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Objectives: Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome (HWW) is a rare congenital anomaly difficult to diagnose due to an alteration in the common embryological development of the reproductive and urinary tract, with renal agenesis, double collecting system, renal duplication and horseshoe kidney as urologic abnormalities. Due to its rarity and associated urological alterations, we believe that the urologist should be aware of this syndrome because of its implications. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present the case of an 18-year-old patient with acute retention of urine associated with Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlinch syndrome. We describe this syndrome after a bibliographic search. RESULTS: In our case, the initial clinical course was exclusively urological, with the presentation of voiding bladder dysfunction with subsequent acute retention of urine. Surgical treatment resolved the patient's initial complication. CONCLUSIONS: In this case, as in others, nonspecific and variable symptoms may delay the diagnosis, which may lead to late complications such as endometriosis, adhesion syndrome, collections and infertility. Treatment suppresses pain, improves reproductive capacity and prevents late complications.

We report the case of a 65-year-old man who presented with a right testicular mass and synchronous involvement of skin and Waldeyer's ring. These facts led us to the working diagnosis of malignant primary testicular lymphoma., Material/results: We present the case with comments and make a bibliographic review of the disease., Conclusions: Primary testicular lymphoma is an uncommon testicular tumour that accounts for not more that 9% of all testicular tumours in the series with higher incidence. Testicular lymphomas are also rare among haematopoietic tumours, accounting for just 1% of all lymphomas, but due to their highly malignant histopathology they may become highly aggressive tumours. Patient age at presentation is over 60 years which makes it the most frequent tumour for this age group. 70% of recently diagnosed patients show Ann Arbor stages I and II. Tumours in advanced-stage have a predilection for spreading to extranodal sites such as central nervous system, skin, Waldeyer's ring and lungs.

Objectives: Urolume is a stent type, non magnetic, self expanding urethral endoprosthesis indicated to keep the urethral lumen in cases of infravesical obstruction. It has been approved by the food and drug administration. We present our experience with the use of this prosthesis in cases of obstruction secondary to BPH and urethral stenosis., Methods: From April 1999 to July 2005 we implanted 18 Urolume endoprosthesis in seventeen male patients; 10 of them had symptoms of BPH and 7 bulbar urethral stenosis. We analyze the results of our series., Results: Mean patient age was 61 years [30-79], being the mean age for patients with bulbar prosthesis significantly lower. Among patients with BPH (58.8%, n = 10), 80% (n = 8) had indwelling catheter (40% with ASA III surgical risk and 60% ASA IV). 4 patients have died with only one of them having indwelling catheter at the time of death. The implantation of the endoprosthesis was performed with xylocaine gel in 4 of these 10 patients (40%). The technique failed in two patients, one of them required indwelling catheter for urinary retention (to the time of his death), and the other one extraction of the prosthesis and prostatic adenomectomy for acute urinary retention. Among patients with urethral stenosis (4 1.2%, n = 7), we needed to implant a second prosthesis telescoped with the first one in one case (due to distal displacement), and to perform 2 transurethral resections of intraprosthesic hyperplastic tissue in the same patient. Subjectively, the mean value of the Madsen-Iversen score before surgery was 22.5 in comparison to 7.78 after surgery (p < 0.005; Wilcoxon test). There were also objectives improvements in mean maximal flow before and after surgery (5.7 to 20.9ml/sec.;p < 0.005; Wilcoxon test)., Conclusions: This is a safe and simple technique, which may be performed under local anesthesia as outpatient surgery. It has a low complication rate, significantly improves the flowmetry parameters and symptom questionnaire results. It is a very good option to be taken into consideration in old patients, with chronic urinary retention, and high surgical risk. It may be a valid alternative to surgery in patients with short bulbar urethral stenosis, without previous skin flap urethroplasty and not having spongiofibrosis.

Objectives: The overall objective of this study was to carry out a prospective investigation of the usefulness of the IMMUNOCYT commercial kit in the follow-up of patients treated for bladder cancer and to evaluate its utility as a complement to urinary cytology and a possible tool for reducing the number of follow-up cystoscopies required., Subjects and Methods: From September 2001 to December 2002, the ImmunoCyt test and urinary cytology were performed in urine simples from a total of 136 patients (115 with a history or suspicion of bladder cancer and 21 patients with other urological pathologies). Urine simples were fixed with an equal volume of 50% alcohol. Urinary cytology and the ImmunoCyt test were interpreted by a cytopathologist unacquainted with the result of the corresponding cytology and bladder biopsy report. Samples were staged and graded using the 1997 TNM classification of the UICC and the 1998 WHO/ISUP classification. Histopathological confirmation of lesions was available for 111 patients (81.6%)., Results: The gender distribution was 89% men and 11% women. Mean age was 71.68 years (range 27 to 98 years). Overall sensitivity and specificity were 77.9% and 92.3% for the ImmunoCyt test and 47.9% and 100% for urinary cytology, respectively. The positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) were 96.4% and 61.7%, respectively, for the ImmunoCyt test and 100% and 36.7% for cytology. In Ta and low-grade carcinomas, the sensitivity of the ImmunoCyt test was 70% (n=20) and 76.4% (n=34) respectively, whereas it was 25% (n=28) and 29.7% (n=37), respectively, for urinary cytology. The differences observed between the sensitivities of the ImmunoCyt test and cytology were statistically significant (X2 p<0.05) overall and for Ta and low-grade carcinomas. The sensitivity and specificity of the combination of both tests were 86.8% and 96.2%, respectively. The sensitivity of the combination of both tests for Ta and low-grade carcinomas was 80% (n=20) and 82.3% (n=34), respectively. The ImmunoCyt test was diagnostic in 36.2% of tumors overall., Conclusions: In view of the results obtained, we decided to change our follow-up protocol to reduce the number of follow-up cystoscopies by 32.2% in the first 5 years of postoperative follow-up (in a cohort of 140 patients who undergo surgery annually). This benefits patients by reducing the number of urinary infections and iatrogenesis originated by follow-up cystoscopy. In addition, this 32.2% reduction in the number of cystoscopies in 5 years will yield a savings of approximately 35,560 EUR to the health care system in 5 years.

Background: Extramammary Paget's disease of the glans penis secondary to transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder is rare, with only a few cases reported in the literature. We report two new cases, one detected before diagnosing bladder TCC., Methods: We describe the clinicopathologic features of two patients with intraepithelial spread of glans TCC and the histochemical and immunohistochemical features of the neoplasm., Results: Light microscopy detected intraepithelial proliferation of neoplastic, large, pale cells located predominantly in the basal and parabasal layers of the epithelium. The pagetoid cells showed positive cytoplasmic staining for mucosubstances and immunoreactivity for CK20. The previously reported cases are reviewed and the differential diagnosis is discussed., Conclusions: As many benign and malignant glans lesions may be clinically similar, histologic study is necessary to correctly diagnose primary lesions and promptly detect underlying asymptomatic visceral malignancies initially presenting as Paget's disease.

Nephroblastomatosis is a complex of pathological conditions defined by the persistence of nephrogenic elements after the conclusion of nephrogenesis (beyond week 36 of gestation) that conserve the capacity to evolve into nephroblastoma. Luckily, this malignant transformation is exceptional (< 1%(1)), which is why the disease is considered to have a good prognosis. The nephrogenic remains are frequently associated with beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, hemihypertrophy and aniridia, in which case there is a greater risk of the development of Wilms tumor. Consequently, these children must be followed-up closely. The difficulty lay in knowing when to act, which children should be treated, and what treatment is appropriate because what little has been published in the literature is debatable. We report the cases of two patients, one with unilateral nephroblastomatosis and the other bilateral, who required surgical treatment after not responding to chemotherapy; and we expose our therapeutic algorithm and follow-up strategy.

Objectives: Bladder hemangiomas are exceptional benign tumours representing 0.6% bladder tumours. Most times they present as solitary, unique lesions; radiological signs are very similar to urothelial neoplasias making differential diagnosis or at least diagnostic suspicions very difficult due to its low incidence. We perform a bibliographic review and comment on its clinical and pathological characteristics, as well as on diagnostic methods and latest modifications in therapy., Methods: We present a case of bladder haemangioma secondary to pelvic radiotherapy, being this presentation unique among approximately 100 cases described in the literature., Results: From cystoscopy we suspected the lesion could be an endothelial neoplasia based on its vascular appearance. We performed transurethral resection and electrocoagulation of the lesion because it was small and unique. Pathology report confirmed it was a bladder hemangioma secondary to radiotherapy, being this an exceptional presentation. There has been no relapse up to date., Conclusion: We think that resection and electrocoagulation of unique, solitary bladder hemangiomas is a therapeutic option to be taken into consideration in the management of this kind of benign tumours.

Objective: To analyze our experience with the management of retroperitoneal abscesses., Patients and Methods: A retrospective study was made of 66 patients with retroperitoneal abscesses treated at our hospital from January 1975 to July 2001 for the purpose of analyzing the diagnosis and treatment of these rare infections. In each case, we analyzed patient characteristics, abscess location and origin, predisposing factors, clinical presentation, microbiology, radiographic findings, treatment, and outcome., Results: In our series, the most frequent type of abscess was perinephric (45.4%), and the most frequent origin was the kidney (72.7%), generally renal lithiasis or previous urological surgery. Gram-negative bacilli were the microorganisms most often involved as causal agents of abscesses. CT had the best diagnostic performance (95%). Percutaneous drainage resolved the abscess in 86.3% of the patients in which it was used, compared with 87.5% for traditional surgical drainage. In 4 cases, the only treatment was administration of antibiotics. In all these cases the abscesses were smaller than 3 cm and patients were in good general condition. The mortality rate was excellent (1.5%), probably due to the low rate of comorbidity in our patients., Conclusions: Gram-negative bacilli were the most frequent microorganisms in our retroperitoneal abscesses. CT was the imaging technique that produced the most reliable and rapid diagnosis. Radiographically-guided percutaneous drainage was a safe and effective therapeutic alternative when used as definitive treatment or preoperatively.

The spontaneous extraperitoneal bladder rupture is an uncommon event and the diagnosis is very difficult. It is defined like the rupture of bladder wall in absence of traumatism or iatrogenic techniques. The extravasation usually is produced into the peritoneal cavity, because of the greater weakness of the vesical dome. The diagnosis is based on the retrograde cystography, being necessary the surgical treatment in the intraperitoneal rupture, while the extraperitoneal one, could be treated in a conservative way with a vesical catheter. Here we present a case of spontaneous extraperitoneal bladder rupture, with oliguria, abdominal pain and a right hypochondrius mass as clinic presentation. Due to this, the diagnosis was made by the TAC, in which it was appreciated a continuity solution in the anterior bladder wall, with a contrast extravasation through the anterior abdominal wall. The retrograde cystography confirmed the definitive diagnosis. The treatment followed was based on the keeping of the vesical catheter and antibiotherapy.