Search

Your search keyword '"C. Kessel"' showing total 190 results
Start Over Author "C. Kessel"
190 results on '"C. Kessel"'

1. Phagocytic cell death leads to enhanced release of pro-inflammatory S100A12 in familial Mediterranean fever

Author

G. Varga, S. Schleifenbaum, U. Koenig, J. Waldkirch, C. Hinze, C. Kessel, W. Geluk, T. Pap, Elke Lainka, Tilmann Kallinich, D. Foell, and H. Wittkowski

Subjects
FMF, Neutrophils, ROS (reactive oxygen species), Gasdermin D (GSDMD), Pediatrics, RJ1-570
Abstract

Abstract Background Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a prototypical autoinflammatory syndrome associated with phagocytic cell activation. Pyrin mutations are the genetic basis of this disease, and its expression has been shown in monocytes, granulocytes, dendritic cells, and synovial fibroblasts. Pyrin functions as a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor and forms a distinct pyrin inflammasome. The phagocyte-specific protein S100A12 is predominantly expressed in granulocytes and belongs to the group of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMP). S100A12 can be detected at massively elevated levels in the serum of FMF patients, even in clinically inactive disease. Whether this is crucial for FMF pathogenesis is as yet unknown, and we therefore investigated the mechanisms of S100A12 release from granulocytes of FMF patients presenting clinically inactive. Results We demonstrate that FMF neutrophils from patients in clinical inactive disease possess an intrinsic activity leading to cell death even in exogenously unstimulated neutrophils. Cell death resembles NETosis and is dependent on ROS and pore forming protein gasdermin D (GSDMD), as inhibitors for both are capable of completely block cell death and S100A12 release. When pyrin-activator TcdA (Clostridium difficile toxin A) is used to stimulate, neutrophilic cell death and S100A12 release are significantly enhanced in neutrophils from FMF patients compared to neutrophils from HC. Conclusions We are able to demonstrate that activation threshold of neutrophils from inactive FMF patients is decreased, most likely by pre-activated pyrin. FMF neutrophils present with intrinsically higher ROS production, when cultured ex vivo. This higher baseline ROS activity leads to increased GSDMD cleavage and subsequent release of, e.g., S100A12, and to increased cell death with features of NETosis and pyroptosis. We show for the first time that cell death pathways in neutrophils of inactive FMF patients are easily triggered and lead to ROS- and GSDMD-dependent activation mechanisms and possibly pathology. This could be therapeutically addressed by blocking ROS or GSDMD cleavage to decrease inflammatory outbreaks when becoming highly active.

Published
2023
Full Text
View/download PDF

3. DIII-D research advancing the physics basis for optimizing the tokamak approach to fusion energy

Author

M. E. Fenstermacher, J. Abbate, S. Abe, T. Abrams, M. Adams, B. Adamson, N. Aiba, T. Akiyama, P. Aleynikov, E. Allen, S. Allen, H. Anand, J. Anderson, Y. Andrew, T. Andrews, D. Appelt, R. Arbon, N. Ashikawa, A. Ashourvan, M. Aslin, Y. Asnis, M. Austin, D. Ayala, J. Bak, I. Bandyopadhyay, S. Banerjee, K. Barada, L. Bardoczi, J. Barr, E. Bass, D. Battaglia, A. Battey, W. Baumgartner, L. Baylor, J. Beckers, M. Beidler, E. Belli, J. Berkery, T. Bernard, N. Bertelli, M. Beurskens, R. Bielajew, S. Bilgili, B. Biswas, S. Blondel, J. Boedo, I. Bogatu, R. Boivin, T. Bolzonella, M. Bongard, X. Bonnin, P. Bonoli, M. Bonotto, A. Bortolon, S. Bose, N. Bosviel, S. Bouwmans, M. Boyer, W. Boyes, L. Bradley, R. Brambila, D. Brennan, S. Bringuier, L. Brodsky, M. Brookman, J. Brooks, D. Brower, G. Brown, W. Brown, M. Burke, K. Burrell, K. Butler, R. Buttery, I. Bykov, P. Byrne, A. Cacheris, K. Callahan, J. Callen, G. Campbell, J. Candy, J. Canik, P. Cano-Megias, N. Cao, L. Carayannopoulos, T. Carlstrom, W. Carrig, T. Carter, W. Cary, L. Casali, M. Cengher, G. Cespedes Paz, R. Chaban, V. Chan, B. Chapman, I. Char, A. Chattopadhyay, R. Chen, J. Chen, X. Chen, M. Chen, Z. Chen, M. Choi, W. Choi, G. Choi, L. Chousal, C. Chrobak, C. Chrystal, Y. Chung, R. Churchill, M. Cianciosa, J. Clark, M. Clement, S. Coda, A. Cole, C. Collins, W. Conlin, A. Cooper, J. Cordell, B. Coriton, T. Cote, J. Cothran, A. Creely, N. Crocker, C. Crowe, B. Crowley, T. Crowley, D. Cruz-Zabala, D. Cummings, M. Curie, D. Curreli, A. Dal Molin, B. Dannels, A. Dautt-Silva, K. Davda, G. De Tommasi, P. De Vries, G. Degrandchamp, J. Degrassie, D. Demers, S. Denk, S. Depasquale, E. Deshazer, A. Diallo, S. Diem, A. Dimits, R. Ding, S. Ding, W. Ding, T. Do, J. Doane, G. Dong, D. Donovan, J. Drake, W. Drews, J. Drobny, X. Du, H. Du, V. Duarte, D. Dudt, C. Dunn, J. Duran, A. Dvorak, F. Effenberg, N. Eidietis, D. Elder, D. Eldon, R. Ellis, W. Elwasif, D. Ennis, K. Erickson, D. Ernst, M. Fasciana, D. Fedorov, E. Feibush, N. Ferraro, J. Ferreira, J. Ferron, P. Fimognari, D. Finkenthal, R. Fitzpatrick, P. Fox, W. Fox, L. Frassinetti, H. Frerichs, H. Frye, Y. Fu, K. Gage, J. Galdon Quiroga, A. Gallo, Q. Gao, A. Garcia, M. Garcia Munoz, D. Garnier, A. Garofalo, A. Gattuso, D. Geng, K. Gentle, D. Ghosh, L. Giacomelli, S. Gibson, E. Gilson, C. Giroud, F. Glass, A. Glasser, D. Glibert, P. Gohil, R. Gomez, S. Gomez, X. Gong, E. Gonzales, A. Goodman, Y. Gorelov, V. Graber, R. Granetz, T. Gray, D. Green, C. Greenfield, M. Greenwald, B. Grierson, R. Groebner, W. Grosnickle, M. Groth, H. Grunloh, S. Gu, W. Guo, H. Guo, P. Gupta, J. Guterl, W. Guttenfelder, T. Guzman, S. Haar, R. Hager, S. Hahn, M. Halfmoon, T. Hall, K. Hallatschek, F. Halpern, G. Hammett, H. Han, E. Hansen, C. Hansen, M. Hansink, J. Hanson, M. Hanson, G. Hao, A. Harris, R. Harvey, S. Haskey, E. Hassan, A. Hassanein, D. Hatch, R. Hawryluk, W. Hayashi, W. Heidbrink, J. Herfindal, J. Hicok, D. Hill, E. Hinson, C. Holcomb, L. Holland, C. Holland, E. Hollmann, J. Hollocombe, A. Holm, I. Holmes, K. Holtrop, M. Honda, R. Hong, R. Hood, A. Horton, L. Horvath, M. Hosokawa, S. Houshmandyar, N. Howard, E. Howell, D. Hoyt, W. Hu, Y. Hu, Q. Hu, J. Huang, Y. Huang, J. Hughes, T. Human, D. Humphreys, P. Huynh, A. Hyatt, C. Ibanez, L. Ibarra, R. Icasas, K. Ida, V. Igochine, Y. In, S. Inoue, A. Isayama, O. Izacard, V. Izzo, A. Jackson, G. Jacobsen, A. Jaervinen, A. Jalalvand, J. Janhunen, S. Jardin, H. Jarleblad, Y. Jeon, H. Ji, X. Jian, E. Joffrin, A. Johansen, C. Johnson, T. Johnson, C. Jones, I. Joseph, D. Jubas, B. Junge, W. Kalb, R. Kalling, C. Kamath, J. Kang, D. Kaplan, A. Kaptanoglu, S. Kasdorf, J. Kates-Harbeck, P. Kazantzidis, A. Kellman, D. Kellman, C. Kessel, K. Khumthong, E. Kim, H. Kim, J. Kim, S. Kim, K. Kim, C. Kim, W. Kimura, M. King, J. King, J. Kinsey, A. Kirk, B. Kiyan, A. Kleiner, V. Klevarova, R. Knapp, M. Knolker, W. Ko, T. Kobayashi, E. Koch, M. Kochan, B. Koel, M. Koepke, A. Kohn, R. Kolasinski, E. Kolemen, E. Kostadinova, M. Kostuk, G. Kramer, D. Kriete, L. Kripner, S. Kubota, J. Kulchar, K. Kwon, R. La Haye, F. Laggner, H. Lan, R. Lantsov, L. Lao, A. Lasa Esquisabel, C. Lasnier, C. Lau, B. Leard, J. Lee, R. Lee, M. Lee, Y. Lee, C. Lee, S. Lee, M. Lehnen, A. Leonard, E. Leppink, M. Lesher, J. Lestz, J. Leuer, N. Leuthold, X. Li, K. Li, E. Li, G. Li, L. Li, Z. Li, J. Li, Y. Li, Z. Lin, D. Lin, X. Liu, J. Liu, Y. Liu, T. Liu, C. Liu, Z. Liu, D. Liu, A. Liu, A. Loarte-Prieto, L. Lodestro, N. Logan, J. Lohr, B. Lombardo, J. Lore, Q. Luan, T. Luce, T. Luda Di Cortemiglia, N. Luhmann, R. Lunsford, Z. Luo, A. Lvovskiy, B. Lyons, X. Ma, M. Madruga, B. Madsen, C. Maggi, K. Maheshwari, A. Mail, J. Mailloux, R. Maingi, M. Major, M. Makowski, R. Manchanda, C. Marini, A. Marinoni, A. Maris, T. Markovic, L. Marrelli, E. Martin, J. Mateja, G. Matsunaga, R. Maurizio, P. Mauzey, D. Mauzey, G. Mcardle, J. Mcclenaghan, K. Mccollam, C. Mcdevitt, K. Mckay, G. Mckee, A. Mclean, V. Mehta, E. Meier, J. Menard, O. Meneghini, G. Merlo, S. Messer, W. Meyer, C. Michael, C. Michoski, P. Milne, G. Minet, A. Misleh, Y. Mitrishkin, C. Moeller, K. Montes, M. Morales, S. Mordijck, D. Moreau, S. Morosohk, P. Morris, L. Morton, A. Moser, R. Moyer, C. Moynihan, T. Mrazkova, D. Mueller, S. Munaretto, J. Munoz Burgos, C. Murphy, K. Murphy, C. Muscatello, C. Myers, A. Nagy, G. Nandipati, M. Navarro, F. Nave, G. Navratil, R. Nazikian, A. Neff, G. Neilson, T. Neiser, W. Neiswanger, D. Nelson, A. Nelson, F. Nespoli, R. Nguyen, L. Nguyen, X. Nguyen, J. Nichols, M. Nocente, S. Nogami, S. Noraky, N. Norausky, M. Nornberg, R. Nygren, T. Odstrcil, D. Ogas, T. Ogorman, S. Ohdachi, Y. Ohtani, M. Okabayashi, M. Okamoto, L. Olavson, E. Olofsson, M. Omullane, R. Oneill, D. Orlov, W. Orvis, T. Osborne, D. Pace, G. Paganini Canal, A. Pajares Martinez, L. Palacios, C. Pan, Q. Pan, R. Pandit, M. Pandya, A. Pankin, Y. Park, J. Park, S. Parker, P. Parks, M. Parsons, B. Patel, C. Pawley, C. Paz-Soldan, W. Peebles, S. Pelton, R. Perillo, C. Petty, Y. Peysson, D. Pierce, A. Pigarov, L. Pigatto, D. Piglowski, S. Pinches, R. Pinsker, P. Piovesan, N. Piper, A. Pironti, R. Pitts, J. Pizzo, U. Plank, M. Podesta, E. Poli, F. Poli, D. Ponce, Z. Popovic, M. Porkolab, G. Porter, C. Powers, S. Powers, R. Prater, Q. Pratt, I. Pusztai, J. Qian, X. Qin, O. Ra, T. Rafiq, T. Raines, R. Raman, J. Rauch, A. Raymond, C. Rea, M. Reich, A. Reiman, S. Reinhold, M. Reinke, R. Reksoatmodjo, Q. Ren, Y. Ren, J. Ren, M. Rensink, J. Renteria, T. Rhodes, J. Rice, R. Roberts, J. Robinson, P. Rodriguez Fernandez, T. Rognlien, A. Rosenthal, S. Rosiello, J. Rost, J. Roveto, W. Rowan, R. Rozenblat, J. Ruane, D. Rudakov, J. Ruiz Ruiz, R. Rupani, S. Saarelma, S. Sabbagh, J. Sachdev, J. Saenz, S. Saib, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, B. Sammuli, C. Samuell, A. Sandorfi, C. Sang, J. Sarff, O. Sauter, K. Schaubel, L. Schmitz, O. Schmitz, J. Schneider, P. Schroeder, K. Schultz, E. Schuster, J. Schwartz, F. Sciortino, F. Scotti, J. Scoville, A. Seltzman, S. Seol, I. Sfiligoi, M. Shafer, S. Sharapov, H. Shen, Z. Sheng, T. Shepard, S. Shi, Y. Shibata, G. Shin, D. Shiraki, R. Shousha, H. Si, P. Simmerling, G. Sinclair, J. Sinha, P. Sinha, G. Sips, T. Sizyuk, C. Skinner, A. Sladkomedova, T. Slendebroek, J. Slief, R. Smirnov, J. Smith, S. Smith, D. Smith, J. Snipes, G. Snoep, A. Snyder, P. Snyder, E. Solano, W. Solomon, J. Song, A. Sontag, V. Soukhanovskii, J. Spendlove, D. Spong, J. Squire, C. Srinivasan, W. Stacey, G. Staebler, L. Stagner, T. Stange, P. Stangeby, R. Stefan, R. Stemprok, D. Stephan, J. Stillerman, T. Stoltzfus-Dueck, W. Stonecipher, S. Storment, E. Strait, D. Su, L. Sugiyama, Y. Sun, P. Sun, Z. Sun, A. Sun, D. Sundstrom, C. Sung, J. Sungcoco, W. Suttrop, Y. Suzuki, T. Suzuki, A. Svyatkovskiy, C. Swee, R. Sweeney, C. Sweetnam, G. Szepesi, M. Takechi, T. Tala, K. Tanaka, X. Tang, S. Tang, Y. Tao, R. Tao, D. Taussig, T. Taylor, K. Teixeira, K. Teo, A. Theodorsen, D. Thomas, K. Thome, A. Thorman, A. Thornton, A. Ti, M. Tillack, N. Timchenko, R. Tinguely, R. Tompkins, J. Tooker, A. Torrezan De Sousa, G. Trevisan, S. Tripathi, A. Trujillo Ochoa, D. Truong, C. Tsui, F. Turco, A. Turnbull, M. Umansky, E. Unterberg, P. Vaezi, P. Vail, J. Valdez, W. Valkis, B. Van Compernolle, J. Van Galen, R. Van Kampen, M. Van Zeeland, G. Verdoolaege, N. Vianello, B. Victor, E. Viezzer, S. Vincena, M. Wade, F. Waelbroeck, J. Wai, T. Wakatsuki, M. Walker, G. Wallace, R. Waltz, W. Wampler, L. Wang, H. Wang, Y. Wang, Z. Wang, G. Wang, S. Ward, M. Watkins, J. Watkins, W. Wehner, Y. Wei, M. Weiland, D. Weisberg, A. Welander, A. White, R. White, S. Wiesen, R. Wilcox, T. Wilks, M. Willensdorfer, H. Wilson, A. Wingen, M. Wolde, M. Wolff, K. Woller, A. Wolz, H. Wong, S. Woodruff, M. Wu, Y. Wu, S. Wukitch, G. Wurden, W. Xiao, R. Xie, Z. Xing, X. Xu, C. Xu, G. Xu, Z. Yan, X. Yang, S. Yang, T. Yokoyama, R. Yoneda, M. Yoshida, K. You, T. Younkin, J. Yu, M. Yu, G. Yu, Q. Yuan, L. Zaidenberg, L. Zakharov, A. Zamengo, S. Zamperini, M. Zarnstorff, E. Zeger, K. Zeller, L. Zeng, M. Zerbini, L. Zhang, X. Zhang, R. Zhang, B. Zhang, J. Zhang, L. Zhao, B. Zhao, Y. Zheng, L. Zheng, B. Zhu, J. Zhu, Y. Zhu, M. Zsutty, M. Zuin, Fenstermacher, M. E., Abbate, J., Abe, S., Abrams, T., Adams, M., Adamson, B., Aiba, N., Akiyama, T., Aleynikov, P., Allen, E., Allen, S., Anand, H., Anderson, J., Andrew, Y., Andrews, T., Appelt, D., Arbon, R., Ashikawa, N., Ashourvan, A., Aslin, M., Asnis, Y., Austin, M., Ayala, D., Bak, J., Bandyopadhyay, I., Banerjee, S., Barada, K., Bardoczi, L., Barr, J., Bass, E., Battaglia, D., Battey, A., Baumgartner, W., Baylor, L., Beckers, J., Beidler, M., Belli, E., Berkery, J., Bernard, T., Bertelli, N., Beurskens, M., Bielajew, R., Bilgili, S., Biswas, B., Blondel, S., Boedo, J., Bogatu, I., Boivin, R., Bolzonella, T., Bongard, M., Bonnin, X., Bonoli, P., Bonotto, M., Bortolon, A., Bose, S., Bosviel, N., Bouwmans, S., Boyer, M., Boyes, W., Bradley, L., Brambila, R., Brennan, D., Bringuier, S., Brodsky, L., Brookman, M., Brooks, J., Brower, D., Brown, G., Brown, W., Burke, M., Burrell, K., Butler, K., Buttery, R., Bykov, I., Byrne, P., Cacheris, A., Callahan, K., Callen, J., Campbell, G., Candy, J., Canik, J., Cano-Megias, P., Cao, N., Carayannopoulos, L., Carlstrom, T., Carrig, W., Carter, T., Cary, W., Casali, L., Cengher, M., Cespedes Paz, G., Chaban, R., Chan, V., Chapman, B., Char, I., Chattopadhyay, A., Chen, R., Chen, J., Chen, X., Chen, M., Chen, Z., Choi, M., Choi, W., Choi, G., Chousal, L., Chrobak, C., Chrystal, C., Chung, Y., Churchill, R., Cianciosa, M., Clark, J., Clement, M., Coda, S., Cole, A., Collins, C., Conlin, W., Cooper, A., Cordell, J., Coriton, B., Cote, T., Cothran, J., Creely, A., Crocker, N., Crowe, C., Crowley, B., Crowley, T., Cruz-Zabala, D., Cummings, D., Curie, M., Curreli, D., Dal Molin, A., Dannels, B., Dautt-Silva, A., Davda, K., De Tommasi, G., De Vries, P., Degrandchamp, G., Degrassie, J., Demers, D., Denk, S., Depasquale, S., Deshazer, E., Diallo, A., Diem, S., Dimits, A., Ding, R., Ding, S., Ding, W., Do, T., Doane, J., Dong, G., Donovan, D., Drake, J., Drews, W., Drobny, J., Du, X., Du, H., Duarte, V., Dudt, D., Dunn, C., Duran, J., Dvorak, A., Effenberg, F., Eidietis, N., Elder, D., Eldon, D., Ellis, R., Elwasif, W., Ennis, D., Erickson, K., Ernst, D., Fasciana, M., Fedorov, D., Feibush, E., Ferraro, N., Ferreira, J., Ferron, J., Fimognari, P., Finkenthal, D., Fitzpatrick, R., Fox, P., Fox, W., Frassinetti, L., Frerichs, H., Frye, H., Fu, Y., Gage, K., Galdon Quiroga, J., Gallo, A., Gao, Q., Garcia, A., Garcia Munoz, M., Garnier, D., Garofalo, A., Gattuso, A., Geng, D., Gentle, K., Ghosh, D., Giacomelli, L., Gibson, S., Gilson, E., Giroud, C., Glass, F., Glasser, A., Glibert, D., Gohil, P., Gomez, R., Gomez, S., Gong, X., Gonzales, E., Goodman, A., Gorelov, Y., Graber, V., Granetz, R., Gray, T., Green, D., Greenfield, C., Greenwald, M., Grierson, B., Groebner, R., Grosnickle, W., Groth, M., Grunloh, H., Gu, S., Guo, W., Guo, H., Gupta, P., Guterl, J., Guttenfelder, W., Guzman, T., Haar, S., Hager, R., Hahn, S., Halfmoon, M., Hall, T., Hallatschek, K., Halpern, F., Hammett, G., Han, H., Hansen, E., Hansen, C., Hansink, M., Hanson, J., Hanson, M., Hao, G., Harris, A., Harvey, R., Haskey, S., Hassan, E., Hassanein, A., Hatch, D., Hawryluk, R., Hayashi, W., Heidbrink, W., Herfindal, J., Hicok, J., Hill, D., Hinson, E., Holcomb, C., Holland, L., Holland, C., Hollmann, E., Hollocombe, J., Holm, A., Holmes, I., Holtrop, K., Honda, M., Hong, R., Hood, R., Horton, A., Horvath, L., Hosokawa, M., Houshmandyar, S., Howard, N., Howell, E., Hoyt, D., Hu, W., Hu, Y., Hu, Q., Huang, J., Huang, Y., Hughes, J., Human, T., Humphreys, D., Huynh, P., Hyatt, A., Ibanez, C., Ibarra, L., Icasas, R., Ida, K., Igochine, V., In, Y., Inoue, S., Isayama, A., Izacard, O., Izzo, V., Jackson, A., Jacobsen, G., Jaervinen, A., Jalalvand, A., Janhunen, J., Jardin, S., Jarleblad, H., Jeon, Y., Ji, H., Jian, X., Joffrin, E., Johansen, A., Johnson, C., Johnson, T., Jones, C., Joseph, I., Jubas, D., Junge, B., Kalb, W., Kalling, R., Kamath, C., Kang, J., Kaplan, D., Kaptanoglu, A., Kasdorf, S., Kates-Harbeck, J., Kazantzidis, P., Kellman, A., Kellman, D., Kessel, C., Khumthong, K., Kim, E., Kim, H., Kim, J., Kim, S., Kim, K., Kim, C., Kimura, W., King, M., King, J., Kinsey, J., Kirk, A., Kiyan, B., Kleiner, A., Klevarova, V., Knapp, R., Knolker, M., Ko, W., Kobayashi, T., Koch, E., Kochan, M., Koel, B., Koepke, M., Kohn, A., Kolasinski, R., Kolemen, E., Kostadinova, E., Kostuk, M., Kramer, G., Kriete, D., Kripner, L., Kubota, S., Kulchar, J., Kwon, K., La Haye, R., Laggner, F., Lan, H., Lantsov, R., Lao, L., Lasa Esquisabel, A., Lasnier, C., Lau, C., Leard, B., Lee, J., Lee, R., Lee, M., Lee, Y., Lee, C., Lee, S., Lehnen, M., Leonard, A., Leppink, E., Lesher, M., Lestz, J., Leuer, J., Leuthold, N., Li, X., Li, K., Li, E., Li, G., Li, L., Li, Z., Li, J., Li, Y., Lin, Z., Lin, D., Liu, X., Liu, J., Liu, Y., Liu, T., Liu, C., Liu, Z., Liu, D., Liu, A., Loarte-Prieto, A., Lodestro, L., Logan, N., Lohr, J., Lombardo, B., Lore, J., Luan, Q., Luce, T., Luda Di Cortemiglia, T., Luhmann, N., Lunsford, R., Luo, Z., Lvovskiy, A., Lyons, B., Ma, X., Madruga, M., Madsen, B., Maggi, C., Maheshwari, K., Mail, A., Mailloux, J., Maingi, R., Major, M., Makowski, M., Manchanda, R., Marini, C., Marinoni, A., Maris, A., Markovic, T., Marrelli, L., Martin, E., Mateja, J., Matsunaga, G., Maurizio, R., Mauzey, P., Mauzey, D., Mcardle, G., Mcclenaghan, J., Mccollam, K., Mcdevitt, C., Mckay, K., Mckee, G., Mclean, A., Mehta, V., Meier, E., Menard, J., Meneghini, O., Merlo, G., Messer, S., Meyer, W., Michael, C., Michoski, C., Milne, P., Minet, G., Misleh, A., Mitrishkin, Y., Moeller, C., Montes, K., Morales, M., Mordijck, S., Moreau, D., Morosohk, S., Morris, P., Morton, L., Moser, A., Moyer, R., Moynihan, C., Mrazkova, T., Mueller, D., Munaretto, S., Munoz Burgos, J., Murphy, C., Murphy, K., Muscatello, C., Myers, C., Nagy, A., Nandipati, G., Navarro, M., Nave, F., Navratil, G., Nazikian, R., Neff, A., Neilson, G., Neiser, T., Neiswanger, W., Nelson, D., Nelson, A., Nespoli, F., Nguyen, R., Nguyen, L., Nguyen, X., Nichols, J., Nocente, M., Nogami, S., Noraky, S., Norausky, N., Nornberg, M., Nygren, R., Odstrcil, T., Ogas, D., Ogorman, T., Ohdachi, S., Ohtani, Y., Okabayashi, M., Okamoto, M., Olavson, L., Olofsson, E., Omullane, M., Oneill, R., Orlov, D., Orvis, W., Osborne, T., Pace, D., Paganini Canal, G., Pajares Martinez, A., Palacios, L., Pan, C., Pan, Q., Pandit, R., Pandya, M., Pankin, A., Park, Y., Park, J., Parker, S., Parks, P., Parsons, M., Patel, B., Pawley, C., Paz-Soldan, C., Peebles, W., Pelton, S., Perillo, R., Petty, C., Peysson, Y., Pierce, D., Pigarov, A., Pigatto, L., Piglowski, D., Pinches, S., Pinsker, R., Piovesan, P., Piper, N., Pironti, A., Pitts, R., Pizzo, J., Plank, U., Podesta, M., Poli, E., Poli, F., Ponce, D., Popovic, Z., Porkolab, M., Porter, G., Powers, C., Powers, S., Prater, R., Pratt, Q., Pusztai, I., Qian, J., Qin, X., Ra, O., Rafiq, T., Raines, T., Raman, R., Rauch, J., Raymond, A., Rea, C., Reich, M., Reiman, A., Reinhold, S., Reinke, M., Reksoatmodjo, R., Ren, Q., Ren, Y., Ren, J., Rensink, M., Renteria, J., Rhodes, T., Rice, J., Roberts, R., Robinson, J., Rodriguez Fernandez, P., Rognlien, T., Rosenthal, A., Rosiello, S., Rost, J., Roveto, J., Rowan, W., Rozenblat, R., Ruane, J., Rudakov, D., Ruiz Ruiz, J., Rupani, R., Saarelma, S., Sabbagh, S., Sachdev, J., Saenz, J., Saib, S., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Sammuli, B., Samuell, C., Sandorfi, A., Sang, C., Sarff, J., Sauter, O., Schaubel, K., Schmitz, L., Schmitz, O., Schneider, J., Schroeder, P., Schultz, K., Schuster, E., Schwartz, J., Sciortino, F., Scotti, F., Scoville, J., Seltzman, A., Seol, S., Sfiligoi, I., Shafer, M., Sharapov, S., Shen, H., Sheng, Z., Shepard, T., Shi, S., Shibata, Y., Shin, G., Shiraki, D., Shousha, R., Si, H., Simmerling, P., Sinclair, G., Sinha, J., Sinha, P., Sips, G., Sizyuk, T., Skinner, C., Sladkomedova, A., Slendebroek, T., Slief, J., Smirnov, R., Smith, J., Smith, S., Smith, D., Snipes, J., Snoep, G., Snyder, A., Snyder, P., Solano, E., Solomon, W., Song, J., Sontag, A., Soukhanovskii, V., Spendlove, J., Spong, D., Squire, J., Srinivasan, C., Stacey, W., Staebler, G., Stagner, L., Stange, T., Stangeby, P., Stefan, R., Stemprok, R., Stephan, D., Stillerman, J., Stoltzfus-Dueck, T., Stonecipher, W., Storment, S., Strait, E., Su, D., Sugiyama, L., Sun, Y., Sun, P., Sun, Z., Sun, A., Sundstrom, D., Sung, C., Sungcoco, J., Suttrop, W., Suzuki, Y., Suzuki, T., Svyatkovskiy, A., Swee, C., Sweeney, R., Sweetnam, C., Szepesi, G., Takechi, M., Tala, T., Tanaka, K., Tang, X., Tang, S., Tao, Y., Tao, R., Taussig, D., Taylor, T., Teixeira, K., Teo, K., Theodorsen, A., Thomas, D., Thome, K., Thorman, A., Thornton, A., Ti, A., Tillack, M., Timchenko, N., Tinguely, R., Tompkins, R., Tooker, J., Torrezan De Sousa, A., Trevisan, G., Tripathi, S., Trujillo Ochoa, A., Truong, D., Tsui, C., Turco, F., Turnbull, A., Umansky, M., Unterberg, E., Vaezi, P., Vail, P., Valdez, J., Valkis, W., Van Compernolle, B., Van Galen, J., Van Kampen, R., Van Zeeland, M., Verdoolaege, G., Vianello, N., Victor, B., Viezzer, E., Vincena, S., Wade, M., Waelbroeck, F., Wai, J., Wakatsuki, T., Walker, M., Wallace, G., Waltz, R., Wampler, W., Wang, L., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Wang, G., Ward, S., Watkins, M., Watkins, J., Wehner, W., Wei, Y., Weiland, M., Weisberg, D., Welander, A., White, A., White, R., Wiesen, S., Wilcox, R., Wilks, T., Willensdorfer, M., Wilson, H., Wingen, A., Wolde, M., Wolff, M., Woller, K., Wolz, A., Wong, H., Woodruff, S., Wu, M., Wu, Y., Wukitch, S., Wurden, G., Xiao, W., Xie, R., Xing, Z., Xu, X., Xu, C., Xu, G., Yan, Z., Yang, X., Yang, S., Yokoyama, T., Yoneda, R., Yoshida, M., You, K., Younkin, T., Yu, J., Yu, M., Yu, G., Yuan, Q., Zaidenberg, L., Zakharov, L., Zamengo, A., Zamperini, S., Zarnstorff, M., Zeger, E., Zeller, K., Zeng, L., Zerbini, M., Zhang, L., Zhang, X., Zhang, R., Zhang, B., Zhang, J., Zhao, L., Zhao, B., Zheng, Y., Zheng, L., Zhu, B., Zhu, J., Zhu, Y., Zsutty, M., Zuin, M., Fenstermacher, M, Abbate, J, Abe, S, Abrams, T, Adams, M, Adamson, B, Aiba, N, Akiyama, T, Aleynikov, P, Allen, E, Allen, S, Anand, H, Anderson, J, Andrew, Y, Andrews, T, Appelt, D, Arbon, R, Ashikawa, N, Ashourvan, A, Aslin, M, Asnis, Y, Austin, M, Ayala, D, Bak, J, Bandyopadhyay, I, Banerjee, S, Barada, K, Bardoczi, L, Barr, J, Bass, E, Battaglia, D, Battey, A, Baumgartner, W, Baylor, L, Beckers, J, Beidler, M, Belli, E, Berkery, J, Bernard, T, Bertelli, N, Beurskens, M, Bielajew, R, Bilgili, S, Biswas, B, Blondel, S, Boedo, J, Bogatu, I, Boivin, R, Bolzonella, T, Bongard, M, Bonnin, X, Bonoli, P, Bonotto, M, Bortolon, A, Bose, S, Bosviel, N, Bouwmans, S, Boyer, M, Boyes, W, Bradley, L, Brambila, R, Brennan, D, Bringuier, S, Brodsky, L, Brookman, M, Brooks, J, Brower, D, Brown, G, Brown, W, Burke, M, Burrell, K, Butler, K, Buttery, R, Bykov, I, Byrne, P, Cacheris, A, Callahan, K, Callen, J, Campbell, G, Candy, J, Canik, J, Cano-Megias, P, Cao, N, Carayannopoulos, L, Carlstrom, T, Carrig, W, Carter, T, Cary, W, Casali, L, Cengher, M, Paz, G, Chaban, R, Chan, V, Chapman, B, Char, I, Chattopadhyay, A, Chen, R, Chen, J, Chen, X, Chen, M, Chen, Z, Choi, M, Choi, W, Choi, G, Chousal, L, Chrobak, C, Chrystal, C, Chung, Y, Churchill, R, Cianciosa, M, Clark, J, Clement, M, Coda, S, Cole, A, Collins, C, Conlin, W, Cooper, A, Cordell, J, Coriton, B, Cote, T, Cothran, J, Creely, A, Crocker, N, Crowe, C, Crowley, B, Crowley, T, Cruz-Zabala, D, Cummings, D, Curie, M, Curreli, D, Dal Molin, A, Dannels, B, Dautt-Silva, A, Davda, K, De Tommasi, G, De Vries, P, Degrandchamp, G, Degrassie, J, Demers, D, Denk, S, Depasquale, S, Deshazer, E, Diallo, A, Diem, S, Dimits, A, Ding, R, Ding, S, Ding, W, Do, T, Doane, J, Dong, G, Donovan, D, Drake, J, Drews, W, Drobny, J, Du, X, Du, H, Duarte, V, Dudt, D, Dunn, C, Duran, J, Dvorak, A, Effenberg, F, Eidietis, N, Elder, D, Eldon, D, Ellis, R, Elwasif, W, Ennis, D, Erickson, K, Ernst, D, Fasciana, M, Fedorov, D, Feibush, E, Ferraro, N, Ferreira, J, Ferron, J, Fimognari, P, Finkenthal, D, Fitzpatrick, R, Fox, P, Fox, W, Frassinetti, L, Frerichs, H, Frye, H, Fu, Y, Gage, K, Quiroga, J, Gallo, A, Gao, Q, Garcia, A, Munoz, M, Garnier, D, Garofalo, A, Gattuso, A, Geng, D, Gentle, K, Ghosh, D, Giacomelli, L, Gibson, S, Gilson, E, Giroud, C, Glass, F, Glasser, A, Glibert, D, Gohil, P, Gomez, R, Gomez, S, Gong, X, Gonzales, E, Goodman, A, Gorelov, Y, Graber, V, Granetz, R, Gray, T, Green, D, Greenfield, C, Greenwald, M, Grierson, B, Groebner, R, Grosnickle, W, Groth, M, Grunloh, H, Gu, S, Guo, W, Guo, H, Gupta, P, Guterl, J, Guttenfelder, W, Guzman, T, Haar, S, Hager, R, Hahn, S, Halfmoon, M, Hall, T, Hallatschek, K, Halpern, F, Hammett, G, Han, H, Hansen, E, Hansen, C, Hansink, M, Hanson, J, Hanson, M, Hao, G, Harris, A, Harvey, R, Haskey, S, Hassan, E, Hassanein, A, Hatch, D, Hawryluk, R, Hayashi, W, Heidbrink, W, Herfindal, J, Hicok, J, Hill, D, Hinson, E, Holcomb, C, Holland, L, Holland, C, Hollmann, E, Hollocombe, J, Holm, A, Holmes, I, Holtrop, K, Honda, M, Hong, R, Hood, R, Horton, A, Horvath, L, Hosokawa, M, Houshmandyar, S, Howard, N, Howell, E, Hoyt, D, Hu, W, Hu, Y, Hu, Q, Huang, J, Huang, Y, Hughes, J, Human, T, Humphreys, D, Huynh, P, Hyatt, A, Ibanez, C, Ibarra, L, Icasas, R, Ida, K, Igochine, V, In, Y, Inoue, S, Isayama, A, Izacard, O, Izzo, V, Jackson, A, Jacobsen, G, Jaervinen, A, Jalalvand, A, Janhunen, J, Jardin, S, Jarleblad, H, Jeon, Y, Ji, H, Jian, X, Joffrin, E, Johansen, A, Johnson, C, Johnson, T, Jones, C, Joseph, I, Jubas, D, Junge, B, Kalb, W, Kalling, R, Kamath, C, Kang, J, Kaplan, D, Kaptanoglu, A, Kasdorf, S, Kates-Harbeck, J, Kazantzidis, P, Kellman, A, Kellman, D, Kessel, C, Khumthong, K, Kim, E, Kim, H, Kim, J, Kim, S, Kim, K, Kim, C, Kimura, W, King, M, King, J, Kinsey, J, Kirk, A, Kiyan, B, Kleiner, A, Klevarova, V, Knapp, R, Knolker, M, Ko, W, Kobayashi, T, Koch, E, Kochan, M, Koel, B, Koepke, M, Kohn, A, Kolasinski, R, Kolemen, E, Kostadinova, E, Kostuk, M, Kramer, G, Kriete, D, Kripner, L, Kubota, S, Kulchar, J, Kwon, K, La Haye, R, Laggner, F, Lan, H, Lantsov, R, Lao, L, Esquisabel, A, Lasnier, C, Lau, C, Leard, B, Lee, J, Lee, R, Lee, M, Lee, Y, Lee, C, Lee, S, Lehnen, M, Leonard, A, Leppink, E, Lesher, M, Lestz, J, Leuer, J, Leuthold, N, Li, X, Li, K, Li, E, Li, G, Li, L, Li, Z, Li, J, Li, Y, Lin, Z, Lin, D, Liu, X, Liu, J, Liu, Y, Liu, T, Liu, C, Liu, Z, Liu, D, Liu, A, Loarte-Prieto, A, Lodestro, L, Logan, N, Lohr, J, Lombardo, B, Lore, J, Luan, Q, Luce, T, Di Cortemiglia, T, Luhmann, N, Lunsford, R, Luo, Z, Lvovskiy, A, Lyons, B, Ma, X, Madruga, M, Madsen, B, Maggi, C, Maheshwari, K, Mail, A, Mailloux, J, Maingi, R, Major, M, Makowski, M, Manchanda, R, Marini, C, Marinoni, A, Maris, A, Markovic, T, Marrelli, L, Martin, E, Mateja, J, Matsunaga, G, Maurizio, R, Mauzey, P, Mauzey, D, Mcardle, G, Mcclenaghan, J, Mccollam, K, Mcdevitt, C, Mckay, K, Mckee, G, Mclean, A, Mehta, V, Meier, E, Menard, J, Meneghini, O, Merlo, G, Messer, S, Meyer, W, Michael, C, Michoski, C, Milne, P, Minet, G, Misleh, A, Mitrishkin, Y, Moeller, C, Montes, K, Morales, M, Mordijck, S, Moreau, D, Morosohk, S, Morris, P, Morton, L, Moser, A, Moyer, R, Moynihan, C, Mrazkova, T, Mueller, D, Munaretto, S, Burgos, J, Murphy, C, Murphy, K, Muscatello, C, Myers, C, Nagy, A, Nandipati, G, Navarro, M, Nave, F, Navratil, G, Nazikian, R, Neff, A, Neilson, G, Neiser, T, Neiswanger, W, Nelson, D, Nelson, A, Nespoli, F, Nguyen, R, Nguyen, L, Nguyen, X, Nichols, J, Nocente, M, Nogami, S, Noraky, S, Norausky, N, Nornberg, M, Nygren, R, Odstrcil, T, Ogas, D, Ogorman, T, Ohdachi, S, Ohtani, Y, Okabayashi, M, Okamoto, M, Olavson, L, Olofsson, E, Omullane, M, Oneill, R, Orlov, D, Orvis, W, Osborne, T, Pace, D, Canal, G, Martinez, A, Palacios, L, Pan, C, Pan, Q, Pandit, R, Pandya, M, Pankin, A, Park, Y, Park, J, Parker, S, Parks, P, Parsons, M, Patel, B, Pawley, C, Paz-Soldan, C, Peebles, W, Pelton, S, Perillo, R, Petty, C, Peysson, Y, Pierce, D, Pigarov, A, Pigatto, L, Piglowski, D, Pinches, S, Pinsker, R, Piovesan, P, Piper, N, Pironti, A, Pitts, R, Pizzo, J, Plank, U, Podesta, M, Poli, E, Poli, F, Ponce, D, Popovic, Z, Porkolab, M, Porter, G, Powers, C, Powers, S, Prater, R, Pratt, Q, Pusztai, I, Qian, J, Qin, X, Ra, O, Rafiq, T, Raines, T, Raman, R, Rauch, J, Raymond, A, Rea, C, Reich, M, Reiman, A, Reinhold, S, Reinke, M, Reksoatmodjo, R, Ren, Q, Ren, Y, Ren, J, Rensink, M, Renteria, J, Rhodes, T, Rice, J, Roberts, R, Robinson, J, Fernandez, P, Rognlien, T, Rosenthal, A, Rosiello, S, Rost, J, Roveto, J, Rowan, W, Rozenblat, R, Ruane, J, Rudakov, D, Ruiz, J, Rupani, R, Saarelma, S, Sabbagh, S, Sachdev, J, Saenz, J, Saib, S, Salewski, M, Salmi, A, Sammuli, B, Samuell, C, Sandorfi, A, Sang, C, Sarff, J, Sauter, O, Schaubel, K, Schmitz, L, Schmitz, O, Schneider, J, Schroeder, P, Schultz, K, Schuster, E, Schwartz, J, Sciortino, F, Scotti, F, Scoville, J, Seltzman, A, Seol, S, Sfiligoi, I, Shafer, M, Sharapov, S, Shen, H, Sheng, Z, Shepard, T, Shi, S, Shibata, Y, Shin, G, Shiraki, D, Shousha, R, Si, H, Simmerling, P, Sinclair, G, Sinha, J, Sinha, P, Sips, G, Sizyuk, T, Skinner, C, Sladkomedova, A, Slendebroek, T, Slief, J, Smirnov, R, Smith, J, Smith, S, Smith, D, Snipes, J, Snoep, G, Snyder, A, Snyder, P, Solano, E, Solomon, W, Song, J, Sontag, A, Soukhanovskii, V, Spendlove, J, Spong, D, Squire, J, Srinivasan, C, Stacey, W, Staebler, G, Stagner, L, Stange, T, Stangeby, P, Stefan, R, Stemprok, R, Stephan, D, Stillerman, J, Stoltzfus-Dueck, T, Stonecipher, W, Storment, S, Strait, E, Su, D, Sugiyama, L, Sun, Y, Sun, P, Sun, Z, Sun, A, Sundstrom, D, Sung, C, Sungcoco, J, Suttrop, W, Suzuki, Y, Suzuki, T, Svyatkovskiy, A, Swee, C, Sweeney, R, Sweetnam, C, Szepesi, G, Takechi, M, Tala, T, Tanaka, K, Tang, X, Tang, S, Tao, Y, Tao, R, Taussig, D, Taylor, T, Teixeira, K, Teo, K, Theodorsen, A, Thomas, D, Thome, K, Thorman, A, Thornton, A, Ti, A, Tillack, M, Timchenko, N, Tinguely, R, Tompkins, R, Tooker, J, De Sousa, A, Trevisan, G, Tripathi, S, Ochoa, A, Truong, D, Tsui, C, Turco, F, Turnbull, A, Umansky, M, Unterberg, E, Vaezi, P, Vail, P, Valdez, J, Valkis, W, Van Compernolle, B, Van Galen, J, Van Kampen, R, Van Zeeland, M, Verdoolaege, G, Vianello, N, Victor, B, Viezzer, E, Vincena, S, Wade, M, Waelbroeck, F, Wai, J, Wakatsuki, T, Walker, M, Wallace, G, Waltz, R, Wampler, W, Wang, L, Wang, H, Wang, Y, Wang, Z, Wang, G, Ward, S, Watkins, M, Watkins, J, Wehner, W, Wei, Y, Weiland, M, Weisberg, D, Welander, A, White, A, White, R, Wiesen, S, Wilcox, R, Wilks, T, Willensdorfer, M, Wilson, H, Wingen, A, Wolde, M, Wolff, M, Woller, K, Wolz, A, Wong, H, Woodruff, S, Wu, M, Wu, Y, Wukitch, S, Wurden, G, Xiao, W, Xie, R, Xing, Z, Xu, X, Xu, C, Xu, G, Yan, Z, Yang, X, Yang, S, Yokoyama, T, Yoneda, R, Yoshida, M, You, K, Younkin, T, Yu, J, Yu, M, Yu, G, Yuan, Q, Zaidenberg, L, Zakharov, L, Zamengo, A, Zamperini, S, Zarnstorff, M, Zeger, E, Zeller, K, Zeng, L, Zerbini, M, Zhang, L, Zhang, X, Zhang, R, Zhang, B, Zhang, J, Zhao, L, Zhao, B, Zheng, Y, Zheng, L, Zhu, B, Zhu, J, Zhu, Y, Zsutty, M, Zuin, M, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, General Atomics, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Imperial College London, National Institute for Fusion Science, Universidade de São Paulo, University of Texas at Austin, ITER, College of William and Mary, University of California Los Angeles, University of California San Diego, Columbia University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Eindhoven University of Technology, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, West Virginia University, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, National Research Council of Italy, Stony Brook University, Purdue University, University of Seville, University of Science and Technology of China, Carnegie Mellon University, Institute for Plasma Research, Peking University, University of California Davis, University of California Irvine, Commonwealth Fusion Systems, University of Liverpool, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Milan - Bicocca, Georgia Institute of Technology, Southwestern Institute of Physics, University of Toronto, Auburn University, Polytechnic University of Turin, Universidade Lisboa, Association CCFE, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, San Diego State University, Durham University, Lehigh University, Fusion and Plasma Physics, University of Washington, Department of Applied Physics, Sandia National Laboratories, Ghent University, Technical University of Denmark, CEA, University of Colorado Boulder, Harvard University, National Technical University of Athens, Coventry University, University of Stuttgart, Czech Academy of Sciences, Harvey Mudd College, Seoul National University, Donghua University, University of York, Dalian University of Technology, University of California Berkeley, Los Alamos National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, University of British Columbia, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Michigan State University, University of Strathclyde, Pennsylvania State University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, University of Southern California, Chalmers University of Technology, University of Virginia, University of Naples Federico II, University of Oxford, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, National Institute of Technology, University of Connecticut, DIFFER, CIEMAT, Hanyang University, Brigham Young University, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Australian National University, Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Zhejiang University, The University of Tokyo, University of Michigan, Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, DIII-D Team, Complex Ionized Media, Elementary Processes in Gas Discharges, Applied Physics and Science Education, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, and Control Systems Technology

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Technology and Engineering, DIII-D, Nuclear engineering, TOKAMAKS, MITIGATION, law.invention, Plasma physics, mitigation, law, plasma physic, tokamak, Physics, Core-edge integration, Basis (linear algebra), plasma physics, core-edge integration, scenarios, Fusion power, Condensed Matter Physics, SCENARIOS, fusion energy, Fusion energy
Abstract

Funding Information: This material is based upon work supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, using the DIII-D National Fusion Facility, a DOE Office of Science user facility, under Awards DE-FC02-04ER54698 and DE-AC52-07NA27344. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 IAEA, Vienna. DIII-D physics research addresses critical challenges for the operation of ITER and the next generation of fusion energy devices. This is done through a focus on innovations to provide solutions for high performance long pulse operation, coupled with fundamental plasma physics understanding and model validation, to drive scenario development by integrating high performance core and boundary plasmas. Substantial increases in off-axis current drive efficiency from an innovative top launch system for EC power, and in pressure broadening for Alfven eigenmode control from a co-/counter-I p steerable off-axis neutral beam, all improve the prospects for optimization of future long pulse/steady state high performance tokamak operation. Fundamental studies into the modes that drive the evolution of the pedestal pressure profile and electron vs ion heat flux validate predictive models of pedestal recovery after ELMs. Understanding the physics mechanisms of ELM control and density pumpout by 3D magnetic perturbation fields leads to confident predictions for ITER and future devices. Validated modeling of high-Z shattered pellet injection for disruption mitigation, runaway electron dissipation, and techniques for disruption prediction and avoidance including machine learning, give confidence in handling disruptivity for future devices. For the non-nuclear phase of ITER, two actuators are identified to lower the L-H threshold power in hydrogen plasmas. With this physics understanding and suite of capabilities, a high poloidal beta optimized-core scenario with an internal transport barrier that projects nearly to Q = 10 in ITER at ∼8 MA was coupled to a detached divertor, and a near super H-mode optimized-pedestal scenario with co-I p beam injection was coupled to a radiative divertor. The hybrid core scenario was achieved directly, without the need for anomalous current diffusion, using off-axis current drive actuators. Also, a controller to assess proximity to stability limits and regulate β N in the ITER baseline scenario, based on plasma response to probing 3D fields, was demonstrated. Finally, innovative tokamak operation using a negative triangularity shape showed many attractive features for future pilot plant operation.

Published
2022
Full Text
View/download PDF

4. Expression Analysis of Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) in Reproductive and Non-Reproductive Tissues of Esr1-Deficient Mice

Author

Jan C. Kessel, Ralf Weiskirchen, and Sarah K. Schröder

Subjects
Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, General Medicine, estrogen receptor, Esr1/ERα, lipocalin 2 (LCN2), tissue-specific, reproductive tissue, non-reproductive tissue, ovary, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Molecular Biology, Spectroscopy, Catalysis, Computer Science Applications
Abstract

International journal of molecular sciences 24(11), 9280 (2023). doi:10.3390/ijms24119280 special issue: "Special Issue "The Role of Estrogen Receptors in Health and Diseases" / Special Issue Editors: Prof. Dr. Oliver Treeck, Guest Editor; Prof. Dr. Maciej Iek Skrzypczak, Guest Editor", Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel

Published
2023
Full Text
View/download PDF

5. Immunohistochemical detection of estrogen receptor-beta (erβ) with ppz0506 antibody in murine tissue: from pitfalls to optimization

Author

Sarah K. Schröder, Carmen G. Tag, Jan C. Kessel, Per Antonson, and Ralf Weiskirchen

Subjects
ddc:570, Medicine (miscellaneous), estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), Esr2, PPZ0506, immunohistochemistry, staining, antibody validation, ovary, murine tissue, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Abstract

Biomedicines : open access journal 10(12), 3100 (2022). doi:10.3390/biomedicines10123100 special issue: "Special issue "editorial board members’ collection series: utilization of immune checkpoint inhibitors: past, present and future therapeutics in cancer" / Special Issue Editors: David R. Wallace, Guest Editor; Giuseppe Murdaca, Guest Editor", Published by MDPI, Basel

Published
2022
Full Text
View/download PDF

6. Response to dupilumab in two children with Netherton syndrome: Improvement of pruritus and scaling

Author

Heiko Traupe, Helmut Wittkowski, C. Kessel, Sonja Ständer, K. Loser, Vinzenz Oji, and Kira Süßmuth

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Interleukin-13, business.industry, Pruritus, Dermatology, Atopic dermatitis, medicine.disease, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Dupilumab, Infectious Diseases, Netherton Syndrome, Medicine, Humans, Netherton syndrome, business, Child
Published
2020

7. Studying the prevalence and etiology of Class II subdivision malocclusion using cone-beam computed tomography

Author

William M. Anderson, Curtis M. Marsh, Neil C. Kessel, and William J. Dunn

Subjects
Orthodontics, Cone beam computed tomography, Class (set theory), medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Dentistry, Computed tomography, medicine.disease, Mandibular asymmetry, medicine, Etiology, Skeletal asymmetry, Malocclusion, business, Subdivision
Abstract

Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of subdivision malocclusions in Class II/1 and Class II/2 patients and to see if the II/2 group had greater skeletal asymmetry. Methods From a sample of more than 1500 records, 256 Class II malocclusions met inclusion criteria. Of these, 214 were Class II/1 and 42 were Class II/2. Seven landmarks identified on cone-beam computed tomography scans were used to make eight bilateral linear measurements. Right and left side differences were calculated for each subject, and median values were compared. Linear measurements from the Class I side of the subdivision malocclusion to the Class II side were compared. Results Of II/1 subjects, 22.9% had a subdivision malocclusion versus 50% of the II/2. There were no significant side-to-side differences between Class II/1 and II/2 subjects. There were greater differences in the II/2 group between the Class I side of subjects to the Class II side than in the II/1 group. Conclusion All mandibular variables indicated greater degrees of mandibular asymmetry in the II/2 group; only condylion to pogonion proved statistically significant.

Published
2016
Full Text
View/download PDF

8. Approximating Phosphorus Leaching from Agricultural Organic Soils by Soil Testing

Author

Tiequan Zhang, D. Speranzini, Ivan P. O'Halloran, Y.T. Wang, Z. M. Zheng, L. L. Van Eerd, C. S. Tan, and C. Kessel

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, Soil test, Chemistry, Soil science, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Pollution, Lysimeter, Soil water, Leachate, Muck, Leaching (agriculture), Subsurface flow, Eutrophication, Waste Management and Disposal, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

Phosphorus applied to soils in excess of crop requirement could create situations favorable to P enrichment in subsurface flow that contributes to eutrophication of surface water. This pathway of P loss can be more severe in muck (i.e., organic) soils where agricultural production is intensive. This study evaluated the suitability of various environmental and agronomic soil P tests initially designed for mineral soils to predict dissolved reactive P (DRP) in subsurface flow from organic soils. Intact soil columns were collected from 44 muck soils in Ontario to provide a wide range of soil test P levels. A lysimeter leaching study was conducted by evenly adding water in an amount equivalent to 5 mm of rainfall. The leachate DRP concentration was linearly related to soil water-extractable P and CaCl-extractable P with values of 0.90 and 0.93, respectively, and to Bray-1 P and FeO-impregnated filter paper extractable P in a split-line model with a change point. Mehlich-3 P and Olsen P, a method recommended for agronomic P calibration in Ontario, were not related to leachate DRP concentration. All P sorption index (PSI) based degree of P saturation (DPS) values were closely related to leachate DRP in split-line models, with the DPS indices expressed as Bray-1 P/PSI and FeO-P/PSI having the highest correlation with leachate DRP concentration. Because it is desirable from practical and economic standpoints that the environmental risk assessment shares the same soil test with agronomic P calibration, the two PSI-based DPS indices as presented can be considered as environmental risk indicators of DRP subsurface loss from organic soils.

Published
2015
Full Text
View/download PDF

11. A survey of the status of orthodontics among organizations within the World Federation of Orthodontists

Author

Neil C. Kessel, Ceib Phillips, William H. DeKock, and H. Garland Hershey

Subjects
Response rate (survey), Orthodontics, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Specialty, Clinical Practice, Survey methodology, Orthodontic technology, Family medicine, Geographic regions, Medicine, Board certification, business, Accreditation
Abstract

Background The purpose of this study was to compare data from a survey of the affiliated organizations of the World Federation of Orthodontists (WFO) originally completed in 1997, the WFO Commissioned Study of the Status of Orthodontics Throughout the World, with those from the 2012 WFO Survey of Orthodontics Worldwide. Methods An electronic questionnaire addressing specialty recognition, training, practice methods, and characteristics of WFO-affiliated organizations was sent to all 100 affiliated organizations of the WFO. Comparisons were made across geographic regions and not individual countries, in accordance with the 1997 survey methodology. Results The response rate was 68%. Orthodontics is a well-recognized specialty with generally increasing educational, clinical, and organizational standards worldwide. Board certification exists in relatively few countries, with the most commonly cited reason being lack of demand. Emerging trends in clinical practice, including temporary anchorage devices and cone beam computed tomography, were widely utilized. Conclusions The 1997 survey was the first comprehensive evaluation of orthodontics throughout the world, and the study of the 2012 survey represents the first comparisons to the 1997 data. The level of recognition of the specialty of orthodontics has increased worldwide and has generally improved education standards, with more countries employing accreditation processes. Both the number of national orthodontic certifying boards and the board-certification rate remain low. New orthodontic technology is changing the way care is delivered in all of the regions in the study.

Published
2014
Full Text
View/download PDF

12. Soil Testing to Predict Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus Loss in Surface Runoff from Organic Soils

Author

D. K. Reid, Z. M. Zheng, Tiequan Zhang, G. Wen, C. Kessel, D. Nemeth, Ivan P. O'Halloran, C. S. Tan, and D. Speranzini

Subjects
Soil test, Environmental chemistry, Soil water, Soil Science, Environmental science, Sorption, Soil science, Eutrophication, Surface runoff, Saturation (chemistry), Surface water, Management practices
Abstract

Phosphorus loss from surface runoff contributes to eutrophication of surface water, a problem that is often severe from polders with organic soils where agricultural production is intensive. A soil P test is essential to predict the potential for P losses to precisely conduct environmental risk assessment and to efficiently develop and evaluate beneficial management practices. This study evaluated the possibility of using the environmental and agronomic soil P tests, soil P sorption index (PSI), and degree of soil P saturation (DPS), which are used for mineral soils, to predict surface runoff dissolved reactive P (DRP) from organic soils. Forty-four soils from eight subgroups representative of organic lands across Ontario were selected to provide a wide range of soil test P (STP) within each category. A surface runoff study was conducted following the U.S. National Phosphorus Research Project protocol. Flow-weighted mean runoff DRP cssoncentration (DRP₃₀) was linearly related to soil water- and CaCl₂–extractable P concentrations but with data distribution patterns that inefficiently represented the soil variability in P release potentials. The runoff DRP₃₀ was significantly related to Bray-1 P and FeO-extractable P concentrations in split-line models, each with a change point, but not to Mehlich-3 P and Olsen P. All DPS values calculated based on STP and their derived PSIs were closely related to runoff DRP₃₀ in either a linear or a split-line model. The DPS values expressed as Bray-1 P/(PSI + Bray-1 P) and FeO P/(PSI + FeO P) showed the highest correlation with runoff DRP₃₀ and thus can be recommended as environmental risk indicators of surface runoff DRP from organic soils.

Published
2014
Full Text
View/download PDF

13. [Translational research in pediatric rheumatology. Current research approaches to the innate immune system]

Author

K, Lippitz, J, Waldkirch, C, Kessel, G, Varga, and D, Foell

Subjects
Male, Biomedical Research, Adolescent, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Pediatrics, Immunity, Innate, Translational Research, Biomedical, Rheumatology, Child, Preschool, Germany, Rheumatic Diseases, Humans, Immunologic Factors, Female, Child
Abstract

Translational research aims at closely linking basic research and clinical observations so that important mechanistic insights identified in one field should trigger progress in the other. Particularly in the field of pediatric rheumatology this approach has significantly improved the understanding and therapy of several diseases in recent years. One focus of our research in this respect is on the structure, release mechanisms and function of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMP), particularly S100 proteins. Due to their huge potential as inflammation biomarkers for more specific diagnostics these proteins are of particular clinical interest. Overactivated cells of the innate immune system play a crucial role in the development of rheumatic diseases. Innate mechanisms, such as the generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETosis) were linked to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, it became increasingly more evident that various excessive sterile inflammatory mechanisms and reactions significantly contribute to an activation of adaptive immune responses and thus to the development of autoimmunity. Studying such potentially DAMP-dependent pathways at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity can provide a better understanding of autoinflammatory conditions in pediatric rheumatology and to identify novel targets for optimization of therapy.

Published
2016

14. Studying the Prevalence and Etiology of Class II Subdivision Malocclusion Utilizing Cone- Beam Computed Tomography

Author

William M Anderson, William J. Dunn, Curtis M. Marsh, and Neil C Kessel

Subjects
Class (set theory), Cone beam computed tomography, business.industry, Open access publishing, Etiology, Medicine, Dentistry, Skeletal asymmetry, Malocclusion, business, medicine.disease, Mandibular asymmetry, Subdivision
Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of subdivision malocclusions in Class II/1 and Class II/2 patients and to see if the II/2 group had greater skeletal asymmetry. Materials and methods: From a sample of over 1500 records, 256 Class II malocclusions met inclusion criteria. Of these, 214 were Class II/1 and 42 were Class II/2. Seven landmarks identified on CBCT scans were used to make 8 bilateral linear measurements. Right and left side differences were calculated for each subject, and median values were compared. Linear measurements from the Class I side of the subdivision malocclusion to the Class II side were compared. Results: 22.9% of II/1 subjects had a subdivision malocclusion versus 50% of the II/2. Significant side-to-side differences existed between II/1 and II/2 subjects in two of eight measures. There were greater differences in the II/2 group between the Class I side of subjects to the Class II side than in the II/1 group. Conclusion: All mandibular variables indicated greater degrees of mandibular asymmetry in the II/2 group; only Co-Po proved statistically significant.

Published
2016
Full Text
View/download PDF

15. Laboratory measurements of 50–300eV X rays from collisions of cometary interest: Ne and S L X rays, Fe M X rays and others

Author

A. Wrigley, Q. C. Kessel, S. Hossain, Winthrop Smith, K. Miller, S. J. Smith, C.J. Verzani, and Ara Chutjian

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Range (particle radiation), Electron capture, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Relaxation (NMR), Electron, Preliminary analysis, Ion, Solar wind, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Atomic physics, Instrumentation
Abstract

Laboratory measurements simulating the impact of certain solar wind ions on CO have been made. Preliminary analysis of the X rays in the 50–300 eV energy range produced by these collisions suggests that a dominant role is played by electron capture and subsequent relaxation of the electron to the n = 2 levels of solar wind ions such as Ne and S. In particular our data show that X rays from Ne play a role that is at least as significant as that of the more dominant solar wind ion O6+ in this X-ray energy range. It may be assumed that Mg and Si may also play an important role; however, these ions were not included in the present experiment.

Published
2007
Full Text
View/download PDF

16. Chapter 3: MHD stability, operational limits and disruptions

Author

T.C Hender, J.C Wesley, J Bialek, A Bondeson, A.H Boozer, R.J Buttery, A Garofalo, T.P Goodman, R.S Granetz, Y Gribov, O Gruber, M Gryaznevich, G Giruzzi, S Günter, N Hayashi, P Helander, C.C Hegna, D.F Howell, D.A Humphreys, G.T.A Huysmans, A.W Hyatt, A Isayama, S.C Jardin, Y Kawano, A Kellman, C Kessel, H.R Koslowski, R.J. La Haye, E Lazzaro, Y.Q Liu, V Lukash, J Manickam, S Medvedev, V Mertens, S.V Mirnov, Y Nakamura, G Navratil, M Okabayashi, T Ozeki, R Paccagnella, G Pautasso, F Porcelli, V.D Pustovitov, V Riccardo, M Sato, O Sauter, M.J Schaffer, M Shimada, P Sonato, E.J Strait, M Sugihara, M Takechi, A.D Turnbull, E Westerhof, D.G Whyte, R Yoshino, H Zohm, and the ITPA MHD, Disruption and Magnet Group

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Magnetic energy, Nuclear engineering, Extrapolation, Magnetic confinement fusion, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Instability, law.invention, Nuclear magnetic resonance, law, ITER, Magnetohydrodynamics, Current (fluid)
Abstract

Progress in the area of MHD stability and disruptions, since the publication of the 1999 ITER Physics Basis document (1999 Nucl. Fusion 39 2137-2664), is reviewed. Recent theoretical and experimental research has made important advances in both understanding and control of MHD stability in tokamak plasmas. Sawteeth are anticipated in the ITER baseline ELMy H-mode scenario, but the tools exist to avoid or control them through localized current drive or fast ion generation. Active control of other MHD instabilities will most likely be also required in ITER. Extrapolation from existing experiments indicates that stabilization of neoclassical tearing modes by highly localized feedback-controlled current drive should be possible in ITER. Resistive wall modes are a key issue for advanced scenarios, but again, existing experiments indicate that these modes can be stabilized by a combination of plasma rotation and direct feedback control with non-axisymmetric coils. Reduction of error fields is a requirement for avoiding non-rotating magnetic island formation and for maintaining plasma rotation to help stabilize resistive wall modes. Recent experiments have shown the feasibility of reducing error fields to an acceptable level by means of non-axisymmetric coils, possibly controlled by feedback. The MHD stability limits associated with advanced scenarios are becoming well understood theoretically, and can be extended by tailoring of the pressure and current density profiles as well as by other techniques mentioned here. There have been significant advances also in the control of disruptions, most notably by injection of massive quantities of gas, leading to reduced halo current fractions and a larger fraction of the total thermal and magnetic energy dissipated by radiation. These advances in disruption control are supported by the development of means to predict impending disruption, most notably using neural networks. In addition to these advances in means to control or ameliorate the consequences of MHD instabilities, there has been significant progress in improving physics understanding and modelling. This progress has been in areas including the mechanisms governing NTM growth and seeding, in understanding the damping controlling RWM stability and in modelling RWM feedback schemes. For disruptions there has been continued progress on the instability mechanisms that underlie various classes of disruption, on the detailed modelling of halo currents and forces and in refining predictions of quench rates and disruption power loads. Overall the studies reviewed in this chapter demonstrate that MHD instabilities can be controlled, avoided or ameliorated to the extent that they should not compromise ITER operation, though they will necessarily impose a range of constraints.

Published
2007
Full Text
View/download PDF

18. Transient diplopia following maxillary local anesthetic injection

Author

Neil C. Kessel, Gerald W. Cortright, and Kelly R. Magliocca

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, genetic structures, medicine.drug_class, Anesthesia, Dental, Eye disease, Maxillary second molar, Physical examination, Carticaine, Efferent Pathways, Abducens Nerve, Diplopia, Maxillary Nerve, Humans, Medicine, Anesthetics, Local, General Dentistry, Paresis, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Local anesthetic, medicine.disease, Molar, Complete resolution, eye diseases, Surgery, Otorhinolaryngology, Oculomotor Muscles, Anesthesia, Tooth Extraction, Female, Oral Surgery, medicine.symptom, business, Anesthesia, Local
Abstract

A 36-year-old female patient developed diplopia and an ipsilateral lateral rectus paresis following local anesthetic administration to remove a left maxillary second molar. Complete resolution occurred within 3 hours. The clinical examination and management plan are reviewed for this uncommon occurrence. The relevant anatomical pathways are discussed and illustrated with photographs.

Published
2006
Full Text
View/download PDF

19. Photon emission resulting from collisions of O5+ with CO

Author

S. J. Smith, Q. C. Kessel, N. Djuric, Winthrop Smith, J. A. Lozano, K. Miller, P. Gee, Thomas Ehrenreich, E. Pollack, and Ara Chutjian

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photon, Spectrometer, Electron capture, Electron, Optical spectrometer, Ion, law.invention, law, Excited state, Atomic physics, Instrumentation, Excitation
Abstract

As part of an investigation of the interactions between solar-wind ions and cometary gases, UV/X-ray and optical measurements of the photons resulting from collisions of O5+ with CO have been made. Although O5+ is not a major solar-wind ion, its interaction with CO yields information applicable to other solar-wind ion interactions. The data show general agreement with the “over-the-barrier” model prediction that electrons are likely to be captured into the n = 4 levels of the resulting O4+ ion. Not only are the UV/X-ray lines measured in the 10–20 nm range with the UV/X-ray spectrometer consistent with this prediction, but the general lack of optical lines in the optical spectrometer range of 350–850 nm support the model for O5+–CO collisions. Only one optical line may be attributed to the decay of excited O4+ ions while most of the observed optical lines are attributable to atomic and molecular excitation of the CO target.

Published
2005
Full Text
View/download PDF

22. Experimente und gekoppelte CFD-Simulationen von Wärmeübergängen an Rohrschlangen in Fermentern und Rührreaktoren

Author

Alexander Stefan, M. Matzke, H. J. Schultz, K. Jährling, V. Bliem, and C. Kessel

Subjects
Materials science, 020401 chemical engineering, General Chemical Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, 0204 chemical engineering, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0210 nano-technology, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Published
2016
Full Text
View/download PDF

23. Projectile energy loss in multiply ionizing ion-atom collisions

Author

Harald Schone, P.D. Miller, Sheldon Datz, Michael Schulz, R. Schuch, Peter F. Dittner, J. P. Giese, H.F. Krause, Quentin C. Kessel, and C. R. Vane

Subjects
Physics, Projectile, Scattering, chemistry.chemical_element, Electron, Inelastic scattering, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Charged particle, Ion, Neon, chemistry, Ionization, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

The projectile energy loss for 7.5--25-MeV C[sup 6+,5+] and F[sup 6+] ions was measured for single collisions with He, Ne, Ar, and Kr as a function of the recoil-ion charge state and the projectile scattering. This energy loss was measured for collisions in which the projectile captured an electron and for those involving just direct ionization. We investigated and found a large average energy transfer (100--250 eV/electron) to the continuum electrons. A strong increase of the scattering angle with recoil-ion charge state was observed for both capture and direct ionization. The results imply that, for smaller impact parameters, higher recoil-ion charge states are produced and that higher energy losses are obtained. We observed a weak target-[ital Z] dependence of the energy loss. The results are compared with [ital n]-body classical-trajectory Monte Carlo calculations by Olson, semiclassical-approximation calculations by Schuch [ital et] [ital al]. [Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 42, 566 (1989)], and the energy-deposition model.

Published
1995
Full Text
View/download PDF

24. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

Author

Klionsky, D.J. Abdalla, F.C. Abeliovich, H. Abraham, R.T. Acevedo-Arozena, A. Adeli, K. Agholme, L. Agnello, M. Agostinis, P. Aguirre-Ghiso, J.A. Ahn, H.J. Ait-Mohamed, O. Ait-Si-Ali, S. Akematsu, T. Akira, S. Al-Younes, H.M. Al-Zeer, M.A. Albert, M.L. Albin, R.L. Alegre-Abarrategui, J. Aleo, M.F. Alirezaei, M. Almasan, A. Almonte-Becerril, M. Amano, A. Amaravadi, R. Amarnath, S. Amer, A.O. Andrieu-Abadie, N. Anantharam, V. Ann, D.K. Anoopkumar-Dukie, S. Aoki, H. Apostolova, N. Arancia, G. Aris, J.P. Asanuma, K. Asare, N.Y.O. Ashida, H. Askanas, V. Askew, D.S. Auberger, P. Baba, M. Backues, S.K. Baehrecke, E.H. Bahr, B.A. Bai, X.-Y. Bailly, Y. Baiocchi, R. Baldini, G. Balduini, W. Ballabio, A. Bamber, B.A. Bampton, E.T.W. Bánhegyi, G. Bartholomew, C.R. Bassham, D.C. Bast Jr., R.C. Batoko, H. Bay, B.-H. Beau, I. Béchet, D.M. Begley, T.J. Behl, C. Behrends, C. Bekri, S. Bellaire, B. Bendall, L.J. Benetti, L. Berliocchi, L. Bernardi, H. Bernassola, F. Besteiro, S. Bhatia-Kissova, I. Bi, X. Biard-Piechaczyk, M. Blum, J.S. Boise, L.H. Bonaldo, P. Boone, D.L. Bornhauser, B.C. Bortoluci, K.R. Bossis, I. Bost, F. Bourquin, J.-P. Boya, P. Boyer-Guittaut, M. Bozhkov, P.V. Brady, N.R. Brancolini, C. Brech, A. Brenman, J.E. Brennand, A. Bresnick, E.H. Brest, P. Bridges, D. Bristol, M.L. Brookes, P.S. Brown, E.J. Brumell, J.H. Brunetti-Pierri, N. Brunk, U.T. Bulman, D.E. Bultman, S.J. Bultynck, G. Burbulla, L.F. Bursch, W. Butchar, J.P. Buzgariu, W. Bydlowski, S.P. Cadwell, K. Cahová, M. Cai, D. Cai, J. Cai, Q. Calabretta, B. Calvo-Garrido, J. Camougrand, N. Campanella, M. Campos-Salinas, J. Candi, E. Cao, L. Caplan, A.B. Carding, S.R. Cardoso, S.M. Carew, J.S. Carlin, C.R. Carmignac, V. Carneiro, L.A.M. Carra, S. Caruso, R.A. Casari, G. Casas, C. Castino, R. Cebollero, E. Cecconi, F. Celli, J. Chaachouay, H. Chae, H.-J. Chai, C.-Y. Chan, D.C. Chan, E.Y. Chang, R.C.-C. Che, C.-M. Chen, C.-C. Chen, G.-C. Chen, G.-Q. Chen, M. Chen, Q. Chen, S.S.-L. Chen, W. Chen, X. Chen, X. Chen, X. Chen, Y.-G. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y.-J. Chen, Z. Cheng, A. Cheng, C.H.K. Cheng, Y. Cheong, H. Cheong, J.-H. Cherry, S. Chess-Williams, R. Cheung, Z.H. Chevet, E. Chiang, H.-L. Chiarelli, R. Chiba, T. Chin, L.-S. Chiou, S.-H. Chisari, F.V. Cho, C.H. Cho, D.-H. Choi, A.M.K. Choi, D. Choi, K.S. Choi, M.E. Chouaib, S. Choubey, D. Choubey, V. Chu, C.T. Chuang, T.-H. Chueh, S.-H. Chun, T. Chwae, Y.-J. Chye, M.-L. Ciarcia, R. Ciriolo, M.R. Clague, M.J. Clark, R.S.B. Clarke, P.G.H. Clarke, R. Codogno, P. Coller, H.A. Colombo, M.I. Comincini, S. Condello, M. Condorelli, F. Cookson, M.R. Coombs, G.H. Coppens, I. Corbalan, R. Cossart, P. Costelli, P. Costes, S. Coto-Montes, A. Couve, E. Coxon, F.P. Cregg, J.M. Crespo, J.L. Cronjé, M.J. Cuervo, A.M. Cullen, J.J. Czaja, M.J. D'Amelio, M. Darfeuille-Michaud, A. Davids, L.M. Davies, F.E. De Felici, M. De Groot, J.F. De Haan, C.A.M. De Martino, L. De Milito, A. De Tata, V. Debnath, J. Degterev, A. Dehay, B. Delbridge, L.M.D. Demarchi, F. Deng, Y.Z. Dengjel, J. Dent, P. Denton, D. Deretic, V. Desai, S.D. Devenish, R.J. Di Gioacchino, M. Di Paolo, G. Di Pietro, C. Díaz-Araya, G. Díaz-Laviada, I. Diaz-Meco, M.T. Diaz-Nido, J. Dikic, I. Dinesh-Kumar, S.P. Ding, W.-X. Distelhorst, C.W. Diwan, A. Djavaheri-Mergny, M. Dokudovskaya, S. Dong, Z. Dorsey, F.C. Dosenko, V. Dowling, J.J. Doxsey, S. Dreux, M. Drew, M.E. Duan, Q. Duchosal, M.A. Duff, K. Dugail, I. Durbeej, M. Duszenko, M. Edelstein, C.L. Edinger, A.L. Egea, G. Eichinger, L. Eissa, N.T. Ekmekcioglu, S. El-Deiry, W.S. Elazar, Z. Elgendy, M. Ellerby, L.M. Er Eng, K. Engelbrecht, A.-M. Engelender, S. Erenpreisa, J. Escalante, R. Esclatine, A. Eskelinen, E.-L. Espert, L. Espina, V. Fan, H. Fan, J. Fan, Q.-W. Fan, Z. Fang, S. Fang, Y. Fanto, M. Fanzani, A. Farkas, T. Farré, J.-C. Faure, M. Fechheimer, M. Feng, C.G. Feng, J. Feng, Q. Feng, Y. Fésüs, L. Feuer, R. Figueiredo-Pereira, M.E. Fimia, G.M. Fingar, D.C. Finkbeiner, S. Finkel, T. Finley, K.D. Fiorito, F. Fisher, E.A. Fisher, P.B. Flajolet, M. Florez-McClure, M.L. Florio, S. Fon, E.A. Fornai, F. Fortunato, F. Fotedar, R. Fowler, D.H. Fox, H.S. Franco, R. Frankel, L.B. Fransen, M. Fuentes, J.M. Fueyo, J. Fujii, J. Fujisaki, K. Fujita, E. Fukuda, M. Furukawa, R.H. Gaestel, M. Gailly, P. Gajewska, M. Galliot, B. Galy, V. Ganesh, S. Ganetzky, B. Ganley, I.G. Gao, F.-B. Gao, G.F. Gao, J. Garcia, L. Garcia-Manero, G. Garcia-Marcos, M. Garmyn, M. Gartel, A.L. Gatti, E. Gautel, M. Gawriluk, T.R. Gegg, M.E. Geng, J. Germain, M. Gestwicki, J.E. Gewirtz, D.A. Ghavami, S. Ghosh, P. Giammarioli, A.M. Giatromanolaki, A.N. Gibson, S.B. Gilkerson, R.W. Ginger, M.L. Ginsberg, H.N. Golab, J. Goligorsky, M.S. Golstein, P. Gomez-Manzano, C. Goncu, E. Gongora, C. Gonzalez, C.D. Gonzalez, R. González-Estévez, C. González-Polo, R.A. Gonzalez-Rey, E. Gorbunov, N.V. Gorski, S. Goruppi, S. Gottlieb, R.A. Gozuacik, D. Granato, G.E. Grant, G.D. Green, K.N. Gregorc, A. Gros, F. Grose, C. Grunt, T.W. Gual, P. Guan, J.-L. Guan, K.-L. Guichard, S.M. Gukovskaya, A.S. Gukovsky, I. Gunst, J. Gustafsson, A.B. Halayko, A.J. Hale, A.N. Halonen, S.K. Hamasaki, M. Han, F. Han, T. Hancock, M.K. Hansen, M. Harada, H. Harada, M. Hardt, S.E. Harper, J.W. Harris, A.L. Harris, J. Harris, S.D. Hashimoto, M. Haspel, J.A. Hayashi, S.-I. Hazelhurst, L.A. He, C. He, Y.-W. Hébert, M.-J. Heidenreich, K.A. Helfrich, M.H. Helgason, G.V. Henske, E.P. Herman, B. Herman, P.K. Hetz, C. Hilfiker, S. Hill, J.A. Hocking, L.J. Hofman, P. Hofmann, T.G. Höhfeld, J. Holyoake, T.L. Hong, M.-H. Hood, D.A. Hotamisligil, G.S. Houwerzijl, E.J. Høyer-Hansen, M. Hu, B. Hu, C.-A.A. Hu, H.-M. Hua, Y. Huang, C. Huang, J. Huang, S. Huang, W.-P. Huber, T.B. Huh, W.-K. Hung, T.-H. Hupp, T.R. Hur, G.M. Hurley, J.B. Hussain, S.N.A. Hussey, P.J. Hwang, J.J. Hwang, S. Ichihara, A. Ilkhanizadeh, S. Inoki, K. Into, T. Iovane, V. Iovanna, J.L. Ip, N.Y. Isaka, Y. Ishida, H. Isidoro, C. Isobe, K.-I. Iwasaki, A. Izquierdo, M. Izumi, Y. Jaakkola, P.M. Jäättelä, M. Jackson, G.R. Jackson, W.T. Janji, B. Jendrach, M. Jeon, J.-H. Jeung, E.-B. Jiang, H. Jiang, H. Jiang, J.X. Jiang, M. Jiang, Q. Jiang, X. Jiménez, A. Jin, M. Jin, S. Joe, C.O. Johansen, T. Johnson, D.E. Johnson, G.V.W. Jones, N.L. Joseph, B. Joseph, S.K. Joubert, A.M. Juhász, G. Juillerat-Jeanneret, L. Jung, C.H. Jung, Y.-K. Kaarniranta, K. Kaasik, A. Kabuta, T. Kadowaki, M. Kagedal, K. Kamada, Y. Kaminskyy, V.O. Kampinga, H.H. Kanamori, H. Kang, C. Kang, K.B. Il Kang, K. Kang, R. Kang, Y.-A. Kanki, T. Kanneganti, T.-D. Kanno, H. Kanthasamy, A.G. Kanthasamy, A. Karantza, V. Kaushal, G.P. Kaushik, S. Kawazoe, Y. Ke, P.-Y. Kehrl, J.H. Kelekar, A. Kerkhoff, C. Kessel, D.H. Khalil, H. Kiel, J.A.K.W. Kiger, A.A. Kihara, A. Kim, D.R. Kim, D.-H. Kim, D.-H. Kim, E.-K. Kim, H.-R. Kim, J.-S. Kim, J.H. Kim, J.C. Kim, J.K. Kim, P.K. Kim, S.W. Kim, Y.-S. Kim, Y. Kimchi, A. Kimmelman, A.C. King, J.S. Kinsella, T.J. Kirkin, V. Kirshenbaum, L.A. Kitamoto, K. Kitazato, K. Klein, L. Klimecki, W.T. Klucken, J. Knecht, E. Ko, B.C.B. Koch, J.C. Koga, H. Koh, J.-Y. Koh, Y.H. Koike, M. Komatsu, M. Kominami, E. Kong, H.J. Kong, W.-J. Korolchuk, V.I. Kotake, Y. Koukourakis, M.I. Kouri Flores, J.B. Kovács, A.L. Kraft, C. Krainc, D. Krämer, H. Kretz-Remy, C. Krichevsky, A.M. Kroemer, G. Krüger, R. Krut, O. Ktistakis, N.T. Kuan, C.-Y. Kucharczyk, R. Kumar, A. Kumar, R. Kumar, S. Kundu, M. Kung, H.-J. Kurz, T. Kwon, H.J. La Spada, A.R. Lafont, F. Lamark, T. Landry, J. Lane, J.D. Lapaquette, P. Laporte, J.F. László, L. Lavandero, S. Lavoie, J.N. Layfield, R. Lazo, P.A. Le, W. Le Cam, L. Ledbetter, D.J. Lee, A.J.X. Lee, B.-W. Lee, G.M. Lee, J. Lee, J.-H. Lee, M. Lee, M.-S. Lee, S.H. Leeuwenburgh, C. Legembre, P. Legouis, R. Lehmann, M. Lei, H.-Y. Lei, Q.-Y. Leib, D.A. Leiro, J. Lemasters, J.J. Lemoine, A. Lesniak, M.S. Lev, D. Levenson, V.V. Levine, B. Levy, E. Li, F. Li, J.-L. Li, L. Li, S. Li, W. Li, X.-J. Li, Y.-B. Li, Y.-P. Liang, C. Liang, Q. Liao, Y.-F. Liberski, P.P. Lieberman, A. Lim, H.J. Lim, K.-L. Lim, K. Lin, C.-F. Lin, F.-C. Lin, J. Lin, J.D. Lin, K. Lin, W.-W. Lin, W.-C. Lin, Y.-L. Linden, R. Lingor, P. Lippincott-Schwartz, J. Lisanti, M.P. Liton, P.B. Liu, B. Liu, C.-F. Liu, K. Liu, L. Liu, Q.A. Liu, W. Liu, Y.-C. Liu, Y. Lockshin, R.A. Lok, C.-N. Lonial, S. Loos, B. Lopez-Berestein, G. López-Otín, C. Lossi, L. Lotze, M.T. Lõw, P. Lu, B. Lu, B. Lu, B. Lu, Z. Luciano, F. Lukacs, N.W. Lund, A.H. Lynch-Day, M.A. Ma, Y. Macian, F. MacKeigan, J.P. Macleod, K.F. Madeo, F. Maiuri, L. Maiuri, M.C. Malagoli, D. Malicdan, M.C.V. Malorni, W. Man, N. Mandelkow, E.-M. Manon, S. Manov, I. Mao, K. Mao, X. Mao, Z. Marambaud, P. Marazziti, D. Marcel, Y.L. Marchbank, K. Marchetti, P. Marciniak, S.J. Marcondes, M. Mardi, M. Marfe, G. Mariño, G. Markaki, M. Marten, M.R. Martin, S.J. Martinand-Mari, C. Martinet, W. Martinez-Vicente, M. Masini, M. Matarrese, P. Matsuo, S. Matteoni, R. Mayer, A. Mazure, N.M. McConkey, D.J. McConnell, M.J. McDermott, C. McDonald, C. McInerney, G.M. McKenna, S.L. McLaughlin, B. McLean, P.J. McMaster, C.R. McQuibban, G.A. Meijer, A.J. Meisler, M.H. Meléndez, A. Melia, T.J. Melino, G. Mena, M.A. Menendez, J.A. Menna-Barreto, R.F.S. Menon, M.B. Menzies, F.M. Mercer, C.A. Merighi, A. Merry, D.E. Meschini, S. Meyer, C.G. Meyer, T.F. Miao, C.-Y. Miao, J.-Y. Michels, P.A.M. Michiels, C. Mijaljica, D. Milojkovic, A. Minucci, S. Miracco, C. Miranti, C.K. Mitroulis, I. Miyazawa, K. Mizushima, N. Mograbi, B. Mohseni, S. Molero, X. Mollereau, B. Mollinedo, F. Momoi, T. Monastyrska, I. Monick, M.M. Monteiro, M.J. Moore, M.N. Mora, R. Moreau, K. Moreira, P.I. Moriyasu, Y. Moscat, J. Mostowy, S. Mottram, J.C. Motyl, T. Moussa, C.E.-H. Müller, S. Muller, S. Münger, K. Münz, C. Murphy, L.O. Murphy, M.E. Musarò, A. Mysorekar, I. Nagata, E. Nagata, K. Nahimana, A. Nair, U. Nakagawa, T. Nakahira, K. Nakano, H. Nakatogawa, H. Nanjundan, M. Naqvi, N.I. Narendra, D.P. Narita, M. Navarro, M. Nawrocki, S.T. Nazarko, T.Y. Nemchenko, A. Netea, M.G. Neufeld, T.P. Ney, P.A. Nezis, I.P. Nguyen, H.P. Nie, D. Nishino, I. Nislow, C. Nixon, R.A. Noda, T. Noegel, A.A. Nogalska, A. Noguchi, S. Notterpek, L. Novak, I. Nozaki, T. Nukina, N. Nürnberger, T. Nyfeler, B. Obara, K. Oberley, T.D. Oddo, S. Ogawa, M. Ohashi, T. Okamoto, K. Oleinick, N.L. Oliver, F.J. Olsen, L.J. Olsson, S. Opota, O. Osborne, T.F. Ostrander, G.K. Otsu, K. Ou, J.-H.J. Ouimet, M. Overholtzer, M. Ozpolat, B. Paganetti, P. Pagnini, U. Pallet, N. Palmer, G.E. Palumbo, C. Pan, T. Panaretakis, T. Pandey, U.B. Papackova, Z. Papassideri, I. Paris, I. Park, J. Park, O.K. Parys, J.B. Parzych, K.R. Patschan, S. Patterson, C. Pattingre, S. Pawelek, J.M. Peng, J. Perlmutter, D.H. Perrotta, I. Perry, G. Pervaiz, S. Peter, M. Peters, G.J. Petersen, M. Petrovski, G. Phang, J.M. Piacentini, M. Pierre, P. Pierrefite-Carle, V. Pierron, G. Pinkas-Kramarski, R. Piras, A. Piri, N. Platanias, L.C. Pöggeler, S. Poirot, M. Poletti, A. Poüs, C. Pozuelo-Rubio, M. Prætorius-Ibba, M. Prasad, A. Prescott, M. Priault, M. Produit-Zengaffinen, N. Progulske-Fox, A. Proikas-Cezanne, T. Przedborski, S. Przyklenk, K. Puertollano, R. Puyal, J. Qian, S.-B. Qin, L. Qin, Z.-H. Quaggin, S.E. Raben, N. Rabinowich, H. Rabkin, S.W. Rahman, I. Rami, A. Ramm, G. Randall, G. Randow, F. Rao, V.A. Rathmell, J.C. Ravikumar, B. Ray, S.K. Reed, B.H. Reed, J.C. Reggiori, F. Régnier-Vigouroux, A. Reichert, A.S. Reiners Jr., J.J. Reiter, R.J. Ren, J. Revuelta, J.L. Rhodes, C.J. Ritis, K. Rizzo, E. Robbins, J. Roberge, M. Roca, H. Roccheri, M.C. Rocchi, S. Rodemann, H.P. De Córdoba, S.R. Rohrer, B. Roninson, I.B. Rosen, K. Rost-Roszkowska, M.M. Rouis, M. Rouschop, K.M.A. Rovetta, F. Rubin, B.P. Rubinsztein, D.C. Ruckdeschel, K. Rucker III, E.B. Rudich, A. Rudolf, E. Ruiz-Opazo, N. Russo, R. Rusten, T.E. Ryan, K.M. Ryter, S.W. Sabatini, D.M. Sadoshima, J. Saha, T. Saitoh, T. Sakagami, H. Sakai, Y. Salekdeh, G.H. Salomoni, P. Salvaterra, P.M. Salvesen, G. Salvioli, R. Sanchez, A.M.J. Sánchez-Alcázar, J.A. Sánchez-Prieto, R. Sandri, M. Sankar, U. Sansanwal, P. Santambrogio, L. Saran, S. Sarkar, S. Sarwal, M. Sasakawa, C. Sasnauskiene, A. Sass, M. Sato, K. Sato, M. Schapira, A.H.V. Scharl, M. Schätzl, H.M. Scheper, W. Schiaffino, S. Schneider, C. Schneider, M.E. Schneider-Stock, R. Schoenlein, P.V. Schorderet, D.F. Schüller, C. Schwartz, G.K. Scorrano, L. Sealy, L. Seglen, P.O. Segura-Aguilar, J. Seiliez, I. Seleverstov, O. Sell, C. Seo, J.B. Separovic, D. Setaluri, V. Setoguchi, T. Settembre, C. Shacka, J.J. Shanmugam, M. Shapiro, I.M. Shaulian, E. Shaw, R.J. Shelhamer, J.H. Shen, H.-M. Shen, W.-C. Sheng, Z.-H. Shi, Y. Shibuya, K. Shidoji, Y. Shieh, J.-J. Shih, C.-M. Shimada, Y. Shimizu, S. Shintani, T. Shirihai, O.S. Shore, G.C. Sibirny, A.A. Sidhu, S.B. Sikorska, B. Silva-Zacarin, E.C.M. Simmons, A. Simon, A.K. Simon, H.-U. Simone, C. Simonsen, A. Sinclair, D.A. Singh, R. Sinha, D. Sinicrope, F.A. Sirko, A. Siu, P.M. Sivridis, E. Skop, V. Skulachev, V.P. Slack, R.S. Smaili, S.S. Smith, D.R. Soengas, M.S. Soldati, T. Song, X. Sood, A.K. Soong, T.W. Sotgia, F. Spector, S.A. Spies, C.D. Springer, W. Srinivasula, S.M. Stefanis, L. Steffan, J.S. Stendel, R. Stenmark, H. Stephanou, A. Stern, S.T. Sternberg, C. Stork, B. Strålfors, P. Subauste, C.S. Sui, X. Sulzer, D. Sun, J. Sun, S.-Y. Sun, Z.-J. Sung, J.J.Y. Suzuki, K. Suzuki, T. Swanson, M.S. Swanton, C. Sweeney, S.T. Sy, L.-K. Szabadkai, G. Tabas, I. Taegtmeyer, H. Tafani, M. Takács-Vellai, K. Takano, Y. Takegawa, K. Takemura, G. Takeshita, F. Talbot, N.J. Tan, K.S.W. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, K. Tang, D. Tang, D. Tanida, I. Tannous, B.A. Tavernarakis, N. Taylor, G.S. Taylor, G.A. Taylor, J.P. Terada, A.S. Terman, A. Tettamanti, G. Thevissen, K. Thompson, C.B. Thorburn, A. Thumm, M. Tian, F. Tian, Y. Tocchini-Valentini, G. Tolkovsky, A.M. Tomino, Y. Tönges, L. Tooze, S.A. Tournier, C. Tower, J. Towns, R. Trajkovic, V. Travassos, L.H. Tsai, T.-F. Tschan, M.P. Tsubata, T. Tsung, A. Turk, B. Turner, L.S. Tyagi, S.C. Uchiyama, Y. Ueno, T. Umekawa, M. Umemiya-Shirafuji, R. Unni, V.K. Vaccaro, M.I. Valente, E.M. Van Den Berghe, G. Van Der Klei, I.J. Van Doorn, W.G. Van Dyk, L.F. Van Egmond, M. Van Grunsven, L.A. Vandenabeele, P. Vandenberghe, W.P. Vanhorebeek, I. Vaquero, E.C. Velasco, G. Vellai, T. Vicencio, J.M. Vierstra, R.D. Vila, M. Vindis, C. Viola, G. Viscomi, M.T. Voitsekhovskaja, O.V. Von Haefen, C. Votruba, M. Wada, K. Wade-Martins, R. Walker, C.L. Walsh, C.M. Walter, J. Wan, X.-B. Wang, A. Wang, C. Wang, D. Wang, F. Wang, F. Wang, G. Wang, H. Wang, H.-G. Wang, H.-D. Wang, J. Wang, K. Wang, M. Wang, R.C. Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, Y.-J. Wang, Y. Wang, Z. Wang, Z.C. Wang, Z. Wansink, D.G. Ward, D.M. Watada, H. Waters, S.L. Webster, P. Wei, L. Weihl, C.C. Weiss, W.A. Welford, S.M. Wen, L.-P. Whitehouse, C.A. Whitton, J.L. Whitworth, A.J. Wileman, T. Wiley, J.W. Wilkinson, S. Willbold, D. Williams, R.L. Williamson, P.R. Wouters, B.G. Wu, C. Wu, D.-C. Wu, W.K.K. Wyttenbach, A. Xavier, R.J. Xi, Z. Xia, P. Xiao, G. Xie, Z. Xie, Z. Xu, D.-Z. Xu, J. Xu, L. Xu, X. Yamamoto, A. Yamamoto, A. Yamashina, S. Yamashita, M. Yan, X. Yanagida, M. Yang, D.-S. Yang, E. Yang, J.-M. Yang, S.Y. Yang, W. Yang, W.Y. Yang, Z. Yao, M.-C. Yao, T.-P. Yeganeh, B. Yen, W.-L. Yin, J.-J. Yin, X.-M. Yoo, O.-J. Yoon, G. Yoon, S.-Y. Yorimitsu, T. Yoshikawa, Y. Yoshimori, T. Yoshimoto, K. You, H.J. Youle, R.J. Younes, A. Yu, L. Yu, L. Yu, S.-W. Yu, W.H. Yuan, Z.-M. Yue, Z. Yun, C.-H. Yuzaki, M. Zabirnyk, O. Silva-Zacarin, E. David Zacks, E. Zacksenhaus, L. Zaffaroni, N. Zakeri, Z. Zeh III, H.J. Zeitlin, S.O. Zhang, H. Zhang, H.-L. Zhang, J. Zhang, J.-P. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, M.-Y. Zhang, X.D. Zhao, M. Zhao, Y.-F. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Z.J. Zheng, X. Zhivotovsky, B. Zhong, Q. Zhou, C.-Z. Zhu, C. Zhu, W.-G. Zhu, X.-F. Zhu, X. Zhu, Y. Zoladek, T. Zong, W.-X. Zorzano, A. Zschocke, J. Zuckerbraun, B.

Abstract

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field. © 2012 Landes Bioscience.

Published
2012

25. Study of Heating and Fusion Power Production in ITER Discharges

Author

T. Rafiq, A. H. Kritz, C. Kessel, G. Bateman, D. C. McCune, R. V. Budny, A. Y. Pankin, Jan Weiland, and Enzo Lazzaro

Subjects
Physics, Fusion, Toroid, Steady state, Angular frequency, Electricity generation, Physics::Plasma Physics, Nuclear engineering, Monte Carlo method, Plasma, Fusion power, Atomic physics
Abstract

ITER simulations, in which the temperatures, toroidal angular frequency and currents are evolved, are carried out using the PTRANSP code starting with initial profiles and boundary conditions obtained from TSC code studies. The dependence of heat deposition and current drive on ICRF frequency, number of poloidal modes, beam orientation, number of Monte Carlo particles and ECRH launch angles is studied in order to examine various possibilities and contingencies for ITER steady state and hybrid discharges. For the hybrid discharges, the fusion power production and fusion Q, computed using the Multi‐Mode MMM v7.1 anomalous transport model, are compared with those predicted using the GLF23 model. The simulations of the hybrid scenario indicate that the fusion power production at 1000 sec will be approximately 500 MW corresponding to a fusion Q = 10.0. The discharge scenarios simulated aid in understanding the conditions for optimizing fusion power production and in examining measures of plasma performance.

Published
2011
Full Text
View/download PDF

26. Projectile-Auger-electron spectra ofC3+following 12-MeV collisions with He targets

Author

M.P. Reaves, N. L. Jones, R.J. Fuller, Bellantone Ra, Q. C. Kessel, Stephen M. Shafroth, and E.F. Deveney

Subjects
Physics, Auger electron spectroscopy, education.field_of_study, Computer Science::Information Retrieval, Population, Electron spectroscopy, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Charged particle, Auger, Autoionization, Excited state, Ionization, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Physics::Atomic Physics, Atomic physics, education
Abstract

Major features of the projectile-Auger-electron spectrum in the 220--300-eV energy range that are observed following 1-MeV/u collisions of Li-like carbon ions with helium target atoms are shown to be composites of closely spaced Auger lines that result from autoionizing (AI) transitions of excited C[sup 3+] configurations formed during the collision. From calculations of Auger-electron energies and Auger yields, a simulation of the Auger-electron spectrum is constructed and it is shown that a superposition of AI decays from [ital LS]-coupled doublets of the doubly excited C[sup 3+] 1[ital s]2[ital snl] configurations with [ital n]=2,3,4,...,[infinity], reproduces most of the observed structure. Remarks are made concerning relative intensities of the Auger peaks with respect to excitation and population probabilities, particularly in the case of the two doublet terms of the 1[ital s]2[ital s]2[ital p] configuration. An Auger peak of [approx]265.0 eV in the projectile frame that could not be accounted for in the 1[ital s]2[ital snl] series is attributed to a possible two-electron process in which one of the projectile electrons is ionized and another is excited.

Published
1993
Full Text
View/download PDF

27. Authors

Author

R. J. Goldston, G. H. Neilson, D. B. Batchelor, G. Bateman, M. G. Bell, D. N. Hill, W. A. Houlberg, S. C. Jardin, S. S. Medley, N. Pomphrey, M. Porkolab, R. O. Sayer, D. J. Sigmar, D. P. Stotler, D. J. Strickler, M. Ulrickson, R. E. Waltz, P. T. Bonoli, B. Braams, J. Brooks, M. D. Carter, H. F. Dylla, R. C. Englade, R. H. Goulding, J. R. Haines, D. J. Hoffman, J. C. Hosea, E. F. Jaeger, J. L. Johnson, S. M. Kaye, C. Kessel, J. Kinsey, A. Kritz, R. J. LaHaye, R. A. Langley, J. Manickam, T. K. Mau, J. Milovich, W. A. Peebles, C. K. Phillips, R. Pillsbury, R. Prater, A. Reiman, T. Rognlien, P. M. Ryan, J. E. Scharer, C. E. Singer, G. R. Smith, R. D. Stambaugh, D. W. Swain, J. S. Tolliver, J. R. Wilson, K. L. Wilson, S. M. Wolfe, K. M. Young, and J. J. Yugo

Subjects
General Engineering
Published
1992
Full Text
View/download PDF

28. A Lower Hybrid Current Drive System for ITER and High Power CW Klystron Development

Author

G. T. Hoang, A. Bécoulet, J. F. Artaud, G. Berger-By, J. Decker, L. Delpech, A. Ekedahl, J. Garcia, G. Giruzzi, M. Goniche, D. Guilhem, J. Hillairet, F. Imbeaux, X. Litaudon, R. Magne, Y. Peysson, M. Schneider, J. Jacquinot, Y. S. Bae, B. Beaumont, J. H. Belo, J. P. S. Bizarro, P. Bonoli, M. H. Cho, F. Kazarian, C. Kessel, S. H. Kim, J. G. Kwak, J. H. Jeong, J. B. Lister, S. Milora, F. Mirizzi, R. Maggiora, D. Milanesio, W. Namkung, J. M. Noterdaeme, S. I. Park, R. Parker, D. Rasmussen, P. K. Sharma, A. Tanga, A. Tuccillo, Y. X. Wan, Volodymyr Bobkov, and Jean-Marie Noterdaeme

Subjects
Engineering, Gent, Tokamak, Tokamak devices, plasma simulation, Klystron, business.industry, Nuclear engineering, klystrons, Electrical engineering, plasma interactions, plasma waves, Tore Supra, law.invention, Power (physics), Procurement, Conceptual design, law, business, Activity-based costing
Abstract

A 20 MW/5 GHz Lower Hybrid Current Drive (LHCD) system was initially due to be commissioned and used for the second mission of ITER, i.e. the Q = 5 steady state target. Though not part of currently planned procurement phase, it is now under consideration for an earlier delivery. An LH program has been initiated under EFDA, following the ITER STAC recommendation, to provide a pre‐design document including the conceptual design, costing, possible procurement allocation, WBS and R&D needs.

Published
2009
Full Text
View/download PDF

29. Control of Internal Profiles via LHCD on Alcator C-Mod

Author

J. R. Wilson, R. R. Parker, P. T. Bonoli, A. E. Hubbard, J. W. Hughes, A. Ince-Cushman, C. Kessel, J. S. Ko, O. Meneghini, M. Porkolab, M. Reinke, J. E. Rice, A. E. Schmidt, S. Shiraiwa, S. Scott, G. M. Wallace, J. C. Wright, Volodymyr Bobkov, and Jean-Marie Noterdaeme

Subjects
Physics, Toroid, Pedestal, Alcator C-Mod, Physics::Plasma Physics, Electron temperature, Magnetic confinement fusion, Plasma, Collisionality, Atomic physics, Plasma stability
Abstract

LHCD on Alcator C‐Mod is being used in plasmas with parameters similar to those expected on ITER for the purpose of tailoring the plasma current profile. LHCD experiments have also produced intriguing results related to momentum transport and edge pedestal physics that affect the toroidal rotation profile and the temperature and density profiles. Quantitative comparisons between local measurements and theory/simulation have been performed, confirming the off‐axis localization of the current drive, as well as its magnitude and location dependence on the launched n‖ spectrum and electron temperature. Applying LHCD during the current ramp saves volt‐seconds and delays the peaking of the current profile. Counter current toroidal rotation during LHCD has been observed in both L and H‐mode plasmas. In H‐mode plasmas the edge pedestal collisionality is reduced while the overall pressure in the pedestal increases slightly.

Published
2009
Full Text
View/download PDF

30. Plasma Current, Position and Shape Contro for ITER

Author

P. L. Mondino, M. Ariola, A. Beghi, D. Ciscato, Y. Gribov, D. Humphreys, A. Kavin, C. Kessel, R. Khayrutdinov, J. Lister, V. Lukash, Y. Mitrishkin, L. D. Pearlstein, A. Portone, I. Senda, T. Shoji, P. Vyas, M. Walker, ALBANESE, Raffaele, AMBROSINO, GIUSEPPE, COCCORESE, VINCENZO, PIRONTI, ALFREDO, B. Beaumont, P. Libeyre, B. de Gentile, G. Tonon, P. L., Mondino, Albanese, Raffaele, Ambrosino, Giuseppe, M., Ariola, A., Beghi, D., Ciscato, Coccorese, Vincenzo, Y., Gribov, D., Humphrey, A., Kavin, C., Kessel, R., Khayrutdinov, J., Lister, V., Lukash, Y., Mitrishkin, L. D., Pearlstein, Pironti, Alfredo, A., Portone, I., Senda, T., Shoji, P., Vya, and M., Walker

Published
1998

31. The Linear Stability Properties of Medium- to High- n TAEs in ITER

Author

N Gorelenkov, R Budny, C Kessel, G Kramer, D McCune, J Manickam, R Nazikian, and A Polevoi

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear physics, Toroid, Physics::Plasma Physics, Resolution (electron density), Physics::Accelerator Physics, Successful completion, Stability (probability), Linear stability
Abstract

This document provides a detailed report on the successful completion of the DOE OFES Theory Milestone for FY2007: Improve the simulation resolution of linear stability properties of Toroidal Alfven Eigenmodes (TAE) driven by energetic particles and neutral beams in ITER by increasing the numbers of toroidal modes used to 15.

Published
2008
Full Text
View/download PDF

32. Impact of the R=2,14m FIRE design and at scenarios on the TF and PF magnet design

Author

C. Kessel and P.H. Titus

Subjects
Stress (mechanics), Cross section (physics), Engineering drawing, Tokamak, Materials science, law, Electromagnetic coil, Magnet, Nuclear engineering, Solenoid, Radius, Envelope (mathematics), law.invention
Abstract

The toroidal field coil system of the FIRE tokamak utilizes LN/sub 2/ cooled, beryllium copper alloy bitter plate type magnets. They produce a field on axis (R/sub 0/=2.14 m) of 10 T with a flat top time of /spl ges/20 s. The central solenoid is a free-standing segmented design that probably will use a Cu-Cr-Zr alloy that combines the strength and conductivity characteristics needed for FIRE. In the course of pre-conceptual design, the machine major radius has increased from 2.0 to 2.14 m and space allocation in the central column has been adjusted, reducing the cross section of the TF inner leg. Addition of a second cooling channel in the TF inner leg has improved cool-down times, but has further degraded TF cross section. Analyses of TF based flat-top times based on refined nuclear heat calculations and refined current diffusion models are presented to qualify the 20 second flat top time for the new build. The TF profile in the structural analysis model has been updated to match the latest radial and vertical builds, and the new layout of the three corner PF coils. The refinements in the TF, and the space reallocation in the central column has reduced the "excess" engineering margin based on TF inner leg stress from 1.3 to 1.18. The primary purpose of the excess margin was to envelope the design changes during preconceptual design. Efforts to recover the excess margin are described. Conversion of PF 1 and 2 to three coils improved their stress and thermal states. Results for both the H-mode, and AT mode scenarios are presented. AT mode utilization of the segments of the CS is different than for the standard mode, and introduces larger relative radial motion. Scenario adjustments to reduce the thermal differential in the coils are described. The addition of advanced tokamak operation will require additional fatigue based analysis and design.

Published
2006
Full Text
View/download PDF

33. Heating and current drive systems for FIRE AT operation

Author

D.W. Swain and C. Kessel

Subjects
Physics, Tokamak, Heating system, Upgrade, law, Nuclear engineering, Cyclotron, Plasma, Current (fluid), Atomic physics, Lower hybrid oscillation, Plasma stability, law.invention
Abstract

FIRE is a proposed high-field tokamak (B/sub 0/ up to 10 T) designed to explore burning plasma physics of conventional ELMy H-modes as well as several types of advanced tokamak (AT) modes. A 20-MW ion cyclotron system in the 70 to 115 MHz frequency range is the baseline heating system. This system should achieve Q /spl ap/ 10 in a 50:50 D-T plasma under standard (i.e., non-AT) conditions, and can also drive a modest amount of current near the center of the plasma during AT operation. Two other heating and current drive systems are being considered for FIRE as upgrade options: a 30-MW, 5-GHz lower hybrid system to drive current in the outer part of the plasma, and a 170-GHz electron cyclotron system to stabilize neoclassical tearing modes during AT operation.

Published
2006
Full Text
View/download PDF

34. Epitope Mapping during FVIII Inhibitor Elimination with Rituximab Reveals Conformational Epitopes on FVIII and Identifies Small Molecules Blocking Inhibitor and Targeting B Cells

Author

R. Linde, H. Stoll, W. Kreuz, J. Roland, C. Escuriola-Ettingshausen, C. Königs, C. Kessel, U. Dietrich, and T. Klingebiel

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Serine protease, congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities, Phage display, biology, Immunoglobulin light chain, Small molecule, Molecular biology, Epitope, Amino acid, Epitope mapping, chemistry, hemic and lymphatic diseases, biology.protein, Conformational epitope
Abstract

Hemophilia A is a X-chromosome linked bleeding disorder. Mutations in the factor VIII (FVIII) gene result in reduced or non-functional expression of FVIII [1], which is an essential regulatory protein cofactor [2] to the serine protease FIX in the blood coagulation cascade [3]. FVIII increases the activity of FIX by 200 000 [4]. The FVIII molecule is a large plasmatic glycoprotein consisting of 2332 amino acids [5]. The plasmatic form of FVIII is a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain (comprising domains A1-A2-B) and a light chain (A3-C1-C2). The heterodimer is bound to the von-Willebrand Factor (VWF) via C2 [6] and thus protected from proteolysis. In its active form FVIIIa dissociates from VWF and is subsequently processed into a heterotrimer consisting of the A1 subunit, the light chain (A3-C1-C2) and the A2 subunit [7]. FVIIIa binds to negatively charged phospholipids on the surface of activated thrombocytes via amino acids in C2. Essential amino acids for binding of FIXa were found within A2 (484-509 and 558–565) [8] and A3 (1811–1818) [9]. FVIIIa binds to negative phospholipids on the surface of activated thrombocytes via amino acids in C2. Hemophilia A patients are commonly treated by substitution of recombinant (rFVIII) or plasma derived (pdFVIII) FVIII preparations. However, a significant number of patients develop an antibody response (inhibitors) to substituted FVIII. Inhibitors usually belong to IgG1 and IgG4 [10] and neutralize FVIII by various mechanisms. So far inhibitors hydrolyzing FVIII [11, 12] or binding to non-functional domains of the molecule have been described [13]. Best characterized are inhibitors which bind to functional domains of FVIII and thereby sterically or competitively block its interaction with FIX, FX or phospholipids [14–18]. Inhibitor epitopes, especially in A2 and C2, have been characterized in the past more or less precisely by a variety of different methods [14, 16, 19, 20, 21]. Phage display is a very convenient method to exactly identify amino acids involved in an antibody binding, even if arranged in a conformational epitope [22]. The phage display technology has as well been employed for the identification of FVIII inhibitor epitopes [23, 24] but so far no conformational epitope could be identified and mapped to the FVIII molecule.

Published
2006
Full Text
View/download PDF

36. Progress towards Steady State on NSTX

Author

null D.A. Gates, null C. Kessel, null J. Menard, null G. Taylor, null J.R. Wilson, and null plus 94 co-authors

Subjects
Physics, Toroid, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Physics::Plasma Physics, Beta (plasma physics), Plasma shaping, Order (ring theory), Torus, Plasma, Atomic physics, Electric current, Bootstrap current
Abstract

In order to reduce recirculating power fraction to acceptable levels, the spherical torus concept relies on the simultaneous achievement of high toroidal {beta} and high bootstrap fraction in steady state. In the last year, as a result of plasma control system improvements, the achievable plasma elongation on the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) has been raised from {kappa} {approx} 2.1 to {kappa} {approx} 2.6--approximately a 25% increase. This increase in elongation has lead to a doubling increase in the toroidal {beta} for long-pulse discharges. The increase in {beta} is associated with an increase in plasma current at nearly fixed poloidal {beta}, which enables higher {beta}{sub t} with nearly constant bootstrap fraction. As a result, for the first time in a spherical torus, a discharge with a plasma current of 1 MA has been sustained for 1 second. Data is presented from NSTX correlating the increase in performance with increased plasma shaping capability. In addition to improved shaping, H-modes induced during the current ramp phase of the plasma discharge have been used to reduce flux consumption during and to delay the onset of MHD instabilities. A modeled integrated scenario, which has 100% non-inductive current drive with very high toroidal {beta}, will also be presented. The NSTX poloidal field coils are currently being modified to produce the plasma shape which is required for this scenario, which requires high triangularity ({delta} {approx} 0.8) at elevated elongation ({kappa} {approx} 2.5). The other main requirement for steady state on NSTX is the ability to drive a fraction of the total plasma current with radio-frequency waves. The results of High Harmonic Fast Wave heating and current drive studies as well as electron Bernstein Wave emission studies will be presented.

Published
2005
Full Text
View/download PDF

37. Soft X-ray and Optical Laboratory Spectra to Simulate the Solar Wind on Comets: O5+ + CO

Author

P. Gee, Quentin C. Kessel, A. Chutjian, Thomas Ehrenreich, N. Djuric, J. Lozano, Winthrop Smith, S. J. Smith, K. A. Miller, and E. Pollack

Subjects
Physics, Solar wind, Electron capture, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Extreme ultraviolet, Excited state, medicine, Emission spectrum, Atomic physics, medicine.disease_cause, Ultraviolet, Spectral line, Ion
Abstract

UV/soft x‐ray and optical measurements of relative line emission cross sections from collisions of O5+ with CO vapor have been made, as part of a laboratory study of interactions between minority solar‐wind ions and gases found in comets. The interaction of O5+ with CO yields prototypical information applicable to other highly‐charged solar wind ion interactions. The data are at least approximately consistent with a simple classical Coulomb “over‐the‐barrier” model prediction: strong XUV emission (∼13–25 nm range) is observed in collisions in the slow and fast solar wind velocity range. We attribute this light to electron capture from the target molecule by the projectile ion into an excited n=4 level, plus cascade into n=3, resulting in emission lines from (O4+ )*. The optical spectra, taken at higher velocities, show a lack of line emission from projectile states in the visible range (400–850nm); the visible lines observed can be attributed primarily to excitation of atoms from the molecular target following dissociation.

Published
2005
Full Text
View/download PDF

38. Physics Analysis of the FIRE Experiment

Author

C. Kessel, W. Park, G. Y. Fu, J. Manickam, S. Jardin, H.R. Strauss, D. Meade, J. Breslau, and N. Gorelenkov

Subjects
Physics, Pedestal, Nuclear engineering, Range (statistics), Fire experiment, Sawtooth wave, Auxiliary heating, Edge (geometry), Simulation, Power (physics)
Abstract

An integrated model of a complete discharge in the FIRE experiment has been developed based on the TSC simulation code. The complete simulation model includes a choice of several models for core transport, combined with an edge pedestal model and the Porcelli sawtooth model. Burn control is provided by feedback on the auxiliary heating power. We find that with the GLF23 and MMM95 transport models, Q >10 operation should be possible for H-mode pedestal temperatures in the range of 4-5 keV.

Published
2002
Full Text
View/download PDF

39. X-ray emission from Bi50+ to Bi71+ ions incident on a gold surface

Author

M. W. Clark, Quentin C. Kessel, Winthrop Smith, D. H. Schneider, E.F. Deveney, and E. Pollack

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Range (particle radiation), Chemistry, X-ray, Shell (structure), Charge (physics), Gold surface, Atomic physics, Instrumentation, Excitation, Spectral line, Ion
Abstract

Bi ions with charge states q = 50 to 71 from the Livermore National Laboratory's EBIT were accelerated to energies of q × (7 keV) and directed to a gold target. Using a Si(Li) detector, two families of X-rays were observed, one of these in the range of 750–2000 eV and the other between 2500 and 6000 eV. Both families are found to shift to higher energies with increasing incident ion charge state. The lower energy group which dominates the spectra for lower incident charge states is attributed to the filling of vacancies in the N shell while the higher energy group, which predominates for the higher incident charge states, is attributed to the filling of M-shell vacancies. M X-rays are observed even for those incident charge states for which M vacancies are not expected. A similar result observed for U ions incident upon a Be target was attributed by Schuch and coworkers to a dielectronic excitation mechanism.

Published
1993
Full Text
View/download PDF

40. Possible two-electron excitations in C3+ following 1 MeV/u collisions with atomic targets; Z=2, 10, 18 and 36

Author

M.P. Reaves, Stephen M. Shafroth, E.F. Deveney, R.J. Fuller, Q. C. Kessel, and N. L. Jones

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Auger effect, Electron, Charged particle, symbols.namesake, Autoionization, Electron excitation, Ionization, Excited state, symbols, Atomic physics, Ground state, Instrumentation
Abstract

Auger electrons emitted from Li-like Carbon projectiles excited during I MeV/u collisions with atomic targets (Z = 2, 10, 18 and 36) have been measured. As a function of the target Z, we observe the yieldsof singly and doubly excited autoionizing configurations (Al) of C[sup 3+] excited during the collision that decay to the (1s[sup 2]([sup 1]S) + e[sub c][ell][sub c])[sup 2]L ground state. The investigation focuses on Auger electrons emitted with energies between 220 and 260 eV in the projectile reference frame. In addition to the singly excited (1s2s2[ell])[sup 2]L AI configurations expected from projectile 1s electron excitation, doubly excited states to the (1s(2p[sup 2])[sup 1]D)[sup 2]D and (1s(2p[sup 2])[sup 1]S)[sup 2]S are also observed with increasing intensities in going from He to the higher Z targets. If the [sup 2]D and the [sup 2]S peaks are the result of two-electron excitations, it may be possible to investigate this aspect of the collision using some of the recent approaches taken in studying the excitations of the two electrons in He targets.

Published
1993
Full Text
View/download PDF

41. Physics of Compact Advanced Stellarators

Author

H.E. Mynick, L. A. Berry, G. H. Neilson, D. Strickler, L. P. Ku, W. Reiersen, Raul Sanchez, P. Merkel, M. Isaev, D. A. Monticello, W. A. Cooper, Allan Reiman, C. Nuehrenberg, P. H. Rutherford, R.B. White, N. Pomphrey, M. C. Zarnstorff, R. Hatcher, J. F. Lyon, A. Boozer, R. Goldston, D. Mikkelsen, S. Hudson, J. Lewandowski, S. Hirshman, E. Lazarus, J. Schmidt, Donald A. Spong, A. Brooks, G.-Y. Fu, E. Fredrickson, B. Nelson, M. Redi, and C. Kessel

Subjects
Physics, Tokamak, National Compact Stellarator Experiment, Magnetic confinement fusion, Mechanics, Plasma, Aspect ratio (image), law.invention, Bootstrap current, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Beta (plasma physics), Atomic physics, Magnetohydrodynamics
Abstract

Compact optimized stellarators offer novel solutions for confining high-beta plasmas and developing magnetic confinement fusion. The 3-D plasma shape can be designed to enhance the MHD stability without feedback or nearby conducting structures and provide drift-orbit confinement similar to tokamaks. These configurations offer the possibility of combining the steady-state low-recirculating power, external control, and disruption resilience of previous stellarators with the low-aspect ratio, high beta-limit, and good confinement of advanced tokamaks. Quasi-axisymmetric equilibria have been developed for the proposed National Compact Stellarator Experiment (NCSX) with average aspect ratio 4-4.4 and average elongation of approximately 1.8. Even with bootstrap-current consistent profiles, they are passively stable to the ballooning, kink, vertical, Mercier, and neoclassical-tearing modes for beta > 4%, without the need for external feedback or conducting walls. The bootstrap current generates only 1/4 of the magnetic rotational transform at beta = 4% (the rest is from the coils), thus the equilibrium is much less nonlinear and is more controllable than similar advanced tokamaks. The enhanced stability is a result of ''reversed'' global shear, the spatial distribution of local shear, and the large fraction of externally generated transform. Transport simulations show adequate fast-ion confinement and thermal neoclassical transport similar to equivalent tokamaks.more » Modular coils have been designed which reproduce the physics properties, provide good flux surfaces, and allow flexible variation of the plasma shape to control the predicted MHD stability and transport properties.« less

Published
2001
Full Text
View/download PDF

42. Recent Advances in the Design of Quasi-axisymmetric Stellarator Plasma Configurations

Author

L. P. Ku, Allan Reiman, S. Hirschman, C. Kessel, D. A. Monticello, and S. Hudson

Subjects
Physics, Surface (mathematics), Quality (physics), law, Rotational symmetry, Flux, Statistical physics, Plasma, Current density, Beneficial effects, Stellarator, law.invention, Computational physics
Abstract

Strategies for the improvement of quasi-axisymmetric stellarator configurations are explored. Calculations of equilibrium flux surfaces for candidate configurations are also presented. One optimization strategy is found to generate configurations with improved neoclassical confinement, simpler coils with lower current density, and improved flux surface quality relative to previous designs. The flux surface calculations find significant differences in the extent of islands and stochastic regions between candidate configurations. (These calculations do not incorporate the predicted beneficial effects of perturbed bootstrap currents.) A method is demonstrated for removing low-order islands from candidate configurations by relatively small modifications of the configuration. One configuration is identified as having particularly desirable properties for a proposed experiment.

Published
2001
Full Text
View/download PDF

43. Ion beam enhanced emission of charged particles from hot graphite

Author

J. A. Lozano, Quentin C. Kessel, W. W. Smith, and E. Pollack

Subjects
Ion beam, Residual gas analyzer, Chemistry, Thermal desorption spectroscopy, Biasing, Atomic physics, Ion gun, Electrostatic analyzer, Charged particle, Ion
Abstract

Thermal desorption spectroscopy of ions from positively biased graphite (grafoil) has been investigated by measuring the energies of the emitted ions with a hemispherical electrostatic analyzer and the masses with a residual gas analyzer under ultra-high vacuum conditions. Potassium is one of the ions emitted at temperatures above 800 °C. The present data show that under near threshold conditions (4V), ions appear with well-defined energies equal approximately to the bias voltage minus 4V. This phenomenon can be greatly enhanced by prior bombardment with an ion beam. It is not clear whether these energies are the result of resonant process on the hot surface or simply due to a process attributable to surface chemistry. At higher biases the peaks broaden in energy and the energy deficit increases.

Published
2001
Full Text
View/download PDF

44. Genetics of autoimmunity (WS-018)

Author

Suzuka Takahashi, R. Hou, Rikard Holmdahl, Toshikazu Shirai, Tasuku Honjo, Fang Jiang, P. Jeannin, B. Raposo, A. Sato, Antony Basten, Kenji Nakanishi, C. Kessel, Tomohiro Yoshimoto, Shin Yonehara, Y. Delneste, Shizue Futatsugi-Yumikura, T. Miyazaki, Yoshiya Tanaka, Il-mi Okazaki, F. Tan, Pablo A. Silveira, Simon Blanchard, Sachiko Hirose, Taku Okazaki, M. Ono, Qingshun Lin, J. Stolp, Mareki Ohtsuji, S. L. Cox, David V. Serreze, Hiromichi Tsurui, Céline Beauvillain, M. Kurata, Masato Nose, and Hiroyuki Nishimura

Subjects
medicine.anatomical_structure, business.industry, Immunology, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, General Medicine, medicine.disease_cause, business, Nose, Autoimmunity
Published
2010
Full Text
View/download PDF

45. Tokamak Simulation Code modeling of NSTX

Author

C. Kessel, A.H. Glasser, S. Kaye, J. Menard, and S.C. Jardin

Subjects
Engineering, Tokamak, Toroid, business.industry, Rotational symmetry, Plasma, Ballooning, Magnetic flux, law.invention, Computational physics, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Electromagnetic coil, business, Simulation, Voltage
Abstract

The Tokamak Simulation Code [TSC] is widely used for the design of new axisymmetric toroidal experiments. In particular, TSC was used extensively in the design of the National Spherical Torus eXperiment [NSTX]. The authors have now benchmarked TSC with initial NSTX results and find excellent agreement for plasma and vessel currents and magnetic flux loops when the experimental coil currents are used in the simulations. TSC has also been coupled with a ballooning stability code and with DCON to provide stability predictions for NSTX operation. TSC has also been used to model initial CHI experiments where a large poloidal voltage is applied to the NSTX vacuum vessel, causing a force-free current to appear in the plasma. This is a phenomenon that is similar to the plasma halo current that sometimes develops during a plasma disruption.

Published
2000
Full Text
View/download PDF

46. Electron emission from 3.0 MeV Br-Kr collisions

Author

N. L. Jones, Furman S. McDonald, E.F. Deveney, Quentin C. Kessel, Stephen M. Shafroth, and Harald Schone

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Electron spectrometer, Emission spectrum, Electron, Atomic physics, Instrumentation, Ion
Abstract

The electron emission spectra observed following low-MeV collisions of heavy ions with heavy atoms are often dominated by electrons with a continuous range of energies. For example, the electron emission spectra from Kr-Kr and Kr-Xe collisions are dominated by a continuous portion that extends from low energies to nearly 1000 eV. For the Kr-Kr case, there is evidence that the continuous portion of the spectrum results from the emission of 20–24 electrons from the two-ion system prior to the time L-Auger emission takes place and that many of the emitted electrons have energies in the range of 25–500 eV. The present data were obtained for the closely related Br-Kr system with a high-resolution electron spectrometer to see whether discrete lines could be resolved and if they could, whether they would comprise the major portion of the spectrum or appear as lines superimposed upon the continuum. The experiment resolved only a few peaks and they appear to be superimposed upon a continuum of different origin.

Published
1991
Full Text
View/download PDF

47. Excitation curve for Auger decay of the (1s2s2p2)3D state of C2+ formed through RTE

Author

E.F. Deveney, M. Benhenni, Harald Schone, Furman S. McDonald, Michael Schulz, Quentin C. Kessel, U. Bechthold, J. P. Giese, C. R. Vane, Sheldon Datz, Stephen M. Shafroth, L.D. Hendrick, N. L. Jones, H.F. Krause, D.M. Peterson, Peter F. Dittner, and J. K. Swenson

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Spectrometer, Ion beam, Auger effect, Tandem, Auger, Ion, symbols.namesake, symbols, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, Ground state, Instrumentation, Excitation
Abstract

The ORNL EN tandem supplied beams of 3.5–9 MeV C 3+ ions which were incident on a differentially pumped He target. Auger electrons emitted by fast C 2+ ions emerged at 10° (lab) w.r.t. the incident ion beam. They were detected using a two stage spectrometer with kinematic refocusing. An excitation curve was obtained for the (1s2s2p 2 ) 3 D state Auger decay to the ground state of C 3+ . The excitation curve peaks at ~ 6 MeV, which strongly supports the notion that the state is formed through resonant transfer and excitation.

Published
1991
Full Text
View/download PDF

48. A study of scattered ion charge states for Krn+-Kr collisions (n = 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)

Author

E.F. Deveney, Quentin C. Kessel, and M.H. Rapposch

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Projectile, Scattering, Ionization, Charge (physics), Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation, Ion
Abstract

The final ionization states have been measured for Kr ions scattered to 1, 2, and 4° from Kr targets for selected incident ion energies from 0.4 to 1.4 MeV. For projectile states ranging from 1 to 5 the average final scattered charge state is observed to have only a weak dependence on the initial charge state. For example, for 1.4 MeV, 4° scattering the average final charge state for Kr + -Kr collisions is 10.2 and for Kr 5+ -Kr it is 10.3. For 0.7 MeV, 1° scattering the final charge states ranged from 4.8 to 5.3 for incident charge states from 1 to 4. It is not clear for these very heavy ion-atom collisions that existing models provide an appropriate description of the ionization processes that give rise to the observed final charge states.

Published
1991
Full Text
View/download PDF

49. MHD Stability Calculations of High-Beta Quasi-Axisymmetric Stellarators

Author

null C. Kessel, null G.Y. Fu, null L.P. Ku, null M.H. Redi, null N. Pomphrey, and null et al

Subjects
Physics, Rotational symmetry, Plasma, Mechanics, Kink instability, Bootstrap current, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Classical mechanics, Physics::Plasma Physics, Beta (plasma physics), Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Magnetohydrodynamics, Axial symmetry, Plasma stability, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

The MHD stability of quasi-axisymmetric compact stellarators is investigated. It is shown that bootstrap current driven external kink modes can be stabilized by a combination of edge magnetic shear and appropriate 3D plasma boundary shaping while maintaining good quasi-axisymmetry. The results demonstrate that there exists a new class of stellarators with quasi-axisymmetry, large bootstrap current, high MHD beta limit, and compact size.

Published
1999
Full Text
View/download PDF

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources
See catalog results