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A specimen of the little gulper shark Centrophorus uyato was collected in the Norwegian Sea off the coast of northern Norway, marking the northernmost record of the species in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Morphological characteristics collected from the specimen indicate a close relationship to the Australian species Centrophorus zeehaani. DNA barcoding analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (coI) gene for species of Centrophorus suggests conspecificity of C. uyato and C. zeehaani.

A nonlinear π phase shift is induced by the interaction between a 85Rb atom and a fibre-coupled bottle resonator.

Das α-Thalassamie-Retardierungs-Syndrom (ATRX-Syndrom, MIM#301040) fuhrt bei Jungen zu schwerer mentaler Retardierung, Muskelhypotonie, fazialer Dysmorphie und Genitalfehlbildungen. Wir berichten uber eine Familie mit 2 betroffenen Knaben. Die Diagnose gelang mittels materner X-Inaktivierungsanalyse und molekulargenetischer Analyse des ATRX-Gens bei dem Sohn, wobei sich eine bislang noch nicht beschriebene Mutation in Exon 34 fand.

We demonstrate a fiber-integrated optical Kerr-nonlinearity where a single atom imprints the maximum nonlinear phase shift of pi between the one and two photon case. We employ this to generate entanglement between previously independent photons.

A specimen of the little gulper shark Centrophorus uyato was collected in the Norwegian Sea off the coast of northern Norway, marking the northernmost record of the species in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Morphological characteristics collected from the specimen indicate a close relationship to the Australian species Centrophorus zeehaani. DNA barcoding analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (coI) gene for species of Centrophorus suggests conspecificity of C. uyato and C. zeehaani.

We demonstrate highly efficient switching of optical signals between two optical fibers controlled by a single atom. The key element of our experiment is a whispering-gallery mode bottle microresonator, which is coupled to a single atom and interfaced by two tapered fiber couplers. Even in the presence of the coupling fibers, the atom--resonator system reaches the strong coupling regime of cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED), leading to a vacuum Rabi splitting in the excitation spectrum. We systematically investigate the switching efficiency of our system, i.e., the probability that the CQED fiber-optical switch redirects the light into the desired output. We obtain a large redirection efficiency reaching a raw fidelity of more than 60% without post-selection., 5 pages, 4 figures

We investigate the interaction between single quantum emitters and non-transversally polarised photons for which the electric field vector amplitude has a significant component in the direction of propagation. Even though this situation seems to be at odds with the description of light as a transverse wave, it regularly occurs when interfacing or manipulating emitters with non-paraxial, guided, or evanescent light. Here, we couple single rubidium atoms to single photons which are confined in an optical microresonator by continuous total internal reflection. We experimentally show that the non-transversal polarisation decisively alters the physics of strong light--matter interaction. This effect has far-reaching and highly advantageous implications, which, e.g., significantly advance the field of cavity quantum electrodynamics with whispering-gallery-mode resonators. In particular, our finding allows us to experimentally realise a paradigmatic quantum system, which is ideally suited for basic studies and technological applications., Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures

The interaction between single quantum emitters and non-transversally polarized photons for which the electric field vector amplitude has a significant component in the direction of propagation is investigated. Even though this situation seems to be at odds with the description of light as a transverse wave, it regularly occurs when interfacing or manipulating emitters with non-paraxial, guided, or evanescent light. Here, this phenomenon for the case of single atoms that strongly interact with whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) microresonators is quantitatively investigated. These resonators confine light by continuous total internal reflection and offer the advantage of very long photon lifetimes in conjunction with near-lossless in- and out-coupling of light via tapered fiber couplers. In the setup, a novel type of high-Q WGM microresonator - a so-called bottle microresonator, which has the additional advantage of being fully tunable and provides a mode geometry that enables near-lossless simultaneous coupling of two independent tapered fiber couplers, is employed.

The Symposium on Trace Gases held in Mainz, April 2-6, 1973, was organised by the Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution (CACGP), before 1972 Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Radioactivity (CACR), of the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics (IAMAP). DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974.tb01945.x

The evanescent coupling of light between a whispering-gallery-mode bottle microresonator and a sub-wavelength-diameter coupling fiber is actively stabilized by means of a Pound-Drever-Hall technique. We demonstrate the stabilization of a critically coupled resonator with a control bandwidth of 0.1 Hz, yielding a residual transmission of (9 \pm 3) \times 10^-3 for more than an hour. Simultaneously, the frequency of the resonator mode is actively stabilized., 3 pages, 3 figures. Minor changes in the text, references added, typo in figure corrected

We review our recent work on tunable, ultrahigh quality factor whispering-gallery-mode bottle microresonators and highlight their applications in nonlinear optics and in quantum optics experiments. Our resonators combine ultra-high quality factors of up to Q = 3.6 \times 10^8, a small mode volume, and near-lossless fiber coupling, with a simple and customizable mode structure enabling full tunability. We study, theoretically and experimentally, nonlinear all-optical switching via the Kerr effect when the resonator is operated in an add-drop configuration. This allows us to optically route a single-wavelength cw optical signal between two fiber ports with high efficiency. Finally, we report on progress towards strong coupling of single rubidium atoms to an ultra-high Q mode of an actively stabilized bottle microresonator., Comment: 20 pages, 24 figures. Accepted for publication in Applied Physics B. Changes according to referee suggestions: minor corrections to some figures and captions, clarification of some points in the text, added references, added new paragraph with results on atom-resonator interaction

By using a novel method of thermo-controlled emulsion polymerization, we prepared biocompatible nano-sized spherical polyelectrolyte brushes which consist of a solid polymer core and a poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) shell covalently attached on the core surface densely by one end. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was employed to determine the size of the brushes and to monitor the brush growing during the preparation. The size of the brush is tunable by controlling pH and salt concentration in the solution while the pH and salt concentration inside the brush keep constant due to the polyelectrolyte Donnan effect. These nano-sized spherical polyelectrolyte brushes should be ideal candidates for protein carriers and diagnostic tools after attaching diagnostic groups inside the brushes.

Ein aufgebrachter Kunde will nicht logisch behandelt werden. Bevor Sie wieder sachlich mit ihm reden konnen, braucht er zunachst Ihre »psycho«-logische Behandlung.

Laut einer T.A.R.P.-Studie (T.A.R.P. Technical Assistance Research Project, White House Department of Consumer Affairs) beschweren sich 96 Prozent der unzufriedenen Kunden nicht. Einer, der etwas sagt, steht also fur 24 andere, die lediglich mit hochgezogener Augenbraue von Ihnen weggegangen sind.

Wieviel Stunden arbeiten Sie taglich? Woher nehmen Sie die Energie, um fur jeden Kunden immer 100 Prozent Kraft zu haben? Schlieslich hat jeder Kunde das gleiche Recht darauf, dass Sie sich ihm voll widmen: der erste Kunde am Morgen, der Ihre Anlaufschwierigkeiten nicht spuren soll, der, mit dem Sie kurz vor dem Mittagshunger Kontakt haben, der, der gern um halb drei am Nachmittag mit Ihnen spricht, zu einer Zeit, wenn nicht mal mehr der Kaffee hilft, der Kunde, der Ihre ganze Aufmerksamkeit fordert, wenn Sie sich innerlich noch uber den vorherigen Kunden argern oder eine innerbetriebliche Auseinandersetzung Sie aufgewuhlt hat und der letzte Kunde, so kurz vor Feierabend, wenn sich Ihre Gedanken schon um Privates drehen. Und das jeden Tag, uber 200 Arbeitstage im Jahr, egal, ob Sie ausgeschlafen sind oder nicht, eventuell Arger, private Sorgen haben oder ein gesundheitliches Problem Sie belastet.

Schon Hippokrates erkannte, dass sich menschliche Temperamente in vier Grundformen einteilen lassen: Sanguiniker der leichtblutige, heitere, lebhafte, leicht ansprechbare Mensch Choleriker der zu starken Affekten neigende Mensch Phlegmatiker der ruhige und behabige Mensch Melancholiker der zu Traurigkeit und Schwermut neigende Mensch

Wie bildet man sich eine Meinung uber einen anderen? Wie versucht man zu erfahren, was fur ein Mensch der andere ist? Nach Dr. Albert Mehrabian entscheiden in einem Gesprach, bei dem man sich sieht, 55 Prozent die Korpersprache, 37 Prozent die Stimme und 7 Prozent der Inhalt der Worte daruber, welchen Eindruck ein Gesprachspartner vom anderen gewinnt. Wahrnehmungsubungen in Seminaren bestatigen diese zunachst kaum vorstellbare Grosenordnung immer wieder. Tatsachlich denkt man im Allgemeinen zumeist nur uber die Wirkung der Worte nach: noch wahrend der andere spricht, werden in Gedanken die Gegenargumente formuliert. Das wird schlieslich schon wahrend der Schulausbildung so gemacht. Dort ist es fur eine gute Zensur wichtig, Wissen zu formulieren. Wie die Stimme dabei klingt und welche Figur jemand bei einer mundlichen Leistungskontrolle abgibt, ist fur die gute Note zumeist nicht so wichtig. Beim Aufsagen Open image in new window Abbildung 3 Wie Kommunikation stattfindet von Gedichten ist der Klang der Stimme allerdings auch in der Schule interessant. Entsinnen Sie sich? Da gab es eine Zensur fur das Auswendiglernen (fur die Worte) und eine fur den Ausdruck (Klang der Stimme), wenn es gelang, das Versmas richtig zu erfassen oder eine bestimmte Aussage in die Worte zu legen.

Jeder Mensch modelliert in seinem Kopf die Welt, in der er lebt. Er tragt in sich ein Abbild dieser Welt. Dieses Abbild ist nicht mit der „wirklichen“ Welt identisch. Es sind unsere Eindrucke, die durch die Sinne begrenzten Wahrnehmungen, die unser Bild von der Welt pragen. Um in andere, durch die Sinne nicht erfasbare Bereiche vorzudringen, hat sich der Mensch Hilfsmittel geschaffen: Zum Beispiel das Mikroskop oder das Radioteleskop.

Wiedereinmal sitzt Du in einem Meeting und hast irgendwelche langweiligen Ausfuhrungen zu ertragen. Das Thema ist trocken wie Wustensand. Was soll’s, mach wenigstens einen intelligenten Eindruck und schreibe irgendwas auf das leere Blatt vor Dir.

Die meisten Menschen sind ineffektive Zuhorer. Und das kann auserordentlich teuer werden. Schon die kleinsten alltaglichen Zuhorfehler konnen sich in einer Volkswirtschaft zu Millionenverlusten summieren.

Es ist Sommer, seit Wochen hatt es nicht geregnet. Ich sitze als Beifahrer im Auto eines Trainerkollegen. Er fahrt seinen tiefgelegten Wagen auf recht „sportliche“ Weise — im Vergleich dazu wurde ich mich als „seriosen“ Fahrer bezeichnen. Wir rasen mit 90 km/h uber das staubige Kopfsteinpflaster eines kleinen Ortes, es ist Nacht. Es fangt an zu regnen, und die grosen Tropfen verbinden sich mit dem Strasenstaub zu einem schmierigen Film. Ich sage zu ihm: „Du, die Strase ist nas.“

Eine Stimmgabel schwingt mit dem Ton A, den Sie beispielsweise auf einem Klavier anschlagen, nur dann mit, wenn sie in Resonanz ist mit diesem Ton. Der Ton mus also ihrer Eigenfrequenz entsprechen. Trifft das nicht zu, dann ist das A fur die Stimmgabel gar nicht existent, sie kann es nicht „wahrnehmen“. Die beiden „verstehen“ sich nicht, es kommt zu keinem „Kontakt“.

In the customary technique will be used a fusion chamber with an inhomogeneous electric field. The disadvantage is that the fusion conditions are not constant in the chamber. Yet for di-electrophoretic collection of the cells their own field-inhomogenizing influence is sufficient that is, the electrofusion can proceed also in very simple chambers with homogeneous fields.

Carbon isotope values of 260 Precambrian limestones and dolomites (most of them being substantially unaltered) have yielded an overall mean of δ 13 C = +0.4 ± 2.7‰ vs. PDB; the corresponding oxygen values average at δ 13 O = +20.0 ± 4.2‰ vs. SMOW. Like the overall mean, the δ 13C values furnished by individual carbonate occurrences are, as a rule, fairly “modern” and almost constant as from the very beginning of the sedimentary record. A remarkable exception are the “heavy” dolomites of the Middle Precambrian Lomagundi Group, Rhodesia, with δ 13 C = +9.4 ± 2.0‰ vs. PDB. As a result of our measurements, the sporadic occurrence in the geological past of anomalously heavy carbonates seems to be established. The approximate constancy around zero per mill of the δ 13C values of marine carbonates through geologic time would imply a corresponding constancy of the relative proportion of organic carbon in the total sedimentary carbon reservoir since about 3.3 · 109 y ago (with Corg/Ctotal ≅ 0.2). Utilizing this ratio and current models for the accumulation of the sedimentary mass as a function of time, we get a reasonable approximation for the absolute quantity of organic carbon buried in sediments and, accordingly, of photosynthetic oxygen released. Within the constraints of our model (based on a terrestrial degassing constant λ = 1.16 · 10−9 y−1) close to 80% of the amount of oxygen contained in the present oxygen budget should have been released prior to 3 · 109 y ago. Since geological evidence indicates an O2-deficient environment during the Early and most parts of the Middle Precambrian, there is reason to believe that the distribution of this oxygen between the “bound” and the “molecular” reservoir was different from that of today (with effective O2-consuming reactions bringing about an instantaneous transfer to the crust of any molecular oxygen released). Accordingly, the amount of Corg in the ancient sedimentary reservoir as derived from our isotope data is just a measure of the gross amount of photosynthetic oxygen produced, withholding any information as to how this oxygen was partitioned between the principal geochemical reservoirs. As a whole, the carbon isotope data accrued provide evidence of an extremely early origin of life on Earth since the impact of organic carbon on the geochemical carbon cycle can be traced back to almost 3.5 · 109y.

Numerical modeling of the terrestrial oxygen budget based on the revised δ13Ccarb record by Veizer et al. (1980) has shown that total photosynthetic oxygen has varied between ±7% and ±10% of its average reservoir size (∼3.2 × 1022 g) during the last 800 myr as a result of oscillations of the sedimentary reservoir of organic carbon. Calculated curves of oxygen evolution display a distinct minimum in the Early Paleozoic framed by two maxima in the Latest Proterozoic and the Mesozoic. The sympathetic relationship observed between the curves of total oxygen evolution and respective functions for the partial reservoir of sulfate-bound oxygen suggests that the O2 required for an additional conversion of sulfide to sulfate was most probably provided by excess burial of organic carbon, the results of the modeling thus adding credence to current interpretations proposed for the negative correlation between the secular 13 C 12 C and 34 S 32 S trends.

Carbon isotope measurements carried out on 67 dolomite samples from the Middle Precambrian Lomagundi Group (Rhodesia) have yielded a δ 13 C mean of +8.2 ± 2.6%. vs PDB. With the outcrop of these dolomites extending over a distance of almost 300 km, the Lomagundi dolomite faces is likely to represent the largest isotopically anomalous sedimentary carbonate province ever recorded. It is concluded that the anomalous carbonates formed in a closed basin whose δ 13 C level had been substantially increased as a result of a preferential removal (within sedimentary organics) of the light carbon isotope.

An analytical method was developed for measuring n-alkanes (C9 to C17) and other hydrocarbons in tropospheric air with mixing ratios of a few ppt (10−12) and higher. The hydrocarbons are collected in situ in absorption tubes, carefully protected against contamination and analysed later in the laboratory by gas chromatography. First data are reported for Atlantic air masses at the west coast of Ireland.

The ether soluble fraction of atmospheric aerosol particles was separated into the following groups of compounds: organic acids and phenols, organic bases, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and neutral compounds. These groups in turn were analyzed for individual constituents. Aerosol samples were collected from six different geographic regions: three over the European continent with different degrees of air pollution and three from Atlantic air masses. In all cases the organic fraction of atmospheric aerosol particles had a very complex composition. However, the relative composition with respect to the main groups of organic compounds remained fairly constant in all areas sampled. This indicates either a common origin or formative processes throughout the atmosphere resulting in a similar net product.

The emissions from combustion of wood residue fuel in an experimental spreader-stoker boiler were measured at the Fairplay Test Facility at Oregon State University. Stack gases were monitored to determine levels of excess air, opacity, and particulate loading. Particulate emissions were measured to determine the effects of underfire air flow rate and fuel bed depth on particulate carry over rate. An experiment conducted at four energy release rates and two fuel bed depths indicated that increased bed depth has the effect of reducing particulate emissions and that the effect increases as energy release rate increases. The experiment also showed increased energy release rate has the effect of increasing particulate emissions. The effects were found to be statistically significant.

The formation of the atmosphere-together with that of the oceans and sediments-was determined by three important processes: the loss of noble gases and volatiles in the solar nebula, the enrichment of these substances at the Earth's surface by exhalation from the Earth's mantle, and finally the formation of the hydrosphere, enabled by-in contrast to our neighboring planets-a suitable distance from the sun. In this way the development of the atmospheric gases N2, H2O and CO2 was largely fixed. Oxygen, on the other hand, appeared late in the atmosphere. It originated from biological photosynthesis which apparently developed rather early in the Earth's history but lead at first only to oxidation of iron and sulfur. The subsequently occurring accumulation of free oxygen in the atmosphere resulted in interesting interrelations with the development of life.

Sieht man von den Edelgasen ab, so haben alle atmospharischen Gase Kreislaufe, die z. T. sehr komplexer Natur sind. An Hand einer kurzen Diskussion der Kreislaufe von N2, CO2, H2, CO, N2O und der Schwefelverbindungen wird die typische Problematik luftchemischer Forschung erlautert. Die Rolle der Erdoberflache und der Biosphare als Quelle und Senke fur die meisten Gase wird hervorgehoben. Die Erforschung der naturlichen Kreislaufe der Gase steht erst am Anfang, ist aber von wachsendem allgemeinen Interesse wegen immer starker werdender globaler Beeinflussung durch den Menschen und den damit eventuell auftretenden Gefahren fur die Umwelt. Except for the noble gases, all atmospheric gases have cycles of a sometimes rather complex nature. On the basis of a short discussion of the cycles of N2, CO2, H2, CO, N2O and the sulfur compounds the typical problems of air chemistry research are illustrated. The importance of the Earth surface and the biosphere as a source or sink for most gases is emphasized. We are only at the beginning of an understanding of the natural cycles of gases, but it receives a growing interest because of the increasing influence by man and the possible dangers for our environment associated with it.

Westerly winds arriving at the Australian Clean Air Baseline Station Cape Grim at the North Western tip of Tasmania have exceedingly long trajectories over the Indian Ocean. In these air masses we found the n-alkanes C 9 -C 28 to be always present in the gas phase and also in the aerosols. In aerosols we also measured total organic matter and its general composition. All these concentrations agree fairly well with our earlier data in marine air over the North Atlantic Ocean. Calculations of the life time of the gas phase n-alkanes due to reaction with OH radicals lead to the conclusion that these n-alkanes must be of oceanic origin in Indian Ocean air and — to a large extent — also in the North Atlantic air. The same conclusion is reached for the organic component in aerosols. Water Analyses show that the n-alkanes C 9 -C 28 seem to be normal constituents of the oceans.

One hundred and twenty-four carbonate samples from the meta-sedimentary sequence of the 3.7 × 109 yr old Isua supracrustal belt (W-Greenland) have yielded a δ13Ccarb average of −2.5 ± 1.7%. vs PDB and a δ18Ocarb average of +13.0 ± 2.5%. vs SMOW. The oxygen mean comes fairly close to the averages of other early Precambrian carbonates. The carbon average, however, is some 2%. more negative than those of younger marine carbonates. In terms of a simple terrestrial 13C mass balance, if δ13Ccarb values are original sedimentary values, this more negative δ13C average would imply a considerably smaller CorgCcarb ratio in the sedimentary shell during Isua times, and would thus support the concept of a gradual buildup of a sedimentary reservoir of organic carbon during the early history of the Earth. Since, however, the Isua supracrustal rocks have experienced amphibolite-grade metamorphism, which in other areas has been shown to lower δ13Ccarb values, it is most likely that the original values of these rocks were approx 0%.. This indicates that Corx and Ccarb were present in the ancient carbon reservoir in about ‘modern’ proportions. Unless this early stabilization of the terrestrial carbon cycle in terms of a constant partitioning of carbon between the reduced and oxidized species is shown to have been caused by some inorganic geochemical process, a considerably earlier start of chemical evolution and spontaneous generation of life must be considered than is presently accepted.