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Nature 606(7915), 678 - 682 (2022). doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04827-6, Published by Nature Publ. Group, London [u.a.]

Direct proton-knockout reactions of ^{55}Sc at ∼220 MeV/nucleon were studied at the RIKEN Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory. Populated states of ^{54}Ca were investigated through γ-ray and invariant-mass spectroscopy. Level energies were calculated from the nuclear shell model employing a phenomenological internucleon interaction. Theoretical cross sections to states were calculated from distorted-wave impulse approximation estimates multiplied by the shell model spectroscopic factors, which describe the wave function overlap of the ^{55}Sc ground state with states in ^{54}Ca. Despite the calculations showing a significant amplitude of excited neutron configurations in the ground-state of ^{55}Sc, valence proton removals populated predominantly the ground state of ^{54}Ca. This counterintuitive result is attributed to pairing effects leading to a dominance of the ground-state spectroscopic factor. Owing to the ubiquity of the pairing interaction, this argument should be generally applicable to direct knockout reactions from odd-even to even-even nuclei.

The tetraneutron has attracted the attention of nuclear physicists during the past decades, but there is still no unambiguous confirmation of its existence or non-existence. A new experiment based on $$^{8}$$ He(p, 2p) $$^{7}$$ H{t+ $$^{4}n$$ } reaction, with direct detection of the four neutrons, has been carried out at RIBF, which can hopefully help to draw a definite conclusion on the tetraneutron system.

8 pags., 4 figs., 3 tabs., The nuclear structure of 51Ar, an uncharted territory so far, was studied by the (p,2p) reaction using γ-ray spectroscopy for the bound states and the invariant mass method for the unbound states. Two peaks were detected in the γ-ray spectrum and six peaks were observed in the 50Ar+n relative energy spectrum. Comparing the results to our shell-model calculations, two bound and six unbound states were established. Three of the unbound states could only be placed tentatively due to the low number of counts in the relative energy spectrum of events associated with the decay through the first excited state of 50Ar. The low cross sections populating the two bound states of 51Ar could be interpreted as a clear signature for the presence of significant subshell closures at neutron numbers 32 and 34 in argon isotopes. It was also revealed that due to the two valence holes, unbound collective states coexist with individual-particle states in 51Ar., We are very grateful to the RIKEN Nishina Center accelerator staff for providing the stable beam and to the BigRIPS team for the smooth operation of the secondary beams. The development of the MINOS device has been supported by the European Research Council through the ERC Grant No. MINOS-258567. F. B. was supported by the RIKEN Special Postdoctoral Researcher Program. K. O. acknowledges the support by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research JP16K05352. Y. U. acknowledges the support by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 20K03981. Y. L. S. acknowledges the support of Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship (H2020-MSCA-IF-2015-705023) from the European Union and the support from the Helmholtz International Center for FAIR. H. N. L. acknowledges the support from the Enhanced Eurotalents program (PCOFUND-GA-2013-600382) co-funded by CEA and the European Union. T. A., C. L., D. R., H. T., V. W., L. Z., H. N. L., V. W. and A. O. acknowledge the support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) Project No. 279384907-SFB 1245. R. B. G. acknowledges the support from the DFG under Grant No. BL 1513/1-1. Y. L. S. and A. O. acknowledge the support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. B. D. L. and L. X. C. acknowledge the support from the Vietnam Ministry of Science and Technology under Grant No. ĐTCB.01/21/VKHKTHN. I. G. has been supported by HIC for FAIR and HRZZ under project No. 1257 and 7194. K. I. H., D. K. and S. Y. P. acknowledge the support from the NRF grant funded by the Korea government (No. 2017R1A2B2012382 and 2019M7A1A1033186). F. B. acknowledge the support from the RIKEN Special Postdoctoral Researcher Program. D. S. and Z. E. were supported by projects No. GINOP-2.3.3-15-2016-00034 and No. K128947. V. V. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad under Contract No. FPA2017-84756-C4-2-P. V. W. and P. K. acknowledge the support from BMBF grants 05P15RDFN1 and 05P19RDFN1. P. K. acknowledges support from HGS-HIRe. This work was also supported by NKFIH (114454).

7 pags., 4 figs., 1 tab., Excited states in the N=40 isotone Ti were populated via the V(p,2p)Ti reaction at ∼200 MeV/nucleon at the Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory and studied using γ-ray spectroscopy. The energies of the 2 →0 and 4 →2 transitions, observed here for the first time, indicate a deformed Ti ground state. These energies are increased compared to the neighboring Cr and Fe isotones, suggesting a small decrease of quadrupole collectivity. The present measurement is well reproduced by large-scale shell-model calculations based on effective interactions, while ab initio and beyond mean-field calculations do not yet reproduce our findings. The shell-model calculations for Ti show a dominant configuration with four neutrons excited across the N=40 gap. Likewise, they indicate that the N=40 island of inversion extends down to Z=20, disfavoring a possible doubly magic character of the elusive Ca., We thank the RIKEN Nishina Center accelerator staff and the Bi-gRIPS team for the stable operation of the high-intensity Zn beam and for the preparation of the secondary beam setting. K.O. ac-knowledges the support by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) JP16K05352. A.P. is supported in part by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (Spain), Severo Ochoa Programme SEV-2016-0597 and grant PGC-2018-94583. F.B. is supported by the RIKEN Spe-cial Postdoctoral Researcher Program. L.X.C. and B.D.L. would like to thank the Vietnam Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) for its support through the Physics Development Program Grant No. ÐTÐLCN.25/18. I.G. has been supported by HIC for FAIR and Croatian Science Foundation under projects no. 1257 and 7194. D. So. was supported by the the European Regional Develop-ment Fund contract No. GINOP-2.3.3-15-2016-00034 and the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary via Project No. K128947. V.V. acknowledges support from the Span-ish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad under Contract No. FPA2017-84756-C4-2-P. K.I.H., D.K. and S.Y.P. acknowledge the sup-port from the National Research Foundation of Korea grant No. 2018R1A5A1025563 and 2019M7A1A1033186. The development of MINOS was supported by the European Research Council through the ERC Grant No. MINOS-258567. This work was also supported by the JSPS KAKENHI Grant No. 18K03639, MEXT as “Priority is-sue on post-K computer” (Elucidation of the fundamental laws and evolution of the universe), the Joint Institute for Computational Fundamental Science (JICFuS), the CNS-RIKEN joint project for large-scale nuclear structure calculations, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft – Projektnummer 279384907 – SFB 1245, the PRISMA Cluster of Excellence, and the BMBF under Contracts No. 05P18RDFN1 and 05P19RDFN1. TRIUMF receives funding via a contribution through the National Research Council Canada. Com-putations were performed at the Jülich Supercomputing Center (JURECA)

27th International Nuclear Physics Conference, INPC2019, Glasgow, United Kingdom, 29 Jul 2019 - 2 Aug 2019; Journal of physics / Conference series 1643(1), 012106 (2020). doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1643/1/012106, Published by IOP Publ., Bristol

7 pags., 3 figs. -- 27th International Nuclear Physics Conference (INPC2019), The tetraneutron has attracted the attention of nuclear physicists during the past decades, but there is still no unambiguous confirmation of its existence or nonexistence. A new experiment based on 8 He(p,2p)7H{t+4n} reaction, with direct detection of the four neutrons, has been carried out at RIBF, which can hopefully help to draw a definite conclusion on the tetraneutron system., We acknowledge the support of the RIBF accelerator staff and the BigRIPS team for providing the high-quality beam. Z. H. Yang acknowledges the financial support from the Foreign Postdoctoral Researcher program of RIKEN. T. Aumann acknowledges the support by DFG via SFB 1245. P. Koseoglou acknowledges the support from BMBF (NUSTAR.DA grant No.05P 15RDFN1).

Exclusive cross sections and momentum distributions have been measured for quasifree one-neutron knockout reactions from a ^{54}Ca beam striking on a liquid hydrogen target at ∼200 MeV/u. A significantly larger cross section to the p_{3/2} state compared to the f_{5/2} state observed in the excitation of ^{53}Ca provides direct evidence for the nature of the N=34 shell closure. This finding corroborates the arising of a new shell closure in neutron-rich calcium isotopes. The distorted-wave impulse approximation reaction formalism with shell model calculations using the effective GXPF1Bs interaction and ab initio calculations concur our experimental findings. Obtained transverse and parallel momentum distributions demonstrate the sensitivity of quasifree one-neutron knockout in inverse kinematics on a thick liquid hydrogen target with the reaction vertex reconstructed to final state spin-parity assignments.

The first γ-ray spectroscopy of ^{52}Ar, with the neutron number N=34, was measured using the ^{53}K(p,2p) one-proton removal reaction at ∼210 MeV/u at the RIBF facility. The 2_{1}^{+} excitation energy is found at 1656(18) keV, the highest among the Ar isotopes with N>20. This result is the first experimental signature of the persistence of the N=34 subshell closure beyond ^{54}Ca, i.e., below the magic proton number Z=20. Shell-model calculations with phenomenological and chiral-effective-field-theory interactions both reproduce the measured 2_{1}^{+} systematics of neutron-rich Ar isotopes, and support a N=34 subshell closure in ^{52}Ar.

Erdwarmesonden-Speicher konnen okonomisch zur Deckung des Warme-/Kaltebedarfs von grosen Gebauden genutzt werden. Deren Errichtung in Karstaquiferen ist hinsichtlich des Grundwasserschutzes und der korrekten Dimensionierung eine anspruchsvolle Planungsaufgabe. Die Erschliesung des Hochstegenmarmors im Tuxertal (Zillertal, Osterreich) war durch eine zweistufige Planungsphase gekennzeichnet, um die gewunschten Entzugs- und Speicherfunktionen sicherzustellen.

7 pags., 7 figs. -- XXIII International School on Nuclear Physics, Neutron Physics and Applications 22-28 September 2019, Varna, Bulgaria, Within the SEASTAR III campaign at the Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory, at the RIKEN Nishina Center, neutron-rich isotopes in the vicinity of 53K were produced from the fragmentation of the primary 70Zn beam on a 9Be target. After nucleon knockout reactions on the secondary liquid hydrogen MINOS target the known γ rays of the neutron-rich 55Sc isotope were observed (shown in this proceedings) and γ rays from 57,59Sc isotopes have been identified for the first time. The evolution of the occupied nucleon orbitals of these nuclei in the ground and excited state is investigated under the prism of the tensor force., We are grateful to the RIKEN Nishina Center accelerator staff for their work in the primary beam delivery and the BigRIPS team for preparing the secondary beams. This work was supported by the cooperation between TU Darmstadt and the GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, by the Helmholtz Graduate School for Hadron and Ion Research for FAIR and its abroad program and the BMBF under grant No. 05P19RDFN1. D.S. was supported by projects No. GINOP2.3.3-15-2016-00034 and No. K128947.

We report on the first γ-ray spectroscopy of 51,53K produced via the 52,54Ca(p,2p) reactions at ∼250 MeV/nucleon. Unambiguous final-state angular-momentum assignments were achieved for beam intensities down to few particles per second by using a new technique based on reaction vertex tracking combined with a thick liquid-hydrogen target. Through γ-ray spectroscopy and exclusive parallel momentum distribution analysis, 3/2+ ground states and 1/2+ first excited states in 51,53K were established quantifying the natural ordering of the 1 d 3 / 2 and 2 s 1 / 2 proton-hole states that are restored at N = 32 and 34. State-of-the-art ab initio calculations and shell-model calculations with improved phenomenological effective interactions reproduce the present data and predict consistently the increase of the E(1/2 1 + ) - E(3/2 1 + ) energy differences towards N = 40.

The tetraneutron has been drawing the attention of the nuclear physics community for decades, but a firm conclusion on its existence and properties is still far from being reached despite many experimental and theoretical efforts. New measurements have recently been performed at RIBF with the SAMURAI spectrometer by applying complementary reaction probes, which will help to pin down the properties of this four-neutron system., Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, conference proceedings of XXII International Conference on Few-Body Problems in Physics (FB22), Caen, France, July 2018

8 pags., 10 figs., 3 tabs., The Borromean drip-line nucleus Ne-17 has been suggested to possess a two-proton halo structure in its ground state. In the astrophysical rp-process, where the two-proton capture reaction O-15(2p,gamma) Ne-17 plays an important role, the calculated reaction rate differs by several orders of magnitude between different theoretical approaches. To add to the understanding of the Ne-17 structure we have studied nuclear and electromagnetic dissociation. A 500 MeV/u Ne-17 beam was directed toward lead, carbon, and polyethylene targets. Oxygen isotopes in the final state were measured in coincidence with one or two protons. Different reaction branches in the dissociation of Ne-17 were disentangled. The relative populations of s and d states in F-16 were determined for light and heavy targets. The differential cross section for electromagnetic dissociation (EMD) shows a continuous internal energy spectrum in the three-body system O-15 + 2p. The Ne-17 EMD data were compared to current theoretical models. None of them, however, yields satisfactory agreement with the experimental data presented here. These new data may facilitate future development of adequate models for description of the fragmentation process., This project is supported by NAVI, GSI-TU Darmstadt cooperation, HIC for FAIR, EMMI, and BMBF and from DFG through Grant No. SFB1245 and from BMBF via Project No. 05P15RDFN1, and from the Spanish Ministry by research grant FPA2015-64969-P. C.A.B. acknowledges support by the US DOE Grant No. DE-FG02-08ER41533 and the US NSF Grant No. 1415656.

Between 1891 and 1914 thousands of Ukrainian peasants left their ancestral homeland in Western Ukraine to seek land on the agricultural frontiers of Western Canada and southern Brazil. Often these emigrants who left for radically different frontiers originated from the same districts and villages; some even came from the same families. The new landscapes created in Canada and Brazil by these Ukrainian pioneers reflected environmental differences between the Old World and the New. The Ukrainian landscape in Brazil showed the most immediate response to environmental change, but the isolation of the Brazilian communities meant that evidence of traditional folkways and aspects of material culture survived far longer in Ukrainian Brazilian areas than in Ukrainian Canadian communities. At the same time as these landscapes in the Ukrainian diaspora were evolving, the landscapes of the hearth area were also experiencing change. This paper is thus an attempt to consider the role of time, environmental change, and culture in three areas that are geographically widely separated, but retain certain cultural commonalities in radically different physical and political environments. Resume: De 1891 a 1914 des milliers de paysans ukrainiens ont quitte leur patrie ancestrale en Ukraine de l’Ouest pour des terres aux frontieres agricoles de l’Ouest canadien et du Bresil du sud. Ces emigrants qui partaient pour des contrees radicalement dissemblables, provenaient souvent des memes districts et villages, si ce n’est des memes familles. La maniere dont ces pionniers ukrainiens ont reamenage ces territoires, refletait les differences environnementales du vieux et du nouveau monde. Au Bresil, ils se sont immediatement adaptes au changement geographique, mais l’isolement de leurs communautes a permis aux formes de vie traditionnelles populaires et aux caracteres culturels architecturaux de leurs villages de survivre beaucoup plus longtemps que chez les Canadiens ukrainiens. Parallelement aux transformations des paysages de la diaspora ukrainienne, d’autres mutations se faisaient aussi dans son foyer ancestral. Cet article tente donc de considerer le role du temps, du changement environnemental et de la culture dans les trois regions qui retiennent certains points culturels communs malgre leur grand eloignement geographique aux unes et aux autres et des terrains physiques et politiques radicalement differents.

Naming converts space to place. Place names are often the manifestation of military and political power. The victors write history and embed their culture and power in the landscape by naming and renaming places. In Canada’s Prairie West, after 1870, Aboriginal place names were submerged beneath a tide of British imperial nomenclature bestowed by major corporations. Agricultural immigrants from Europe found it difficult to mark their presence in the landscape by naming settlements, but school names were generally assigned locally. By naming schools, otherwise powerless groups from Eastern Europe marked their presence in the rural landscape. Naming or renaming them reflected the strength of community power, the community’s weltanschaaung , and fluctuations in the influence of the Anglophone elite. Resume: L’acte de nommer convertit l’espace en un lieu. Le nom des lieux (toponyme) sont souvent la manifestation du pouvoir politique et militaire. Les vainqueurs ecrivent l’histoire et integrent leur culture et pouvoir dans le paysage en nommant et en renommant des lieux. Apres 1870, dans la region des Prairies de l’Ouest du Canada, les toponymes autochtones ont ete submerges sous une maree de nomenclature imperiale Britannique conferee par les grandes entreprises commerciales. Les immigrants agricoles en provenance d’Europe ont trouve difficile de marquer leur presence dans le paysage en nommant des villages. Toutefois, cela n’etait pas le cas pour le nom des ecoles qui etait generalement attribue localement. L’acte de nommer leurs ecoles a permis a des groupes d’Europe de l’Est de marquer leur presence dans le paysage rural. Ainsi, nommer ou renommer les ecoles reflete le pouvoir de la communaute, l’weltanschauung de la communaute, et les fluctuations de l’influence de l’elite anglophone.

To dimension a geothermal array, it is necessary to explore the geophysical and geologic qualities of the subsoil. At the following example the project engineering of a prospective geothermal array is shown from the investigation up to the execution planning. For the geothermic investigation a 400 m (1312 ft.) deep drilling was established and equipped with 50 mm (1.97 in.) duplex BHE. With the mounting of the BHE a fiberglass hybrid cable was inserted as a loop parallel to the shanks of the BHE. By means of optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) an enhanced geothermal response test has been executed. Due the high local resolution of the resulting profile of conductivities the geological profile can be differentiated in areas with mainly conductive and areas of convective influenced heat transfer. By knowledge of these both parts and its parameters the incident of groundwater flow on the BHE can be calculated (Peclet number analysis/ Darcy velocity). With the help of the ascertained geophysical and hydraulic rock parameters solid rock, cleavages and karst cavity could be identified. Also the undisturbed ground temperature, the effective thermal conductivity and areas with different geothermal gradients and the groundwater velocity in cleaved and caveated rocks could be determined.

To obtain reliable results in analyzing the sensitivity and uncertainty of model parameters, a precise identification and understanding of these parameters is required. The parameter identification strongly depends on the selection of the performance criteria. With multiple and complementary performance criteria, different aspects of the hydrological behavior are represented in models. A distinct connection of each relevant model parameter to one corresponding performance criteria would significantly facilitate the handling of parameters in models and would improve the interpretation of results of sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. Our study investigates the relationship between model parameters and performance criteria, by calculating ten performance criteria for a high number of model simulations in two contrasting study catchments. These performance criteria include the NSE, the KGE as well as the three components of KGE. Moreover, signature measures are calculated, which are represented by the RSR for different segments of the flow duration curve. Based on this, regression trees are calculated to firstly detect, the most relevant model parameters for each performance criterion. Secondly, each model parameter is used as target variable for regression trees to derive the performance criterion which is mostly impacted by changes in the model parameters. In this way, the most appropriate performance criterion is identified for each model parameter. To enhance the hydrological knowledge on the relationship between model parameters and performance criteria, we introduce the notion of connective strength which is defined as the intensity how model parameters and performance criteria are inter-related. The connective strength is high a) if a performance criterion is strongly controlled by a certain model parameter and b) if this model parameter strongly affects this performance criterion significantly. This means that there is a high bijective relationship between model parameters and performance criteria which allows a precise parameter identification. Our results provides a high bijective connective strength between model parameters and performance criteria related to low and mid flow as well as to water balance conditions. In contrast, the connective strength is lower for high flow conditions. In this way, the benefit of each single criterion in comparison to the other performance criteria is highlighted. At least three to four different performance criteria are required for a precise identification of distinct model parameters depending on the process complexity in the catchments. Overall, this study shows how precisely a model parameter is identified by the different performance criteria. This leads to the conclusion that the identification of the connective strength enables a more consistent handling of model parameters and performance criteria for sensitivity and uncertainty analysis.

A total of 35 psychology department members from 21 universities assessed the relevance and efficacy of the New School Psychology Bulletin (NSPB), a graduate student journal, to training in psychology. Overall, a small sample of psychology department members viewed NSPB as an effective vehicle for student training. Perceptions among faculty were less favorable than previous research demonstrated with a student sample. The majority of respondents reported that students in their programs learn about manuscript preparation but noted that 50% or fewer students actually publish in peer-reviewed journals during graduate school. This suggests that although faculty members perceive that their students are adequately trained in this domain, a large number of students are not putting these skills into practice by submitting manuscripts to peer-reviewed journals.

We used radio telemetry to evaluate activity area size, habitat use, diurnal activity, and the influence of weather, environmental temperatures and sex on daily movements in 18 Sternotherus odoratus in southwestern Michigan. Turtles mainly moved within the highly vegetated littoral zone but two individuals used wet meadow areas adjacent to the lake and an adjoining stream. Activity area size, as measured by the 95% fixed kernel method using 40 radio telemetry days per individual, did not vary between the sexes. Mean total daily distance moved (TDDM) over a 12 h time period averaged 27 m and was not influenced by sex or by variation in daily weather conditions. However, seasonal changes in environmental temperatures were positively correlated with mean daily shell temperature (Ts) and TDDM indicating limits on activity on relatively cool days. While turtles were found to move at any time over the course of a day, distances moved during six, 4 h intervals over a 24 h period were greatest during the...

Contemporary Aboriginal music in Manitoba fuses the traditional and modern. Aboriginal songwriters address social and economic issues faced by their communities through a variety of genres ranging from country to hip hop. Native Communications Incorporated (NCI) is an Aboriginal-owned and operated enterprise that addresses the broadcasting needs of Manitoba’s Aboriginal population. It broadcasts a high proportion of contemporary Aboriginal music that mirrors Aboriginal concerns and perceptions. NCI also plays a significant role in developing and promoting Aboriginal music and reflects the challenges of catering to a culturally diverse and geographically dispersed Aboriginal population.

The fruit fly Tephritis bardanae infests flower heads of two burdock hosts, Arctium tomentosum and A. minus. Observations suggest host-associated mating and behavioural differences at oviposition indicating host-race status. Previously, flies from each host plant were found to differ slightly in allozyme allele frequencies, but these differences could as well be explained by geographical separation of host plants. In the present study, we explicitly test whether genetic and morphological variance among T. bardanae are explained best by host-plant association or by geographical location, and if this pattern is stable over a 10-year period. Populations of A. tomentosum flies differed significantly from those of A. minus flies in (i) allozyme allele frequencies at the loci Pep-A and Pgd, (ii) mtDNA haplotype frequencies and (iii) wing size. In contrast, geographical location had no significant influence on the variance estimates. While it remains uncertain whether morphometric differentiation reflects genotypic variability or phenotypic plasticity, allozyme and mtDNA differentiation is genetically determined. This provides strong evidence for host-race formation in T. bardanae. However, the levels of differentiation are relatively low indicating that the system is in an early stage of divergence. This might be due to a lack of time (i.e. the host shift occurred recently) or due to relatively high gene flow preventing much differentiation at loci not experiencing selection.

Kfar Etzion is a Kibbutz first established in Palestine in the 1930s. At the end of the British Mandate, in 1948, it became a de facto Israeli military outpost that controlled access to Jerusalem from the south. Kfar Etzion fell to Arab forces in 1948 and the area became Jordanian territory until 1967 when Israeli forces occupied the West Bank. Kfar Etzion was re-established in the same year. Kfar Etzion now interprets its history through a sophisticated multilingual audio-visual presentation offered in a museum built over a former bunker where Jewish defenders were killed. This presentation is analysed to illustrate the ways in which an historical narrative is constructed for interpretive purposes and to show that Bloc and Israeli perspectives are conflated for political purposes. The battle for the Bloc continues through the interpretation of heritage.

In diesem Beitrag wird eine nicht-invasive Methode zur indirekten Messung des Polyethylenabriebs bei Kniegelenktotalendoprothesen basierend auf Standardrontgenbildern vorgestellt. Hierzu werden die dreidimensionalen (3D-) Lageparameter der tibialen und der femoralen Komponente aus der im Rontgenbild segmentierten Kontur der Prothesenteile geschatzt. Erste Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, das das Verfahren geeignet ist, um den minimalen Abstand der Prothesenteile und somit den Abrieb des Tibiaplateaus mit hinreichender Genauigkeit zu bestimmen.

Conventional approaches to the study of historical geography tend to use aggregate data to create discrete patterns and to formulate generalized explanations of the tumultuous process of frontier settlement and community formation. Life history, through the study of the actions of an individual or a family unit, can provide new insights into the decision-making process and the social tensions that accompanied pioneer settlement and community development on the frontier. The life history of the Mihaychuk family, who emigrated to Canada from Bukovyna, Austria, in 1900, and who eventually settled at Arbakka in the Ukrainian bloc settlement of Stuartburn in southeastern Manitoba, is used as an illustration. The process of chain migration and the economic outlook of the peasant settler is demonstrated. The capricious role of kinship linkages in settlement decision making is clarified and the fluidity of the frontier illustrated. The emerging social and economic mobility of the Canadian-born or Canadianized generation was shown by their dissatisfaction with the opportunities that their parents had sought. Remigration to new areas of frontier settlement was common, as was entry into school teaching as a springboard into the mainstream of Canadian life beyond the Ukrainian community of Stuartburn. Les demarches conventionnelles a l'etude de la geographic historique ont tendance a utiliser les donnees collectives pour creer des modeles distincts, et a formuler des explications generalisees du processus tumultueux de l' eAablissement a la frontiere et ensuite du developpement des communautes. A travers l'etude des actions d' un individu ou d' une famille, l' histoire de la vie peut parvenir a comprendre la maniere de prendre des decisions, ainsi que les tensions sociales qui caracterisaient les etablisse-ments et les communautes des pionniers a la frontiere. l' histoire de la vie de la famille « Mihaychuk » sert d'exemple. Les membres ont emigre au Canada du Bukovyna en Autriche en 1900 et ils se sont installers a Arbakka dans le hameau ukrainien de Stuartburn dans le sud-est de Manitoba. On decrit la procede de la migration en chaine et les previsions economiques des pionniers paysans. L ‘influence capricieuse des liens de parente aux decisions de la communaute se voit clairement; la variabilite des limites de la frontiere est aussi depeinte. La mobilite sociale et economique qui se developpait chez la population natale ou « canadienisee » se manifestait par le mecontentement avec les projets que leurs parents ont poursuivis. La reinstallation des families aux nouvelles regions etait commune, de meme que l'emploi dans le domaine de l' enseignement –ce qui servait de tremplin afin d' entrer au courant principal de la vie canadienne audela de la communaute ukrainienne de Stuartburn

This chapter, which is part of a comprehensive research project on the social position, economic role and attitudes of Hutterite women, seeks to examine gender relationships within the Hutterian community. The first section deals with the principles of Hutterite belief and the place of the woman in this framework. The second section describes the female occupations, and the third section discusses the inherent lack of gender equality in the Hutterite colonies. The fourth section deals with the women’s attitude towards their lack of equality. The chapter further analyzes the ways in which women influence the communities in recent years. It discusses where women have influence within the colony and the areas of colony operation where they wish to see change. As in every society, even in the most egalitarian, not every woman wishes to be influential. Despite considerable difficulties, Hutterite women who wish to influence colony affairs can do so. Keywords:gender equality; Hutterite colonies; Hutterite society; Hutterite women; women’s occupational roles

The agricultural settlement of western Canada took place within the framework of a complex socio-economic system produced by Canadian national institutions: the Crown, corporations and churches. The interaction of these Canadian institutions with institutions introduced to western Canada by immigrants played an important role in determining the long-term stability of immigrant rural communities. Whether an immigrant group achieved long-term stability or suffered social disintegration depended on the degree to which immigrant and host institutions were congruent or dissonant . The interaction of social and economic institutions is examined through the settlement experiences of five diverse groups that settled in western Canada before 1914: the Mennonites, Doukhobors, Jews, Mormons and Ukrainians.

In the early 1940s, the Jewish National Fund (JNF) acquired lands south of Bethlehem in a region that later became known as the Etzion bloc. In the years that followed, the JNF and the Settlement Department of the Jewish Agency established a bloc of settlements on these lands that included four kibbutzim: Kfar Etzion (1943), Massuot Yitzhak (1945), Ein Zurim (1946), and Revadim (1947). These were the only Jewish settlements in the area between Jerusalem and Hebron. During the War for Independence, in 1948, these settlements were abandoned and destroyed, and a total of about 220 people lost their lives almost all the male residents of Kfar Etzion as well as other Jewish defenders who had joined them. Nineteen years later, following the conquest of this territory by Israel in the Six Day War, the children of those who had been killed at Kfar Etzion appealed to the government to return to their homes, and to re-establish first and foremost Kfar Etzion. This effort, finally given governmental approval, became the vanguard of the movement to resettle the Etzion block, which, by Summer 1995, had a population of 9,000 and comprised three kibbutzim, four community settlements, and a town. The motivation in 1967 for resettling the Etzion bloc the first area in Judea and Samaria to be settled after the Six Day War was not primarily ideological, political or security-related, as was the establishment of other settlements in Judea and Samaria. The renewal of settlement in the Etzion bloc its goals, location, and the form it took should be understood in the context of its symbolic significance for the children of those who were killed there, the survivors of the bloc, and the Israeli public in general, and is related to the massive loss of life during the War for Independence and the accompanying trauma. The symbolism of Etzion bloc can also explain the long-held and prevalent view among many Israelis that consensus exists in Israel about the need to keep the Etzion bloc in Israeli hands in any kind