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This book is intended to provide aspiring entrepreneurs with the knowledge and skills needed to develop their own innovative business ventures. Through real-life examples and practical advice, this book will provide readers with the tools necessary to create and maintain a successful venture. It will also provide an in-depth look at the processes and strategies behind successful entrepreneurship, including market analysis, financial planning, and strategy development. In addition, readers will gain insight into the legal and financial aspects of entrepreneurship and gain an understanding of the importance of networking and relationship-building. By the end of this book, readers will have the knowledge and confidence to launch their own innovative business venture. We are confident that this guide will provide readers with the knowledge and confidence they need to pursue their entrepreneurial dreams. With the right information, guidance, and resources, anyone can become a successful entrepreneur. So let’s get started

Friction stir welding is a high potential technology for joining similar and dissimilar aluminum materials, utilized extensively in aerospace and automotive industrial applications to eradicate the problems like hot cracking, porosity, element loss, etc. due to the fusion welding process. This Research addresses the joining of two dissimilar materials of AA 5754 – H32 and AA 8090T6511 – Al-Li and their mechanical properties analysis with the effects of friction stir welding process parameters like tool rotational speed, welding speed and axial load on weld nugget zone formation quality. The significant roles of different tool pin profiles are also emphasized. A mathematical modeling equation was formed by using regression analysis to optimize the process parameter and found the best tool pin profile for defect-free weld nugget zone and higher tensile and hardness properties. This research also portrays the contribution of various pin profiles and each process parameter on the ultimate tensile strength by response surface methodology. The results indicate that the defect-free weld joints are observed with 1800 r/min of rotational speed, welding speed of 15 mm min−1 and 8.5 kN of axial load with hexagonal pin profile.

Advanced composites have been widely used in various industries ranging from aerospace to medical equipment due to its exceptional characteristics under different circumstances. Fatigue behavior of composite structures and in particular fatigue life modeling is an important area of research in the context of aircraft structures since the behavior of composite material is different from monolithic metals. This article focusses on the review of modeling the fatigue life and residual strength of different composite materials under various loading conditions. Models based on residual strength, stiffness and damage tolerance techniques are reviewed and discussed.

In this paper, the investigations are carried out on bi-directional carbon fibre (C) reinforced composites which are used in several engineering applications. Over its entire service life, it can be exposed to a range of corrosive environments. Thus, in the working life of composite material, it is important to understand the effect of corrosive environment. According to the author’s knowledge, the effect of different aviation oils was not yet studied. Therefore, bi-directional carbon fibre reinforced composites were subjected to oil immersion tests, using an Aviation gasoline (Avgas-100LL), Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF-K50) and an extra high-performance lubricating fluid (OX-38), in order to study the effects of fluid absorption behaviour on tensile, flexural and impact strength properties of bi-directional carbon fibre reinforced composites. These oil solutions affect the tensile, flexural properties and the impact strength. However, for all tests performed, the high-performance lubricating fluid promotes the lowest values compared to the Avgas and Aviation Turbine Fuel.

Bird impact on aircraft is one of the most important foreign object damages, which result in the reduction in airworthiness. Most bird impacts are not fatal but bird impact can be deadly when the impact is at engine assembly, leading-edge and Frontal area of aircraft. This study focuses on bird impact on windshield and its effects on stress concentration and energy absorption. The strength and stiffness of the windshield play a vital role during foreign object damage. Laminated glass is used as a windshield, the reason to use interlayer is to avoid separation of other layers after impact which ultimately reduces risk to pilot. Laminate configurations glass/PMMA/glass and PMMA/Polycarbonate/PMMA are used for the windshield. Impact analysis has been carried out at velocities of 50m/s, 100m/s and 150m/s. Modeling and solving are done in LS-Pre post and LS-Dyna using a FE-SPH approach. Simulations are carried out impact against bird, stress and energy absorption as the output. Based on results, PMMA/Polycarbonate/PMMA laminate is most likely to sustain the bird strike impact without failure.

Usage of composites has increased in many fields of application ranging from space to repair and rehabilitation. Damage of composites in the form of cracking or de-lamination is quite common during its life. Performance of the composites after damage with or without repair is an indicator to one of its sustainability aspects. Here in this study, the damage parameter from the point of cracking is studied beyond normal yield considerations using inelastic material model to assess its remaining life. It is observed that, based on the load quantity of damage occurrence, sustainability is measured as life cycle analysis in terms of remaining life that can change significantly if one accounts for inelastic material behaviour.

This study investigates about the effect of different strain rates on the tensile behaviour of kevlar epoxy composites and progressive failure of kevlar epoxy composites under displacement controlled axial loading. A series of experimental tests were conducted under different strain rates to find out the tensile behaviour of kevlar epoxy composites. Two different strain rates 0.5mm/ min and 1.5mm/ min were applied to the kevlar epoxy specimen in order to understand the difference in mechanical properties and progressive failures of composites. Tensile strength increases with an increase in strain rates. Failure in kevlar epoxy composites is analysed under different stages for both 0.5mm/min and 1.5 mm/min. For all the tests, failure starts with matrix cracking followed by delamination and ends with fracture.

Fatigue life and residual strength prediction of various engineering components and structures are of primary importance because of economy and safety point of view. This article presents the fatig...

Priority sector lending or PSL had been forecasted. So that these sectors get institutional loans from PSL were segments are difficult to getting credit. The sector concerning institutions of financial are referred to as Non-Priority Sector lending and the credit is lending readily. These sectors are exciting until now. Each and every time the money is attracted and entire enduring sectors other than PSL are covered by these divisions. This article considers the part of the NPA of the sector which concerns institutions of financial and the Priority sector in the whole PSB of NPA in India. The near research examined both the inclinations in sector-wise NPAs of PBS and the significant influence of NPA of the sector which concerns institutions of financial and the priority sector over the entire NPAs of PSBs. And also, the achievement of disgusting advances over total NPAs of PSBs is discovered. The secondary data is considered in this research. The period of the research is 12 years i.e., from 2007 to 2018. The tools such as correlation, ratios, Regression, t-test had been employed to analyze the statics have been tattered for these analyses.

Muscle relaxants are commonly prescribed in the United States but may have deleterious side effects that are unrecognized by physicians. Here, we report a 55-year-old Caucasian man who developed pancreatitis and a subsequent hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state after being prescribed tizanidine. The patient had untreated hypertriglyceridemia, unbeknownst to the prescribing physician. While hypertriglyceridemia is a widely understood risk factor for pancreatitis, its incidence with tizanidine is not. As an alpha-2 agonist, tizanidine slows gastrointestinal motility by inhibiting gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction, which could lead to ileus which occurred in this patient. Alpha-2 agonists further contract the hepato-pancreatic sphincter, which may result in obstruction of pancreatic enzyme flow via the pancreatic duct. This patient’s case of pancreatitis was precipitated by 2 factors: (i) his use of tizanidine and (ii) hypertriglyceridemia. This case demonstrates that patients presenting with severe hypertriglyceridemia, or other potential risk factors for pancreatitis, should not be prescribed tizanidine.

This paper presents the fatigue behavior of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composites at constant amplitude tension-tension loading conditions. A two parameter residual strength and fatigue life model has been proposed by accounting the effect of stress ratio when the structure undergoes continuous loading. A model is also developed to predict the fatigue life of GFRP composites based on fatigue endurance limit. Experiments were conducted on GFRP composite specimens to predict fatigue life and residual strength at various stress levels. Tests were also conducted to gain an understanding of the tensile behavior of GFRP composite specimens under different quasistatic strain rates. The lowest tensile strength resulting from strain rate studies has been used ultimately for conducting fatigue life and residual strength tests. Reliability of the proposed models has been verified with experimental results and with the models seen in literature.

Patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are at risk for other autoimmune diseases (ie, polyautoimmunity). The prevalence and risk factors of this phenomenon have been underreported in adults and ethnic minorities, and data are lacking regarding non-endocrine autoimmune diseases.Study population data were gathered from HealthFacts, a deidentified patient database compiled from electronic medical records systems in the US. Patients with an International Classification of Diseases diagnosis code specifying T1D were included in the study, whereas those with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes were excluded.The cross-sectional study cohort comprised 158 865 adults with T1D (mean [±SD] age 51.4 ± 18.9 years, 52.5% female). The most common autoimmune diseases were thyroid disease (20.1%), systemic rheumatic diseases (3.4%), rheumatoid arthritis specifically (2.0%), and gastrointestinal autoimmune diseases (1.4%). Most of the autoimmune diseases were more common in women (eg hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, celiac disease, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and Sjögren syndrome). Caucasians were more likely than other ethnicities to have an additional autoimmune disease. The prevalence of autoimmune diseases increased with increasing age, significantly in women, such that 38.5% of women over 80 years of age had an additional autoimmune disease, compared with 17.9% of women aged ≤29 years.Additional autoimmunity represents a significant comorbidity in patients with T1D. Autoimmune diseases are more common in Caucasians and in women, and increase with age. Clinicians treating patients with T1D should be aware of the risk factors for additional autoimmune diseases.摘要: 背景 1型糖尿病患者同时合并其他自身免疫性疾病(亦即多发性自身免疫)的风险很高。这种现象在成年人与少数民族中的患病率以及危险因素既往报导的不多, 并且有关非内分泌自身免疫性疾病的数据也很少。 方法 所用的研究人群数据来源于HealthFacts数据库, 这是一个由美国电子病历系统汇编而成并且去除了身份识别信息的患者数据库。这项研究纳入了国际疾病分类诊断代码为1型糖尿病的患者, 并且排除了诊断为2型糖尿病的患者。 结果 这项横断面研究队列纳入了158865名成年1型糖尿病患者(平均[±SD]年龄为51.4 ± 18.9岁,52.5%为女性)。最常见的自身免疫疾病是甲状腺疾病(20.1%)、全身性风湿疾病(3.4%)、类风湿性关节炎(2.0%)以及胃肠道自身免疫性疾病(1.4%)。大部分自身免疫性疾病都多见于女性(如甲状腺功能减退、甲状腺功能亢进、乳糜泻、类风湿性关节炎、狼疮与Sjögren综合征)。白种人与其他种族相比, 更有可能患上其他自身免疫性疾病。自身免疫性疾病的患病率随着年龄的增长不断增加, 在女性中更为明显, 如80岁以上的女性中有38.5%都会合并一种其他的自身免疫疾病, 而年龄≤ 29岁的女性中患病率只有17.9%。 结论 1型糖尿病患者容易合并其他自身免疫性疾病。自身免疫性疾病在白种人与女性中更为常见, 并且患病率随着年龄而不断增加。临床医生在治疗1型糖尿病患者时应该意识到患者可能有其他自身免疫性疾病的风险。.

This study presents the details of experimental and analytical investigations on three different types of composites on their progress to failure under varied type of loadings. The composites are glass/epoxy-GFRP, Kevlar/epoxy-KFRP and Carbon/epoxy-CFRP composites. A series of experiments were carried out to find the variation in mechanical properties in all composites due to displacement controlled tests with different displacement rates such as 0.5mm/min, 1.0 mm/min and 1.5mm/min. The experimental results for CFRP, GFRP and KFRP under three different zones of response viz., stage I- response upto design load-DL, stage II-later from design load to ultimate load-UL followed by Stage II-response upto failure load-FL were discussed. Comparisons of relative performance under different rates and types of damage occurred are discussed from strength, stiffness and energy points of view.

Composites are being used in variety of applications ranging from defense and aircraft structures, where usage is profuse, to vehicle structures and even for repair and rehabilitation. Most of these composites are made of different laminates glued together with matrix for binding and now-a-days fibers of different types are embedded in a composite matrix. The characterizations of material properties of composites are mostly experimental with analytical modeling used to simulate the system behavior. But many times, the composites develop damage or distress in the form of cracking while they are in service and this adds a different dimension as one has to evaluate the response with the damage so that its performance during its remaining life is satisfactory. This is the objective of the present study where a hybrid approach using experimental results on damaged specimens and then analytical finite element are used to evaluate response. This will considerably help in remaining life assessment-RLA- for composites with damage so that design effectiveness with damage could be assessed. This investigation has been carried out on a typical composite with carbon fiber reinforcements, manufactured by IPCL Baroda (India) with trade name INDCARF-30. Experimental studies were conducted on undamaged and damaged specimens to simulate normal continuous loading and discontinuous loading-and-unloading states in actual systems. Based on the experimental results, material characterization inputs are taken and analytical studies were carried out using ANSYS to assess the response under linear and nonlinear material behavior to find the stiffness decay. Using stiffness decay RLA was computed and curves are given to bring the influence of type of damage and load at which damage had occurred.

The working capital management has a significant contribution for firm's profitability as well as to maintain liquidity powers. The motive of this study is to find out working capital adequacy and its impact on profitability [1]; to investigate the relationship between profitability and liquidity of firms. The amount invested in working capital is often high in proportion to the total assets employed and so it is vital that these amounts are used in an efficient way.

[EN] The concept of Generalized function spaces which were introduced and studied by Zemanian are further generalized as Boehmian spaces or as generalized quotient spaces in the recent literature. Their topological structure, notions of convergence in these space sare also investigated. Some sufficient conditions for the metrizability are also obtained. In this paper we shall assume that a generalized quotient space is non-compact and realize its one point compactification as a quotient space., The research of the second author is supported by a “University Grants Commission Research Fellowship in Sciences for Meritorious Students”, India.

The theory of Fourier transform on spaces of Boehmians is well known. Several spaces of Boehmians are constructed, and the Fourier transform on these spaces are defined and investigated in the recent literature. Most recently, Dennis Nemzer introduced a new space of Boehmians called the space of integrable Boehmians, which is properly larger than the space of all integrable functions on (the real axis) and investigates the theory of Fourier transform on this space. In this article, we shall find a necessary and sufficient condition for a continuous function to be the Fourier transform of some integrable Boehmian. This answers a question raised by Nemzer.

The lateral parapatellar approach, despite providing direct access to the pathological area has not been widely accepted for knee arthroplasty in valgus deformities. We performed a modified lateral (Keblish) approach which consisted of coronal z plasty of lateral retinaculum, quadriceps snip, titrated sequential lateral release and closure with expanded lateral structures in 32 arthritic fixed valgus knees. In 30 knees, either tendon of popliteus or lateral collateral ligament or both could be preserved. At an average follow-up of 5 years, the valgus alignment improved from 25.4° (11°–60°) to 4° (0°–10°) and knee society score improved from 34 to 95 points. There was no late instability or revisions. This approach is rational, eliminates patella maltracking, is applicable in severe deformities and with titrated release, can preserve the posterolateral knee stabilizers that are necessary for long term implant survival.

Left Atrium [LA] is the commonest and heart valves the least common site for cardiac myxomas. Non-familial multifocal myxomas involving LA and Mitral valve are rare. Only a couple of cases of Excision of LA myxoma with concurrent Mitral valve interventions have been reported in history.

Castleman disease is a lymphoproliferative disorder of lymph tissue. Albeit benign there is a tendency to transform into lymphoma in some cases.

Structure-borne refrigeration compressor noise reduction has been a major concern for the industry. Structural modifications for noise reduction have often been carried out on the basis of a vibration or modal analysis of the compressor shell alone. Since there are two dense fluids inside a compressor shell, refrigerant and lubricating oil, significant dynamic interaction between the shell and the fluids is likely to occur. The major focus of this paper is to examine the transmission loss of such shells, considering the fluid-structure coupling. A semi-analytical finite element method is used to find the vibration response of the shell-fluid coupled system when excited by acoustic pulsations in the shell cavity caused by the reciprocating mechanism of the compressor. To calculate the acoustic and structural response, a special modal superposition technique based on adjoint eigenvectors is used since the finite element formulation leads to unsymmetric matrices. Once the structural vibration response has been computed, an axisymmetric boundary integral technique is used to predict acoustic pressures on the outside surface of the compressor shell. The transmission loss is then computed by comparing the acoustic pressures inside the cavity with the pressures on the outside surface. It is demonstrated that transmission loss is high for the first few modes of the shell and decreases with increase in the circumferential mode number. For a given circumferential mode the transmission loss is shown to increase with increase in axial mode number.

[Introduction][1] The lateral parapatellar approach provides direct access to the pathological area in a valgus knee deformity and allows sequential titrated release of contracted lateral soft tissues during total knee arthroplasty. [Step 1: Preoperative Planning][2] Differentiate the flexible and fixed components of the valgus deformity by clinical and radiographic examination. ![Figure][3] [Step 2: Expansile Lateral Arthrotomy][4] Open the knee joint from the lateral side by coronal z-plasty of the lateral retinaculum, oblique lateral tenotomy of the quadriceps tendon, and iliotibial band release. ![Figure][3] [Step 3: Quadriceps Snip and Joint Exposure][5] Perform a quadriceps snip and expose the knee joint. ![Figure][3] [Step 4: Tibial and Distal Femoral Cuts][6] Make proximal tibial and distal femoral cuts in appropriate alignment. ![Figure][3] [Step 5: Extension Gap Balancing][7] A rectangular extension gap is the goal. ![Figure][3] [Step 6: Flexion Gap Balancing][8] Determine the femoral component size and femoral rotation, and balance the flexion gap. ![Figure][3] [Step 7: Component Fixation][9] Confirm tibial rotational alignment, fix the components, and assess patellar tracking. ![Figure][3] [Step 8: Prosthetic Joint Closure][10] Perform closure of the prosthetic joint with expanded lateral structures. ![Figure][3] [Results][11] Between 2003 and 2009, thirty-two knees with clinical valgus deformity of >10° underwent total knee arthroplasty with an expansile lateral arthrotomy technique[11][12]. [Indications][13] [Contraindications][14] [Pitfalls & Challenges][15] ![Figure][3] ![Figure][3] ![Figure][3] [Introduction][1] The lateral parapatellar approach provides direct access to the pathological area in a valgus knee deformity and allows sequential titrated release of contracted lateral soft tissues during total knee arthroplasty. [Step 1: Preoperative Planning][2] Differentiate the flexible and fixed components of the valgus deformity by clinical and radiographic examination. ![Figure][3] [Step 2: Expansile Lateral Arthrotomy][4] Open the knee joint from the lateral side by coronal z-plasty of the lateral retinaculum, oblique lateral tenotomy of the quadriceps tendon, and iliotibial band release. ![Figure][3] [Step 3: Quadriceps Snip and Joint Exposure][5] Perform a quadriceps snip and expose the knee joint. ![Figure][3] [Step 4: Tibial and Distal Femoral Cuts][6] Make proximal tibial and distal femoral cuts in appropriate alignment. ![Figure][3] [Step 5: Extension Gap Balancing][7] A rectangular extension gap is the goal. ![Figure][3] [Step 6: Flexion Gap Balancing][8] Determine the femoral component size and femoral rotation, and balance the flexion gap. ![Figure][3] [Step 7: Component Fixation][9] Confirm tibial rotational alignment, fix the components, and assess patellar tracking. ![Figure][3] [Step 8: Prosthetic Joint Closure][10] Perform closure of the prosthetic joint with expanded lateral structures. ![Figure][3] [Results][11] Between 2003 and 2009, thirty-two knees with clinical valgus deformity of >10° underwent total knee arthroplasty with an expansile lateral arthrotomy technique[11][12]. [Indications][13] [Contraindications][14] [Pitfalls & Challenges][15] ![Figure][3] ![Figure][3] ![Figure][3] [1]: #sec-11 [2]: #sec-12 [3]: pending:yes [4]: #sec-13 [5]: #sec-14 [6]: #sec-15 [7]: #sec-16 [8]: #sec-17 [9]: #sec-18 [10]: #sec-19 [11]: #sec-20 [12]: #ref-11 [13]: #sec-22 [14]: #sec-23 [15]: #sec-24

We construct suitable Boehmian spaces which are properly larger than [Formula: see text] and we extend the Fourier sine transform and the Fourier cosine transform more than one way. We prove that the extended Fourier sine and cosine transforms have expected properties like linear, continuous, one-to-one and onto from one Boehmian space onto another Boehmian space. We also establish that the well known connection among the Fourier transform, Fourier sine transform and Fourier cosine transform in the context of Boehmians. Finally, we compare the relations among the different Boehmian spaces discussed in this paper.

The present work is to study the tensile strength behavior of the repaired material on low velocity impact damaged GFRP laminate using various repair techniques and prediction of their strength through the experimental investigation. While the servicing life of aircraft structures were damaged by the impact damages such as foreign objects collision, mishandlings of tools etc. During the Impact event the laminate were going to cause deformations such as matrix cracking, fiber breaking, and delamination within the laminate. Practically, the damages in composites are unpredictable about their growth where it was using to predict through the ultrasonic A-scan technique. The test specimen made of bi-directional glass fiber and epoxy resin had an impact with a low velocity impact facility. The extent of damage is determined using ultrasonic scanning and the damaged layers were removed using grinding technique. The removed damaged region was repaired using single bonded lap and double bonded lap repair techniques were used to restore the structural integrity of the laminate. These repaired specimens were uniaxially loaded in INSTRON universal testing machine and the behaviors of adhesively bonded patches were studied using load versus displacement graph. From the observed experiments, the failure loads were compared with the strength of undamaged specimen. Using the obtained parameters the optimized repair technique was proposed. Ultimately this work can be used to improve the safety of composite structures while extending their period of service.