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Aim: To determine the site and pattern of deep carious lesion & its consequences on coronal and radicular structures radiographically in primary molars & first permanent molars using IOPA radiographs. Materials and methods: It consisted of 200 IOPA of Deep carious of Maxillary & mandibular of primary (n=100) and permanent molars(n=100) X-rays are collected. IOPA radiographs of Deep carious lesion involving only dentin with radiolucency reaching the inner 1/3 of dentin, clinically cavitated that is RC5 Of the ICMMS criteria were taken. Blinded Radiographic evaluation was done by two persons to rule out inter examiner variability. Results: In primary molars IOPA there was statistically significant difference in Carious adjacent tooth whereas in permanent molars IOPA there was statistical difference in Diffused pattern and lost tooth structures. When compared primary and permanent molars diffused pattern and lost tooth structure showed statistically significant difference. Conclusion: The deep carious lesions definitely lead to loss of crown structure over a period of time and also capable of spread of caries to adjacent teeth due to food impaction & inadequate oral hygiene. Hence leading to loss of function and arch length.

"Today's adolescents are tomorrow's citizens." Tobacco use in children and adolescents is reaching pandemic levels as they are the most vulnerable population to initiate tobacco use. It is well established that most of the adult users of tobacco, start the use of tobacco either in their childhood or adolescence. Parents are the best route to reach a child and can help lead to bring better outcomes for children. Hence, the aim of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude, and behavior regarding the hazards of tobacco use and Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) among the parents visiting pediatric dental clinic.A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire regarding knowledge, attitude, and behavior regarding the hazards of tobacco use and COTPA law. Samples size of 400 parents of adolescents aged between 10 and 16 years visiting to the department of Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry were included in the study, data thus obtained was subjected to statistical analysis.Smoking tobacco product known to the parent population in the present study is cigarette (88.8%) and smokeless tobacco product is pan masala (65.2%). The tobacco health hazard known is cancer by 70.5 and 85.3% parent populations were aware of mandatory display of pictorial health warnings in COTPA law. Strict implementation of COTPA law was opted by 61.8%.Knowledge, attitude, and behavior of parents is required to educate and motivate adolescents. Parents have given their positive attitude regarding the strict implementation of COTPA law in India and realize the role of tobacco as a causative factor for health hazards both in children and adults. COTPA law should be made aware for both young and old to educate and motivate and to prevent the use of tobacco in India.Kattimani S, Thimmegowda U, Nagarathna C. Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior Regarding the Hazards of Tobacco Use and Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products Act among Parents Visiting Pediatric Dental Clinic: A Cross-sectional Questionnaire Survey. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(1):47-53.

Syphilis is described often as great imitator due to its varied clinical manifestations. Neurosyphilis a tertiary form of syphilis can present in the form of meningitis, meningovascular syphilis with strokes and in advanced stage as general paralysis of insane. Paretic stage of neurosyphilis presents with progressive psychiatric and cognitive impairment. The cognitive impairment can range from subtle to advanced dementia. This is the rationale for routing screening for syphilis in evaluation of dementia. There are few reports on neurosyphilis presenting as rapidly progressive dementia. We report a case of neurosyphilis presented with rapidly progressive dementia along with psychotic symptoms.

Background and Objective: Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are the most commonly used restorative material in pediatric dentistry. They have numerous advantages; however, they show some marginal microleakage at the restoration–tooth interface. Various conditioning agents have been tested for alteration or dissolution of smear layer which has been attributed to the occurrence of microleakage; however, very limited studies have been done using primary teeth. Aims: To evaluate and compare the effect of 10% polyacrylic acid and 17% EDTA on marginal microleakage of high-viscosity GIC. Settings and Design: Experimental, in vitro study. Methodology: Class V cavities of standardized dimensions were prepared on 60 primary anterior teeth and were randomly divided into three groups. Except Group I, the cavities of Groups II and III were conditioned with 10% polyacrylic acid and 17% EDTA, respectively. All the 60 teeth were then restored with high-viscosity GIC. The samples were thermocycled and immersed in methylene blue solution for 24 h. The teeth were removed from the stain, rinsed, and sectioned buccolingually and were observed under stereomicroscope at 30× to score the marginal microleakage. Statistical Analysis Used: Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Mann–Whitney post hoc analysis were used to compare the mean marginal leakage scores between the three study groups. Results: Statistical significance difference was found between all the three groups (P < 0.05). The mean marginal microleakage score was maximum for Group I (control group; 3.00), whereas it was the least for Group II (1.30) where 10% polyacrylic was used for conditioning the cavity surface. Conclusion: Among the study groups, none of them was completely devoid of microleakage in all its samples. 10% polyacrylic acid emerged as a better conditioning agent when compared with 17% EDTA in altering or removing the smear layer thereby resulting in better adhesion.

Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are the most commonly used restorative material in pediatric dentistry. They have numerous advantages; however, they show some marginal microleakage at the restoration-tooth interface. Various conditioning agents have been tested for alteration or dissolution of smear layer which has been attributed to the occurrence of microleakage; however, very limited studies have been done using primary teeth.To evaluate and compare the effect of 10% polyacrylic acid and 17% EDTA on marginal microleakage of high-viscosity GIC.Experimental, in vitro study.Class V cavities of standardized dimensions were prepared on 60 primary anterior teeth and were randomly divided into three groups. Except Group I, the cavities of Groups II and III were conditioned with 10% polyacrylic acid and 17% EDTA, respectively. All the 60 teeth were then restored with high-viscosity GIC. The samples were thermocycled and immersed in methylene blue solution for 24 h. The teeth were removed from the stain, rinsed, and sectioned buccolingually and were observed under stereomicroscope at 30× to score the marginal microleakage.Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney post hoc analysis were used to compare the mean marginal leakage scores between the three study groups.Statistical significance difference was found between all the three groups (P0.05). The mean marginal microleakage score was maximum for Group I (control group; 3.00), whereas it was the least for Group II (1.30) where 10% polyacrylic was used for conditioning the cavity surface.Among the study groups, none of them was completely devoid of microleakage in all its samples. 10% polyacrylic acid emerged as a better conditioning agent when compared with 17% EDTA in altering or removing the smear layer thereby resulting in better adhesion.

Brain abscess accounts for 8% of all intracranial insults in developing countries. Anaerobic infections are missed in most cases due to difficult isolation techniques. This study was done to determine the anaerobic bacteriological profile of brain abscess, their distribution according to sociodemographic variables, anatomical location, management and the outcome during the subjects' stay in a neurosciences' speciality hospital. We included 190 cases of confirmed anaerobic brain abscess from the year 1998-2017. The median age was 22 years with more males (73% of 190 cases) than females. The Bacteroides spp. were the most common (64%) anaerobic organisms isolated followed by Gram positive anaerobic cocci (51%). While 67% of the samples showed purely anaerobic bacteria on culture, remaining were mixed. Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) was the most common predisposing factor.

Background:Chemomechanical caries removal is an effective alternative to the traditional rotary drilling method. The advantages of chemomechanical techniques in terms of the need for anesthesia, pain perception and patient preference are systematically reviewed and a meta-analysis of the time required for caries removal is reported.Method: Randomized controlled studies of comparison of chemomechanical techniques with conventional rotary drill were selected from a systematic search of standard biomedical databases, including the PubMed and Cochrane clinical trials. Non-repeated search results were screened for relevance and risk of bias assessment, followed by methodology assessment. Statistical models were applied to the outcome parameters - time required, pain perception, need of anesthesia and patient preference - extracted from the studies.Results: Out of the 111 non-repeated search results, 26 studies receiving a low bias score were selected for the review, and 16 randomized clinical trials of rotary and Carisolv techniques were considered for meta-analysis. Meta-analysis by fixed effect as well as random effect models indicate that Carisolv takes more time (3.65 ± 0.05 and 4.09 ± 0.29 min) than rotary drill (8.65 ± 0.09 and 8.97 ± 0.66 min) method. Advantages of reduced pain (14.67 for Carisolvvs.6.76 for rotary drill), need for anesthesia (1.59%vs.10.52%) outweigh the longer time requirement and make it the preferred (18.68%vs.4.69%) method.Conclusion: Chemomechanical techniques stand out as a minimally invasive and preferred method based on the meta-analyses. Evaluation of pain experienced using robust methods is needed to strengthen the evidence for their use.

Objectives : To evaluate and compare the efficiency, marginal leakage and shear bond strength of Carisolv and Papacarie in primary molars. Method: Freshly extracted 60 human carious primary molars were randomly divided into two experimental groups - Group I [ caries removal by Carisolv ] and Group II [ caries removal by Papacarie ]. The amount of time taken for complete caries removal was recorded using a stopwatch. After bonded restorations, both the experimental groups were further randomly subdivided into four experimental groups and subjected to marginal leakage and shear bond strength evaluation. Results : Papacarie [ 337.67 ± 18.13 ] was clinically more efficient than Carisolv [461.33 ± 27.76 ] in removing caries with respect to time in seconds. 66.7% of teeth treated with Carisolv did not show any marginal leakage as compared to 20% with Papacarie. The mean [ ± SD ] shear bond strength of Carisolv [ 9.67 ± 3.80 ] treated teeth was slightly more when compared to Papacarie [ 8.36 ± 4.51]. Conclusion :Papacarie was clinically more efficient in caries removal but showed significantly more marginal leakage than Carisolv.

Plants regenerated from seed-derived callus of a PNMS 6B line of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) were evaluated for their resistance induced by somaclonal variation for downy mildew disease caused by Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) Schroter. Among the 201 lines regenerated, only 3 lines consistently proved highly resistant (free from disease incidence) for up to 5 generations; whereas, 17 lines were resistant (disease incidence ranging from 1 to 9%). Resistance was confirmed by testing the plants under both laboratory and field conditions. The plants were evaluated for their agronomic traits.

Plants were regenerated from the inflorescence explants of three B lines of pearl millet showing different degrees of susceptibility to downy mildew disease. Plants were regenerated from the embryogenic callus cultures and grown to maturity in the vicinity of other downy mildew infected plants. Progenies of disease free (R0) plants were screened for two successive generations in the disease plots. Three somaclones of 23 B (highly susceptible genotype with 97% disease incidence) showed increased level of resistance. Four disease free somaclones were obtained each from 81 B (susceptible with 15% disease incidence) and 841 B (resistant with 7% disease incidence) genotypes. When the populations of these somaclones were screened for some agronomic characters, a significant increase was observed in the population means for plant height and panicle length in two genotypes. The results manifest the genotypic differences in the extent of somaclonal variation for disease resistance and also for agronomic traits. The variants selected as downy mildew resitant were individually compared with their respective control plants for agronomic traits. Two downy mildew resistant variants retained the original characters. Thus, the present study demonstrated the existence of somaclonal variation for downy mildew resistance and some agronomic traits in pearl millet.

Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity was studied in different genotypes of pearl millet with varying degrees of susceptibility to downy mildew disease, after inoculating with Pathotype 1 of Sclerospora graminicola. In resistant genotypes, the enzyme activity significantly increased 24 h after fungal inoculation while in the susceptible genotypes, the activity decreased. The increase or decrease in enzyme activity was well-correlated with the degree of host resistance to the pathogen. A time-course of change in activity of PAL after inoculation showed a considerable difference between resistant and susceptible genotypes. Studies on the activity of PAL in different parts of pearl millet seedlings revealed that in the resistant genotype, enzyme activity significantly increased at 24 h post-inoculation only in the shoot portion, whereas in mesocotyl and root the activity decreased. In susceptible seedlings, enzyme activity decreased at 24 h post-inoculation in shoot, mesocotyl and root. The activity of PAL was also found to be pathotype-specific. Histochemical tests for lignin were positive in infected cells in the resistant genotypes. The role of PAL in imparting resistance to pearl millet against downy mildew disease is discussed.

Lipoxygenase activity was studied in fresh, stored, and germinating pearl millet seeds of downy mildew resistant and susceptible genotypes. In both fresh and stored seeds, the enzyme activity was greater in resistant genotypes compared with that of the susceptible ones. In seeds stored for a period of 6 months, a significant reduction in the lipoxygenase activity was recorded, the reduction being greater in resistant seeds. Lipoxygenase activity decreased significantly in germinating seedlings of resistant genotypes, whereas it increased significantly in the susceptible seedlings. The high vigour in the resistant seeds of downy mildew resistant genotypes is attributed to their high enzyme activity. Key words: lipoxygenase, pearl millet, downy mildew, resistant, susceptible.

The downy mildew disease, incited by Sclerospora graminicola, is a major biotic constraint for pearl millet production in the semi-arid tropics. Sources of resistance to this disease have been identified. However, the mechanism of host resistance still remains obscure. The enzyme lipoxygenase (LOX) is known to play a role in disease resistance in many host-pathosystems. In the present study, LOX activity was tested in seeds of different genotypes of pearl millet with different susceptibility to downy mildew. The LOX assay of the seeds indicated a good correlation between enzyme activity and their downy mildew reaction in the field. Maximum activity was recorded in seeds of highly resistant genotypes and minimum activity was found in the highly susceptible genotypes. Seeds obtained from plants recovered from the downy mildew disease had more LOX activity than that of the original parent seeds. Thus, in seeds, the LOX activity can be used as a biochemical marker for screening different genotypes of pearl millet for downy mildew. The study, carried out in the susceptible genotype of pearl millet seedlings, showed that LOX activity decreased after inoculating with S. graminicola zoospores when compared with uninoculated controls. However, a significant increase in the enzyme activity was observed on the second and third days after inoculation in resistant seedlings. The possible role of LOX in conferring resistance to downy mildew infection of pearl millet is discussed.

Children are uniquely susceptible to cranio facial trauma because of their greater cranial mass to body ratio. Below the age of 5, the incidence of pediatric facial fractures in relation to the total is very low ranging from 0.6-1.2%. Maxillo-facial injuries may be quite dramatic causing parents to panic and the child to cry uncontrollably with blood, tooth and soft tissue debris in the mouth. The facial disfigurement caused by trauma can have a deep psychological impact on the tender minds of young children and their parents. This case report documents the trauma and follow up care of a 4-year-old patient with maxillofacial injuries.

Using degenerate oligonucleotides that correspond to conserved amino acid residues of known 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthases, we cloned a genomic fragment that encodes ACC synthase in Stellaria longipes. Southern analysis suggests that ACC synthase is encoded by a small gene family comprising about 4 members. We isolated four unique ACC synthase cDNA clones under different growth conditions from alpine and prairie ecotypes of S. longipes. Northern analyses suggest that ACC synthase genes are differentially and synergistically regulated by photoperiod and temperature. Such differential regulation of ACC synthase genes positively correlate with the levels of ACC and ethylene. Since ethylene has previously been shown to partly control the stem elongation plasticity in S. longipes, we propose that differential regulation of ACC synthase genes may represent one of the underlying molecular mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity in S. longipes.

Radicular cysts are one of the most common odontogenic cyst of the jaws. However, those arising from primary teeth are rare. An 8-year-old boy reported to the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry with the chief complaint of pain and swelling on the lower left primary molar tooth region. Radiographic examination revealed a well-defined radiolucency with continuous hyperostotic border. Considering the age of the child, size of lesion, and involvement of unerupted premolars; marsupialization was preferred as a conservative treatment of choice. The success of the treatment was evident both clinically and radiographically during the follow-up period.

H1N1 influenza, also known as "novel H1N1 virus" has led to a "global outcry." This virus is more virulent when compared with other seasonal flu viruses. Virulence may change as the adaptive mutation gene increases within the virus. A study at the US Centre for Disease Control and Prevention published in May 2009 found that children had no preexisting immunity to the new strain as they showed no cross-reactive antibody reaction when compared with adults aged 18-64 years, who showed a cross-reactive antibody reaction of 6-9% and older adults with 33% immunity. This review article depicts H1N1 virus, its virulence with genetic evolution potential and preventive protocol for the dental professionals. This would allow us to comprehend the changes in the disease process and contribute in its prevention as "prevention is better than cure."