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Peer‐to‐peer (P2P) energy trading is expected to be emerged as a new energy management paradigm that allows the transaction of energy from one prosumer to another prosumer without any dependency on a central controller. In Malaysia, first pilot test of P2P trading has been conducted recently, which exclusively participated by industrial prosumers and commercial consumers only. In order to investigate the impact of P2P energy trading to Malaysia market, this paper proposes an auction‐based two‐stage P2P trading market‐clearing strategy, for multi‐cities and intra‐city in Malaysia. A motivational game theory‐based price scheme is presented to ensure an unbiased market operation, to maximize the saving and payoff for each prosumer, at the same time benefits the power utility company. The proposed two‐stage market clearing model is solved by Linear Programming optimization approach. A realistic representation of P2P trading in Malaysia is constructed and tested out under multi‐cities and intra‐city energy trading test cases. Comparison between the proposed P2P energy trading with existing solar generation net metering scheme is also presented. The numerical results indicate the viability and potential of motivational game theory based P2P trading in future Malaysia transactive energy market.

Biomass is one of the most versatile sustainable energy sources. This versatility allows utilization of different biomass feedstock using a verity of conversion techniques. Often, a biomass‐to‐bioenergy conversion method is selected depending on the application, end‐use product, and the type of feedstock. In many applications such as residential energy supply, it is possible to select amongst various technologies. Although, there exist several challenges such as cost‐effectiveness and sustainability that constrains bioenergy development. To this end, this research elaborates on the impacts of different conversion methods on techno‐economic performance of bioenergy systems for residential energy supply. In this context, Organic Rankine Cycle based on direct combustion, and Dual Fluidized‐Bed technology based on gasification were selected for that purpose. A techno‐economic comparative analysis illustrates that the primary product of the system and fuel cost are the two most important factors in feasibility assessment. The negative impact of feedstock price was more severe on the Organic Rankine Cycle. For wood chips prices below 55$/t, Organic Rankine Cycle could be the better option due to lower capital and maintenance costs. In contrast, Dual Fluidized‐Bed could better tolerate the variation of feedstock price; offering 8% lower cost of energy at 65$/t wood chips.

This paper proposed the modelling and simulation of generator protection for power system using digital reverse power relay. The operations of the power plant are often interrupted by the reverse power generation. Therefore, generators need to be closely monitored and controlled. In this study, 11 kV synchronous generators are connected to 220 kV load through a step-up transformer, and a new model of reverse power relay is added for generator protection. The reverse power relay proposed in this paper is a digital relay with high accuracy and high reacting speed. Several cases based on various types of mechanical inputs to the generator were studied to test the operation of the reverse power relay. This simulation was done using MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that the 11 kV generator protection is successful with this new model reverse power relay. Besides, the simulation results were similar result compared to the theory result. From the simulation results, the integral output of the relay will reach the threshold value ‘L’ whenever there is a reversed power flow fault found in the system. Consequently, the relay will be triggered to provide protection for the generator. This model has been added into online resources of MATLAB Power System Tools. In addition, this model may also help the engineers to develop the analytical skills under various conditions.

Tidal Energy is one the most prominent and promising renewable energy sources due to its consistency in electricity generation. Malaysia, being a country with its vast resources is persistently affecting its research towards the transition of using conventional petroleum-based power to renewable energy production. This review paper will aim to study the potential of implementing tidal energy harvesting system in Malaysia by analyzing the gathered raw data of Malaysian region and comparing it with existing tidal harnessing system that has already been implemented in Norway, a country that has a similar geographical, climatic and weather conditions as Malaysia. This review paper will give a broad knowledge on the tidal energy harnessing system and the means to implement it in Malaysia.

This paper presents an experimental verification of selective harmonic elimination for three-phase cascaded multilevel inverters. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to compute the non-linear equation for the various modulation indexes of a seven-level three-phase inverter. In addition, the appropriate switching angles are effectively calculated by using the PSO algorithm. Non-triplen harmonics up to 7th order are eliminated. To verify the computational results, the three-phase cascaded multilevel Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based is developed. The results show that the developed multilevel inverter with selective harmonic elimination pulse width modulation switching angles manage to eliminate the lower order harmonics, which is not only for nominal frequency (50 Hz) but also for different operating frequency.

This paper presents a difference type of wavelet transform de-noising technique based on measured lightning electric field. The lightning electric fields captured by two parallel plats sensor and the signal were analyses accordingly. In engineering application, lightning stroke current parameter will relate with electric fields and these parameters can be recognized by direct and in-direct measuring method. Therefore, measuring lightning electric fields (LEF) using parallel plate was done by many researchers. However, measuring LEF has many disturbances such as noise from other apparatus and other device. Therefore, de-noising of LEF signal is important to get useful signal for further research. For this reason, the Centre for Electromagnetic and Lighting Protection Research (CELP) group has been working on a research program to study and characteristic lightning using de-noising technique in order to process and analyse the radiated LEF produced during flash happens. Only three types of wavelet transform are selected and there are Daubechies, Symlets and Coiflets wavelet. The result will be discussed and the best will be selected based on the measured signal.

Soil resistivity is usually measured at the selected site either for new installation or in the existing grounding system. In this paper, soil resistivity test has been done to study the soil resistivity around the 33 kV substation according to IEEE 81-1983 standard. A factory site located in Kulim Hi-tech, Malaysia has been selected to research on the soil resistivity. The soil resistance measured in this study is then be calculated in using the soil resistivity formula. The soil resistivity shows that the longer the distance between rods, the lower the resistivity of soil due to larger soil volume. The lowest soil resistivity around the substation is 3.454 Ω.m, which is on the left side of the substation with a distance of 5 meters between the rods followed by front side with 15.71 Ω.m, right side with 34.243 Ω.m and backside with 45.239 Ω.m. While the highest soil resistivity is 176.306 Ω.m on the right side of the substation with a 2-meter distance between each rod.

In 2011 alone, Malaysia has spent a hefty RM14.5 billion in buying fossil fuels to generate electricity. With the cost of fossil fuels rising each year, the nation is looking to rely on more sustainable energy sources. One way to decrease the reliance on fossil fuel is to minimize electricity consumption or use renewable energy sources. This research tests if it is feasible to run the Swinburne campus with Solar photovoltaic (PV) cells. This study aims to design and implement a PV energy system to power Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak. The design of the PV system is performed with the collection of the solar irradiance in Kuching, load profile of the Campus and the area required to layout the panels. Block-E of Swinburne is chosen for the PV system since all Swinburne blocks together consume very high power and do not have the required area for the panels. A Grid-tied system is considered for the PV design. MATLAB software is used to size the PV system. Economic analysis such as Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) and payback period is studied for the PV system.

Lightning is the transfer of significant charge between two charged object, it can appear between cloud-to-cloud, cloud-to-air and cloud-to-ground. All lightning activities are correlated with charge movement and therefore, it can be studied using measurement of electrostatic field (slow field changes), radiation field (fast field changes) and magnetic field affiliated with charge movement. The measuring equipment was a parallel flat plate and vertical whip antenna with an analog filter buffer circuit, connected to a digital high speed oscilloscope. In principle, both antenna have a similar measuring operation, with the exclusion of the antennas dimension, mode of transient recoder and the association of circuitry characteristic (decay time constant). This measurement setup are commonly used to perform electric field characterization related to various lightning events such as as preliminary breakdown, stepped leader, return stroke, subsequent return stroke, dart leader, dart-stepped leader, narrow bipolar pulses and cloud activity between strokes, such as regular pulse trains, K and M changes and chaotic pulse trains. The measurement systems are located very close to the sea, with respect in obtaining a perspicuous explaination of lightning propagation effects on sea instead on land. Noise-distorted effects in data captured usually introduce in a noisy environment or when the lightning strike far from the measurement station, thus the data gathered from the measurement need to be filter using MATLAB computer simulation before conducting further analysis. A promising wavelet 1-D technique, then, were used in signal denoising process rather using conventional filtration. In this works, the state of art in measuring vertical component of electric field focalized sea area during the thunderstorm days been demonstrate and explained.

Over the past centuries, discovery and utilization of fossil fuels has revolutionized the world pushing societies towards modernization. This source of energy that is being referred as black gold, has faced extensive consumption which consequently started to underpin the acceptance of the negative effects of our carbon society and its likely demise. Fossil fuels have costed the safety and overall health of our environment, causing serious consequences such as global warming and unsustainability. To this end, in the search for alternative generation, the potential of renewables was realized and hence, exploited in the energy sector. In recent times, development of efficient prime movers and possible utilization of renewable energy resources for both power and heat production introduced the concept of cogeneration to the energy sector. Accordingly, this comparative research elaborates on utilization of the most available and versatile renewable energy, biomass, in combined heat and power technology. There is no doubt that the integration of bioenergy and cogeneration is associated with significant advantages, namely: lower environmental impacts and primary energy savings. In this context, four different biomass-fueled configurations are developed for the purpose of electrifying the Masset village in Canada. Two well-known methods of: Direct Combustion and Gasification are considered in the model development. Further, a comparative conclusion is drawn from economic perspective.

Insulation system is one of the most vital elements in high voltage equipment and hence, investigation on the condition and mechanism of failure of high voltage insulations is essential. This paper presents the study on the effect on the cavity’s position and sizes and the corresponding electric field and potential distribution in the 3-Dimensional stator bar insulation. The 3D stator bar modelling is implemented using COMSOL software and simulated using Finite Element method (FEM). The outcome of the simulation work shows the uniformity and strength of electric field in the stator bar insulation is affected by the sizes and shapes of the cavity. In terms of the shapes, the ellipsoidal cavity sustains the greatest electrical stress of magnitude of 5.34kV/mm as compared to the spherical cavity which withstands only 4.05kV/mm when the cavities size is 0.22mm. Apart from that, the electric field intensity of ellipsoidal cavities is discovered to endure a drop of around 13-14%, while a drop of 22-23% for spherical cavities when the cavity sizes increased from 0.22mm to 1.10mm. The results from this modelling work aid in improving the understanding over the electrical breakdown in stator bar insulation system.

Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading allows surplus energy to be traded between distributed energy resources (DER) and prosumers in the community microgrid. In Malaysia, P2P energy trading is still under development, where it is expected to be exclusively participated by commercial and industrial prosumers. This paper proposes how a motivational psychology framework can be used effectively to design P2P energy trading to increase user participation for residential prosumer. All the data such as power consumption and solar energy value are adjusted and modelled in such a way to facilitate the calculation of P2P energy trading in Malaysia. An auction-based P2P market clearing model is then proposed and solved by using the Linear Programming optimization approach. The numerical results show the sustainability and the potential of the proposed P2P energy trading model to attract residential customers to participate in energy trading.

In this study, a review on categorization of partial discharge (PD) detection technique is presented. The PD detection is important in order to monitor and diagnosis the insulation health on high voltage (HV) power component. PD at high voltage transformer occurs due to the unscheduled maintenance, aging of equipment, breakdown of insulation, gas bubbles in insulation liquid, manufacturing error and etc. In order to maintain constant and high as possible of the transformer performance, it is essential to control, detect and measure the PD phenomena. There are many methods have been developed based on point of observation; optical, chemical, acoustic and electrical. However, the different methods have their own advantages and disadvantages.

This research focuses on the design and optimization of a hybrid renewable energy system for the generation of electricity in a rural area in Sarawak, Malaysia. The investigated system consists of the combination of Solar and Biomass energy integrated into a system. The research uses Homer software as the simulation tool. The location area in rural part in Sarawak is firstly identified and the data sets in terms of solar radiation and biomass resources are investigated and collected. Furthermore, the load demands in the location are inspected to determine the amount of power needed to be generated by the system. In addition, the sizing and modelling for the components of the hybrid system will be performed. Besides, the costs for the components needed in the system configurations are calculated. Consequently, all the data sets, load demands and costs for the components are inputted into Homer Software for the simulation. The final stage of the paper is the generation of the net present cost and acquirement of the most optimal configuration for hybrid renewable energy, whereby the Net Present Cost for residential system is at $6.18M and animal farm system acquire Net Present Cost at $9.45M. The percentage difference in between theoretical and simulation total project costs for residential and animal farm system are 7.07% and 9.38% respectively.

The alternating current (AC) total interference of power lines may pose a threat to personnel and equipment in its vicinity. The main objective of this work is to determine the electromagnetic distribution and induced voltages on human body, equipment, and houses due to the AC total interference for different soil resistivities. The electromagnetic field and induced voltages may cause health problems to the human body and put it at risk. Two main approaches were used to compute the electromagnetic and induced voltages, namely the field approach, which is based on electromagnetic field distribution, and the circuit approach, which uses the circuit grounding analysis to compute the conductive interference and then uses the circuit based models to compute the inductive interference. Human body, steel houses and 10-km-long transmission line were modelled. The soil resistivity was varied, and the induced voltages obtained from both approaches were compared. Soil resistivity and soil structure are important parameters that affect the AC interference level. The results show that the touch voltage increases when the distance between electromagnetic source and human body increases. For high soil resistivity, the danger of the touch voltage becomes more prominent compared to that for low soil resistivity. Power system voltage level and soil resistivity are two key factors influencing the induced voltage level.

This paper presents a mitigation plan for lightning strikes towards the transmission line tower at Kedah paddy field area. The ATP Draw software produces a schematic diagram of an incoming main intake sub-station and a transmission tower struck by lightning. Simulation on multiple soil resistance values and multiple soil conditions are then plot into graphs. A static eliminator reduces the electrostatic force between negatively charged thunder clouds with a positively charged steel transmission tower. It shows that a static eliminator makes the transmission line act invisibly in the lightning pathway. This protection level avoids surge current from transmitting in the transmission line reduces the possibility to damage surge arrestor.

Time difference of arrival (TDOA) technique is one of many bases to determine lightning strike location employed in a lightning locating system (LLS). In this technique, at least four measurement sensors are required to correctly locate a lightning strike. Usage of fewer number of sensors will result in non-unique solutions to the generated hyperbolas, and hence wrong lightning strike point. This research aims to correctly determine the strike point even if only three measuring sensors are utilized. An artificial neural network (ANN) based algorithm was developed for a 400 km2 coverage area in Southern Malaysia using time of arrival data collected at the three measuring stations over a certain period. The Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is demonstrated to correctly identify the lightning strike coordinates with an average error of 350 m. The algorithm has helped the three-station TDOA-based LLS to successfully locate the lightning strike point with a remarkable accuracy comparable to that of commercial systems.

The acoustic emission (AE) technique is one of the unconventional methods of partial discharges (PDs) detection. It plays a most important role in oil-filled power transformers diagnostics because it enables the detection and online monitoring of PDs as well compared to the conventional method for PDs detection which are not suitable for on-site measurement due to electrical disturbance. In this paper, the acoustic based on piezoelectric sensor by different material is modelled in order to be able to obtain PDs signal occurred in power transformers. Modelling of a piezoelectric sensor with different material which is PZT-5H, ZnO, and AlN is approached in order to investigate the performance of resonant frequency, electric potential, and the performance in processing in order to match the range of AE detection. Piezoelectric materials have become very useful in processing devices because of their electrical-mechanical mutuality. Study was performed on frequency target of PDs should be higher and in the range of 10 kHz -300 kHz in order to prevent the power transformer from failure or breakdown and it has been found out by proven from analytical and simulation result by using the Finite Element Method (FEM). Based on this information, acoustic sensor is analyses with different types of cantilever beam and piezoelectric material and different length dimension of the beam in order to analyses the performance between them. Based on the result, the piezoelectric material that be chosen in this project is ZnO due to its high piezoelectric coupling and environmental friendly is used in order to support green technology compared to others material discussed which is harmful even though produced high performance. This detection method gave some improvement in monitoring system PD activities in the transformer’s tank.

An earthing system or known as grounding system in an electrical installation where by the grounding system connects specific parts of that installation with the Earth’s conductive surface for safety and functional purposes. It is the process of transferring the immediate discharge with the aid of the low resistance wire of the electrical energy directly to the earth. It is really an important role playing in electrical system part as grounding system give protection during fault or lightning occur. In addition, grounding system also give protection for human electrical appliance and building from electrical shocks due to electrical fault or lighting occur. In this research will shows that to identify the best location to install the grounding electrode. This method is used on 10 x 10 meters which is 121 point will be investigated. The result of 0.3m, 0.6m, and 0.9m were analyzed using MATLAB software to produce profiling and shows the perfect location to install the Grounding system electrode.

Image filtering is one of the methods used in image processing. It is also can be called as image enhancement. Filter help the problems of the image display and can improvise the quality of the image. The problems that always happened in the image is illumination, noise and under-light images. In addition, these problems also caused a few troubles for image recognition for the daily life of certain people for their work. The purpose of this study is to apply the mathematical algorithm of the filters, identifying the best method of the filters and simulate the result of the image quality assessments in Graphical User Interface (GUI) and Global System for Mobile Notification (GSM). Basically, image processing methods have specific mathematical algorithms. That is the main difference between these methods. For this paper, two types of image have been chosen which is document image and medical image. There were a few methods that were selected in this project. It is a high pass filter, low pass filter, and high boost filter. Thus, homomorphic filtering was applied to that filter. Then, the enhanced images would be simulated to the selected parameters of image quality assessments (IQA). The selected parameter of the image quality assessment is a global contrast factor (GCF) and signal to noise ratio (SNR). If the value of the parameters satisfies its characteristic, the method would be selected as the most suitable method for the image. Meanwhile, the best result will be selected as the best image for this study.

Underground cable is frequently operated for carrying electricity where the power is demand to be transmitted throughout the sea or densely populated areas. Despite underground cables are not directly vulnerable to hazard, lightning strikes can induce a potential on the insulation layers of the underground cable and this may have enabled system disruption along the transmission system. According to the previous study in Malaysia, the most recorded current comes from lightning strikes are 34.5kA and 50kA. Moreover, this can be up to 100kA. Hence, this study was done to discover the probability of underground cable to having insulation breakdown due to overvoltage caused by lightning current penetrated into the soil medium which is breakdown channel in the soil medium probably been produced. This computer simulation was accomplished using an Alternative Transient Program version of the Electromagnetic Transients Program (ATP-EMTP) software to investigate whether the voltage induced due to lightning strikes can cause any breakdown in the insulation layers. The analysis was carried out using a network system composing of a 132kV Cu/XLPE/CWS/LDPE unarmored underground cable type with a length of 100 meters was modelled. By ejecting 34.5kA, 50kA and 100kA lightning current with 1/95 μs characteristic has been pervade into the modelled system. In addition, several types of soil medium to be represented into the electrical parameters in the whole electronic circuit system have been invented and analyzed. The study appeared that for the diverse parameters been used, which are various types of soil medium and three current generating from lightning impulse using a fixed designed cable. As a result, there is only a condition for the insulation layers of the cable system to encounter pierce and breakdown.

Experimental measurements of long gap discharges and its interpretation are the base of engineering equations and complex models to design clearance distances, lightning protection systems, among others. Parameters like leader propagation velocity, average electric field of the leader channel, stability electric field of the streamer region, etc. are derived from experimental measurements for rod-plane arrangements. However, in high voltage engineering geometries are not only rod-plane arrangements but also rounded electrode geometries. Experimental measurements of sphere – plane arrangements are presented in this paper. Attention is given to the velocity of propagation of the leader. The velocity of propagation of the leader is compared for two different applied voltage conditions, such as overvoltage and non-overvoltage. Experimental observations indicate that the velocity of the leader does not have a linear relationship with the increment of the applied voltage, as described by other authors for rod-plane arrangements. By means of a model based on the physics of the discharge, it is observed that the velocity of propagation of the leader depends on the injected charge to the leader channel. The injected charge depends on the background electric field, the potential at the leader tip, the steepness of the applied voltage waveform, among other parameters.

In electric power system, transformers are an important element and their protection are critical. As the transformer might be damaged during a fault, faster and more selective protection was required. For this purpose, the design of differential protection was utilized. In this study, the differential relay simulation has been successfully done using MATLAB/Simulink. The essential approach is to protect the power transformer against internal faults and avoid interference in the power system. The evaluation has been accomplished at different fault conditions. Several types of faults including double line-to-ground, single line-to-ground and line-to-line faults are studied. Simulation studies were performed and the relays performance with different system parameters and conditions were investigated. The obtained results illustrated for the differential relay represents an appropriate action.

Partial discharge (PD) is an electrical discharge which is one of the most critical breakdown factor that is affecting the electrical equipment. The loss of the power will affect consumers and system operation. High voltage (HV) transformer is one of the equipment’s subjected to phenomena PD. In this paper reviews an application of acoustic methods in transformer and piezoelectric sensors application on PD detection in HV transformer. Based on this review, the new design in acoustic sensor is required in order to improve the sensitivity and bandwidth for PD detection at HV transformer. The valuable parameter such as materials, size, and PD frequency range were discussed in this paper and can be used for early stage on designing new acoustic sensor. This detection method given some benefits on preventing the power electrical system from breakdown.

The main purpose of the earthing is to ensure that every electrical equipment, house and human are safe when lightning strikes. Lightning phenomenon occur scan produced high voltage and current ant it can caused electrical equipment damage and life danger. Therefore, this project will analyze the behavior of the soil. The main purpose of this project was to select the soil structure and the depth of the electrode suitable for grounding system in UniMAP. Additionally, this project will also analyze the soil resistance for grounding systems using MATLAB Software. From the result it can shows the best point for located grounding rod to ensure optimum grounding system.

Lightning had caused at least 25, 000 deaths worldwide each year. The study aims to investigate the induced voltage generated by lightning strikes using a lightning detector. Proteus software was employed to simulate the main board of the lightning detector before fabrication. The lightning detector was designed as a radio frequencies receiver and it was tuned to the level (300 kHz to 500 kHz) which enabled it to receive signals from lightning strikes. A lightning simulator was designed using various resistance (100 Ω to 200 Ω) to test the functionality of a lightning detector in order to validate the accuracy of the proposed model. This lightning detector could be activated whenever a small induced voltage (0.2 V and above) were generated by lightning events occurred within 10 km from the detector. This detector captures both the induced voltage and the time difference detected lightning discharge and its sound for further analysis. The time to thunder method was employed to find the estimated lightning discharges distances in parallel to this system in order to validate the current lightning detector. The accuracy of the lightning detector was found to be 88.03%.The analysed data were delivered to the user’s smartphone using cloud system

Partial discharge (PD) often begins with cracks or gas-filled voids in solid insulation or with gaseous bubbles in liquid insulation. These presences can degrade the quality of insulator. PD detection can identify these cracks at high voltage equipment such as power cables and power transformer at the early stage. One of PD detection methods is acoustic emission (AE) detection. PD produces an ultrasonic signal that can be captured by an AE sensor. The signal captured is then analysed by capturing the time of the receiving signal onto the sensor. The information related to time can be used for allocating the PD for maintenance purpose. This paper shows the influence of the distance between PD source and the AE sensor towards the arrival time of propagation wave in power transformer. In this study, the four placements of sensors were analysed by having three possible PD sources to represent the variety of distances between the PD source and the sensor. The simulated signal is generated by MATLAB and the arrival time is captured using time of arrival (TOA) method. The time captured and the distance between the PD source and arrival time showed that the relationship is proportional to one another.

Partial discharge (PD) is one of the most popular failure or breakdown that can happen at high voltage (HV) equipment. PD is the fault that causes the insulation breakdown occurred between two electrodes. It happened or occurred because of the improper insulation, ageing, environment effect and manufacturing defects. The loss of the power will affect consumer and system operation. One of the technique that can measure or detect the PD is by using ultra high frequency (UHF) method for HV equipment insulation condition monitoring and assessment. In this paper, the application of UHF method have been reviewed as the best method to detect PD in transformer, GIS and cable. The UHF method for every electrical equipment is described in order to detect the PD and the laboratory result shows that this method can be considered as suitable technique. Based on this review, the new design in UHF sensor is required in order to improve the sensitivity and bandwidth for PD detection in HV equipment. The valuable parameter such as size and PD frequency range can be used for early stage of designing new the UHF sensor.

Overvoltage happens in a condition where the voltage is increased and exceed its design limit. This situation may lead to harmful damage to machines or related equipment that connected to the system. Overvoltage can exist in a form of transient, voltage spike or permanent, depending on its duration. Types of overvoltage consist of lightning overvoltage and switching overvoltage. Overvoltage that caused by lightning is considerate as natural phenomena, while switching overvoltage exists from the system itself, either by the interruption of faults or inappropriate connection of circuit breaker contacts. This paper is discussed about overvoltage phenomenon including causes and effects of overvoltage and overvoltage protection towards power system.