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Video-GIS data, a novel generation of multimedia produced through the integration of geographic videos and GIS, has evolved into an innovative form of geospatial data representation. As a kind of digital products, Video-GIS data is vulnerable to unauthorized replication, dissemination, and usage. The potential for large-scale leakage of sensitive or confidential information, including commercial, political, military, and personal privacy data, poses a significant threat to the rights of data producers and may even compromise national security. Given this context, the primary concern is ensuring the security protection of video data in an open and shared data environment. To address this issue, we propose a novel scheme for the security protection of Video-GIS data in this paper, which collaboratively utilizes digital watermarking and data encryption. In the proposed scheme, Video-GIS data is divided into two categories, i.e., general and confidential, based on the presence or absence of sensitive information within the image frames. Appropriate security measures were meticulously designed for each data type to ensure effective prevention and control. Experimental results indicate that this watermarking algorithm exerts minimal influence on the quality of the Video-GIS data, while simultaneously maintaining optimal invisibility and robustness. The employed audio denoising method is characterized by its low complexity, simplicity, and feasibility, thereby ensuring the security of audio signal storage and transmission. This approach effectively realizes the dual protection objective for Video-GIS data, audio, and video.

Karlseifertite (IMA 2024-007, International Mineralogical Association), Pb(Ga2Ge)(AsO4)2(OH)6, is a new member of the dussertite group, from Tsumeb, Namibia. It is a secondary oxidation-zone mineral found on fracture surfaces in germanite–chalcocite ore. Karlseifertite occurs in rosettes of thin, yellow, hexagonal plates up to about 0.2 mm in diameter and usually less than 0.01 mm thick. The mineral has a pale-yellow streak, subadamantine lustre, Mohs hardness of ∼ 4, brittle tenacity, irregular fracture, perfect cleavage on {001} and a calculated density of 4.993 g cm−3. Optically, karlseifertite crystals are uniaxial (+), with ω=1.890(5) and ε=1.894(calc) (white light). The empirical formula from electron probe microanalyses is Pb0.992+(Ga1.603+Ge0.684+Fe0.573+Al0.123+)Σ2.97[(As0.765+S0.156+W0.096+)Σ1.00O4]2(OH0.99)6. Karlseifertite is trigonal with space group R3‾m and unit-cell parameters a=7.2814(7), c=17.1077(12) Å, V=785.50(15) Å3 and Z=3. The mineral has an alunite-supergroup structure (R1=0.0591 for 248 reflections with I>2σI).

Rotherkopfite, KNa2(Fe2.52+Ti1.54+)Fe2+(Si4O12)2, is a new member of the neptunite group, from Rother Kopf, Roth, near Gerolstein, Eifel volcanic fields, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is found in cavities in a quartz–sanidine xenolith embedded in a vesicular alkaline basalt and is associated with fluorophlogopite and an amphibole supergroup mineral that is zoned from potassic-magnesio-fluoro-arfvedsonite on the exterior to potassic-fluoro-richterite in the core. It is presumed to have formed as the result of contact metasomatism of the xenolith by the alkaline basalt melt. Rotherkopfite occurs as brownish-red equant or tabular crystals, up to about 0.2 mm in maximum dimension. The mineral has a light-orange streak, a vitreous lustre, a Mohs hardness of ∼4.5, a brittle tenacity, a curved fracture and a density of 3.20(2) g cm−3. Optically, rotherkopfite crystals are biaxial (+), with α=1.668(5), β=1.678(5), γ=1.720(5) (white light) and 2V(meas) = 53.2(6)°. The empirical formula from electron microprobe analyses, secondary ion mass spectrometry and structure refinement is (K0.87Na0.20)Σ1.07(Na1.99Ca0.01)Σ2.00M1+M2(Fe1.662+Ti1.48Mg0.79Mn0.02)Σ3.95M3(Fe0.642+Li0.16Ti0.15Al0.01)Σ0.96(Si8.00O24). Rotherkopfite is monoclinic with space group C2/c and unit-cell parameters a=16.4599(17), b=12.5457(6), c=10.0487(7) Å, β=115.669(7)°, V=1870.3(3) Å3 and Z=4. The crystal structure (R1=0.0268 for 1324 reflections with I>2σI) is based on two interwoven three-dimensional frameworks: (1) a silicate framework made up of pyroxene-like chains of corner-sharing SiO4 tetrahedra and (2) an octahedral framework made up of chains of edge-sharing metal–oxygen octahedra. The two interwoven frameworks are bound to one another by corner sharing. K and Na are hosted in channels in the combined framework.

There are thousands of volatile organic compound (VOC) species in ambient air, while existing techniques can only detect a small part of them (approximately several hundred). The large number of unmeasured VOCs prevents us from understanding the photochemistry of ozone and aerosols in the atmosphere. The major sources and photochemical effects of these unmeasured VOCs in urban areas remain unclear. The missing VOC reactivity, which is defined as the total OH reactivity of the unmeasured VOCs, is a good indicator for constraining the photochemical effect of unmeasured VOCs. Here, we identified the dominant role of anthropogenic emission sources in the missing VOC reactivity (accounting for up to 70 %) by measuring missing VOC reactivity and tracer-based source analysis in a typical megacity in China. Omitting the missing VOC reactivity from anthropogenic emissions in model simulations will remarkably affect the diagnosis of sensitivity regimes for ozone formation, overestimating the degree of VOC-limited regimes by up to 46 %. Therefore, a thorough quantification of missing VOC reactivity from various anthropogenic emission sources is urgently needed for constraints of air quality models and the development of effective ozone control strategies.

Two-dimensional (2D) Ga2O3 has been of particular interest recently since it exhibits overwhelming superiority over bulk β-Ga2O3; however, efforts to modify the carriers of 2D Ga2O3 are few both theoretically and experimentally. In this work, we study the biaxial strain mediated electronic structures and transport properties of Ge-doped 2D Ga2O3 using first-principles calculations with Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof functional and Boltzmann transport theory. The Ge-doped Ga2O3 shows excellent structure stability as suggested by its low formation energy of −3.99 eV, as well as phonon dispersion analysis and ab initio molecular dynamic simulation. The bandgap values of Ge-doped 2D Ga2O3 are tunable from 2.37 to 1.30 eV using biaxial strain from −8% compressive to +8% tensile because of the changeable σ* anti-bonding and π bonding states in the conduction band minimum and valence band maximum, respectively, as well as the decreased quantum confinement effect. Importantly, an ultra-high electron mobility up to 6893.43 cm2 V−1 s−1 is predicated in Ge-doped 2D Ga2O3 as the biaxial tensile strain approaches 8%. Our work highlights the enormous potential of Ge-doped 2D Ga2O3 in nanoscale electronics and suggests that Ge is an excellent dopant candidate toward optoelectronic applications.

Under the current trend of intelligence and automation, simultaneous positioning and mapping technology has become one of the research hotspots. The main problems of SLAM technology research are to improve the robustness of mapping and positioning, establish an efficient back-end optimization system, and improve the generalization of SLAM technology. This paper proposes to fuse the intensity information of the point cloud and the geometric information of the environment scene to construct a globally consistent environment feature descriptor and use the non-iterative two-step method to perform the nearest neighbour search on the point cloud in the point cloud registration stage. Then use the globally consistent descriptor that has been constructed to extract the laser point cloud descriptor by using the ring partition method, combine the method based on domain search to search for the closest point cloud frame, and finally use Intensity-ICP to complete the loopback frame. Fine registration, outputs the optimal pose transformation, to complete the loop detection. We use our self-built mobile platform to verify the robustness and generalization of the improved laser SLAM algorithm in public datasets and campus datasets. Experimental results show that the improved algorithm reduces the trajectory drift of the mobile platform and improves the efficiency of point cloud registration and loop closure detection.

The overall planning of satellite remote sensing image products is an important part of the real 3D China construction project and an important measure for the overall management of remote sensing images. During the two years of implementation of the project in 2021 and 2022, we have organized and completed 9 versions of 2-meter resolution satellite remote sensing image products, each of which covers the land territory of the whole country (not less than 95% in principle). Image products are widely used in natural resources investigation and monitoring, basic surveying and mapping, geological survey, natural resources supervision, law enforcement and other fields, which effectively improves the guarantee capability of surveying and mapping geographic information services. Taking the 2022 2-meter resolution integrated satellite remote sensing image product as the research object, this paper first introduces the highlights of the product itself, that is, timeliness, availability and reliability. then the product quality is studied from six aspects: spatial reference system, position accuracy, logical consistency, time accuracy, image quality and attachment quality. On this basis, according to the characteristics of different geographical regions, seasonal time series, topography and geomorphology, 100 representative verification samples were selected from the overall satellite remote sensing image products in 2022 for experiments, the distribution law of product quality characteristics was analyzed, and the main quality problems were summarized.

Airborne LiDAR can directly obtain 3D information of ground objects. By comparing the multi-temporal LiDAR data, ground objects change information of power transmission channel can be detected, providing data support for transmission line operation and maintenance. In this paper, an improved ICP algorithm based on multi-temporal LiDAR point cloud data power transmission channel ground object change detection method is proposed. Firstly, based on the classification of point cloud data, a two-level matching method of multi-temporal point cloud data considering the characteristics of power transmission channel was proposed to achieve accurate registration of point cloud data. Then, change detection and analysis of different types of ground feature point cloud data were carried out through elevation difference. Finally, cluster analysis was carried out on the changed ground feature points to generate multi-temporal relative ratio analysis report. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively detect power transmission channel changes.

To improve the aerodynamic characteristics of compressor blades, a novel asymmetric leading edge (ASYLE) has been introduced and shown to offer superior performance. However, the aerodynamic robustness of such specially designed leading edge (LE) remains unclear due to the considerable uncertainty problems it presents. This paper investigates the robustness of ASYLE blade under both geometric and operational uncertainties. Profile deviations within ±0.05mm were introduced to investigate the influence of manufacturing errors. In addition, the perturbated inflow angles between ±0.375° were considered for uncertain inflow conditions. The statistic aerodynamic performance as well as operating dispersibilities at Ma=0.7 were obtained by the non-intrusive polynomial chaos (NIPC) method. The results show that considering uncertain profile errors, the operating range of ASYLE blade is 2.3° wider than original leading edge (ORILE) blade and the dispersion of total pressure loss can be reduced by 53.1% at β1=45.8°. Regarding uncertain inflow angle variations, the total pressure loss dispersion of ASYLE blade can be reduced by 93.8% at β1=50.8°. The ASYLE shows better overall aerodynamic robustness than ORILE upon considering uncertainty limits. The influence propagations in the flow fields of both uncertainties were further analysed, which revealed that the variations of separation bubble structure near LE are the direct cause to the aerodynamic uncertainties. The ASYLE design effectively controls the size and variation of LE separation bubble and thus demonstrates better aerodynamic robustness.

Exploring effective p-type doping in Ga2O3 is crucial for both fundamental science and emerging applications. Recently, N and Zn elements have been shown to exhibit considerable contributions to effective p-type doping in 3D Ga2O3 experimentally and theoretically, whereas the studies of their doping behaviors in 2D Ga2O3 are rare. In this study, we investigate the possibilities of N and Zn elements to achieve effective p-type doping, manifesting in the introduction of shallow acceptor levels typically less than 0.5 eV in 2D Ga2O3 using first-principles calculations with the generalized gradient approximation + U method. The calculated defect formation energies suggest that the N-doped 2D Ga2O3 structures are more easily formed under Ga-rich conditions, while the Zn-doped structures are more readily generated under O-rich conditions. Moreover, the introduced N and Zn atoms preferentially incorporate on the threefold coordinated OII and pyramidally coordinated GaI sites, accompanying with N3− and Zn2+ oxidation states in 2D Ga2O3, respectively. In particular, the electronic structures indicate that the occupied N-2p and semi-occupied Zn-3d orbitals produce shallow hole levels ranging from 0.09 to 0.33 eV, demonstrating that N and Zn atoms can behave as effective p-type dopants in 2D Ga2O3. The magnetic moments for N- and Zn-doped 2D Ga2O3 are 1.00 μB due to the doping of one hole, where the magnetic moments can be mainly attributed to the N atom and the nearest O atoms, respectively. Our work may offer theoretical guidance for the design of p-type 2D Ga2O3 materials and shed light on its potential optoelectronic and magnetic applications.

Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) play a key role in climate change and public health. However, the oxidation state and volatility of SOAs are still not well understood. Here, we investigated the highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) in SOAs formed from ozonolysis of β-pinene and limonene. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) was used to characterize HOMs in aerosol filter samples, and a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) was used to measure the concentration and size distribution of SOA particles. The relative abundance of HOMs (i.e., ratio of summed mass spectrometry peak intensity of HOMs to totally identified organic compounds) in limonene SOA was 14 %–20 %, higher than in β-pinene SOA (3 %–13 %), exhibiting different trends with increasing ozone concentrations. β-pinene oxidation-derived HOMs exhibit higher yield at high ozone concentration, accompanied by substantial formation of ultra-low-volatile organic compounds (ULVOCs). Limonene oxidation-derived HOMs exhibit higher yield at moderate ozone concentrations, with semi-, low-, and extremely low-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs, LOVCs, and ELVOCs) play a major role. Combined experimental evidence and theoretical analysis indicate that oxygen-increasing-based peroxy radical chemistry is a plausible mechanism for the formation of oxygenated organic compounds with 10 carbon atoms. Our findings show that HOMs and low-volatile species in β-pinene and limonene SOA are largely different. The ozone concentration-driven SOA formation and evolution mechanism for monoterpenes is suggested to be considered in future climate or exposure risk models, which may enable more accurate air quality prediction and management.

Abstract Vertical structure of mesoscale eddies is key to the eddy‐induced heat/material transport that further affects the climate and marine ecosystem. This study explores the vertical structure of mesoscale eddies in the Kuroshio‐Oyashio Extension region (KOE) and its underlying dynamics. By applying the hierarchical ascending classification to the observational and reanalysis data sets, we classify mesoscale eddies with three distinct kinds of vertical structures. Each kind of eddies exhibits clear spatial aggregation along a distinct zonal band. Eddies have core depths of 100–300 m in the northern part of the KOE and core depths of 300–500 m and 0–100 m in the southern. The eddy splitting or merging does not introduce new kind of eddy vertical structure but causes large intra‐kind variability. The different kinds of eddy vertical structures can be partially accounted for by the baroclinic instabilities at the eddy generation sites and local adjustment process.

Aspect-dependent landslide initiation is an interesting finding, and previous studies have attributed this to the mechanical effects of plant roots. In the present study, an overwhelming landslide probability on a south-facing slope over a north-facing slope was found in a localized area with only granite underneath and high cover of Larix kaempferi. These observations cannot be attributed to plant roots but may result from factors related to hillslope hydrology. Differential weathering associated with hillslope hydrology behaviors such as rainfall water storage and leakage, pore water pressure, particle component, and hillslope stability fluctuation were used to examine these observations. Remote sensing interpretation using the high-resolution GeoEye-1 image, digitalized topography, and field investigations showed that landslides on south-facing slopes have a higher probability, larger basal area, and shallower depth than those on a north-facing slope. The lower limits of the upslope-contributing area and slope gradient condition for south-facing landslides were less than those for north-facing landslides. The higher basal areas of south-facing landslides than those of the north-facing landslides may be attributed to the high peak values and slow dissipation of pore water pressure. The absorbed and drained water flow in a given time interval, together with the calculated water storage and leakage measured during the rainy season, demonstrate that the soil mass above the failure zone for south-facing slope is more prone to pore water pressure, which results in slope failures. In comparison, the two stability fluctuation results from the finite and infinite models further verified that landslides on south-facing slopes may fail under conditions of prolonged antecedent precipitation and intensive rainfall. Meanwhile, those on north-facing slopes may fail only in response to intensive rainfall. The results of this study will deepen our knowledge of aspect-dependent landslide initiation from both classical mechanics and the state of stress.

A new hard x-r ay and soft gamma-ray spectrometer imaging system (HXS) has been built for two-dimensional measurements of plasma emitted photons in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak. The system uses a 2D cadmium zinc telluride detector and integrated electronics, and is as a whole shielded by a tungsten box with a pinhole and tangential to the toroidal field. Three classes of typical energy spectra have been summarized in different experimental scenarios during the past campaigns. After performing tomography calculations, the local emissivity contours have been obtained in different energy ranges, which clearly show asymmetry of the plasma crosssection. The spatial perturbation structure is similar to the magnetohydrodynamic modes with low mode numbers. In particular, the runaway island found by an infrared camera (Jaspers et al 1994 Phys. Rev. Lett. 72 4093) is also measured by the HXS. There exists a reversal population in the energy spectra of both slide-away and strong neutral beam injection shots. It is consistently observed that the count rate is increased in the low-energy range before the plasma disruptions. Calculations in phase space indicate that the accelerated momentum flux can be deflected back to the low-energy region by the large pitch-angle scattering. In the post-disruption phase, the plasma current is not replaced by runaway electrons due to tearing modes or transiently bursting instabilities. This paper constructs the basics for the proper use of HXS for hard x-ray and soft gamma-ray measurements in future investigations of plasma disruptions.

Introduction Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common during the course of neurocognitive disorders. NPS have been previously reported in early and late stages of Alzheimer’s Disease. However, our understanding of NPS in high-risk states for dementia such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and major depressive disorder (MDD) is poor. Objectives To compare the frequency and factor structure of neuropsychiatric symptoms among individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in remission, and comorbid MCI and MDD (in remission) (MCI-D). Methods We used baseline data from the Prevention of Alzheimer’s Dementia with Cognitive Remediation Plus Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Depression (PACt-MD) study, a multicenter trial across five academic sites in Toronto, Canada (clinical trial No. NCT0238667). We used ANOVA or χ2-test to compare frequency of NPS across groups. We used factor analysis of Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q) items in the three groups. Results We included 374 participants with a mean age of 72.0 years (SD = 6.3). In the overall sample, at least one NPS was present in 64.2% participants, and 36.1 % had at least moderate severity NPS (36.1%). Depression (54%, χ2 < 0.001) and apathy (28.7%, χ2=0.002) were more prevalent in the MCI-D group as compared to MCI and MDD groups. In factor analysis, NPS grouped differently in MCI, MDD, and MCI-D groups. A “psychotic” subgroup emerged among MCI and MCI-D, but not in MDD. Night-time behaviors and disinhibition grouped differently across all three groups. Conclusions Prevalence of NPS seems higher in persons with MCI-D as compared to those with only MCI or MDD. The factor structure of NPS differed between MCI, MDD, and MCI-D groups. Future studies should investigate the association of NPS factors with cognition, function, and illness biomarkers. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Abstract Meteorites preserve evidence of processes on their parent bodies, including alteration, metamorphism, and shock events. Here we show that the Kakowa (L6) ordinary chondrite (OC) preserves both shock-melt veins and pockets of detrital grains from a brecciated and altered object, including corundum, albite, silica, fayalite, forsterite, and margarite in a Pb- and Fe-rich matrix. Preservation of the observed mineralogy and texture requires a sequence of at least two impacts: first, a high-velocity collision formed the shock melt veins containing the high-pressure minerals ringwoodite, wadsleyite, majorite, and albitic jadeite; later, a low-velocity impact formed fractures and filled them with the detrital material. Oxygen and Pb isotope ratios suggest an OC origin for these detrital minerals. Although fluid alteration is common in carbonaceous chondrites, the discovery of margarite with an OC oxygen isotopic signature is novel. Kakowa extends both the impact and alteration history of L6 ordinary chondrites in general.

Plant root–soil water interactions are fundamental to vegetation–water relationships. Soil water availability and distribution impact the temporal–spatial dynamics of roots and vice versa. In the Loess Plateau (LP) of China, where semi-arid and arid climates prevail and deep loess soil dominates, drying soil layers (DSLs) have been extensively reported in artificial forestland. While the underlying mechanisms that cause DSLs remain unclear, they hypothetically involve root–soil water interactions. Although available root growth models are weak with respect to simulating the rooting depth, this study addresses the hypothesis of the involvement of root–soil water interactions in DSLs using a root growth model that simulates both the dynamic rooting depth and fine-root distribution, coupled with soil water, based on cost–benefit optimization. Evaluation of field data from an artificial black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) forest site in the southern LP positively proves the model's performance. Further, a long-term simulation, forced by a 50-year climatic data series with varying precipitation, was performed to examine the DSLs. The results demonstrate that incorporating the dynamic rooting depth into the current root growth models is necessary to reproduce soil drying processes. The simulations revealed that the upper boundary of the DSLs fluctuates strongly with infiltration events, whereas the lower boundary extends successively with increasing rooting depth. Most infiltration was intercepted by the top 2.0 m layer, which was the most active zone of infiltration and root water uptake. Below this, the percentages of fine roots (5.0 %) and water uptake (6.2 %) were small but caused a persistently negative water balance and consequent DSLs. Therefore, the proposed root–water interaction approach succeeded in revealing the intrinsic properties of DSLs; their persistent extension and the lack of an opportunity for recovery from the drying state may adversely affect the implementation of artificial afforestation in this region as well as in other regions with similar climates and soils.

The biological surface structure comprising fish scales and a mucous membrane exhibits good turbulent drag reduction ability. Based on this structure, a bionic frictional drag reduction model composed of a grooved structure and mucous membrane was established herein, and its efficacy in reducing the resistance of a turbulent boundary layer was analyzed. Accordingly, the drag reduction performance of the bionic structure was investigated through large eddy simulations. The results revealed that the mucous membrane was evenly distributed on the groove wall through secretion, and effectively improved the drag reduction rate of the groove wall. The bionic grooves and mucous membrane structure successfully inhibited the turbulent kinetic energy, turbulence intensity, and Reynolds stress. The grooved structure improved the shape of the Λ vortex structure and the mucous membrane reduced the number of three-dimensional (3D) vortex structures. Furthermore, the streak structure near the bionic structure wall was reduced and its shape was regularized, which intuitively demonstrates the turbulence suppression ability of the proposed bionic structure. This paper presents the results of a hydrodynamic analysis of the frictional drag reduction characteristics of a bionic structure consisting of grooves and viscous membranes acting on the turbulent boundary layer of a wall.

In this paper, toluene-diisocyanate-trimer (TDI-T) was utilized to manufacture a new type of epoxy resin with high toughness via the co-polymerization method. In the procedure of preparing bisphenol A epoxy resin, before the reaction between bisphenol A (BPA) and epichlorohydrin (ECH), TDI-T was introduced to react with BPA for embedding flexible segments into the chain of epoxy resin, and obtaining the prepolymers, which are easy to form spatial interweaving network structures, then modified epoxy resin (TDI-T/EP) was manufactured. Mechanical properties, thermomechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of the cured TDI-T/EP were tested and characterized. Due to flexible segments and partial molecular network structure, the material presents high mechanical properties, especially the toughness, and the results show that the maximum tensile strength of cured TDI-T/EP reaches 30.3 MPa, and the maximum fracture elongation reaches 48.02%, at the same time the compressive strength arrives at 57.5 MPa. Compared with cured E-51, the toughness, strength, and fracture elongation are all strikingly enhanced. At the same time, the cured TDI-T/EP also has an excellent heat resistance and corrosion resistance, which avoided worries at home for its application. This work provides a new method for manufacturing high-toughness epoxy resins.

The Poiqu River basin is an area of concentration for glaciers and glacial lakes in the central Himalayas, where 147 glacial lakes were identified, based on perennial remote sensing images, with lake area ranging from 0.0002 to 5.5 km2 – a total of 19.89 km2. Since 2004, the retreat rate of glacier has reached as high as 5.0 km2 a−1, while the growth rate of glacial lake has reached 0.24 km2 a−1. We take five typical lakes as our case study and find that the retreat of glacier area reaches 31.2 %, while the glacial lake area has expanded by 166 %. Moreover, we reconstruct the topography of the lake basin to calculate the water capacity and propose a water balance equation (WBE) to explore the lake evolution. By applying the WBE to the five lakes, we calculate the water supplies of the last few years and compare this with the results of field surveys, which are in agreement, within an error of only 1.86 % on average. The WBE also reveals that the water supplies to the lake depend strongly on the altitude. Lakes at low altitudes are supplied by glacier melting, and lakes at high altitudes are supplied by snowmelts. The WBE is not only applicable for predicting future changes in glacial lakes under climate warming conditions but is also useful for assessing water resources from rivers in the central Himalayas.

China has made great efforts to monitor and control air pollution in the past decade. Comprehensive characterization and understanding of pollutants in three-dimensions are, however, still lacking. Here, we used data from an observation network consisting of 13 aerosol lidars and more than 1000 ground observation stations combined with a data assimilation technique to conduct a comprehensive analysis of extreme heavy aerosol pollution (HAP) over the North China Plain (NCP) from November–December 2017. During the studied period, the maximum hourly mass concentration of surface PM2.5 reached ∼390 µg m−3. After assimilation, the correlation between model results and the independent observation sub-dataset was ∼50 % higher than that without the assimilation, and the root mean square error was reduced by ∼40 %. From pollution development to dissipation, we divided the HAP in the NCP (especially in Beijing) into four phases: an early phase (EP), a transport phase (TP), an accumulation phase (AP), and a removal phase (RP). We then analyzed the evolutionary characteristics of PM2.5 concentration during different phases on the surface and in 3-D space. We found that the particles were mainly transported from south to north at a height of 1–2 km (during EP and RP) and near the surface (during TP and AP). The amounts of PM2.5 advected into Beijing with the maximum transport flux intensity (TFI) were through the pathways in the relative order of the southwest > southeast > east pathways. The dissipation of PM2.5 in the RP stage (with negative TFI) was mainly from north to south with an average transport height of ∼1 km above the surface. Our results quantified the multi-dimensional distribution and evolution of PM2.5 concentration over the NCP, which may help policymakers develop efficient air pollution control strategies.

Ozone (O3) pollution is of great concern in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region of China, and the regional O3 pollution is closely associated with dominant weather systems. With a focus on the warm seasons (April–September) from 2014 to 2018, we quantitatively analyze the characteristics of O3 variations over the YRD, the impacts of large-scale and synoptic-scale circulations on the O3 variations and the associated meteorological controlling factors, based on observed ground-level O3 and meteorological data. Our analysis suggests an increasing trend of the regional mean O3 concentration in the YRD at 1.8 ppb per year over 2014–2018. Spatially, the empirical orthogonal function analysis suggests the dominant mode accounting for 65.7 % variation in O3, implying that an increase in O3 is the dominant tendency in the entire YRD region. Meteorology is estimated to increase the regional mean O3 concentration by 3.1 ppb at most from 2014 to 2018. In particular, relative humidity (RH) plays the most important role in modulating the inter-annual O3 variation, followed by solar radiation (SR) and low cloud cover (LCC). As atmospheric circulations can affect local meteorological factors and O3 levels, we identify five dominant synoptic weather patterns (SWPs) in the warm seasons in the YRD using the t-mode principal component analysis classification. The typical weather systems of SWPs include the western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) under SWP1, a continental high and the Aleutian low under SWP2, an extratropical cyclone under SWP3, a southern low pressure and WPSH under SWP4 and the north China anticyclone under SWP5. The variations of the five SWPs are all favorable to the increase in O3 concentrations over 2014–2018. However, crucial meteorological factors leading to increases in O3 concentrations are different under different SWPs. These factors are identified as significant decreases in RH and increases in SR under SWP1, 4 and 5, significant decreases in RH, increases in SR and air temperature (T2) under SWP2 and significant decreases in RH under SWP3. Under SWP1, 4 and 5, significant decreases in RH and increases in SR are predominantly caused by the WPSH weakening under SWP1, the southern low pressure weakening under SWP4 and the north China anticyclone weakening under SWP5. Under SWP2, significant decreases in RH, increases in SR and T2 are mainly produced by the Aleutian low extending southward and a continental high weakening. Under SWP3, significant decreases in RH are mainly induced by an extratropical cyclone strengthening. These changes in atmospheric circulations prevent the water vapor in the southern and northern sea from being transported to the YRD and result in RH significantly decreasing under each SWP. In addition, strengthened descending motions (behind the strengthening trough and in front of the strengthening ridge) lead to decreases in LCC and significant increases in SR under SWP1, 2, 4 and 5. The significant increases in T2 would be due to weakening cold flow introduced by a weakening continental high. Most importantly, the changes in the SWP intensity can make large variations in meteorological factors and contribute more to the O3 inter-annual variation than the changes in the SWP frequency. Finally, we reconstruct an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) mode 1 time series that is highly correlated with the original O3 time series, and the reconstructed time series performs well in defining the change in SWP intensity according to the unique feature under each of the SWPs.

Landfall typhoons can significantly affect O3 in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region. In this study, we investigate a unique case characterized by two multiday regional O3 pollution episodes related to four successive landfall typhoons in the summer of 2018 in the YRD. The results show that O3 pollution episodes mainly occurred during the period from the end of a typhoon to the arrival of the next typhoon. The time when a typhoon reached the 24 h warning line and the time when the typhoon dies away in mainland China can be roughly regarded as time nodes. Meanwhile, the variations of O3 were related to the track, duration and landing intensity of the typhoons. The impact of typhoons on O3 was like a wave superimposed on the background of high O3 concentration in the YRD in summer. When a typhoon was near the 24 h warning line before it landed on the coastline of the YRD, the prevailing wind originally from the ocean changed to be from inland, and it transported lots of precursors from the polluted areas to the YRD. Under influences of the typhoon, the low temperature, strong upward airflows, more precipitation and wild wind hindered occurrences of high O3 episodes. After the passing of the typhoon, the air below the 700 hPa atmospheric layer was warm and dry, and the downward airflows resumed. The low troposphere was filed with high concentration of O3 due to O3-rich air transported from the low stratosphere and strong photochemical reactions. It is noteworthy that O3 was mainly generated in the middle of the boundary layer (∼ 1000 m) instead of at the surface. High O3 levels remained in the residual layer at night, and would be transported to the surface by downward airflows or turbulence by the second day. Moreover, O3 can be accumulated and trapped on the ground due to the poor diffusion conditions because the vertical diffusion and horizontal diffusion were suppressed by downward airflows and light wind, respectively. The premature deaths attributed to O3 exposure in the YRD during the study period were 194.0, more than the casualties caused directly by the typhoons. This work has enhanced our understanding of how landfall typhoons affect O3 in the YRD and thus can be useful in forecasting O3 pollution in regions strongly influenced by typhoon activities.

In order to investigate the interactive effects of simulated acid rain and copper (Cu) on macroalgae, Sargassum horneri was cultured under pH of 8.2, 5.6, 4.5 and Cu concentrations of 0, 25, 100 μg L-1. Under the medium concentration of Cu, moderate pH mitigated the toxicity of Cu on S. horneri, while the low pH and high Cu concentration reduced the contents of chlorophyll (Chl) a and carotenoids. Furthermore, pH had no interaction with Cu on maximal Chl fluorescence or electron transport efficiency, while effective PSII quantum yield, maximum electron transport rate, and saturating irradiance were obviously affected by pH and Cu, and the interactive effects were significant. Additionally, with the increasing Cu concentration and decreasing pH, nonphotochemical quenching and regulated energy dissipation dropped sharply, while nonregulated energy dissipation increased. Therefore, the high concentration of Cu and low pH had synergistic effects on the photosynthetic performance and growth of S. horneri.

Void formation during in-plane flow has been widely researched, while the void prediction method for throughthickness flow has not been reported, which restricts the effective quality control for through-thickness permeating type liquid composite molding (LCM). In this paper, the structural morphology and connectivity of mesopores in multi-layer woven fabrics have been studied, the difference between intra-yarn and inter-yarn flow paths during through-thickness permeating has been analyzed, and the air entrapment processes in different types of mesopores have been revealed. Based on the modeling of micro and meso through-thickness flow, a mathematical model to predict the formation and size of mesoscale-void has been established, the variation of intra-yarn flow path under different compaction conditions has been analyzed to guarantee the precision of the model. Experimental method has been designed to measure the size of meso-scale-void formed during through-thickness LCM, comparisons between prediction and experimental results have demonstrated the correctness of the above model.

Purpose: Mantle cell lymphoma is a rare aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkins B cell lymphoma. It typically presents with asymptomatic monoclonal lymphocytosis, lymphadenopathy or bulky extranodal disease. Mantle cell lymphoma rarely affects the central nervous system. We present two cases in which vision loss was the initial symptom of central nervous system involvement by the malignancy. Observations: Both patients initially received high dose intravenous steroids with notable improvement in their vision. Conclusions and importance: Early detection and management of optic nerve infiltration by mantle cell lymphoma is essential as it improves visual outcomes and enables prompt management of the patient's systemic disease.

As China’s first unmanned spacecraft to collect lunar surface samples and return them to Earth, the Chang’E-5 detector is a crucial probe that will complete lunar surface sampling in China’s lunar exploration project. This lunar sampling will be the first successful lunar surface sampling return mission in China. Sampling decisions needs to be made based on topographical analysis results and characteristics of the area to be explored. Due to the unknown extraterrestrial terrain and uncertainty of sampled objects, we propose a sampling feasibility estimation for safely implementing lunar surface sampling.Our strategy took into account the influence of factors that may interfere with the sampling process, and provided quantitative assessment of the sampling feasibility for the area to be explored. We combined the three-dimensional topography of the lunar surface with five parameters of the sampling area, flatness, slope, slope aspect, accessibility of the mechanical arm distal end, and safety of sampling conditions. The first three values were calculated based on a digital elevation model (DEM) of the landing area generated using stereo images. The other values were computed based on the mechanical properties of the arm and kinematic analysis of its articulated joints. Based on the above-mentioned quantitative parameters, they were weighed to obtain an evaluation value for the sampling feasibility of each DEM pixel. Meanwhile, a multichannel sampling area analysis graph was generated that combined all the above indicators as well as the sampling feasibility values, which provides a visualization for determining detection targets in the Chang’E-5 sampling mission.

Accurate prediction of void content is the foundation of process optimization for Liquid Composite Molding (LCM). During mold filling, void formation is a three-dimensional flow process, while at present the void formation is treated as a result of in-plane air entrapment, the resin and air flows on the thickness direction are totally neglected. In this paper, resin flows in the adjacent layers are considered to analyze the three-dimensional air entrapment and the meso-scalevoid formation. Firstly, the horizontal shift between fabric layers is analyzed, the mesopore coverage modes under different shift states are summarized. Then based on the mathematical models of micro and meso flows, the three-dimensional void entrapment processes under different cladding flow modes are studied in detail, a mathematical model for the prediction of meso-scale-void formation is established. Finally, a series of mold filling and void measurement experiments are carried out to verify the above model.

Many high and steep slopes are comprised of special topographic and geomorphic types and formed through mining activities during the construction of mountain expressways. Severe soil erosion may also occur under heavy rainfall conditions. Therefore, predicting soil loss on highway slopes is important in protecting infrastructure and human life. In this study, we investigate Xinhe Expressway located at the southern edge of the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) is used as the prediction model for soil and water loss on slopes. Geographic information systems, remote sensing technology, field surveys, run-off plot observation testing, cluster analysis and co-kriging calculations are also utilised. The partition of the prediction units of soil loss on the expressway slope in the mountainous area and the spatial distribution of rainfall on a linear highway are studied. Given the particularity of the expressway slope in the mountainous area, the model parameter is modified, and the risk of soil loss along the mountain expressway is simulated and predicted under 20- and 1-year rainfall return periods. The following results are obtained. (1) Natural watersheds can be considered for the prediction of slope soil erosion to represent the actual situation of soil loss on each slope. Then, the spatial location of the soil erosion unit can be determined. (2) Analysis of actual observation data shows that the overall average absolute error of the monitoring area is 0.39 t ha−1, the overall average relative error is 33.96 % and the overall root mean square error is between 0.21 and 0.66, all of which are within acceptable limits. The Nash efficiency coefficient is 0.67, indicating that the prediction accuracy of the model satisfies the requirements. (3) Under the 1-year rainfall return period condition, we find through risk classification that the percentage of prediction units with no risk of erosion is 78 %. The soil erosion risk is low and does not affect road traffic safety. Under the 20-year return period rainfall condition, the percentage of units with high and extremely high risks is 7.11 %. The prediction results can help adjust the design of water and soil conservation measures for these units.

Biological protein-based fibers are widely investigated in biological and biomedical fields owing to their advantages of lightweight, strong mechanical performance, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. So far, the mass production of natural protein-based silks is restricted by the limited sources and high cost. To fabricate high-performance fibers, it is highly desired to introduce cheap and easily available proteins and to develop advanced spinning technology. Recent progress in the design and fabrication of naturally sourced protein fibers is outlined here. According to the types of naturally sourced proteins, fibrous and globular protein-based fibers are discussed. In addition, the structure and fiber mechanical performance on the basis of different types of widely available proteins are reviewed in detail. With the developed spinning techniques, both fibrous and globular protein-based fibers could achieve outstanding mechanical performance or even surpass natural silks, showing potential biomedical applications. Finally, a perspective on further development of biological protein fibers is highlighted.

Autophagy has been implicated as a cellular protein degradation process that is used to recycle cytoplasmic components under biotic and abiotic stresses and so restrict programmed cell death (PCD). In this study, we report a novel regulatory mechanism by which NADPH oxidase respiratory burst oxidase homolog D (RBOHD) regulated pathogen-induced autophagy and hypersensitive (HR) cell death. We found that the Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato bacteria DC3000 expressing avrRps4 (Pst-avrRps4) induction of RBOHD-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production promoted the onset of autophagy, whereas a pretreatment with an NADPH oxidase RBOHD inhibitor reversed this trend. The inhibitor significantly blocked pathogen-induced autophagosome formation and ROS increase. Moreover, we also show that in the wild-type and atrbohF mutant, Pst-avrRps4-induced cell death was limited, whereas in the case of the atrbohD mutant, the infection triggered a spreading-type necrosis. Our results demonstrate that the RBOHD-dependent ROS accumulation stimulated autophagosome formation and limited HR cell death.

Grafting is an important cultivation method and recent research on the mechanism of interactions between rootstock nad scion is focused on the long-distance transport of mRNA and small RNAs in the phloem. Among these transportable molecules, NACP gene coding NAM, ATAF1/2, CUC2 (NAC) domain protein might be involved in apical meristem development. Here, we report the transport of NACP mRNA between Chinese pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) cv. Yali (scion) and the wild Pyrus betulaefolia Bunge (rootstock). Our results indicated that NACP mRNA can be transported in both directions from the 3rd to 10th day after micro-grafting. It can also be transported to the shoot apex 30 to 70 cm away from graft-union in 2-year-old grafted trees. For further investigation, transgenic tobaccos with 35S: P. betulaefolia-NACP construct were grafted on wild-type tobaccos (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Samsun). The sustainable transport of Pyrus-NACP mRNA through the graft-union occurred from the 15th day after grafting.

Coastal cities are particularly vulnerable to flood under multivariable conditions, such as heavy precipitation, high sea levels, and storms. The combined effect of multiple sources and the joint probability of extremes should be considered to assess and manage flood risk better. This paper aims to study the combined effect of rainfall and the tidal level of the receiving water body on flood probability and severity in Fuzhou City, which has a complex river network. Flood severity under a range of precipitation intensities, with return periods (RPs) of 5 yr to 100 yr, and tidal levels was assessed through a hydrodynamic model verified by data observed during Typhoon Longwang in 2005. According to the percentages of the river network where flooding occurred, the threshold conditions for flood severity were estimated in two scenarios: with and without working pumps. In Fuzhou City, working pumps efficiently reduce flood risk from precipitation within a 20-yr RP. However, the pumps may not work efficiently when rainfall exceeds a 100-yr RP because of the limited conveyance capacity of the river network. Joint risk probability was estimated through the optimal copula. The joint probability of rainfall and tidal level both exceeding their threshold values is very low, and the greatest threat in Fuzhou comes from heavy rainfall. However, the tidal level poses an extra risk of flood. Given that this extra risk is ignored in the design of flood defense in Fuzhou, flood frequency and severity may be higher than understood during design.

Introduction: Few studies have evaluated the route of nutritional therapy in patients with head trauma. Objective: We aimed at investigating whether early enteral (EN) or parenteral nutrition (TPN) may differ in protein/ calorie supply, serum glucose modifications, and acute phase response in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods: Twenty two patients with moderate TBI (Glasgow score between 9-12) were randomized to receive isocaloric and isonitrogeneous either EN (n = 12) or TPN (n = 10). The daily amount of calories and nitrogen (N) supplied, the nitrogen balance, and the daily serum level of glucose, C-reactive protein, and albumin were collected for 5 consecutive days. Clinical endpoints as length of stay and mortality were also compared. Results: Mortality was 9.1% (two cases) with one case in each group. A progressive caloric deficit occurred in both groups (p = 0.001) without difference between them. The mean serum glucose level in TNP patients (134.4, 95% CI = 122.6 to 146.2 mg/dl) was significantly higher than in the EN group (102,4; 95% CI 91.6 to 113.2 mg/dL) (p < 0.001). There was a trend (p = 0.06) of 24 h urinary N loss to be greater in TPN group which received higher amounts of N than the NE group (p < 0.05). However, nitrogen balance was similar in the two groups. There was no difference in either the clinical outcome variables or the acute phase response. Conclusion: Both routes were able to supply increasing provision of calories to brain injured patients. TPN provided significantly greater amount of nitrogen but losses were also greater. Nitrogen balance was similar with both types of therapy. Parenteral compared to enteral nutrition lead to greater hyperglycemia. There was no influence of the route in both the early inflammatory response and clinical outcome.Introducción: Pocos estudios han evaluado la ruta de la terapia nutricional en pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico. Objetivo: El objetivo fue investigar si la nutrición enteral (EN) o parenteral (TPN) precoz puede ser diferente en suministro de calorías y proteinas, en las modificaciones de glucosa sérica, y en la respuesta de fase aguda en pacientes con lesión cerebral traumática (TBI). Métodos: Veintidós pacientes con TBI moderado (puntuación de Glasgow entre 9 a 12) fueron aleatorizados para recibir de forma isocalórica y isonitrogenada EN (n = 12) o TPN (n = 10). La cantidad diaria de calorías y el nitrógeno (N) que se suministra, el balance de nitrógeno, y el nivel sérico de glucosa al día, la proteína C-reactiva, y la albúmina fueron recolectados durante 5 días consecutivos. Criterios de valoración clínicos como la duración de la estancia y la mortalidad también fueron comparados. Resultados: La mortalidad fue del 9,1% (dos casos) con un caso en cada grupo. Un déficit calórico progresivo se produjo en ambos grupos (p = 0,001), sin diferencia entre ellos. El nivel de glucosa sérica media de los pacientes com TNP (134.4, IC 95% = 122,6 a 146,2 mg/dl) fue significativamente mayor que en el grupo com EN (102,4 IC 95%: 91,6 a 113,2 mg/dl) (p < 0,001). Se observó una tendencia (p = 0,06) en la pérdida urinaria de N em 24 h ser mayor en el grupo TPN que recibió mayor cantidad de N que el grupo EN (p < 0,05). Sin embargo, el balance de nitrógeno fue similar en ambos grupos. No hubo diferencia en cualquiera de las variables de resultado clínico o la respuesta de fase aguda. Conclusión: Ambas rutas fueron capaces de suministrar cantidades diárias mayores de calorías para pacientes con lesión cerebral. Nutrición parenteral suministro cantidad mayores de nitrógeno, pero las pérdidas fueron tambiem mayores. El balance nitrogenado fue similar con ambos tipos de terapia. Parenteral en comparación con la nutrición enteral conduce a una mayor hiperglucemia. No hubo influencia de la ruta, tanto en la respuesta inflamatoria temprana y los resultados clínicos.

The paper reviews the systematic studies of triaxial deformations, new mode excitations and shape evolutions with regard to triaxial deformation in the neutron-rich nuclei with Z = 41-46, A~100-116.

En este trabajo se estudia el efecto de la implantación de cromo en el desarrollo de capas pasivas generadas electroquímicamente en medio básico sobre dos aceros inoxidables (AISI 430 y AISI 304L). Los análisis de XPS muestran que las películas desarrolladas sobre ambos aceros implantados presentan espesores menores, junto con composiciones similares, a las formadas sobre los no implantados. Sin embargo, en los resultados del examen con MEB se puede apreciar que las películas tienen más defectos (agrietamientos) y peor adherencia (especialmente en el AISI 430). Este cambio, junto con los datos de voltametría cíclica, parece sugerir una modificación en la estructura de los óxidos, bien en su grado de cristalinidad o bien en la estructura de su red cristalina.

Biomarkers are emerging as important tools in the detection and monitoring of various diseases. A major limitation and challenge to effectively utilize biomarker signals is the limited understanding of factors contributing to their variance. As genetic variation is a major contributor to phenotypic variation, exploring genetic contributions is of great importance. Copy number variants (CNVs) offer an alternative genomic framework to understand contributions to phenotypic variance. A copy-number variation genome-wide association study was performed using 116 serum inflammatory biomarkers as quantitative trait in elderly normal controls to test the hypothesis that CNVs contribute to the phenotypic heterogeneity of serum biomarkers. Three chromosomal regions were associated with four biomarkers in trans. Transforming growth factor alpha (TG-alpha) serum levels were associated with CNV dosage at chr11:5,788 kb, soluble levels of receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (sRAGE) was associated with CNV dosage at chr8:40,183 kb and both thrombospondin-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) were associated with CNV dosage at chr11:18,961 kb. The CNV at chr11:5,788 kb harbors 2 olfactory genes and the introns of Tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) gene cluster TRIM5&22 while the CNV at chr11:18,961 includes the Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X1. These trans associations may identify novel relationships in the relevant pathways and suggest that genetic variation can contribute to biomarker levels. The detected trans-association between MRGPRX1 and thrombospondin-1/TIMP-1 could implicate a novel pathway between pain/itching and inflammation. Cataloguing all genetic variants with an effect on biomarkers will serve as a tool to interpret epidemiological studies and establish causal relationships through Mendelian randomization.

The transition between different states in manganites can be driven by various external stimuli. Controlling these transitions with light opens the possibility to investigate the microscopic path through which they evolve. We performed femtosecond (fs) transmission electron microscopy on a bi-layered manganite to study its response to ultrafast photoexcitation. We show that a photoinduced temperature jump launches a pressure wave that provokes coherent oscillations of the lattice parameters, detected via ultrafast electron diffraction. Their impact on the electronic structure are monitored via ultrafast electron energy loss spectroscopy, revealing the dynamics of the different orbitals in response to specific structural distortions.

The fight against infectious diseases often focuses on epidemics and pandemics, which demand urgent resources and command attention from the health authorities and media. However, the vast majority of deaths caused by infectious diseases occur in endemic zones, particularly in developing countries, placing a disproportionate burden on underfunded health systems and often requiring international interventions. The provision of vaccines and other biologics is hampered not only by the high cost and limited scalability of traditional manufacturing platforms based on microbial and animal cells, but also by challenges caused by distribution and storage, particularly in regions without a complete cold chain. In this review article, we consider the potential of molecular farming to address the challenges of endemic and re-emerging diseases, focusing on edible plants for the development of oral drugs. Key recent developments in this field include successful clinical trials based on orally delivered dried leaves of Artemisia annua against malarial parasite strains resistant to artemisinin combination therapy, the ability to produce clinical-grade protein drugs in leaves to treat infectious diseases and the long-term storage of protein drugs in dried leaves at ambient temperatures. Recent FDA approval of the first orally delivered protein drug encapsulated in plant cells to treat peanut allergy has opened the door for the development of affordable oral drugs that can be manufactured and distributed in remote areas without cold storage infrastructure and that eliminate the need for expensive purification steps and sterile delivery by injection.