrogen whose composition vary along the radial direction. We identified W-rich deposits in the high plasma flux area near the inner strike point and deposits rich in O, B, C and N in the low plasma flux area further away from this strike point. W dense layers of about 5 up to 40 µm thick in the thick deposit area near the strike point were attributed to the high fluence campaign. Pure boron layers resulting from wall conditioning and processed by plasma wall interactions were also observed.
Published: 2024
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2. Overview of the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation programme in support of ITER and DEMO

Author: E. Joffrin, M. Wischmeier, M. Baruzzo, A. Hakola, A. Kappatou, D. Keeling, B. Labit, E. Tsitrone, N. Vianello, the ASDEX Upgrade Team, JET Contributors, the MAST-U Team, the TCV Team, the WEST Team, the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation Team:, D. Abate, J. Adamek, M. Agostini, C. Albert, F.C.P. Albert Devasagayam, S. Aleiferis, E. Alessi, J. Alhage, S. Allan, J. Allcock, M. Alonzo, G. Anastasiou, E. Andersson Sunden, C. Angioni, Y. Anquetin, L. Appel, G.M. Apruzzese, M. Ariola, C. Arnas, J.F. Artaud, W. Arter, O. Asztalos, L. Aucone, M.H. Aumeunier, F. Auriemma, J. Ayllon, E. Aymerich, A. Baciero, F. Bagnato, L. Bähner, F. Bairaktaris, P. Balázs, L. Balbinot, I. Balboa, M. Balden, A. Balestri, M. Baquero Ruiz, T. Barberis, C. Barcellona, O. Bardsley, S. Benkadda, T. Bensadon, E. Bernard, M. Bernert, H. Betar, R. Bianchetti Morales, J. Bielecki, R. Bilato, P. Bilkova, W. Bin, G. Birkenmeier, R. Bisson, P. Blanchard, A. Bleasdale, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, A. Bock, K. Bogar, P. Bohm, T. Bolzonella, F. Bombarda, N. Bonanomi, L. Boncagni, D. Bonfiglio, R. Bonifetto, M. Bonotto, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, T.O.S.J. Bosman, C. Bourdelle, C. Bowman, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, F. Brochard, R. Brunet, D. Brunetti, V. Bruno, R. Buchholz, J. Buermans, H. Bufferand, P. Buratti, A. Burckhart, J. Cai, R. Calado, J. Caloud, S. Cancelli, F. Cani, B. Cannas, M. Cappelli, S. Carcangiu, A. Cardinali, S. Carli, D. Carnevale, M. Carole, M. Carpita, D. Carralero, F. Caruggi, I.S. Carvalho, I. Casiraghi, A. Casolari, F.J. Casson, C. Castaldo, A. Cathey, F. Causa, J. Cavalier, M. Cavedon, J. Cazabonne, M. Cecconello, L. Ceelen, A. Celora, J. Cerovsky, C.D. Challis, R. Chandra, A. Chankin, B. Chapman, H. Chen, M. Chernyshova, A.G. Chiariello, P. Chmielewski, A. Chomiczewska, C. Cianfarani, G. Ciraolo, J. Citrin, F. Clairet, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, I.H. Coffey, C. Colandrea, L. Colas, S. Conroy, C. Contre, N.J. Conway, L. Cordaro, Y. Corre, D. Costa, S. Costea, D. Coster, X. Courtois, C. Cowley, T. Craciunescu, G. Croci, A.M. Croitoru, K. Crombe, D.J. Cruz Zabala, G. Cseh, T. Czarski, A. Da Ros, A. Dal Molin, M. Dalla Rosa, Y. Damizia, O. D’Arcangelo, P. David, M. De Angeli, E. De la Cal, E. De La Luna, G. De Tommasi, J. Decker, R. Dejarnac, D. Del Sarto, G. Derks, C. Desgranges, P. Devynck, S. Di Genova, L.E. di Grazia, A. Di Siena, M. Dicorato, M. Diez, M. Dimitrova, T. Dittmar, L. Dittrich, J.J. Domínguez Palacios Durán, P. Donnel, D. Douai, S. Dowson, S. Doyle, M. Dreval, P. Drews, L. Dubus, R. Dumont, D. Dunai, M. Dunne, A. Durif, F. Durodie, G. Durr Legoupil Nicoud, B. Duval, R. Dux, T. Eich, A. Ekedahl, S. Elmore, G. Ericsson, J. Eriksson, B. Eriksson, F. Eriksson, S. Ertmer, A. Escarguel, B. Esposito, T. Estrada, E. Fable, M. Faitsch, N. Fakhrayi Mofrad, A. Fanni, T. Farley, M. Farník, N. Fedorczak, F. Felici, X. Feng, J. Ferreira, D. Ferreira, N. Ferron, O. Fevrier, O. Ficker, A.R. Field, A. Figueiredo, N. Fil, D. Fiorucci, M. Firdaouss, R. Fischer, M. Fitzgerald, M. Flebbe, M. Fontana, J. Fontdecaba Climent, A. Frank, E. Fransson, L. Frassinetti, D. Frigione, S. Futatani, R. Futtersack, S. Gabriellini, D. Gadariya, D. Galassi, K. Galazka, J. Galdon, S. Galeani, D. Gallart, A. Gallo, C. Galperti, M. Gambrioli, S. Garavaglia, J. Garcia, M. Garcia Munoz, J. Gardarein, L. Garzotti, J. Gaspar, R. Gatto, P. Gaudio, M. Gelfusa, J. Gerardin, S.N. Gerasimov, R. Gerru Miguelanez, G. Gervasini, Z. Ghani, F.M. Ghezzi, G. Ghillardi, L. Giannone, S. Gibson, L. Gil, A. Gillgren, E. Giovannozzi, C. Giroud, G. Giruzzi, T. Gleiter, M. Gobbin, V. Goloborodko, A. González Ganzábal, T. Goodman, V. Gopakumar, G. Gorini, T. Görler, S. Gorno, G. Granucci, D. Greenhouse, G. Grenfell, M. Griener, W. Gromelski, M. Groth, O. Grover, M. Gruca, A. Gude, C. Guillemaut, R. Guirlet, J. Gunn, T. Gyergyek, L. Hagg, J. Hall, C.J. Ham, M. Hamed, T. Happel, G. Harrer, J. Harrison, D. Harting, N.C. Hawkes, P. Heinrich, S. Henderson, P. Hennequin, R. Henriques, S. Heuraux, J. Hidalgo Salaverri, J. Hillairet, J.C. Hillesheim, A. Hjalmarsson, A. Ho, J. Hobirk, E. Hodille, M. Hölzl, M. Hoppe, J. Horacek, N. Horsten, L. Horvath, M. Houry, K. Hromasova, J. Huang, Z. Huang, A. Huber, E. Huett, P. Huynh, A. Iantchenko, M. Imrisek, P. Innocente, C. Ionita Schrittwieser, H. Isliker, P. Ivanova, I. Ivanova Stanik, M. Jablczynska, S. Jachmich, A.S. Jacobsen, P. Jacquet, A. Jansen van Vuuren, A. Jardin, H. Järleblad, A. Järvinen, F. Jaulmes, T. Jensen, I. Jepu, S. Jessica, T. Johnson, A. Juven, J. Kalis, J. Karhunen, R. Karimov, A.N. Karpushov, S. Kasilov, Y. Kazakov, P.V. Kazantzidis, W. Kernbichler, HT. Kim, D.B. King, V.G. Kiptily, A. Kirjasuo, K.K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, A. Kit, T. Kiviniemi, F. Kjær, E. Klinkby, A. Knieps, U. Knoche, M. Kochan, F. Köchl, G. Kocsis, J.T.W. Koenders, L. Kogan, Y. Kolesnichenko, Y. Kominis, M. Komm, M. Kong, B. Kool, S.B. Korsholm, D. Kos, M. Koubiti, J. Kovacic, Y. Kovtun, E. Kowalska Strzeciwilk, K. Koziol, M. Kozulia, A. Krämer Flecken, A. Kreter, K. Krieger, U. Kruezi, O. Krutkin, O. Kudlacek, U. Kumar, H. Kumpulainen, M.H. Kushoro, R. Kwiatkowski, M. La Matina, M. Lacquaniti, L. Laguardia, P. Lainer, P. Lang, M. Larsen, E. Laszynska, K.D. Lawson, A. Lazaros, E. Lazzaro, M.Y.K. Lee, S. Leerink, M. Lehnen, M. Lennholm, E. Lerche, Y. Liang, A. Lier, J. Likonen, O. Linder, B. Lipschultz, A. Listopad, X. Litaudon, E. Litherland Smith, D. Liuzza, T. Loarer, P.J. Lomas, J. Lombardo, N. Lonigro, R. Lorenzini, C. Lowry, T. Luda di Cortemiglia, A. Ludvig Osipov, T. Lunt, V. Lutsenko, E. Macusova, R. Mäenpää, P. Maget, C.F. Maggi, J. Mailloux, S. Makarov, K. Malinowski, P. Manas, A. Mancini, D. Mancini, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, J. Manyer, M. Maraschek, G. Marceca, G. Marcer, C. Marchetto, S. Marchioni, A. Mariani, M. Marin, M. Markl, T. Markovic, D. Marocco, S. Marsden, L. Martellucci, P. Martin, C. Martin, F. Martinelli, L. Martinelli, J.R. Martin Solis, R. Martone, M. Maslov, R. Masocco, M. Mattei, G.F. Matthews, D. Matveev, E. Matveeva, M.L. Mayoral, D. Mazon, S. Mazzi, C. Mazzotta, G. McArdle, R. McDermott, K. McKay, A.G. Meigs, C. Meineri, A. Mele, V. Menkovski, S. Menmuir, A. Merle, H. Meyer, K. Mikszuta Michalik, D. Milanesio, F. Militello, A. Milocco, I.G. Miron, J. Mitchell, R. Mitteau, V. Mitterauer, J. Mlynar, V. Moiseenko, P. Molna, F. Mombelli, C. Monti, A. Montisci, J. Morales, P. Moreau, J.M. Moret, A. Moro, D. Moulton, P. Mulholland, M. Muraglia, A. Murari, A. Muraro, P. Muscente, D. Mykytchuk, F. Nabais, Y. Nakeva, F. Napoli, E. Nardon, M.F. Nave, R.D. Nem, A. Nielsen, S.K. Nielsen, M. Nocente, R. Nouailletas, S. Nowak, H. Nyström, R. Ochoukov, N. Offeddu, S. Olasz, C. Olde, F. Oliva, D. Oliveira, H.J.C. Oliver, P. Ollus, J. Ongena, F.P. Orsitto, N. Osborne, R. Otin, P. Oyola Dominguez, D.I. Palade, S. Palomba, O. Pan, N. Panadero, E. Panontin, A. Papadopoulos, P. Papagiannis, G. Papp, V.V. Parail, C. Pardanaud, J. Parisi, A. Parrott, K. Paschalidis, M. Passoni, F. Pastore, A. Patel, B. Patel, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, R. Pavlichenko, E. Pawelec, B. Pegourie, G. Pelka, E. Peluso, A. Perek, E. Perelli Cippo, C. Perez Von Thun, P. Petersson, G. Petravich, Y. Peysson, V. Piergotti, L. Pigatto, C. Piron, L. Piron, A. Pironti, F. Pisano, U. Plank, B. Ploeckl, V. Plyusnin, A. Podolnik, Y. Poels, G. Pokol, J. Poley, G. Por, M. Poradzinski, F. Porcelli, L. Porte, C. Possieri, A. Poulsen, I. Predebon, G. Pucella, M. Pueschel, P. Puglia, O. Putignano, T. Pütterich, V. Quadri, A. Quercia, M. Rabinski, L. Radovanovic, R. Ragona, H. Raj, M. Rasinski, J. Rasmussen, G. Ratta, S. Ratynskaia, R. Rayaprolu, M. Rebai, A. Redl, D. Rees, D. Refy, M. Reich, H. Reimerdes, B.C.G. Reman, O. Renders, C. Reux, D. Ricci, M. Richou, S. Rienacker, D. Rigamonti, F. Rigollet, F.G. Rimini, D. Ripamonti, N. Rispoli, N. Rivals, J.F. Rivero Rodriguez, C. Roach, G. Rocchi, S. Rode, P. Rodrigues, J. Romazanov, C.F. Romero Madrid, J. Rosato, R. Rossi, G. Rubino, J. Rueda Rueda, J. Ruiz Ruiz, P. Ryan, D. Ryan, S. Saarelma, R. Sabot, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, L. Sanchis, A. Sand, J. Santos, K. Särkimäki, M. Sassano, O. Sauter, G. Schettini, S. Schmuck, P. Schneider, N. Schoonheere, R. Schramm, R. Schrittwieser, C. Schuster, N. Schwarz, F. Sciortino, M. Scotto D’Abusco, S. Scully, A. Selce, L. Senni, M. Senstius, G. Sergienko, S.E. Sharapov, R. Sharma, A. Shaw, U. Sheikh, G. Sias, B. Sieglin, S.A. Silburn, C. Silva, A. Silva, D. Silvagni, B. Simmendefeldt Schmidt, L. Simons, J. Simpson, L. Singh, S. Sipilä, Y. Siusko, S. Smith, A. Snicker, E.R. Solano, V. Solokha, M. Sos, C. Sozzi, F. Spineanu, G. Spizzo, M. Spolaore, L. Spolladore, C. Srinivasan, A. Stagni, Z. Stancar, G. Stankunas, J. Stober, P. Strand, C.I. Stuart, F. Subba, G.Y. Sun, H.J. Sun, W. Suttrop, J. Svoboda, T. Szepesi, G. Szepesi, B. Tal, T. Tala, P. Tamain, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, D. Taylor, G. Telesca, A. Tenaglia, A. Terra, D. Terranova, D. Testa, C. Theiler, E. Tholerus, B. Thomas, E. Thoren, A. Thornton, A. Thrysoe, Q. TICHIT, W. Tierens, A. Titarenko, P. Tolias, E. Tomasina, M. Tomes, E. Tonello, A. Tookey, M. Toscano Jiménez, C. Tsironis, C. Tsui, A. Tykhyy, M. Ugoletti, M. Usoltseva, D.F. Valcarcel, A. Valentini, M. Valisa, M. Vallar, M. Valovic, SI. Valvis, M. van Berkel, D. Van Eester, S. Van Mulders, M. van Rossem, R. Vann, B. Vanovac, J. Varela Rodriguez, J. Varje, S. Vartanian, M. Vecsei, L. Velarde Gallardo, M. Veranda, T. Verdier, G. Verdoolaege, K. Verhaegh, L. Vermare, G. Verona Rinati, J. Vicente, E. Viezzer, L. Vignitchouk, F. Villone, B. Vincent, P. Vincenzi, M.O. Vlad, G. Vogel, I. Voitsekhovitch, I. Voldiner, P. Vondracek, N.M.T. VU, T. Vuoriheimo, C. Wade, E. Wang, T. Wauters, M. Weiland, H. Weisen, N. Wendler, D. Weston, A. Widdowson, S. Wiesen, M. Wiesenberger, T. Wijkamp, M. Willensdorfer, T. Wilson, A. Wojenski, C. Wuethrich, I. Wyss, L. Xiang, S. Xu, D. Yadykin, Y. Yakovenko, H. Yang, V. Yanovskiy, R. Yi, B. Zaar, G. Zadvitskiy, L. Zakharov, P. Zanca, D. Zarzoso, Y. Zayachuk, J. Zebrowski, M. Zerbini, P. Zestanakis, C. F. B. Zimmermann, M. Zlobinski, A. Zohar, V.K. Zotta, X. Zou, M. Zuin, M. Zurita, and I. Zychor
Subjects: JET, ASDEX Upgrade, MAST-U, TCV, WEST, Tokamak Exploitation Task Force, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: Within the 9th European Framework programme, since 2021 EUROfusion is operating five tokamaks under the auspices of a single Task Force called ‘Tokamak Exploitation’. The goal is to benefit from the complementary capabilities of each machine in a coordinated way and help in developing a scientific output scalable to future largre machines. The programme of this Task Force ensures that ASDEX Upgrade, MAST-U, TCV, WEST and JET (since 2022) work together to achieve the objectives of Missions 1 and 2 of the EUROfusion Roadmap: i) demonstrate plasma scenarios that increase the success margin of ITER and satisfy the requirements of DEMO and, ii) demonstrate an integrated approach that can handle the large power leaving ITER and DEMO plasmas. The Tokamak Exploitation task force has therefore organized experiments on these two missions with the goal to strengthen the physics and operational basis for the ITER baseline scenario and for exploiting the recent plasma exhaust enhancements in all four devices (PEX: Plasma EXhaust) for exploring the solution for handling heat and particle exhaust in ITER and develop the conceptual solutions for DEMO. The ITER Baseline scenario has been developed in a similar way in ASDEX Upgrade, TCV and JET. Key risks for ITER such as disruptions and run-aways have been also investigated in TCV, ASDEX Upgrade and JET. Experiments have explored successfully different divertor configurations (standard, super-X, snowflakes) in MAST-U and TCV and studied tungsten melting in WEST and ASDEX Upgrade. The input from the smaller devices to JET has also been proven successful to set-up novel control schemes on disruption avoidance and detachment.
Published: 2024
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3. The effect of beryllium oxide on retention in JET ITER-like wall tiles

Author: C. Makepeace, C. Pardanaud, P. Roubin, I. Borodkina, C. Ayres, P. Coad, A. Baron-Wiechec, I. Jepu, K. Heinola, A. Widdowson, S. Lozano-Perez, and J.E.T. Contributors
Subjects: Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: Preliminary results investigating the microstructure, bonding and effect of beryllium oxide formation on retention in the JET ITER-like wall beryllium tiles, are presented. The tiles have been investigated by several techniques: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM) equipped with EDX and Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS), Raman Spectroscopy and Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS). This paper focuses on results from melted materials of the dump plate tiles in JET. From our results and the literature, it is concluded, beryllium can form micron deep oxide islands contrary to the nanometric oxides predicted under vacuum conditions. The deepest oxides analyzed were up to 2-micron thicknesses. The beryllium Deuteroxide (BeOxDy) bond was found with Raman Spectroscopy. Application of EELS confirmed the oxide presence and stoichiometry. Literature suggests these oxides form at temperatures greater than 700 °C where self-diffusion of beryllium ions through the surface oxide layer can occur. Further oxidation is made possible between oxygen plasma impurities and the beryllium ions now present at the wall surface. Under Ultra High Vacuum (UHV) nanometric Beryllium oxide layers are formed and passivate at room temperature. After continual cyclic heating (to the point of melt formation) in the presence of oxygen impurities from the plasma, oxide growth to the levels seen experimentally (approximately two microns) is proposed. This retention mechanism is not considered to contribute dramatically to overall retention in JET, due to low levels of melt formation. However, this mechanism, thought the result of operation environment and melt formation, could be of wider concern to ITER, dependent on wall temperatures.
Published: 2019
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4. Identification of BeO and BeOxDy in melted zones of the JET Be limiter tiles: Raman study using comparison with laboratory samples

Author: M. Kumar, C. Makepeace, C. Pardanaud, Y. Ferro, E. Hodille, C. Martin, P. Roubin, A. Widdowson, T. Dittmar, C.h. Linsmeier, C.P. Lungu, C. Porosnicu, I. Jepu, P. Dinca, M. Lungu, O.G. Pompilian, and JET contributors
Subjects: Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: Beryllium oxide (BeO) and deuteroxide (BeOxDy) have been found on the melted zone of a beryllium tile extracted from the upper dump plate of JET-ILW (2011–2012 campaign). Results have been obtained using Raman microscopy, which is sensitive to both the chemical bond and crystal structure, with a micrometric lateral resolution. BeO is found with a wurtzite crystal structure. BeOxDy is found as three different types which are not the β-phase but behaves as molecular species like Be(OD)2, O(Be-D)2 and DBeOD. The presence of a small amount of trapped D2O is also suspected. Our results therefore strongly suggest that D trapping occurs after melting through the formation of deuteroxides. The temperature increase favors the formation of crystal BeO which favors deuterium trapping through OD bonding. Keywords: Beryllium oxide, Beryllium deuteroxide, D trapping, Melting
Published: 2018
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5. Theoretical investigation on the point defect formation energies in beryllium and comparison with experiments

Author: L. Ferry, F. Virot, M. Barrachin, Y. Ferro, C. Pardanaud, D. Matveev, M. Wensing, T. Dittmar, M. Koppen, and C. Linsmeier
Subjects: Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: Beryllium will be used as a plasma-facing material for ITER and will retain radioactive tritium fuel under normal operating conditions; this poses a safety issue. Vacancies play one the key roles in the trapping of tritium. This paper presents a first-principles investigation dedicated to point defect in hcp beryllium. After showing the bulk properties calculated herein agree well with experimental data, we calculated the formation energy of a single-vacancy and henceforth propose an estimate of 0.72 eV. This value is discussed with regard to previous theoretical and experimental studies.
Published: 2017
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6. Characterization and origin of large size dust particles produced in the Alcator C-Mod tokamak

Author: C. Arnas, J. Irby, S. Celli, G. De Temmerman, Y. Addab, L. Couëdel, C. Grisolia, Y. Lin, C. Martin, C. Pardanaud, and S. Pierson
Subjects: Dust formation, Molybdenum, Tungsten, Boron, Alloy, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: Post mortem analyses of dust collected in Alcator C-Mod have highlighted a production of large size dust particles. The quantities of such large particles are higher than in any other tokamak. They are divided in two classes as a function of their shape and consequently, their origin. Rounded dust particles such as spheres and splashes constitute the first class. These particles are the result of high heat loads on various leading edges of plasma facing components and possibly, their melting during plasma operation. The heated or already molten material can be destabilized during disruptions and droplets are emitted across the vacuum chamber. After solidification, the resulting rounded particles are either in pure elements or in alloys. Flake-like dust particles, which are mainly due to light material coating delamination, constitute the second class of dust particles.
Published: 2017
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7. Wrinkling and crumpling in twisted few and multilayer CVD graphene: High density of edge modes influencing Raman spectra

Author: D. Nikolaievskyi, M. Torregrosa, A. Merlen, S. Clair, O. Chuzel, J.-L. Parrain, T. Neisus, A. Campos, M. Cabie, C. Martin, C. Pardanaud, Institut des Matériaux, de Microélectronique et des Nanosciences de Provence (IM2NP), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)
Subjects: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph), Physics - Chemical Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, General Materials Science, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-CHEM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Chemical Physics [physics.chem-ph], General Chemistry
Abstract: Richness and complexity of Raman spectra related to graphene materials is established from years to decades, with, among others: the well-known G, D, 2D,... bands plus a plethora of weaker bands related to disorder behavior, doping, stress, crystal orientation or stacking information. Herein, we report on how to detect crumpling effects in Raman spectra, using a large variety of few and multilayer graphene. The main finding is that these crumples enhance the G band intensity like it does with twisted bi layer graphene. We updated the D over G band intensity ratio versus G band width plot, which is generally used to disentangle point and linear defects origin, by reporting surface defects created by crumples. Moreover, we report for the first time on the existence 23 resonant additional bands at 633 nm. We attribute them to edge modes formed by high density of crumples. We use Raman plots (2D bands versus G band positions and widths) to gain qualitative information about the way layers are stacked., Comment: Carbon, 2022
Published: 2023
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8. The role of defects, deuterium, and surface morphology on the optical response of beryllium

Author: M. Minissale, C. Louis De Canonville, C. Pardanaud, B. Butoi, R. Bisson, L. Gallais, Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut FRESNEL (FRESNEL), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department for Plasma Physics and Nuclear Fusion, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Atomistilor Street 409, Magurele, Ilfov 077125, Romania, ANR-18-CE05-0012,WHeSCI,Etudes fondamentales sur W, H et He par une approche intégrée(2018), and ANR-11-IDEX-0001,Amidex,INITIATIVE D'EXCELLENCE AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE(2011)
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], Condensed Matter Physics, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials
Abstract: The knowledge of optical properties of beryllium is of crucial importance in fields such as nuclear fusion and aerospace applications. The optical properties of pure beryllium are known in the visible and infrared domains. Nevertheless, the role of different physico-chemical parameters such as composition and surface roughness, that is often neglected in first approximation, deserves dedicated comprehensive studies. In this work we have studied the optical properties of bulk beryllium and magnetron sputtering beryllium layers in the 500–2000 nm spectral range. Experimental measurements show that beryllium reflectivity strongly depends both on bulk fabrication procedure and on surface preparation. Different models allow us to perform a quantitative interpretation of reflectivity results and to study the influence of different parameters: (i) a multi-reflection interference model to understand the role of oxide layer, (ii) a Lorentz–Drude model for the bulk composition effect, (iii) scattering models for the surface roughness, and (iv) the Maxwell–Garnett model for the surface porosity. The calculated relative permittivity of the studied samples is used to evaluate the emissivity in the visible and infrared domain. Such evaluation, giving indications of possible evolution of optical properties of beryllium in a plasma environment, can provide a useful tool for thermography studies of tokamak walls.
Published: 2022
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9. D retention and material defects probed using Raman microscopy in JET limiter samples and beryllium-based synthesized samples

Author: A. Založnik, C Porosnicu, Anna Widdowson, M. Kumar, T. Dittmar, Céline Martin, C. P. Lungu, C. Pardanaud, J. Denis, Y Ferro, M.J. Baldwin, P. Roubin, Antti Hakola, P. Dinca, D. Douai, Aix-Marseille Université - Faculté des Sciences (AMU SCI), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, Thermal desorption, Analytical chemistry, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, symbols.namesake, Raman microscopy, Physics - Chemical Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Limiter, ddc:530, 010306 general physics, Dretention, Mathematical Physics, Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph), Jet (fluid), Divertor, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Amorphous solid, chemistry, Cavity magnetron, symbols, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-CHEM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Chemical Physics [physics.chem-ph], Beryllium, Raman spectroscopy, beryllium hydride
Abstract: International audience; We report on the detection by means of Raman spectroscopy of amorphous beryllium deuteride, BeD 2 , in magnetron sputtered deposits synthesized in two different laboratories and containing about 20 at.% of deuterium. In contrast, this signature has not been found for the JET limiter samples studied coming from the inner, outer or upper limiters, even when coming from a deposition zone of the limiters. We give a way to disentangle that BeD 2 signature from other signatures falling in the same spectroscopic range and mainly related to other phenomena. We also analyze the Raman characteristics of the JET sample defects. These results could help in the interpretation of D thermal desorption spectra and in future analyses of JET thick Be deposit divertor tiles.
Published: 2021
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10. Tungsten oxide thin film bombarded with a low energy He ion beam: evidence for a reduced erosion and W enrichment

Author: Y. Addab, P. Roubin, Martiane Cabié, Hussein Hijazi, Fred W Meyer, C. Pardanaud, Claire Martin, Bruno Domenichini, Mark E. Bannister, G. Giacometti, Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne [Dijon] (LICB), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Pluridisciplinaire de Microscopie Electronique et de Microanalyse (AMU CP2M), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires ( PIIM ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne [Dijon] ( LICB ), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard ( UTBM ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre Pluridisciplinaire de Microscopie Electronique et de Microanalyse ( AMU CP2M ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne (ICB), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)
Subjects: Materials science, Ion beam, thin film, [ PHYS.COND.CM-MS ] Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], 01 natural sciences, tungsten oxide, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Low energy, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], 0103 physical sciences, Thin film, Composite material, He ion bombardment, Mathematical Physics, 010302 applied physics, electron microscopy, Tungsten oxide, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], Condensed Matter Physics, erosion, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 13. Climate action, Raman spectroscopy, Erosion, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], sputtering yield
Abstract: International audience; Nanocrystalline tungsten oxide (WO 3) thin films synthesized by thermal oxidation of tungsten substrates were exposed to low energy helium ions (energy: 80 eV; flux: 1.4-1.7×10 20 m-2 s-1) at room temperature and at 673 K. The structure and morphology changes of the oxide were studied using Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy. Due to the low ion energy, no erosion is observed at room temperature. On the contrary, at 673 K, a colour change is observed and a significant erosion is measured (~ 70 nm for a fluence of ~ 4×10 21 m-2) due to a synergetic effect between ion bombardment and heating. We show that erosion processes and structural changes strongly depend on the ion fluence and in particular the higher the fluence, the lower the erosion yield, most likely due to oxygen depletion in the oxide near-surface layers.
Published: 2017
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11. Raman Microscopy: A Suitable Tool for Characterizing Surfaces in Interaction with Plasmas in the Field of Nuclear Fusion

Author: Céline Martin, Pascale Roubin, and C. Pardanaud
Subjects: symbols.namesake, Materials science, Field (physics), Microscopy, symbols, Nuclear fusion, Plasma, Atomic physics, Raman spectroscopy
Published: 2017
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12. Experimental possibilities in Jülich – an update

Author: M. Köppen, A. Allouche, F. Aumayr, D. Borodin, J. Bröder, T. Dittmar, K. Dobes, P. Dollase, J. Du, Y. Ferro, A. Kreter, J. Linke, Ch. Linsmeier, D. Matveev, C. Pardanaud, B. Spilker, B. Unterberg, and T. Weber
Published: 2016
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13. Comparison of Nanoparticles Collected in the MAST Tokamak with Those Produced in Laboratory Plasmas

Author: C. Arnas, C. Pardanaud, C. Martin, P. Roubin, G. De Temmerman, B. Pégourié, K. Hassouni, G. Lombardi, X. Bonnin, A. Michau, Vladimir Yu. Nosenko, Padma K. Shukla, Markus H. Thoma, and Hubertus M. Thomas
Subjects: Tokamak, Plasma heating, law, Plasma instability, Chemical physics, Chemistry, Carbon Nanoparticles, Dust particles, Analytical chemistry, Nucleation, Nanoparticle, Plasma, law.invention
Abstract: Among dust particles of various origins collected in the MAST vessel, large quantities of carbon nanoparticles are observed. They are produced in the coldest plasma regions from the nucleation of carbonaceous species originating from physical and chemical erosion of the graphitic plasma facing components. On the other hand, laboratory plasmas studies show that in an environment of reactive carbonaceous species, complex chemical pathways lead to various molecular precursors which depend strongly on plasma conditions. The latter vary very often in a tokamak. Nevertheless, the final nanoparticles produced in laboratory plasmas and in MAST present similarities, giving indications on common growth processes in the plasma.
Published: 2011
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14. Simulation of the time dependent infrared n2 mode absorptions of (oH2)n:H2O clusters in O2 doped solid hydrogen at 4.2 K

Author: L. Abouaf-Marguin, A.-M. Vasserot, C. Pardanaud, Laboratoire de Physique Moleculaire pour l'Atmosphere et l'Astrophysique (LPMAA), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010304 chemical physics, Hydrogen, Infrared, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Analytical chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, Infrared spectroscopy, chemistry.chemical_element, 010402 general chemistry, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Solid hydrogen, Molecular vibration, 0103 physical sciences, Cluster (physics), Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, we have analyzed the time evolution of the nu(2) mode of (oH(2))(n):H(2)O clusters (n = 11 to 1) embedded in solid normal hydrogen at 4.2 K over a period of 150 h using paramagnetic O(2) to speed up the ortho to para nuclear spin conversion process. For concentrations H(2)O/O(2)/H(2) = 1/20/4000, at time t = 0 right after the solid is prepared, all the H(2)O molecules are preferentially clustered by large numbers of oH(2). With time the cluster distribution irreversibly shifts toward smaller cluster sizes and also generates freely rotating H(2)O (n = 0) which is solvated completely by pH(2) molecules. From a spectral decomposition of the nu(2) (oH(2))(n):H(2)O cluster spectra, a phenomenological simulation of the time behavior of the clusters has been developed. The time evolution is modeled using coupled rate equations in a step by step n to n-1 cluster cascade fashion and analyzed over nine successive time periods. It shows that rotating H(2)O grows only at the expense of cluster n = 1 and that the process dramatically slows down as the conversion of orthohydrogen proceeds. At the end of the conversion process, it was found that cluster n = 1 remained with a very slow decrease.
Published: 2009
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15. nuclear spin conversion of H2O trapped in solid xenon at 4.2K: a new assignment of v2 rovibrational lines

Author: Abouaf-Marguin A.M. Vasserot C. Pardanaud X. Michaut, L., Laboratoire de Physique Moleculaire pour l'Atmosphere et l'Astrophysique (LPMAA), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2009
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16. Conversion de spin nucléaire de petites molécules hydrogénées : Etudes de laboratoire et implication en astrophysique

Author: Abouaf-Marguin J.-H. Fillion A. Lekic X. Michaut C. Pardanaud J. Stienlet A.-M. Vasserot, L., Laboratoire de Physique Moleculaire pour l'Atmosphere et l'Astrophysique (LPMAA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Francois, Francoise
Subjects: [PHYS.ASTR.EP] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP]
Published: 2008

17. Etude de la conversion de spin nucléaire à basse température de petites molécules hydrogénées d'intérêt astrophysique. Comportement en milieu condensé (matrices de gaz rare, glace), en phase gazeuse et à l'interface solide-gaz

Author: Abouaf-Marguin J.-H. Fillion A. Lekic X. Michaut C. Pardanaud J. Stienlet A.-M. Vasserot, L., Laboratoire de Physique Moleculaire pour l'Atmosphere et l'Astrophysique (LPMAA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Francois, Francoise
Subjects: [PHYS.ASTR.EP] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP]
Published: 2008

18. Nuclear spin conversion of H2O and CH4 in rare gas matrices'- Affiche

Author: Michaut C. Pardanaud A. Lekic J. Stienlet J.-H. Fillion A.-M. Vasserot L. Abouaf-Marguin, X., Laboratoire de Physique Moleculaire pour l'Atmosphere et l'Astrophysique (LPMAA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Francois, Francoise
Subjects: [PHYS.ASTR.EP] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP]
Published: 2008

19. Nuclear spin conversion of a molecule of astrophysical interest in rare gas matrices : CH4

Author: Lekic J. Stienlet C. Pardanaud X. Michaut J.-H. Fillion A.-M. Vasserot L. Abouaf-Marguin, A., Laboratoire de Physique Moleculaire pour l'Atmosphere et l'Astrophysique (LPMAA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Eds. C. Charbonnel, F. Combes, and R. Samadi
Subjects: [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2008

20. Nuclear spin conversion in hydrogenated molecules at gas-solid interface - Affiche

Author: Lekic C. Pardanaud J. Stienlet X. Michaut J.-H. Fillion A.-M. Vasserot L. Abouaf-Marguin, A., Laboratoire de Physique Moleculaire pour l'Atmosphere et l'Astrophysique (LPMAA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Francois, Francoise
Subjects: [PHYS.ASTR.EP] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP]
Published: 2008

21. Time evolution of the n2 IR absorption of (o-H2)n:H2O clusters (n = 11-1), and increase of H2O rotation in O2 doped solid hydrogen

Author: Abouaf-Marguin A.-M. Vasserot C. Pardanaud J. Stienlet X. Michaut, L., Laboratoire de Physique Moleculaire pour l'Atmosphere et l'Astrophysique (LPMAA), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2008
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22. Etude de la conversion de spin nucléaire en laboratoire et problématique astrophysique

Author: Abouaf-Marguin J.-H. Fillion X. Michaut C. Pardanaud J. Stienlet A.-M. Vasserot, L. and Francois, Francoise
Subjects: [PHYS.ASTR.EP] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP]
Published: 2007

23. 'Spectroscopie IR et conversion de spin nucléaire de H2O et CH4 piégés en matrice de gaz rares' - Communication orale-(présentation X. Michaut)

Author: Abouaf-Marguin J.-H. Fillion X. Michaut A. Lekic C. Pardanaud J. Stienlet A.-M. Vasserot, L., Francois, Francoise, Laboratoire de Physique Moleculaire pour l'Atmosphere et l'Astrophysique (LPMAA), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.ASTR.EP] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP]
Published: 2007

24. Derniers résultats sur la conversion de spin nucléaire de H2O en matrice de gaz rare

Author: Abouaf-Marguin J.-H. Fillion X. Michaut C. Pardanaud J. Stienlet A.-M. Vasserot, L., Francois, Francoise, Laboratoire de Physique Moleculaire pour l'Atmosphere et l'Astrophysique (LPMAA), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.ASTR.EP] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP]
Published: 2007

25. Overview of JET results for optimising ITER operation

Author: J. Mailloux, N. Abid, K. Abraham, P. Abreu, O. Adabonyan, P. Adrich, V. Afanasev, M. Afzal, T. Ahlgren, L. Aho-Mantila, N. Aiba, M. Airila, M. Akhtar, R. Albanese, M. Alderson-Martin, D. Alegre, S. Aleiferis, A. Aleksa, A.G. Alekseev, E. Alessi, P. Aleynikov, J. Algualcil, M. Ali, M. Allinson, B. Alper, E. Alves, G. Ambrosino, R. Ambrosino, V. Amosov, E.Andersson Sundén, P. Andrew, B.M. Angelini, C. Angioni, I. Antoniou, L.C. Appel, C. Appelbee, S. Aria, M. Ariola, G. Artaserse, W. Arter, V. Artigues, N. Asakura, A. Ash, N. Ashikawa, V. Aslanyan, M. Astrain, O. Asztalos, D. Auld, F. Auriemma, Y. Austin, L. Avotina, E. Aymerich, A. Baciero, F. Bairaktaris, J. Balbin, L. Balbinot, I. Balboa, M. Balden, C. Balshaw, N. Balshaw, V.K. Bandaru, J. Banks, Yu.F. Baranov, C. Barcellona, A. Barnard, M. Barnard, R. Barnsley, A. Barth, M. Baruzzo, S. Barwell, M. Bassan, A. Batista, P. Batistoni, L. Baumane, B. Bauvir, L. Baylor, P.S. Beaumont, D. Beckett, A. Begolli, M. Beidler, N. Bekris, M. Beldishevski, E. Belli, F. Belli, É. Belonohy, M. Ben Yaala, J. Benayas, J. Bentley, H. Bergsåker, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, M. Berry, L. Bertalot, H. Betar, M. Beurskens, S. Bickerton, B. Bieg, J. Bielecki, A. Bierwage, T. Biewer, R. Bilato, P. Bílková, G. Birkenmeier, H. Bishop, J.P.S. Bizarro, J. Blackburn, P. Blanchard, P. Blatchford, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, P. Bohm, T. Bohm, I. Bolshakova, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, D. Bonfiglio, X. Bonnin, P. Bonofiglo, S. Boocock, A. Booth, J. Booth, D. Borba, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, C. Boulbe, C. Bourdelle, M. Bowden, K. Boyd, I.Božičević Mihalić, S.C. Bradnam, V. Braic, L. Brandt, R. Bravanec, B. Breizman, A. Brett, S. Brezinsek, M. Brix, K. Bromley, B. Brown, D. Brunetti, R. Buckingham, M. Buckley, R. Budny, J. Buermans, H. Bufferand, P. Buratti, A. Burgess, A. Buscarino, A. Busse, D. Butcher, E.de la Cal, G. Calabrò, L. Calacci, R. Calado, Y. Camenen, G. Canal, B. Cannas, M. Cappelli, S. Carcangiu, P. Card, A. Cardinali, P. Carman, D. Carnevale, M. Carr, D. Carralero, L. Carraro, I.S. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, I. Casiraghi, F.J. Casson, C. Castaldo, J.P. Catalan, N. Catarino, F. Causa, M. Cavedon, M. Cecconello, C.D. Challis, B. Chamberlain, C.S. Chang, A. Chankin, B. Chapman, M. Chernyshova, A. Chiariello, P. Chmielewski, A. Chomiczewska, L. Chone, G. Ciraolo, D. Ciric, J. Citrin, Ł. Ciupinski, M. Clark, R. Clarkson, C. Clements, M. Cleverly, J.P. Coad, P. Coates, A. Cobalt, V. Coccorese, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, I.H. Coffey, A. Colangeli, L. Colas, C. Collins, J. Collins, S. Collins, D. Conka, S. Conroy, B. Conway, N.J. Conway, D. Coombs, P. Cooper, S. Cooper, C. Corradino, G. Corrigan, D. Coster, P. Cox, T. Craciunescu, S. Cramp, C. Crapper, D. Craven, R. Craven, M.Crialesi Esposito, G. Croci, D. Croft, A. Croitoru, K. Crombé, T. Cronin, N. Cruz, C. Crystal, G. Cseh, A. Cufar, A. Cullen, M. Curuia, T. Czarski, H. Dabirikhah, A.Dal Molin, E. Dale, P. Dalgliesh, S. Dalley, J. Dankowski, P. David, A. Davies, S. Davies, G. Davis, K. Dawson, S. Dawson, I.E. Day, M. De Bock, G. De Temmerman, G. De Tommasi, K. Deakin, J. Deane, R. Dejarnac, D. Del Sarto, E. Delabie, D. Del-Castillo-Negrete, A. Dempsey, R.O. Dendy, P. Devynck, A. Di Siena, C. Di Troia, T. Dickson, P. Dinca, T. Dittmar, J. Dobrashian, R.P. Doerner, A.J.H. Donné, S. Dorling, S. Dormido-Canto, D. Douai, S. Dowson, R. Doyle, M. Dreval, P. Drewelow, P. Drews, G. Drummond, Ph. Duckworth, H. Dudding, R. Dumont, P. Dumortier, D. Dunai, T. Dunatov, M. Dunne, I. Ďuran, F. Durodié, R. Dux, A. Dvornova, R. Eastham, J. Edwards, Th. Eich, A. Eichorn, N. Eidietis, A. Eksaeva, H. El Haroun, G. Ellwood, C. Elsmore, O. Embreus, S. Emery, G. Ericsson, B. Eriksson, F. Eriksson, J. Eriksson, L.G. Eriksson, S. Ertmer, S. Esquembri, A.L. Esquisabel, T. Estrada, G. Evans, S. Evans, E. Fable, D. Fagan, M. Faitsch, M. Falessi, A. Fanni, A. Farahani, I. Farquhar, A. Fasoli, B. Faugeras, S. Fazinić, F. Felici, R. Felton, A. Fernandes, H. Fernandes, J. Ferrand, D.R. Ferreira, J. Ferreira, G. Ferrò, J. Fessey, O. Ficker, A.R. Field, A. Figueiredo, J. Figueiredo, A. Fil, N. Fil, P. Finburg, D. Fiorucci, U. Fischer, G. Fishpool, L. Fittill, M. Fitzgerald, D. Flammini, J. Flanagan, K. Flinders, S. Foley, N. Fonnesu, M. Fontana, J.M. Fontdecaba, S. Forbes, A. Formisano, T. Fornal, L. Fortuna, E. Fortuna-Zalesna, M. Fortune, C. Fowler, E. Fransson, L. Frassinetti, M. Freisinger, R. Fresa, R. Fridström, D. Frigione, T. Fülöp, M. Furseman, V. Fusco, S. Futatani, D. Gadariya, K. Gál, D. Galassi, K. Gałązka, S. Galeani, D. Gallart, R. Galvão, Y. Gao, J. Garcia, M. García-Muñoz, M. Gardener, L. Garzotti, J. Gaspar, R. Gatto, P. Gaudio, D. Gear, T. Gebhart, S. Gee, M. Gelfusa, R. George, S.N. Gerasimov, G. Gervasini, M. Gethins, Z. Ghani, M. Gherendi, F. Ghezzi, J.C. Giacalone, L. Giacomelli, G. Giacometti, C. Gibson, K.J. Gibson, L. Gil, A. Gillgren, D. Gin, E. Giovannozzi, C. Giroud, R. Glen, S. Glöggler, J. Goff, P. Gohil, V. 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Zocco, A. Zohar, V. Zoita, S. Zoletnik, V.K. Zotta, I. Zoulias, W. Zwingmann, I. Zychor, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Culham Science Centre, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Uppsala University, European Commission, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Universidade Lisboa, Fusion and Plasma Physics, University of Milan - Bicocca, General Atomics, ITER, University of Toyama, CEA, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Technical University of Madrid, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Royal Military Academy, Seoul National University, Chalmers University of Technology, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, JET Contributor, Mailloux, Joelle, Chiariello, Andrea, Martone, Raffaele, Formisano, Alessandro, Mattei, Massimiliano, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. 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Subjects: Technology, TOKAMAKS, PLASMAS, overview, CONFINEMENT, plasma facing components (PFC), ILW, tritium operations, d-t preparation, deuterium, D–T preparation, nuclear technology, JET with ITER-like wall, isotope, Física::Física de fluids::Física de plasmes [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Settore FIS/01, GAS HANDLING-SYSTEM, JET, Overview, ITER-like wall (ILW), D-T preparation, energetic particles, scenario development, Shattered Pellet Injection (SPI), plasma-wall interactions (PWI), tritium, Physics, Settore ING-IND/18 - Fisica dei Reattori Nucleari, shutdown dose-rate, gas handling-system, Condensed Matter Physics, simulation, Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, ilw, confinement, Physical Sciences, SIMULATION, JET with ITER-like wallisotope, ddc:620, performance, plasma facing components (pfc), Nuclear and High Energy Physics, DEUTERIUM, jet with iter-like wall, Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, Physics, Fluids & Plasmas, BERYLLIUM, divertor, TRITIUM, Science & Technology, Reactors de fusió, tritium operation, Nuclear energy, PERFORMANCE, beryllium, SHUTDOWN DOSE-RATE, Fusion reactors, Physics and Astronomy, JET programme, Energia nuclear, DIVERTOR, ddc:600
Abstract: The JET 2019–2020 scientific and technological programme exploited the results of years of concerted scientific and engineering work, including the ITER-like wall (ILW: Be wall and W divertor) installed in 2010, improved diagnostic capabilities now fully available, a major neutral beam injection upgrade providing record power in 2019–2020, and tested the technical and procedural preparation for safe operation with tritium. Research along three complementary axes yielded a wealth of new results. Firstly, the JET plasma programme delivered scenarios suitable for high fusion power and alpha particle (a) physics in the coming D–T campaign (DTE2), with record sustained neutron rates, as well as plasmas for clarifying the impact of isotope mass on plasma core, edge and plasma-wall interactions, and for ITER pre-fusion power operation. The efficacy of the newly installed shattered pellet injector for mitigating disruption forces and runaway electrons was demonstrated. Secondly, research on the consequences of long-term exposure to JET-ILW plasma was completed, with emphasis on wall damage and fuel retention, and with analyses of wall materials and dust particles that will help validate assumptions and codes for design and operation of ITER and DEMO. Thirdly, the nuclear technology programme aiming to deliver maximum technological return from operations in D, T and D–T benefited from the highest D–D neutron yield in years, securing results for validating radiation transport and activation codes, and nuclear data for ITER. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 and 2019–2020 under Grant Agreement No. 633053. Peer Reviewed Article signat per 1223 autors/autores: J. Mailloux1, N. Abid1, K. Abraham1, P. Abreu2, O. Adabonyan1, P. Adrich3, V. Afanasev4, M. Afzal1, T. Ahlgren5, L. Aho-Mantila6, N. Aiba7, M. Airila6, M. Akhtar1, R. Albanese8, M. Alderson-Martin1, D. Alegre9, S. Aleiferis10, A. Aleksa1, A.G. Alekseev11, E. Alessi12, P. Aleynikov13, J. Algualcil14, M. Ali1, M. Allinson1, B. Alper1, E. Alves2, G. Ambrosino8, R. Ambrosino8, V. Amosov15, E.Andersson Sunden16, P. Andrew13, B.M. Angelini17, C. Angioni18, I. Antoniou1, L.C. Appel1, C. Appelbee1, S. Aria1, M. Ariola8, G. Artaserse17, W. Arter1, V. Artigues18, N. Asakura7, A. Ash1, N. Ashikawa19, V. Aslanyan20, M. Astrain21, O. Asztalos22, D. Auld1, F. Auriemma23, Y. Austin1, L. Avotina24, E. Aymerich25, A. Baciero9, F. Bairaktaris26, J. Balbin27, L. Balbinot23, I. Balboa1, M. Balden18, C. Balshaw1, N. Balshaw1, V.K. Bandaru18, J. Banks1, Yu.F. Baranov1, C. Barcellona28, A. Barnard1, M. Barnard1, R. Barnsley13, A. Barth1, M. Baruzzo17, S. Barwell1, M. Bassan13, A. Batista2, P. Batistoni17, L. Baumane24, B. Bauvir13, L. Baylor29, P.S. Beaumont1, D. Beckett1, A. Begolli1, M. Beidler29, N. Bekris30,31, M. Beldishevski1, E. Belli32, F. Belli17, É. Belonohy1, M. Ben Yaala33, J. Benayas1, J. Bentley1, H. Bergsåker34, J. Bernardo2, M. Bernert18, M. Berry1, L. Bertalot13, H. Betar35, M. Beurskens36, S. Bickerton1, B. Bieg37, J. Bielecki38, A. Bierwage7, T. Biewer29, R. Bilato18, P. Bílková39, G. Birkenmeier18, H. Bishop1, J.P.S. Bizarro2, J. Blackburn1, P. Blanchard40, P. Blatchford1, V. Bobkov18, A. Boboc1, P. Bohm39, T. Bohm41, I. Bolshakova42, T. Bolzonella23, N. Bonanomi18, D. Bonfiglio23, X. Bonnin13, P. Bonofiglo43, S. Boocock1, A. Booth1, J. Booth1, D. Borba2,30, D. Borodin44, I. Borodkina39,44, C. Boulbe45, C. Bourdelle27, M. Bowden1, K. Boyd1, I.Bozicevic Mihalic46, S.C. Bradnam1, V. Braic47, L. Brandt48, R. Bravanec49, B. Breizman50, A. Brett1, S. Brezinsek44, M. Brix1, K. Bromley1, B. Brown1, D. Brunetti1,12, R. Buckingham1, M. Buckley1, R. Budny, J. Buermans51, H. Bufferand27, P. Buratti17, A. Burgess1, A. Buscarino28, A. Busse1, D. Butcher1, E.de la Cal9, G. Calabrò52, L. Calacci53, R. Calado2, Y. Camenen54, G. Canal55, B. Cannas25, M. Cappelli17, S. Carcangiu25, P. Card1, A. Cardinali17, P. Carman1, D. Carnevale53, M. Carr1, D. Carralero9, L. Carraro23, I.S. Carvalho2, P. Carvalho2, I. Casiraghi56, F.J. Casson1, C. Castaldo17, J.P. Catalan14, N. Catarino2, F. Causa12, M. Cavedon18, M. Cecconello16, C.D. Challis1, B. Chamberlain1, C.S. Chang43, A. Chankin18, B. Chapman1,57, M. Chernyshova58, A. Chiariello8, P. Chmielewski58, A. Chomiczewska58, L. Chone59, G. Ciraolo27, D. Ciric1, J. Citrin60, Ł. Ciupinski61, M. Clark1, R. Clarkson1, C. Clements1, M. Cleverly1, J.P. Coad1, P. Coates1, A. Cobalt1, V. Coccorese8, R. Coelho2, J.W. Coenen44, I.H. Coffey62, A. Colangeli17, L. Colas27, C. Collins29, J. Collins1, S. Collins1, D. Conka24, S. Conroy16, B. Conway1, N.J. Conway1, D. Coombs1, P. Cooper1, S. Cooper1, C. Corradino28, G. Corrigan1, D. Coster18, P. Cox1, T. Craciunescu63, S. Cramp1, C. Crapper1, D. Craven1, R. Craven1, M.Crialesi Esposito48, G. Croci56, D. Croft1, A. Croitoru63, K. 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Zychor3 // 1 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 2 Instituto de Plasmas e Fusao Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal 3 National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland 4 Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russia 5 University of Helsinki, PO Box 43, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland 6 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland 7 National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Naka, Ibaraki 311-0193, Japan 8 Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy 9 Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain 10 NCSR ‘Demokritos’ 153 10, Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece 11 NRC Kurchatov Institute, 1 Kurchatov Square, Moscow 123182, Russia 12 Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, CNR, via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy 13 ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France 14 Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Dept Ingn Energet, Calle Juan del Rosal 12, E-28040 Madrid, Spain 15 Troitsk Insitute of Innovating and Thermonuclear Research (TRINITI), Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russia 16 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden 17 Dip.to Fusione e Tecnologie per la Sicurezza Nucleare, ENEA C. R. Frascati, via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy 18 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, D-85748 Garching, Germany 19 National Institute for Fusion Science, Oroshi, Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan 20 MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America 21 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Grupo I2A2, Madrid, Spain 22 Centre for Energy Research, POB 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary 23 Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy 24 University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga, LV 1586, Latvia 25 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d’Armi 09123 Cagliari, Italy 26 National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Politechniou 9, 157 73 Zografou, Athens, Greece 27 CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France 28 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica Elettronica e Informatica, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy 29 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, TN, United States of America 30 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Culham Science Centre, Culham, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 31 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany 32 General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, United States of America 33 Department of Physics, University of Basel, Switzerland 34 Fusion Plasma Physics, EECS, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden 35 Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France 36 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Teilinsitut Greifswald, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany 37 Maritime University of Szczecin Faculty of Marine Engineering, Waly Chrobrego 1-2, 70-500 Szczecin, Poland 38 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland 39 Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic 40 Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 41 University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America 42 Magnetic Sensor Laboratory, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine 43 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, James Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08543, NJ, United States of America 44 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung, Plasmaphysik, 52425 Jülich, Germany 45 Université Cote d’Azur, CNRS, Inria, LJAD, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 02, France 46 Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 47 The National Institute for Optoelectronics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania 48 Mechanics, SCI, KTH SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden 49 Fourth State Research, 503 Lockhart Dr, Austin, TX, United States of America 50 University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Fusion Studies, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America 51 Laboratory for Plasma Physics LPP-ERM/KMS, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium 52 University of Tuscia, DEIM, Via del Paradiso 47, 01100 Viterbo, Italy 53 Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, Roma, Italy 54 Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, PIIM, UMR 7345, 13013 Marseille, France 55 Instituto de Física, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua do Mat˜ao Travessa R Nr.187, CEP 05508-090 Cidade Universitária, Sao Paulo, Brasil 56 University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy 57 Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 58 Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland 59 Aalto University, PO Box 14100, FIN-00076 Aalto, Finland 60 FOM Institute DIFFER, Eindhoven, The Netherlands 61 Warsaw University of Technology, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland 62 Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 63 The National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania 64 Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium 65 Slovenian Fusion Association (SFA), Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 66 The National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technology, Ramnicu Valcea, Romania 67 Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin, Ireland 68 University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America 69 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany 70 UNED, Dpto. Informática y Automática, Madrid, Spain 71 National Science Center ‘Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology’, Akademichna 1, Kharkiv 61108, Ukraine 72 York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 73 Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden 74 Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden 75 European Commission, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium 76 University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, TN, United States of America 77 Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain 78 Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain 79 Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain 80 Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IUSTI, UMR 7343, 13013 Marseille, France 81 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Astronautica, Elettrica ed Energetica, SAPIENZA Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy 82 Institute for Nuclear Research, Prospekt Nauky 47, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine 83 Studiecentrum voor Kernenergie—Centre d’Etude de l’Energie Nucléaire, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium 84 University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan 85 University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States of America 86 Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Bldg 309, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark 87 Institution ‘Project Center ITER’, Moscow, 123182, Russia 88 Faculty of Mathematics, Department of Experimental Physics, Physics and Informatics Comenius University Mlynska dolina F2, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia 89 University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland 90 Institute of Physics, Opole University, Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland 91 Daegu University, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-174, Republic of Korea 92 Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 93 Fusion for Energy Joint Undertaking, Josep Pl. 2, Torres Diagonal Litoral B3, 08019, Barcelona, Spain 94 PELIN LLC, 27a, Gzhatskaya Ulitsa, Saint Petersburg, 195220, Russia 95 Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America 96 Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Torino, Italy 97 ICREA and Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain 98 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain 99 Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi—CNR and Dipartimento di Energia—Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy 100 Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands 101 Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America 102 Department of Material Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan 103 Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehová 78/7, 115 19 Praha 1, Czech Republic 104 College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, United States of America 105 University of California, 1111 Franklin St., Oakland, CA 94607, United States of America 106 University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 107 Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan 108 Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan 109 Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 110 Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America 111 Dipartimento di Fisica ‘G. Galilei’, Universita’ degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy 112 Space and Plasma Physics, EECS, KTH SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden 113 University of Ioannina, Panepistimioupoli Ioanninon, PO Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece 114 Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Engenharia, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal 115 The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan 116 Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos g. 3, LT-44403, Kaunas, Lithuania 117 HRS Fusion, West Orange, NJ, United States of America 118 Ibaraki University Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan 119 Technische Universität Wien, Fusion@ÖAW Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW), Austria
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26. Hydrogen in beryllium oxide investigated by DFT: on the relative stability of charged-state atomic versus molecular hydrogen.

Author: E A Hodille, Y Ferro, Z A Piazza, and C Pardanaud
Published: 2018
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27. Effect of composition and surface characteristics on fuel retention in beryllium-containing co-deposited layers

Author: Pascale Roubin, Ivančica Bogdanović Radović, Vincenc Nemanič, Rodrigo Mateus, Mohit Kumar, Kenichiro Mizohata, Cristian P. Lungu, Corneliu Porosnicu, Kalle Heinola, Eduardo Alves, Zdravko Siketić, C. Pardanaud, Antti Hakola, and Jari Likonen
Subjects: Light nucleus, Alkaline earth metal, Materials science, Fuel retention, Physics, Iter tokamak, Co-deposition, chemistry.chemical_element, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, beryllium, fuel retention, co-deposition, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Impurity, 0103 physical sciences, Composition (visual arts), Beryllium, 010306 general physics, Carbon, Mathematical Physics, Deposition (law)
Abstract: We have investigated retention of deuterium in beryllium-containing, laboratory-made films whose properties resemble co-deposits observed on JET-ILW or predicted for ITER. The samples were prepared using High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering and Thermo-ionic Vacuum Arc Deposition. We have observed that retention depends on the flux of D atoms on the growing film, but even more prominently on its composition, structure, and morphology. Especially, inclusion of carbon by 10-15 at% in the layers can increase retention by a factor of 2-10. This we attribute to increasing number of defects as well as aromatic and aliphatic C-D bonds in the samples. Other impurities do not significantly alter the D inventory while more D is retained in samples with rough or highly modified surfaces. Our results show that reproducing the reported D concentrations of ∼5 at% in JET-ILW-like deposits requires keeping the sample temperature at 100-200 °C during the production phase and optimizing the uniformity of deposition fluxes. Data from Be-D samples further indicate that fuel retention in more ITER-relevant co-deposits would be around 1-2 at%.
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28. Tungsten oxide thin film bombarded with a low energy He ion beam: evidence for a reduced erosion and W enrichment.

Author: C Martin, H Hijazi, Y Addab, B Domenichini, M E Bannister, F W Meyer, C Pardanaud, G Giacometti, M Cabié, and P Roubin
Published: 2017
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29. Preparing the future post-mortem analysis of beryllium-based JET and ITER samples by multi-wavelengths Raman spectroscopy on implanted Be, and co-deposited Be.

Author: M.I. Rusu, C. Pardanaud, Y. Ferro, G. Giacometti, C. Martin, Y. Addab, P. Roubin, M. Minissale, L. Ferri, F. Virot, M. Barrachin, C.P. Lungu, C. Porosnicu, P. Dinca, M. Lungu, M. Köppen, P. Hansen, and Ch. Linsmeier
Subjects: *RAMAN microscopy, *BERYLLIUM, *PLASMA-wall interactions, *PLASMA confinement, *HEAVY metals
Abstract: This study demonstrates that Raman microscopy is a suitable technique for future post mortem analyses of JET and ITER plasma facing components. We focus here on laboratory deposited and bombarded samples of beryllium and beryllium carbides and start to build a reference spectral databases for fusion relevant beryllium-based materials. We identified the beryllium phonon density of states, its second harmonic and E2G and B2G second harmonic and combination modes for defective beryllium in the spectral range 300–700 and 700–1300 cm−1, lying close to Be–D modes of beryllium hydrides. We also identified beryllium carbide signature, Be2C, combining Raman microscopy and DFT calculation. We have shown that, depending on the optical constants of the material probed, in depth sensitivity at the nanometer scale can be performed using different wavelengths. This way, we demonstrate that multi-wavelength Raman microscopy is sensitive to in-depth stress caused by ion implantation (down to ≈30 nm under the surface for Be) and Be/C concentration (down to 400 nm or more under the surface for Be+C), which is a main contribution of this work. The depth resolution reached can then be adapted for studying the supersaturated surface layer found on tokamak deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2017
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30. In-situ characterisation of the dynamics of a growing dust particle cloud in a direct-current argon glow discharge.

Author: S Barbosa, F R A Onofri, L Couëdel, C Arnas, C Pardanaud, and K Kishor Kumar
Subjects: ELECTRIC properties of nanoparticles, PLASMA gases, PLASMA diagnostics, RAMAN spectroscopy, ELECTRON microscopy
Abstract: The growth and the dynamics of a tungsten nanoparticle cloud were investigated in a direct-current low pressure argon glow discharge. Real-time analyses of the dust particle size and number concentration were performed in-situ by light extinction spectrometry, while spatial dynamics of the cloud was investigated with the laser light-sheet scattering method. Additional off-line electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy measurements were also performed for comparison purpose. This experimental work reveals the existence of an agglomeration phase followed by the appearance of a new dust particle generation. While growing, the dust cloud is pushed towards the anode and the discharge edge. Afterwards, a new dust particle generation can grow in the space freed by the first generation of nanoparticles. The continuous growth, below the light extinction spectrometry scanning positions, explains the apparent dissimilarities observed between the in-line optical and the off-line electron microscopy analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2016
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31. Hydrogen retention in beryllium: concentration effect and nanocrystalline growth.

Author: C Pardanaud, M I Rusu, C Martin, G Giacometti, P Roubin, Y Ferro, A Allouche, M Oberkofler, M Köppen, T Dittmar, and Ch Linsmeier
Published: 2015
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32. Modelling of the micrometric erosion pattern observed on the Tore Supra limiter tiles.

Author: N. Mellet, C. Martin, B. Pégourié, G. Giacometti, J.P. Gunn, G. Cartry, P. Languille, C. Pardanaud, S. Panayotis, G. Amiard, Y. Marandet, and P. Roubin
Subjects: TOKAMAKS, SPUTTERING (Physics), TOROIDAL plasma, MICROMETRY, METAL erosion, PLASMA impurities
Abstract: Recently, the surface of carbon fibre composite tiles of the toroidal pump limiter of Tore Supra has been analysed by scanning electron and atomic force microscopies. In regions where fibres are perpendicular to the surface, a specific erosion pattern has been observed. It is constituted of a striation oriented with an angle oblique with respect to the magnetic field. The characteristic wavelength of this structure is micrometric, and similar to the fibre size. Modelling has been undertaken to reproduce this micrometric pattern. It is shown to originate from the carbon composite structure, for which it has been found by measurement using laboratory plasma that the erosion rate of the fibres is different from that of the surrounding matrix. Modelling emphasizes the effect of the impinging flux angle distributions of deuterium ions and carbon impurities that are preliminarily determined from computation of the magnetic sheath. In the case of deuterium the sheath is shown to have little effect on the particle trajectories for the simulation parameters considered here, although when impurities are included the sheath deflection is significant. Furthermore this study shows how the fibre organization in the composite influences the striation direction and points out the importance of the angular dependence of the sputtering yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2014
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33. Enhanced negative ion yields on diamond surfaces at elevated temperatures.

Author: P Kumar, A Ahmad, C Pardanaud, M Carrere, J M Layet, G Cartry, F Silva, A Gicquel, and R Engeln
Subjects: BORON, ANIONS, DIAMONDS, TEMPERATURE, POLYCRYSTALS, GRAPHITE, LOW pressure (Science), HYDROGEN plasmas, QUADRUPOLES, MASS spectrometry, ION bombardment
Abstract: Boron-doped polycrystalline diamond (BDD) and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces were exposed to low pressure hydrogen plasma. The relative yields of surface-produced H[?] ions were measured by an energy analyser quadrupole mass spectrometer. The highest H[?] yield was obtained at 400 degC for a BDD surface and at room temperature for an HOPG surface. At low ion bombardment energy, the maximum yield on a BDD surface is about 5 times higher than that on an HOPG surface, which has been the best carbon material so far for surface production of H[?] ions in caesium-free plasma. Raman measurements revealed surface modifications after plasma exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2011
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34. Raman microscopy to characterize plasma-wall interaction materials: from carbon era to metallic walls

Author: C Pardanaud, C Martin, P Roubin, G Roussin, D Dellasega, M Passoni, C Lungu, C Porosnicu, P Dinca, I Bogdanović Radović, Z Siketić, B Pégourié, E Bernard, M Diez, A Hakola, and EUROfusion WP PFC contributors
Subjects: Raman microscopy, beryllium, carbon, tungsten, fuel retention, Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials, TA401-492, Chemical technology, TP1-1185
Abstract: Plasma-wall interaction in magnetic fusion devices is responsible for wall changes and plasma pollution with major safety issues. It is investigated both in situ and ex situ , especially by realizing large scale dedicated post-mortem campaigns. Selected parts of the walls are extracted and characterized by several techniques. It is important to extract hydrogen isotopes, oxygen or other element content. This is classically done by ion beam analysis and thermal desorption spectroscopy. Raman microscopy is an alternative and complementary technique. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that Raman microscopy is a very sensitive tool. Moreover, if coupled to other techniques and tested on well-controlled reference samples, Raman microscopy can be used efficiently for characterization of wall samples. Present work reviews long experience gained on carbon-based materials demonstrating how Raman microscopy can be related to structural disorder and hydrogen retention, as it is a direct probe of chemical bonds and atomic structure. In particular, we highlight the fact that Raman microscopy can be used to estimate the hydrogen content and bonds to other elements as well as how it evolves under heating. We also present state-of-the-art Raman analyses of beryllium- and tungsten-based materials, and finally, we draw some perspectives regarding boron-based deposits.
Published: 2023
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35. Titan's Organic Residue from Benzene Ices: Role of Atmospheric Pressure.

Author: Couturier-Tamburelli I, Danger G, Mouzay J, Pardanaud C, and Piétri N
Abstract: Benzene has been detected in Titan's atmosphere, the Saturn's largest moon, and it is known to condense when it reaches the stratosphere to form ice, which is submitted to low ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In a previous work, we put in evidence that the irradiation of benzene ice at λ > 230 nm induces the formation of volatile photoproducts, in particular, fulvene (a benzene isomer) and a solid residue. In this work, we study the influence of pressure on the residue formation after benzene ice's irradiation and its characterization using infrared (IR), Raman, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods. We show that the residue obtained during the increase of temperature performed at 1 mbar is dominated by CH sp 2 groups, whereas the one obtained at 10 -6 mbar contains an equivalent proportion of CH sp 2 and sp 3 . Polyphenyls with up to three rings are unambiguously identified by GC-MS in all of the residues formed.
Published: 2024
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36. Forming Weakly Interacting Multilayers of Graphene Using Atomic Force Microscope Tip Scanning and Evidence of Competition between Inner and Outer Raman Scattering Processes Piloted by Structural Defects.

Author: Pardanaud C, Merlen A, Gratzer K, Chuzel O, Nikolaievskyi D, Patrone L, Clair S, Ramirez-Jimenez R, de Andrés A, Roubin P, and Parrain JL
Abstract: We report on an alternative route based on nanomechanical folding induced by an AFM tip to obtain weakly interacting multilayer graphene (wi-MLG) from a chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown single-layer graphene (SLG). The tip first cuts and then pushes and folds graphene during zigzag movements. The pushed graphene has been analyzed using various Raman microscopy plots- A D / A G × E L 4 vs Γ G , ω 2D vs Γ 2D , Γ 2D vs Γ G , ω 2D+/- vs Γ 2D+/- , and A 2D- / A 2D+ vs A 2D / A G . We show that the SLG in-plane properties are maintained under the folding process and that a few tens of graphene layers are stacked, with a limited number of structural defects. A blue shift of about 20 cm -1 of the 2D band is observed. The relative intensity of the 2D - and 2D + bands have been related to structural defects, giving evidence of their role in the inner and outer processes at play close to the Dirac cone.
Published: 2019
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37. Spectroscopic Measurements of Methane Solid-Gas Equilibrium Clapeyron Curve between 40 and 77 K.

Author: Cacciani P, Čermák P, Pardanaud C, Valentová G, Cosléou J, Martin C, Coussan S, Noble JA, Addab Y, Boursier C, Jeseck P, Bertin M, Fillion JH, and Michaut X
Abstract: The infrared gas-phase absorption spectrum of methane was used to determine its Clapeyron solid-gas equilibrium curve in the 40-77 K temperature range. For comparative purposes and to obtain more reliable results, two different optical experimental setups were used. At higher temperatures (53-77 K), a single pass cryogenically cooled cell was coupled to a standard low-resolution Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The second system was a state-of-the-art vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser tunable source operating at around 2.3 μm, combined with a 7 m path Herriott cell, to record methane absorption features down to 40 K. From the measurements, the vapor pressure curve ln( p/Pa) = -(1191.92 ± 8.92)/( T/K) + (22.49 ± 0.16) was derived in the range 40-77 K. This corresponds to a value of 9910 ± 75 J mol -1 for the sublimation enthalpy. The relation was validated down to 40 K, increasing our knowledge of the saturation pressure by 2 orders of magnitude. Data were compared with available pressure measurements from the literature, obtained by manometric or mass spectrometry techniques, and the sublimation enthalpy was compared with a thermodynamic approach based on heat capacity measurements in the solid and gas phases.
Published: 2019
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38. Long non-coding RNA repertoire and open chromatin regions constitute midbrain dopaminergic neuron - specific molecular signatures.

Author: Gendron J, Colace-Sauty C, Beaume N, Cartonnet H, Guegan J, Ulveling D, Pardanaud-Glavieux C, Moszer I, Cheval H, and Ravassard P
Subjects: Animals, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing, Female, Male, Mesencephalon embryology, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, RNA-Seq, Serotonergic Neurons metabolism, Transcriptome, Chromatin genetics, Dopaminergic Neurons metabolism, Mesencephalon cytology, RNA, Long Noncoding genetics, Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid genetics
Abstract: Midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons are involved in diverse neurological functions, including control of movements, emotions or reward. In turn, their dysfunctions cause severe clinical manifestations in humans, such as the appearance of motor and cognitive symptoms in Parkinson's Disease. The physiology and pathophysiology of these neurons are widely studied, mostly with respect to molecular mechanisms implicating protein-coding genes. In contrast, the contribution of non-coding elements of the genome to DA neuron function is poorly investigated. In this study, we isolated DA neurons from E14.5 ventral mesencephalons in mice, and used RNA-seq and ATAC-seq to establish and describe repertoires of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and putative DNA regulatory regions specific to this neuronal population. We identified 1,294 lncRNAs constituting the repertoire of DA neurons, among which 939 were novel. Most of them were not found in hindbrain serotonergic (5-HT) neurons, indicating a high degree of cell-specificity. This feature was also observed regarding open chromatin regions, as 39% of the ATAC-seq peaks from the DA repertoire were not detected in the 5-HT neurons. Our work provides for the first time DA-specific catalogues of non-coding elements of the genome that will undoubtedly participate in deepening our knowledge regarding DA neuronal development and dysfunctions.
Published: 2019
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39. Lentiviral Mediated Production of Transgenic Mice: A Simple and Highly Efficient Method for Direct Study of Founders.

Author: Dussaud S, Pardanaud-Glavieux C, Sauty-Colace C, and Ravassard P
Subjects: Animals, Mice, Mice, Transgenic, Genetic Vectors genetics, Lentivirus genetics
Abstract: For almost 40 years, pronuclear DNA injection represents the standard method to generate transgenic mice with random integration of transgenes. Such a routine procedure is widely utilized throughout the world and its main limitation resides in the poor efficacy of transgene integration, resulting in a low yield of founder animals. Only few percent of animals born after implantation of injected fertilized oocytes have integrated the transgene. In contrast, lentiviral vectors are powerful tools for integrative gene transfer and their use to transduce fertilized oocytes allows highly efficient production of founder transgenic mice with an average yield above 70%. Furthermore, any mouse strain can be used to produce transgenic animal and the penetrance of transgene expression is extremely high, above 80% with lentiviral mediated transgenesis compared to DNA microinjection. The size of the DNA fragment that can be cargo by the lentiviral vector is restricted to 10 kb and represents the major limitation of this method. Using a simple and easy to perform injection procedure beneath the zona pellucida of fertilized oocytes, more than 50 founder animals can be produced in a single session of microinjection. Such a method is highly adapted to perform, directly in founder animals, rapid gain and loss of function studies or to screen genomic DNA regions for their ability to control and regulate gene expression in vivo.
Published: 2018
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40. Hydrogen in beryllium oxide investigated by DFT: on the relative stability of charged-state atomic versus molecular hydrogen.

Author: Hodille EA, Ferro Y, Piazza ZA, and Pardanaud C
Abstract: The behavior of hydrogen in perfect wurtzite beryllium oxide is herein investigated by means of electronic structure calculations based on density functional theory. The formation energies of the following set of states of hydrogen (H 0 , H + , H - , H 2 , [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) are computed and their solubility is established as a function of temperature and pressure with emphasis given to conditions relevant for hydrogen-implanted materials. It is found that all magnetic states H 0 , [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] are unstable, while the relative stability of the non-magnetic states depends on the thermodynamic conditions: H 2 prevails above temperatures around 900 K at standard pressure, which is the lowest temperature in experiments measuring the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in wurtzite beryllium oxide. Under hydrogen implantation, the total concentration of hydrogen is fixed by the implantation source; it is found that molecular hydrogen prevails starting from a very low total concentration in hydrogen (as low as 10 -40 at.fr.). Finally, the diffusion coefficient of H 2 in beryllium oxide is calculated and the results are compared with previous experimental data.
Published: 2018
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41. A distal intergenic region controls pancreatic endocrine differentiation by acting as a transcriptional enhancer and as a polycomb response element.

Author: van Arensbergen J, Dussaud S, Pardanaud-Glavieux C, García-Hurtado J, Sauty C, Guerci A, Ferrer J, and Ravassard P
Subjects: Animals, Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors metabolism, Islets of Langerhans cytology, Mice, Mice, Transgenic, Nerve Tissue Proteins metabolism, Polycomb-Group Proteins metabolism, Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors genetics, Cell Differentiation genetics, Islets of Langerhans metabolism, Nerve Tissue Proteins genetics, Polycomb-Group Proteins genetics, Response Elements genetics
Abstract: Lineage-selective expression of developmental genes is dependent on the interplay between activating and repressive mechanisms. Gene activation is dependent on cell-specific transcription factors that recognize transcriptional enhancer sequences. Gene repression often depends on the recruitment of Polycomb group (PcG) proteins, although the sequences that underlie the recruitment of PcG proteins, also known as Polycomb response elements (PREs), remain poorly understood in vertebrates. While distal PREs have been identified in mammals, a role for positive-acting enhancers in PcG-mediated repression has not been described. Here we have used a highly efficient procedure based on lentiviral-mediated transgenesis to carry out in vivo fine-mapping of, cis-regulatory sequences that control lineage-specific activation of Neurog3, a master regulator of pancreatic endocrine differentiation. Our findings reveal an enhancer region that is sufficient to drive correct spacio-temporal expression of Neurog3 and demonstrate that this same region serves as a PRE in alternative lineages where Neurog3 is inactive.
Published: 2017
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42. Hydrogen retention in beryllium: concentration effect and nanocrystalline growth.

Author: Pardanaud C, Rusu MI, Martin C, Giacometti G, Roubin P, Ferro Y, Allouche A, Oberkofler M, Köppen M, Dittmar T, and Linsmeier Ch
Abstract: We herein report on the formation of BeD2 nanocrystalline domes on the surface of a beryllium sample exposed to energetic deuterium ions. A polycrystalline beryllium sample was exposed to D ions at 2 keV/atom leading to laterally averaged deuterium areal densities up to 3.5 10(17) D cm(-2), and studied using nuclear reaction analysis, Raman microscopy, atomic force microscopy, optical microscopy and quantum calculations. Incorporating D in beryllium generates a tensile stress that reaches a plateau at ≈1.5 10(17) D cm(-2). For values higher than 2.0 10(17) cm(-2), we observed the growth of ≈90 nm high dendrites, covering up to 10% of the surface in some zones of the sample when the deuterium concentration was 3 × 10(17) D cm(-2). These dendrites are composed of crystalline BeD2, as evidenced by Raman microscopy and quantum calculations. They are candidates to explain low temperature thermal desorption spectroscopy peaks observed when bombarding Be samples with D ions with fluencies higher than 1.2 10(17) D cm(-2).
Published: 2015
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43. Organic multishell isostructural host-guest crystals: fullerenes C(60) inside a nitroxide open framework.

Author: Bardelang D, Giorgi M, Pardanaud C, Hornebecq V, Rizzato E, Tordo P, and Ouari O
Abstract: The dinitroxide biradical crystallizes forming hexagonal open frameworks with one-dimensional corrugated channels filled with crystallization solvent. The large pockets constitutive of the channels allowed the inclusion of C(60) in the paramagnetic network. The rapidity and high fidelity of crystal growth were used to prepare isostructural multilayer host-guest crystals successively stained with C(60).
Published: 2013
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44. Mesenchymal bone morphogenetic protein signaling is required for normal pancreas development.

Author: Ahnfelt-Rønne J, Ravassard P, Pardanaud-Glavieux C, Scharfmann R, and Serup P
Subjects: Animals, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 genetics, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 physiology, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 genetics, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 physiology, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 5 genetics, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 5 physiology, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins physiology, Cell Differentiation physiology, Chick Embryo physiology, Embryo, Mammalian physiology, Mesenteric Veins physiology, Mice, Neovascularization, Physiologic, Pancreas cytology, Signal Transduction physiology, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins genetics, Mesoderm physiology, Pancreas embryology
Abstract: Objective: Pancreas organogenesis is orchestrated by interactions between the epithelium and the mesenchyme, but these interactions are not completely understood. Here we investigated a role for bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling within the pancreas mesenchyme and found it to be required for the normal development of the mesenchyme as well as for the pancreatic epithelium., Research Design and Methods: We analyzed active BMP signaling by immunostaining for phospho-Smad1,5,8 and tested whether pancreas development was affected by BMP inhibition after expression of Noggin and dominant negative BMP receptors in chicken and mouse pancreas., Results: Endogenous BMP signaling is confined to the mesenchyme in the early pancreas and inhibition of BMP signaling results in severe pancreatic hypoplasia with reduced epithelial branching. Notably, we also observed an excessive endocrine differentiation when mesenchymal BMP signaling is blocked, presumably secondary to defective mesenchyme to epithelium signaling., Conclusions: We conclude that BMP signaling plays a previously unsuspected role in the mesenchyme, required for normal development of the mesenchyme as well as for the epithelium.
Published: 2010
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45. Simulation of the time dependent infrared nu2 mode absorptions of (oH2)n:H2O clusters in O2 doped solid hydrogen at 4.2 K.

Author: Abouaf-Marguin L, Vasserot AM, and Pardanaud C
Abstract: Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, we have analyzed the time evolution of the nu(2) mode of (oH(2))(n):H(2)O clusters (n = 11 to 1) embedded in solid normal hydrogen at 4.2 K over a period of 150 h using paramagnetic O(2) to speed up the ortho to para nuclear spin conversion process. For concentrations H(2)O/O(2)/H(2) = 1/20/4000, at time t = 0 right after the solid is prepared, all the H(2)O molecules are preferentially clustered by large numbers of oH(2). With time the cluster distribution irreversibly shifts toward smaller cluster sizes and also generates freely rotating H(2)O (n = 0) which is solvated completely by pH(2) molecules. From a spectral decomposition of the nu(2) (oH(2))(n):H(2)O cluster spectra, a phenomenological simulation of the time behavior of the clusters has been developed. The time evolution is modeled using coupled rate equations in a step by step n to n-1 cluster cascade fashion and analyzed over nine successive time periods. It shows that rotating H(2)O grows only at the expense of cluster n = 1 and that the process dramatically slows down as the conversion of orthohydrogen proceeds. At the end of the conversion process, it was found that cluster n = 1 remained with a very slow decrease.
Published: 2009
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