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1. Exploring nasopharyngeal microbiota profile in children affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection

Author

L. Romani, F. Del Chierico, S. Pane, M. V. Ristori, I. Pirona, V. Guarrasi, N. Cotugno, S. Bernardi, L. Lancella, C. F. Perno, P. Rossi, A. Villani, A. Campana, P. Palma, and L. Putignani

Subjects
COVID-19, nasopharyngeal microbiota, children, SARS-CoV-2, respiratory tract, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

ABSTRACTThe relationship between COVID-19 and nasopharyngeal (NP) microbiota has been investigated mainly in the adult population. We explored the NP profile of children affected by COVID-19, compared to healthy controls (CTRLs). NP swabs of children with COVID-19, collected between March and September 2020, were investigated at the admission (T0), 72 h to 7 days (T1), and at the discharge (T2) of the patients. NP microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA targeted-metagenomics. Data from sequencing were investigated by QIIME 2.0 and PICRUSt 2. Multiple machine learning (ML) models were exploited to classify patients compared to CTRLs. The NP microbiota of COVID-19 patients (N = 71) was characterized by reduction of α-diversity compared to CTRLs (N = 59). The NP microbiota of COVID-19 cohort appeared significantly enriched in Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Staphylococcus, Veillonella, Enterococcus, Neisseria, Moraxella, Enterobacteriaceae, Gemella, Bacillus, and reduced in Faecalibacterium, Akkermansia, Blautia, Bifidobacterium, Ruminococcus, and Bacteroides, compared to CTRLs (FDR < 0.001). Exploiting ML models, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Capnocytopagha, Tepidiphilus, Porphyromonas, Staphylococcus, and Veillonella resulted as NP microbiota biomarkers, in COVID-19 patients. No statistically significant differences were found comparing the NP microbiota profile of COVID-19 patients during the time-points or grouping patients on the basis of high, medium, and low viral load (VL). This evidence provides specific pathobiont signatures of the NP microbiota in pediatric COVID-19 patients, and the reduction of anaerobic protective commensals. Our data suggest that the NP microbiota may have a specific disease-related signature since infection onset without changes during disease progression, regardless of the SARS-CoV-2 VL.IMPORTANCESince the beginning of pandemic, we know that children are less susceptible to severe COVID-19 disease. A potential role of the nasopharyngeal (NP) microbiota has been hypothesized but to date, most of the studies have been focused on adults. We studied the NP microbiota modifications in children affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection showing a specific NP microbiome profile, mainly composed by pathobionts and almost missing protective anaerobic commensals. Moreover, in our study, specific microbial signatures appear since the first days of infection independently from SARS-CoV-2 viral load.

Published
2024
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4. Alarming rates of virological failure and HIV-1 drug resistance amongst adolescents living with perinatal HIV in both urban and rural settings: evidence from the EDCTP READY-study in Cameroon

Author

Francesca Ceccherini-Silberstein, D Njume, Georges Teto, L Bala, Lawrence Mbuagbaw, Serge Clotaire Billong, P.O. Koki Ndombo, ML Mpouel, Fatim Cham, Samuel Martin Sosso, G Beloumou, Cedric Kamta, M. Santoro, Vittorio Colizzi, R Ndip, Giulia Cappelli, Joseph Fokam, Desire Takou, A‐E Njom Nlend, S Djupsa, W Pabo, Alexis Ndjolo, Valère Tala, V Lambo, Beatrice Dambaya, C-F Perno, S Tetang Ndiang, Francis Ndongo Ateba, S Moudourou, and C Chenwi Ambe

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Drug, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Anti-HIV Agents, media_common.quotation_subject, antiretroviral therapy, Context (language use), HIV Infections, Drug resistance, CD4 count, Settore MED/07, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Drug Resistance, Viral, HIV drug resistance, Medicine, Humans, Pharmacology (medical), 030212 general & internal medicine, Cameroon, adherence, adolescents, media_common, Reverse-transcriptase inhibitor, business.industry, Health Policy, Rural health, 030112 virology, viral load, Regimen, Infectious Diseases, HIV-1, Female, business, Viral load, medicine.drug
Abstract

OBJECTIVES Adolescents living with perinatal HIV infection (ALPHI) experience persistently high mortality rates, particularly in resource-limited settings. It is therefore clinically important for us to understand the therapeutic response, acquired HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) and associated factors among ALPHI, according to geographical location. METHODS A study was conducted among consenting ALPHI in two urban and two rural health facilities in the Centre Region of Cameroon. World Health Organization (WHO) clinical staging, self-reported adherence, HIVDR early warning indicators (EWIs), immunological status (CD4 count) and plasma viral load (VL) were assessed. For those experiencing virological failure (VF, VL ≥ 1000 copies/mL), HIVDR testing was performed and interpreted using the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database v.8.9-1. RESULTS Of the 270 participants, most were on nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimens (61.7% urban vs. 82.2% rural), and about one-third were poorly adherent (30.1% vs. 35.1%). Clinical failure rates (WHO-stage III/IV) in both settings were

Published
2021

5. HBcAb Positivity Increases the Risk of Severe Hepatic Fibrosis Development in HIV/HCV-Positive Subjects from the ICONA Italian Cohort of HIV-Infected Patients

Author

Malagnino, Vincenzo, Cerva, Carlotta, Cingolani, Antonella, Ceccherini-Silberstein, Francesca, Vergori, Alessandra, Cuomo, Gianluca, Perno, Carlo Federico, Puoti, Massimo, d'Arminio Monforte, Antonella, Cozzi-Lepri, Alessandro, Andreoni, Massimo, Sarmati, Loredana, d’Arminio Monforte (President), Icona Fundation Study Group. Board of Directors: A., Antinori (Vice-President), A., Andreoni, M., Castagna, A., Castelli, F., Cauda, R., Di Perri, G., Galli, M., Iardino, R., Ippolito, G., Lazzarin, A., Marchetti, G. C., Rezza, G., von Schloesser, F., d’Arminio Monforte, P. Viale. Scientific Secretary: A., Antinori, A., Ceccherinisilberstein, F., Cozzi-Lepri, A., Girardi, E., Gori, A., Lo Caputo, S., Maggiolo, F., Mussini, C., Puoti, M., Antinori, C. F. Perno. Steering Committee: A., Bai, F., Bandera, A., Bonora, S., Borderi, M., Calcagno, A., Capobianchi, M. R., Ceccherini-Silberstein, F., Cicalini, S., Cingolani, A., Cinque, P., d’Arminio Monforte, A., Di Biagio, A., Gagliardini, R., Gianotti, N., Guaraldi, G., Lapadula, G., Lichtner, M., Lai, A., Madeddu, G., Marchetti, G., Merlini, E., Nozza, S., Perno, C. F., Piconi, S., Pinnetti, C., Quiros Roldan, E., Rossotti, R., Rusconi, S., Santoro, M. M., Saracino, A., Sarmati, L., Spagnuolo, V., Svicher, V., Taramasso, L., Cozzi-Lepri, Statistical and Monitoring Team: A., Fanti, I., Galli, L., Lorenzini, P., Rodanó, A., Macchia, M., Bove, A. Tavelli. Community Advisory Board: A., Camposeragna, A., Errico, M., Manfredini, M., Perziano, A., Carletti, V. Calvino. Biological Bank INMI: F., Carrara, S., Di Caro, A., Graziano, S., Petroni, F., Prota, G., Giacometti, S. Truffa. Participating Physicians and Centers: Italy: A., Costantini, A., Barocci (Ancona), V., Angarano, G., Monno, L., Milano (Bari), E., F. Maggiolo, C. Suardi (Bergamo), Viale, P., Donati, V., Verucchi (Bologna), G., Castelnuovo, F., Minardi, C., Quiros Roldan (Brescia), E., B. Menzaghi, C. Abeli (Busto Arsizio), L. Chessa, F. Pes (Cagliarti), B. Cacopardo, B. Celesia (Catania), J. Vecchiet, K. Falasca (Chieti), A. Pan, S. Lorenzotti (Cremona), L. Sighinolfi, D. Segala (Ferrara), P. Blanc, F. Vichi (Firenze), Cassola, G., Bassetti, M., Alessandrini, A., Bobbio, N., Mazzarello (Genova), G., M. Lichtner, L. Fondaco (Latina), P. Bonfanti, C. Molteni (Lecco), A. Chiodera, P. Milini (Macerata), G. Nunnari, G. Pellicanò (Messina), Rizzardini, G., Cannizzo, E. S., Moioli, M. C., Piolini, R., Bernacchia, D., Poli, A., Tincati (Milano), C., C. Mussini, C. Puzzolante (Modena), C. Migliorino, G. Lapadula (Monza), Sangiovanni, V., Borgia, G., Esposito, V., Di Flumeri, G., Gentile, I., Rizzo (Napoli), V., A. M. Cattelan, S. Marinello (Padova), A. Cascio, M. Trizzino (Palermo), D. Francisci, E. Schiaroli (Perugia), G. Parruti, F. Sozio (Pescara), C. Lazzaretti, R. Corsini (Reggio Emilia), Cristaudo, A., Vullo, V., Acinapura, R., Lamonica, S., Capozzi, M., Mondi, A., Rivano Capparuccia, M., Iaiani, G., Latini, A., Onnelli, G., Plazzi, M. M., De Girolamo, G., Vergori (Roma), A., M. Cecchetto, F. Viviani (Rovigo), G. Madeddu, A. De Vito (Sassari), B. Rossetti, F. Montagnani (Siena), A. Franco, R. Fontana Del Vecchio (Siracusa), Di Giuli (Terni), C., Caramello, P., Orofino, G. C., Sciandra (Torino), M., Londero (Udine), A., V. Manfrin, G. Battagin (Vicenza), G. Starnini, A. Ialungo (Viterbo)., Malagnino, V, Cerva, C, Cingolani, A, Ceccherini-Silberstein, F, Vergori, A, Cuomo, G, Perno, C, Puoti, M, D'Arminio Monforte, A, Cozzi-Lepri, A, Andreoni, M, Sarmati, L, Malagnino, V., Cerva, C., Cingolani, A., Ceccherini-Silberstein, F., Vergori, A., Cuomo, G., Perno, C. F., Puoti, M., D'Arminio Monforte, A., Cozzi-Lepri, A., Andreoni, M., Sarmati, L., ICONA Foundation Study, Group, Castagna, A., Malagnino V., Cerva C., Cingolani A., Ceccherini-Silberstein F., Vergori A., Cuomo G., Perno C.F., Puoti M., D'Arminio Monforte A., Cozzi-Lepri A., Andreoni M., and Sarmati L.A Castagna, F Castelli, R Cauda, G Di Perri, M Galli, R Iardino, G Ippolito, A Lazzarin, G C Marchetti, G Rezza, F von Schloesser, E Girardi, A Gori, S Lo Caputo, F Maggiolo, F Bai, A Bandera, S Bonora, M Borderi, A Calcagno, M R Capobianchi, S Cicalini, P Cinque, A Di Biagio, R Gagliardini, N Gianotti, G Guaraldi, G Lapadula, M Lichtner, A Lai, S Lo Caputo, G Madeddu, G Marchetti, E Merlini, C Mussini, S Nozza, S Piconi, C Pinnetti, E Quiros Roldan, R Rossotti, S Rusconi, M M Santoro, A Saracino, V Spagnuolo, V Svicher, L Taramasso, I Fanti, L Galli, P Lorenzini, A Rodanó, M Macchia, A Tavelli, A Bove, A Camposeragna, M Errico, M Manfredini, A Perziano, V Calvino, F Carletti, S Carrara, A Di Caro, S Graziano, F Petroni, G Prota, S Truffa, A Giacometti, A Costantini, V Barocci, G Angarano, L Monno, E Milano, C Suardi, V Donati, G Verucchi, F Castelnuovo, C Minardi, B Menzaghi, C Abeli, L Chessa, F Pes, B Cacopardo, B Celesia, J Vecchiet, K Falasca, A Pan, S Lorenzotti, L Sighinolfi, D Segala, P Blanc, F Vichi, G Cassola, M Bassetti, A Alessandrini, N Bobbio, G Mazzarello, M Lichtner, L Fondaco, P Bonfanti, C Molteni, A Chiodera, P Milini, G Nunnari, G Pellicanò, , G Rizzardini, E S Cannizzo, M C Moioli, R Piolini, D Bernacchia, A Poli, C Tincati, C Puzzolante, C Migliorino, G Lapadula, V Sangiovanni, G Borgia, V Esposito, G Di Flumeri, I Gentile, V Rizzo, A M Cattelan, S Marinello, A Cascio, M Trizzino, D Francisci, E Schiaroli, G Parruti, F Sozio, C Lazzaretti, R Corsini, A Antinori, A Cristaudo, V Vullo, R Acinapura, S Lamonica, M Capozzi, A Mondi, M Rivano Capparuccia, G Iaiani, A Latini, G Onnelli, M M Plazzi, G De Girolamo, M Cecchetto, F Viviani, G Madeddu, A De Vito, B Rossetti, F Montagnani, A Franco, R Fontana Del Vecchio, C Di Giuli, P Caramello, G C Orofino, M Sciandra, A Londero, V Manfrin, G Battagin, G Starnini, A Ialungo

Subjects
HBsAg, medicine.medical_specialty, Hepatitis C virus, Liver fibrosis, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), OBI, medicine.disease_cause, anti-HBc, HBV, HIV/HBV coinfection, liver fibrosis, Gastroenterology, Major Articles, NO, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, medicine, Hiv infected patients, 030212 general & internal medicine, Hepatitis B virus, business.industry, liver fibrosi, virus diseases, Settore MED/17, digestive system diseases, Anti-HBc, HIV-HBV coinfection, HBV, Liver fibrosis, OBI, Infectious Diseases, AcademicSubjects/MED00290, HIV-HBV coinfection, Oncology, Cohort, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, business, Hepatic fibrosis
Abstract

Background The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of anti-HBc (HBcAb) positivity on the progression of liver fibrosis (Fibrosis-4 score >3.25) in the Italian cohort of HIV-infected individuals naïve to antiretroviral treatment (ICONA). Methods All patients with FIB-4 Results Patients who were HBcAb+/HCV-/HBs antigen (HBsAg)- and HCV+/HBcAb+/HBsAg- or HBsAg+/HBcAb+/HCV- had CD4+ cell counts below the nadir and significantly higher prevalence of AIDS diagnosis at baseline than the other groups (P < .0001). A Cox regression model adjusted for age, HIV transmission mode, country of birth, and alcohol consumption showed a higher relative risk (HR) of progression to FIB-4 >3.25 in HCV+/HBcAb+/HBsAg- patients (HR, 7.2; 95% CI, 3 8–13.64). Conclusions HBcAb+ contributes to liver damage in HIV+/HCV+/HBcAb+/HBsAg- subjects. A careful monitoring for signs of previous HBV infection is needed in this kind of patients.

Published
2021

6. Efficacy of etravirine combined with darunavir or other ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors in HIV-1-infected patients: an observational study using pooled European cohort data

Author

Francesca Ceccherini-Silberstein, Vincent Calvez, Huldrych F. Günthard, A Cozzi-Lepri, Anders Sönnerborg, A G Marcelin, Mark T. Nelson, Rolf Kaiser, Steven Nijs, M Mercedes Santoro, Roger Paredes, Jens D Lundgren, Jesper Grarup, C-F Perno, Johan Vingerhoets, R Bateson, Lotke Tambuyzer, Philippe Flandre, A Hoogstoel, Ludo Lavreys, Magda Opsomer, Francesca Incardona, Bruno Ledergerber, and B Clotet

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Health Policy, Etravirine, Odds ratio, Pharmacology, Confidence interval, Regimen, Infectious Diseases, Internal medicine, Cohort, medicine, Pharmacology (medical), Ritonavir, business, Viral load, Darunavir, medicine.drug
Abstract

OBJECTIVES This observational study in antiretroviral treatment-experienced, HIV-1-infected adults explored the efficacy of etravirine plus darunavir/ritonavir (DRV group; n = 999) vs. etravirine plus an alternative boosted protease inhibitor (other PI group; n = 116) using pooled European cohort data. METHODS Two international (EuroSIDA; EUResist Network) and five national (France, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and UK) cohorts provided data (collected in 2007-2012). Stratum-adjusted (for confounding factors) Mantel-Haenszel differences in virological responses (viral load < 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL) and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived. RESULTS Baseline characteristics were balanced between groups except for previous use of antiretrovirals (≥ 10: 63% in the DRV group vs. 49% in the other PI group), including previous use of at least three PIs (64% vs. 53%, respectively) and mean number of PI resistance mutations (2.3 vs. 1.9, respectively). Week 24 responses were 73% vs. 75% (observed) and 49% vs. 43% (missing = failure), respectively. Week 48 responses were 75% vs. 73% and 32% vs. 30%, respectively. All 95% CIs around unadjusted and adjusted differences encompassed 0 (difference in responses) or 1 (ORs). While ORs by cohort indicated heterogeneity in response, for pooled data the difference between unadjusted and adjusted for cohort ORs was small. CONCLUSIONS These data do not indicate a difference in response between the DRV and other PI groups, although caution should be applied given the small size of the other PI group and the lack of randomization. This suggests that the efficacy and virology results from DUET can be extrapolated to a regimen of etravirine with a boosted PI other than darunavir/ritonavir.

Published
2015
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7. Prediction of response to antiretroviral therapy by human experts and by the EuResist data-driven expert system (the EVE study)

Author

A-M Vandamme, Eugen Schülter, Maurizio Zazzi, Deenan Pillay, Daniel Struck, Robert W. Shafer, Françoise Brun-Vézinet, Lynn Morris, Rolf Kaiser, A.M.J. Wensing, Michal Rosen-Zvi, Martin Obermeier, Francesca Incardona, K. Van Laethem, Yardena Peres, Anders Sönnerborg, C-F Perno, Charles A. Boucher, Andrea Petróczi, Andre Altmann, Mattia Prosperi, Praphan Phanuphak, Thomas Lengauer, and P. R. Harrigan

Subjects
0303 health sciences, medicine.medical_specialty, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Health Policy, Patient data, computer.software_genre, Antiretroviral therapy, Response to treatment, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, Expert system, 3. Good health, Data-driven, Data set, 03 medical and health sciences, symbols.namesake, Regimen, Infectious Diseases, symbols, Medicine, Pharmacology (medical), Medical physics, business, computer, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

Objectives The EuResist expert system is a novel data-driven online system for computing the probability of 8-week success for any given pair of HIV-1 genotype and combination antiretroviral therapy regimen plus optional patient information. The objective of this study was to compare the EuResist system vs. human experts (EVE) for the ability to predict response to treatment. Methods The EuResist system was compared with 10 HIV-1 drug resistance experts for the ability to predict 8-week response to 25 treatment cases derived from the EuResist database validation data set. All current and past patient data were made available to simulate clinical practice. The experts were asked to provide a qualitative and quantitative estimate of the probability of treatment success. Results There were 15 treatment successes and 10 treatment failures. In the classification task, the number of mislabelled cases was six for EuResist and 6–13 for the human experts [mean±standard deviation (SD) 9.1±1.9]. The accuracy of EuResist was higher than the average for the experts (0.76 vs. 0.64, respectively). The quantitative estimates computed by EuResist were significantly correlated (Pearson r=0.695, P

Published
2010
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8. Efficacy of etravirine combined with darunavir or other ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors in HIV-1-infected patients: An observational study using pooled European cohort data

Author

J, Vingerhoets, V, Calvez, P, Flandre, A-G, Marcelin, F, Ceccherini-Silberstein, C-F, Perno, M, Mercedes Santoro, R, Bateson, M, Nelson, A, Cozzi-Lepri, J, Grarup, J, Lundgren, F, Incardona, R, Kaiser, A, Sonnerborg, B, Clotet, R, Paredes, H F, Günthard, B, Ledergerber, A, Hoogstoel, S, Nijs, L, Tambuyzer, L, Lavreys, and M, Opsomer

Subjects
Male, efficacy, HIV Infections, protease inhibitor, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Nitriles, Odds Ratio, Humans, darunavir/ritonavir, etravirine, Darunavir, Sulfonamides, Ritonavir, HIV-1, HIV Protease Inhibitors, Middle Aged, Viral Load, Settore MED/07 - Microbiologia e Microbiologia Clinica, United Kingdom, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Pyridazines, Pyrimidines, Italy, Spain, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, France, Switzerland
Abstract

This observational study in antiretroviral treatment-experienced, HIV-1-infected adults explored the efficacy of etravirine plus darunavir/ritonavir (DRV group; n = 999) vs. etravirine plus an alternative boosted protease inhibitor (other PI group; n = 116) using pooled European cohort data.Two international (EuroSIDA; EUResist Network) and five national (France, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and UK) cohorts provided data (collected in 2007-2012). Stratum-adjusted (for confounding factors) Mantel-Haenszel differences in virological responses (viral load50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL) and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived.Baseline characteristics were balanced between groups except for previous use of antiretrovirals (≥ 10: 63% in the DRV group vs. 49% in the other PI group), including previous use of at least three PIs (64% vs. 53%, respectively) and mean number of PI resistance mutations (2.3 vs. 1.9, respectively). Week 24 responses were 73% vs. 75% (observed) and 49% vs. 43% (missing = failure), respectively. Week 48 responses were 75% vs. 73% and 32% vs. 30%, respectively. All 95% CIs around unadjusted and adjusted differences encompassed 0 (difference in responses) or 1 (ORs). While ORs by cohort indicated heterogeneity in response, for pooled data the difference between unadjusted and adjusted for cohort ORs was small.These data do not indicate a difference in response between the DRV and other PI groups, although caution should be applied given the small size of the other PI group and the lack of randomization. This suggests that the efficacy and virology results from DUET can be extrapolated to a regimen of etravirine with a boosted PI other than darunavir/ritonavir.

Published
2015

9. Antiviral Profile of HIV Inhibitors in Macrophages: Implications for Therapy

Author

Francesconi M, Emanuela Balestra, S. Aquaro, Jan Balzarini, Raffaele Caliò, Abdelahad D, and C-F Perno

Subjects
adefovir, antivirus agent, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, delavirdine, nevirapine, medicine.medical_treatment, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), antioxidant activity, Human immunodeficiency virus 1, RNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitor, Disease, RNA directed DNA polymerase, Virus Replication, medicine.disease_cause, Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral, Drug Discovery, T lymphocyte, enzyme phosphorylation, Viral, enzyme inhibition, Human immunodeficiency virus, drug effect, virus diseases, efavirenz, General Medicine, Settore MED/07 - Microbiologia e Microbiologia Clinica, superoxide dismutase, zalcitabine, HIV Reverse Transcriptase, didanosine, unclassified drug, zidovudine, enzyme activity, virology, abacavir, acyclic nucleoside, CD4 antigen, colony stimulating factor 1, lamivudine, m 40401, nucleoside analog, phosphate, proteinase inhibitor, stavudine, tenofovir, anti human immunodeficiency virus agent, antiviral activity, cell lineage, drug design, drug targeting, human, Human immunodeficiency virus infection, macrophage, nonhuman, review, virus pathogenesis, virus replication, CD4+ T lymphocyte, cytopathogenic effect, drug antagonism, enzymology, physiology, Anti-HIV Agents, HIV-1, HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase, Humans, Macrophages, Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Phosphorylation, Biology, Virus, Microbiology, medicine, Protease, Virology, Reverse transcriptase, Viral replication, Nucleoside
Abstract

Macrophages (M/M) are identified as the second cellular target of HIV and a crucial virus reservoir. M/M are persistently infected cells and not susceptible to the HIV cytophatic effects typical of infected CD4+ T-lymphocytes. HIV replication in M/M is a crucial pathogenetic event during the whole course of the disease. Moreover, the dynamics of HIV-1 replication and cumulative virus production is quite different in M/M and CD4+ T-lymphocytes in the presence or in the absence of antiviral drugs. Thus, for their unique cellular characteristics, the activity of anti-HIV compounds could be different in M/M than in CD4+ T-lymphocytes. Indeed, nucleoside analogues inhibitors of HIV-reverse transcriptase (NRTIs) show potent antiviral activity in macrophages, although the limited penetration of these compounds in sequestered body compartments and the scarce phosphorylation ability of macrophages, suggest that a phosphate group linked to NRTIs may confer a greater anti-HIV activity in such cells. The antiviral activity of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in macrophages is similar to that found in CD4-lymphocytes. Interestingly, protease inhibitors (PIs), acting at post-integrational stages of virus replication, are the only drugs able to interfere with virus production and release from macrophages with established and persistent HIV infection. For these reasons, a careful analysis of the distribution of antiviral drugs, and the assessment of their activity in cells of macrophage lineage, represent key factors in the development of therapeutic strategies aimed to the treatment of the HIV-infected patients.

Published
2004
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10. Common Law applied to Treatment Decisions for Drug Resistant HIV

Author

M. PROSPERI, M. ZAZZI, C. F. PERNO, S. DI GIAMBENEDETTO, J. BAXTER, L. RUIZ, P. CLEVENBERGH, A. ANTINORI, A. DE LUCA, ULIVI, Giovanni, M., Prosperi, M., Zazzi, C. F., Perno, S., DI GIAMBENEDETTO, J., Baxter, L., Ruiz, P., Clevenbergh, Ulivi, Giovanni, A., Antinori, and A., DE LUCA

Published
2005

12. HIV eradication: virological chances and clinical perspectives

Author

C-F Perno

Subjects
biology, Keynote Lecture – KL2, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Endogenous retrovirus, Disease, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Virology, Virus, Infectious Diseases, Retrovirus, Pharmacotherapy, Clinical research, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Immunology, medicine, Gene
Abstract

Once a retrovirus infects a eukaryotic cell and integrates within chromosomal DNA, it becomes part of its genome and can be activated/transcribed/translated to produce viral proteins and/or new viral particles. Over the years, some of these retroviruses may lose their pathogenicity and become adapted to the new host. Under these conditions, retroviruses can paradoxically ameliorate the functional portfolio of the infected cell, thus potentially increasing its functionality and/or chances of survival in a difficult environment. Individuals whose cells are infected by retroviruses have acquired, in the last millions of years, innovative functions that, once transmitted to the new generation through germinal cells, have become essential for their homeostasis, or even for their survival. This is the case of some endogenous retroviruses, whose products are mandatory for the proper vascularization of human placenta. To our knowledge, there are no natural means able to selectively eliminate retroviral genes from an infected cell or an individual. Therefore, the chances of getting naturally cured by retroviruses, once infection is set and viral genomes are spread into the body, are minimal or absent. HIV is a retrovirus that behaves as all other retroviruses that interacted with humans in the past millennia. Its fate is to remain forever within the infected body. For these reasons, the chances of getting rid of HIV infection and being biologically cured (that is, eliminating all viral genomes from the body) are very limited if we consider current knowledge, biotechnology and available medical tools (yet it cannot be fully excluded in very peculiar cases). The option offered by the so-called ‘‘functional cure’’ is different. In this case, medical manipulation may create conditions whereby viral genomes, decreased in number and function by proper therapies/vaccines, are no longer able to harm the host for an indefinite period of time. Patients do remain infected, but viral replicative cycles are absent, and progression of the disease is interrupted. This latter clinical approach may be suitable, and this is where clinical research is directing its efforts. If achievable, infected persons should cope with the virus and keep it under control for decades, without support of chronic antiviral therapy. In conclusion, the proper knowledge of the biological characteristics of HIV helps in selecting the best strategies aimed at obtaining the maximum achievable clinical result. (Published: 11 November 2012) Citation: Abstracts of the Eleventh International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection Perno C. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2012, 15 (Suppl 4):18067 http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/18067 | http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.15.6.18067

Published
2012
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13. Targeting Nucleotide Dimers Containing Antiviral Nucleosides

Author

Sonja Serafini, Palmarisa Franchetti, E. Millo, Umberto Benatti, Alessandra Fraternale, Anna Casabianca, Giorgio Brandi, Mario Grifantini, C. F. Perno, Luigia Rossi, Emanuela Balestra, Mauro Magnani, Francesca Pierigè, and Loredana Cappellacci

Subjects
Pharmacology, chemistry.chemical_classification, Homodinucleotide, heterodinucleotide, Infectious Diseases, Chemistry, anti HIV-1 activity, Murine AIDS, anti HSV-1 activity, Nucleotide, pharmacokinetic properties, Virology
Published
2005

16. Red-blood cells mediated drug delivery to phagocytic cells as a selective therapeutic approach to infections by HIV and herpesviruses

Author

Barbara Tavazzi, Nadia Santoro, Emanuela Balestra, C-F Perno, Raffaele Caliò, Settimio Grimaldi, Giuseppe Lazzarino, S. Aquaro, Donato Di Pierro, and D. Pozzi

Subjects
Pharmacology, Therapeutic approach, business.industry, Virology, Immunology, Drug delivery, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), medicine, medicine.disease_cause, business
Published
1995
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18. Virological response and retention in care according to time of starting ART in Italy: data from the Icona Foundation Study cohort

Author

D'Arminio Monforte, A., Tavelli, A., Cozzi-Lepri, A., Castagna, A., Passerini, S., Francisci, D., Saracino, A., Maggiolo, F., Lapadula, G., Girardi, E., Perno, C. F., Antinori, A., Andreoni, M., Castelli, F., Cauda, R., Di Perri, G., Galli, M., Iardino, R., Ippolito, G., Lazzarin, A., Marchetti, G. C., Rezza, G., Von Schloesser, F., Viale, P., Ceccherini-Silberstein, F., Lo Caputo, S., Mussini, C., Puoti, M., Bai, F., Balotta, C., Bandera, A., Bonora, S., Borderi, M., Calcagno, A., Capetti, A., Capobianchi, M. R., Cicalini, S., Cingolani, A., Cinque, P., De Luca, A., Di Biagio, A., Gianotti, N., Gori, A., Guaraldi, G., Lichtner, M., Madeddu, G., Marchetti, G., Monno, L., Nozza, S., Pinnetti, C., Quiros Roldan, E., Rossotti, R., Rusconi, S., Santoro, M. M., Sarmati, L., Fanti, I., Galli, L., Lorenzini, P., Rodano, A., Macchia, M., Carletti, F., Carrara, S., Di Caro, A., Graziano, S., Petroni, F., Prota, G., Truffa, S., Giacometti, A., Costantini, A., Barocci, V., Angarano, G., Milano, E., Suardi, C., Donati, V., Verucchi, G., Castelnuovo, F., Minardi, C., Menzaghi, B., Abeli, C., Cacopardo, B., Celesia, B., Vecchiet, J., Falasca, K., Pan, A., Lorenzotti, S., Sighinolfi, L., Segala, D., Blanc, P., Vichi, F., Cassola, G., Viscoli, C., Alessandrini, A., Bobbio, N., Mazzarello, G., Fondaco, L., Bonfanti, P., Molteni, C., Chiodera, A., Milini, P., Nunnari, G., Pellicano, G., Rizzardini, G., Cannizzo, E. S., Moioli, M. C., Piolini, R., Bernacchia, D., Salpietro, S., Tincati, C., Puzzolante, C., Migliorino, C., Sangiovanni, V., Borgia, G., Esposito, V., Di Flumeri, G., Gentile, I., Rizzo, V., Cattelan, A. M., Marinello, S., Cascio, A., Trizzino, M., Schiaroli, E., Parruti, G., Sozio, F., Magnani, G., Ursitti, M. A., Cristaudo, A., Vullo, V., Acinapura, R., Moschese, D., Capozzi, M., Mondi, A., Rivano Capparuccia, M., Iaiani, G., Latini, A., Gagliardini, R., Plazzi, M. M., De Girolamo, G., Vergori, A., Cecchetto, M., Viviani, F., De Vito, A., Rossetti, B., Montagnani, F., Franco, A., Fontana Del Vecchio, R., Di Giuli, C., Caramello, P., Orofino, G. C., Sciandra, M., Bassetti, M., Londero, A., Manfrin, V., Battagin, G., Starnini, G., Ialungo, A., D'Arminio Monforte, A., Tavelli, A., Cozzi-Lepri, A., Castagna, A., Passerini, S., Francisci, D., Saracino, A., Maggiolo, F., Lapadula, G., Girardi, E., Perno, C. F., Antinori, A., Andreoni, M., Castelli, F., Cauda, R., Di Perri, G., Galli, M., Iardino, R., Ippolito, G., Lazzarin, A., Marchetti, G. C., Rezza, G., Von Schloesser, F., Viale, P., Ceccherini-Silberstein, F., Lo Caputo, S., Mussini, C., Puoti, M., Bai, F., Balotta, C., Bandera, A., Bonora, S., Borderi, M., Calcagno, A., Capetti, A., Capobianchi, M. R., Cicalini, S., Cingolani, A., Cinque, P., De Luca, A., Di Biagio, A., Gianotti, N., Gori, A., Guaraldi, G., Lichtner, M., Madeddu, G., Marchetti, G., Monno, L., Nozza, S., Pinnetti, C., Quiros Roldan, E., Rossotti, R., Rusconi, S., Santoro, M. M., Sarmati, L., Fanti, I., Galli, L., Lorenzini, P., Rodano, A., Macchia, M., Carletti, F., Carrara, S., Di Caro, A., Graziano, S., Petroni, F., Prota, G., Truffa, S., Giacometti, A., Costantini, A., Barocci, V., Angarano, G., Milano, E., Suardi, C., Donati, V., Verucchi, G., Castelnuovo, F., Minardi, C., Menzaghi, B., Abeli, C., Cacopardo, B., Celesia, B., Vecchiet, J., Falasca, K., Pan, A., Lorenzotti, S., Sighinolfi, L., Segala, D., Blanc, P., Vichi, F., Cassola, G., Viscoli, C., Alessandrini, A., Bobbio, N., Mazzarello, G., Fondaco, L., Bonfanti, P., Molteni, C., Chiodera, A., Milini, P., Nunnari, G., Pellicano, G., Rizzardini, G., Cannizzo, E. S., Moioli, M. C., Piolini, R., Bernacchia, D., Salpietro, S., Tincati, C., Puzzolante, C., Migliorino, C., Sangiovanni, V., Borgia, G., Esposito, V., Di Flumeri, G., Gentile, I., Rizzo, V., Cattelan, A. M., Marinello, S., Cascio, A., Trizzino, M., Schiaroli, E., Parruti, G., Sozio, F., Magnani, G., Ursitti, M. A., Cristaudo, A., Vullo, V., Acinapura, R., Moschese, D., Capozzi, M., Mondi, A., Rivano Capparuccia, M., Iaiani, G., Latini, A., Gagliardini, R., Plazzi, M. M., De Girolamo, G., Vergori, A., Cecchetto, M., Viviani, F., De Vito, A., Rossetti, B., Montagnani, F., Franco, A., Fontana Del Vecchio, R., Di Giuli, C., Caramello, P., Orofino, G. C., Sciandra, M., Bassetti, M., Londero, A., Manfrin, V., Battagin, G., Starnini, G., Ialungo, A., A d'Arminio Monforte, A Antinori, M Andreoni, A Castagna, F Castelli, R Cauda, G Di Perri, M Galli, R Iardino, G Ippolito, A Lazzarin, G C Marchetti, G Rezza, F von Schloesser, F Ceccherini-Silberstein, A Cozzi-Lepri, E Girardi, S Lo Caputo, C Mussini, M Puoti, C F Perno, F Bai, C Balotta, A Bandera, S Bonora, M Borderi, A Calcagno, A Capetti, M R Capobianchi, S Cicalini, A Cingolani, P Cinque, , A Di Biagio, N Gianotti, A Gori, G Guaraldi, G Lapadula, M Lichtner, G Madeddu, F Maggiolo, L Monno, S Nozza, C Pinnetti, E Quiros Roldan, R Rossotti, S Rusconi, M M Santoro, A Saracino, L Sarmati, I Fanti, L Galli, P Lorenzini, A Rodano', M Macchia, A Tavelli, F Carletti, S Carrara, A Di Caro, S Graziano, F Petroni, G Prota, S Truffa, A Giacometti, A Costantini, V Barocci, G Angarano, E Milano, C Suardi, V Donati, G Verucchi, F Castelnuovo, C Minardi, B Menzaghi, C Abeli, B Cacopardo, B Celesia, J Vecchiet, K Falasca, A Pan, S Lorenzotti, L Sighinolfi, D Segala, P Blanc, F Vichi, G Cassola, C Viscoli, A Alessandrini, N Bobbio, G Mazzarello, L Fondaco, P Bonfanti, C Molteni, A Chiodera, P Milini, G Nunnari, G Pellicanò, G Rizzardini, E S Cannizzo, M C Moioli, R Piolini, D Bernacchia, S Salpietro, C Tincati, C Puzzolante, C Migliorino, V Sangiovanni, G Borgia, V Esposito, G Di Flumeri, I Gentile, V Rizzo, A M Cattelan, S Marinello, A Cascio, M Trizzino, D Francisci, E Schiaroli, G Parruti, F Sozio, G Magnani, M A Ursitti, A Cristaudo, V Vullo, R Acinapura, D Moschese, M Capozzi, A Mondi, M Rivano Capparuccia, G Iaiani, A Latini, R Gagliardini, M M Plazzi, G De Girolamo, A Vergori, M Cecchetto, F Viviani, A De Vito, B Rossetti, F Montagnani, A Franco, R Fontana Del Vecchio, C Di Giuli, P Caramello, G C Orofino, M Sciandra, M Bassetti, A Londero, V Manfrin, G Battagin, G Starnini, A Ialungo, D'Arminio Monforte, A, Tavelli, A, Cozzi-Lepri, A, Castagna, A, Passerini, S, Francisci, D, Saracino, A, Maggiolo, F, Lapadula, G, Girardi, E, Perno, C, Antinori, A, Andreoni, M, Castelli, F, Cauda, R, Di Perri, G, Galli, M, Iardino, R, Ippolito, G, Lazzarin, A, Marchetti, G, Rezza, G, Von Schloesser, F, Viale, P, Ceccherini-Silberstein, F, Lo Caputo, S, Mussini, C, Puoti, M, Bai, F, Balotta, C, Bandera, A, Bonora, S, Borderi, M, Calcagno, A, Capetti, A, Capobianchi, M, Cicalini, S, Cingolani, A, Cinque, P, De Luca, A, Di Biagio, A, Gianotti, N, Gori, A, Guaraldi, G, Lichtner, M, Madeddu, G, Monno, L, Nozza, S, Pinnetti, C, Quiros Roldan, E, Rossotti, R, Rusconi, S, Santoro, M, Sarmati, L, Fanti, I, Galli, L, Lorenzini, P, Rodano, A, Macchia, M, Carletti, F, Carrara, S, Di Caro, A, Graziano, S, Petroni, F, Prota, G, Truffa, S, Giacometti, A, Costantini, A, Barocci, V, Angarano, G, Milano, E, Suardi, C, Donati, V, Verucchi, G, Castelnuovo, F, Minardi, C, Menzaghi, B, Abeli, C, Cacopardo, B, Celesia, B, Vecchiet, J, Falasca, K, Pan, A, Lorenzotti, S, Sighinolfi, L, Segala, D, Blanc, P, Vichi, F, Cassola, G, Viscoli, C, Alessandrini, A, Bobbio, N, Mazzarello, G, Fondaco, L, Bonfanti, P, Molteni, C, Chiodera, A, Milini, P, Nunnari, G, Pellicano, G, Rizzardini, G, Cannizzo, E, Moioli, M, Piolini, R, Bernacchia, D, Salpietro, S, Tincati, C, Puzzolante, C, Migliorino, C, Sangiovanni, V, Borgia, G, Esposito, V, Di Flumeri, G, Gentile, I, Rizzo, V, Cattelan, A, Marinello, S, Cascio, A, Trizzino, M, Schiaroli, E, Parruti, G, Sozio, F, Magnani, G, Ursitti, M, Cristaudo, A, Vullo, V, Acinapura, R, Moschese, D, Capozzi, M, Mondi, A, Rivano Capparuccia, M, Iaiani, G, Latini, A, Gagliardini, R, Plazzi, M, De Girolamo, G, Vergori, A, Cecchetto, M, Viviani, F, De Vito, A, Rossetti, B, Montagnani, F, Franco, A, Fontana Del Vecchio, R, Di Giuli, C, Caramello, P, Orofino, G, Sciandra, M, Bassetti, M, Londero, A, Manfrin, V, Battagin, G, Starnini, G, Ialungo, A, D'Arminio Monforte A., Tavelli A., Cozzi-Lepri A., Castagna A., Passerini S., Francisci D., Saracino A., Maggiolo F., Lapadula G., Girardi E., Perno C.F., Antinori A., Andreoni M., Castelli F., Cauda R., Di Perri G., Galli M., Iardino R., Ippolito G., Lazzarin A., Marchetti G.C., Rezza G., Von Schloesser F., Viale P., Ceccherini-Silberstein F., Lo Caputo S., Mussini C., Puoti M., Bai F., Balotta C., Bandera A., Bonora S., Borderi M., Calcagno A., Capetti A., Capobianchi M.R., Cicalini S., Cingolani A., Cinque P., De Luca A., Di Biagio A., Gianotti N., Gori A., Guaraldi G., Lichtner M., Madeddu G., Marchetti G., Monno L., Nozza S., Pinnetti C., Quiros Roldan E., Rossotti R., Rusconi S., Santoro M.M., Sarmati L., Fanti I., Galli L., Lorenzini P., Rodano A., MacChia M., Carletti F., Carrara S., Di Caro A., Graziano S., Petroni F., Prota G., Truffa S., Giacometti A., Costantini A., Barocci V., Angarano G., Milano E., Suardi C., Donati V., Verucchi G., Castelnuovo F., Minardi C., Menzaghi B., Abeli C., Cacopardo B., Celesia B., Vecchiet J., Falasca K., Pan A., Lorenzotti S., Sighinolfi L., Segala D., Blanc P., Vichi F., Cassola G., Viscoli C., Alessandrini A., Bobbio N., Mazzarello G., Fondaco L., Bonfanti P., Molteni C., Chiodera A., Milini P., Nunnari G., Pellicano G., Rizzardini G., Cannizzo E.S., Moioli M.C., Piolini R., Bernacchia D., Salpietro S., Tincati C., Puzzolante C., Migliorino C., Sangiovanni V., Borgia G., Esposito V., Di Flumeri G., Gentile I., Rizzo V., Cattelan A.M., Marinello S., Cascio A., Trizzino M., Schiaroli E., Parruti G., Sozio F., Magnani G., Ursitti M.A., Cristaudo A., Vullo V., Acinapura R., Moschese D., Capozzi M., Mondi A., Rivano Capparuccia M., Iaiani G., Latini A., Gagliardini R., Plazzi M.M., De Girolamo G., Vergori A., Cecchetto M., Viviani F., De Vito A., Rossetti B., Montagnani F., Franco A., Fontana Del Vecchio R., Di Giuli C., Caramello P., Orofino G.C., Sciandra M., Bassetti M., Londero A., Manfrin V., Battagin G., Starnini G., and Ialungo A.

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, diagnosis, hiv, communicable diseases, HIV Infections, Logistic regression, Virological response, Cohort Studies, 0302 clinical medicine, Retention in Care, Medicine, Pharmacology (medical), HIV Infection, 030212 general & internal medicine, Prospective cohort study, cd4 count determination procedure, drug, suppression, Viral Load, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Humans, Italy, Anti-HIV Agents, virology, Infectious Diseases, blood hiv rna, Cohort, hiv, cd4 count determination procedure, communicable diseases, incomeitaly, diagnosis, virology, blood hiv rna, retention in care, incomeitaly, Viral load, HIV, ART, Cohort study, Human, Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, antiretroviral therapy, Settore MED/17 - MALATTIE INFETTIVE, NO, 03 medical and health sciences, HIV viral load, Internal medicine, HIV, CD4, ART, Pharmacology, business.industry, double blind, Anti-HIV Agent, HIV viral load, antiretroviral therapy, double blind, initiation, suppression, infection, Retention in care, 030112 virology, infection, initiation, Observational study, Cohort Studie, business
Abstract

Objectives To describe: (i) factors associated with rapid and delayed ART initiation; (ii) rates of 12 week virological response; and (iii) virologically controlled retention in care by 1 year from ART initiation according to timing of start in a real-life setting. Methods All individuals in the Icona cohort diagnosed with HIV in 2016–17 who initiated ART were grouped according to the time between HIV diagnosis and ART initiation: Group 1, ≤7 days; Group 2, 8–14 days; Group 3, 15–30 days; Group 4, 31–120 days; and Group 5, >120 days. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with: (i) the probability of rapid (Group 1) and very delayed (Group 5) ART initiation; (ii) the 12 week virological response (by a modified snapshot algorithm); and (iii) the probability of retention in care at 1 year (on ART with HIV-RNA Results A total of 1247 individuals were included [82 (6.6%) in Group 1, 115 (9.2%) in Group 2, 267 (21.4%) in Group 3, 641 (51.4%) in Group 4 and 142 (11.4%) in Group 5]. Main predictors of rapid ART start (Group 1) were low CD4 cell count and high HIV-RNA at first contact with the infectious diseases centre. There was no association between probability of virological response and timing of ART initiation. Overall, 90% of individuals remained on ART after 1 year, 91% with undetectable HIV-RNA. Participants of Italian nationality, those with higher CD4 cell count and lower HIV-RNA at ART initiation were more likely to be retained in care after 1 year. Conclusions In our high-income observational setting, we did not observe differences in the 1 year rate of virological response and retention in care according to timing of ART initiation.

Published
2020

19. Incidence and risk factors for liver enzyme elevation among naive HIV-1-infected patients receiving ART in the ICONA cohort

Author

Taramasso, L., Lorenzini, P., Di Biagio, A., Lichtner, M., Marchetti, G., Rossotti, R., Lapadula, G., Cozzi-Lepri, A., Vichi, F., Antinori, A., Bonora, S., D'Arminio Monforte, A., ICONA Foundation Study Group:, A d'Arminio Monforte, Antinori, A, Andreoni, M, Castagna, A, Castelli, F, Cauda, R, G Di Perri, Galli, M, Iardino, R, Ippolito, G, Lazzarin, A, C Marchetti, G, Rezza, G, F von Schloesser, Viale, P, A d'Arminio Monforte, Ceccherini-Silberstein, F, Cozzi-Lepri, A, Girardi, E, S Lo Caputo, Mussini, C, Puoti, M, F Perno, C, Bai, F, Balotta, C, Bandera, A, Bonora, S, Borderi, M, Calcagno, A, Capetti, A, R Capobianchi, M, Cicalini, S, Cingolani, A, Cinque, P, A De Luca, A Di Biagio, Gianotti, N, Gori, A, Guaraldi, G, Lapadula, G, Lichtner, M, Madeddu, G, Maggiolo, F, Marchetti, G, Monno, L, Nozza, S, Pinnetti, C, QUIROS ROLDAN, Maria Eugenia, Rossotti, R, Rusconi, S, M Santoro, M, Saracino, A, Sarmati, L, Fanti, I, Galli, L, Lorenzini, P, Rodano', A, Macchia, M, Tavelli, A, Carletti, F, Carrara, S, A Di Caro, Graziano, S, Petroni, F, Prota, G, Truffa, S, Giacometti, A, Costantini, A, Barocci, V, Angarano, G, Milano, E, Suardi, C, Donati, V, Verucchi, G, Castelnuovo, F, Minardi, C, Menzaghi, B, Abeli, C, Cacopardo, B, Celesia, B, Vecchiet, J, Falasca, K, Pan, A, Lorenzotti, S, Sighinolfi, L, Segala, D, Blanc, P, Vichi, F, Cassola, G, Viscoli, C, Alessandrini, A, Bobbio, N, Mazzarello, G, Vita, S, Bonfanti, P, Molteni, C, Chiodera, A, Milini, P, Nunnari, G, Pellicanò, G, Rizzardini, G, S Cannizzo, E, C Moioli, M, Piolini, R, Bernacchia, D, Salpietro, S, Tincati, C, Puzzolante, C, Migliorino, C, Sangiovanni, V, Borgia, G, Esposito, V, F Di Martino, Gentile, I, Rizzo, V, M Cattelan, A, Marinello, S, Cascio, A, Trizzino, M, Baldelli, F, Schiaroli, E, Parruti, G, Sozio, F, Magnani, G, A Ursitti, M, Cristaudo, A, Vullo, V, Acinapura, R, Moschese, D, Capozzi, M, Mondi, A, M Rivano Capparuccia, Iaiani, G, Latini, A, Gagliardini, R, M Plazzi, M, Savinelli, S, Vergori, A, Cecchetto, M, Viviani, F, A De Vito, Rossetti, B, Montagnani, F, Franco, A, R Fontana Del Vecchio, Francisci, D, C Di Giuli, Caramello, P, C Orofino, G, Sciandra, M, Bassetti, M, Londero, A, Pellizzer, G, Manfrin, V, Starnini, G, Ialungo, A, Taramasso, L, Lorenzini, P, Di Biagio, A, Lichtner, M, Marchetti, G, Rossotti, R, Lapadula, G, Cozzi-Lepri, A, Vichi, F, Antinori, A, Bonora, S, D'Arminio Monforte, A, d'Arminio Monforte, A, Andreoni, M, Castagna, A, Castelli, F, Cauda, R, Di Perri, G, Galli, M, Iardino, R, Ippolito, G, Lazzarin, A, Marchetti, Gc, Rezza, G, von Schloesser, F, Viale, P, Ceccherini-Silberstein, F, Girardi, E, Lo Caputo, S, Mussini, C, Puoti, M, Perno, Cf, Bai, F, Balotta, C, Bandera, A, Borderi, M, Calcagno, A, Capetti, A, Capobianchi, Mr, Cicalini, S, Cingolani, A, Cinque, P, De Luca, A, Gianotti, N, Gori, A, Guaraldi, G, Madeddu, G, Maggiolo, F, Monno, L, Nozza, S, Pinnetti, C, Quiros Roldan, E, Rusconi, S, Santoro, Mm, Saracino, A, Sarmati, L, Fanti, I, Galli, L, Rodano', A, Macchia, M, Tavelli, A, Carletti, F, Carrara, S, Di Caro, A, Graziano, S, Petroni, F, Prota, G, Truffa, S, Giacometti, A, Costantini, A, Barocci, V, Angarano, G, Milano, E, Suardi, C, Donati, V, Verucchi, G, Castelnuovo, F, Minardi, C, Menzaghi, B, Abeli, C, Cacopardo, B, Celesia, B, Vecchiet, J, Falasca, K, Pan, A, Lorenzotti, S, Sighinolfi, L, Segala, D, Blanc, P, Cassola, G, Viscoli, C, Alessandrini, A, Bobbio, N, Mazzarello, G, Vita, S, Bonfanti, P, Molteni, C, Chiodera, A, Milini, P, Nunnari, G, Pellicanò, G, Rizzardini, G, Cannizzo, E, Moioli, Mc, Piolini, R, Bernacchia, D, Salpietro, S, Tincati, C, Puzzolante, C, Migliorino, C, Sangiovanni, V, Borgia, G, Esposito, V, Di Martino, F, Gentile, I, Rizzo, V, Cattelan, Am, Marinello, S, Cascio, A, Trizzino, M, Baldelli, F, Schiaroli, E, Parruti, G, Sozio, F, Magnani, G, Ursitti, Ma, Cristaudo, A, Vullo, V, Acinapura, R, Moschese, D, Capozzi, M, Mondi, A, Capparuccia, Mr, Iaiani, G, Latini, A, Gagliardini, R, Plazzi, Mm, Savinelli, S, Vergori, A, Cecchetto, M, Viviani, F, De Vito, A, Rossetti, B, Montagnani, F, Franco, A, Fontana Del Vecchio, R, Francisci, D, Di Giuli, C, Caramello, P, Orofino, Gc, Sciandra, M, Bassetti, M, Londero, A, Pellizzer, G, Manfrin, V, Starnini, G, Ialungo, A, Taramasso L., Lorenzini P., Di Biagio A., Lichtner M., Marchetti G., Rossotti R., Lapadula G., Cozzi-Lepri A., Vichi F., Antinori A., Bonora S., Cascio A., D'Arminio Monforte A., Cascio A. in ICONA Foundation Study Group., Taramasso, L., Lorenzini, P., Di Biagio, A., Lichtner, M., Marchetti, G., Rossotti, R., Lapadula, G., Cozzi-Lepri, A., Vichi, F., Antinori, A., Bonora, S., D'Arminio Monforte, A., Castagna, A., and A d'Arminio Monforte,i, M Andreoni, A Castagna, F Castelli, R Cauda, G Di Perri, M Galli, R Iardino, G Ippolito, A Lazzarin, G Rezza, F von Schloesser, F Ceccherini-Silberstein, E Girardi, S Lo Caputo, C Mussini, M Puoti, C F Perno, F Bai, C Balotta, A Bandera, M Borderi, A Calcagno, A Capetti, M R Capobianchi, S Cicalini, A Cingolani, P Cinque, A De Luca, E Girardi, N Gianotti, A Gori, G Guaraldi, G Madeddu, F Maggiolo, L Monno, S Nozza, C Pinnetti, E Quiros Roldan, S Rusconi, M M Santoro, A Saracino, L Sarmati, I Fanti, A Rodano', M Macchia, A Tavelli, F Carletti, S Carrara, A Di Caro, S Graziano, F Petroni, G Prota, S Truffa, A Giacometti, A Costantini, V Barocci, G Angarano, L Monno, E Milano, F Maggiolo, C Suardi, P Viale, V Donati, G Verucchi, F Castelnuovo, C Minardi, B Menzaghi, C Abeli, B Cacopardo, B Celesia, J Vecchiet, K Falasca, A Pan, S Lorenzotti, L Sighinolfi, D Segala, P Blanc, G Cassola, C Viscoli, A Alessandrini, N Bobbio, G Mazzarello, S Vita, P Bonfanti, C Molteni, A Chiodera, P Milini, G Nunnari, G Pellicanò, G Rizzardini, E S Cannizzo, M C Moioli, R Piolini, D Bernacchia, S Salpietro, C Tincati, C Puzzolante, C Migliorino, V Sangiovanni, G Borgia, V Esposito, F Di Martino, I Gentile, V Rizzo, A M Cattelan, S Marinello, A Cascio, M Trizzino, F Baldelli, E Schiaroli, G Parruti, F Sozio, G Magnani, M A Ursitti, A Cristaudo, V Vullo, R Acinapura, D Moschese, M Capozzi, A Mondi, M Rivano Capparuccia, G Iaiani, A Latini, R Gagliardini, M M Plazzi, S Savinelli, A Vergori, M Cecchetto, F Viviani, G Madeddu, A De Vito, B Rossetti, F Montagnani, A Franco, R Fontana Del Vecchio, D Francisci, C Di Giuli, P Caramello, G C Orofino, M Sciandra, M Bassetti, A Londero, G Pellizzer, V Manfrin, G Starnini, A Ialungo

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Male, Integrase inhibitor, Hepatitis B Surface Antigen, HIV Infections, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, hivh epatitis c rna surface antigens follow-up homosexuality integrase inhibitors hepatitis b virus hepatitis b virus measurement hiv infections hepatotoxicity hepatitis c virus coinfection nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors cox proportional hazards models baseline value liver enzyme raltegravir, Pharmacology (medical), HIV Infection, 030212 general & internal medicine, Prospective Studies, Prospective cohort study, Coinfection, Incidence (epidemiology), Liver Disease, Incidence, Liver Diseases, virus diseases, Hepatitis C, Middle Aged, Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor, Infectious Diseases, Cohort, Population study, Regression Analysis, Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Female, medicine.drug, Human, Microbiology (medical), Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Anti-HIV Agents, Regression Analysi, NO, 03 medical and health sciences, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, HIV Integrase Inhibitors, HIV Protease Inhibitor, Pharmacology, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens, business.industry, Anti-HIV Agent, HIV, ART, HIV Protease Inhibitors, medicine.disease, Raltegravir, 030112 virology, HIV Integrase Inhibitor, Prospective Studie, HIV-1, business, Adult, Anti-HIV Agents, Coinfection, Female, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens, Hepatitis C, HIV Infections, HIV Integrase Inhibitors, HIV Protease Inhibitors, HIV-1, Humans, Incidence, Liver Diseases, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Regression Analysis, Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Risk Factors
Abstract

ObjectivesTo evaluate the incidence and risk factors for liver enzyme elevations (LEE) in patients initiating first-line ART in the ICONA prospective observational cohort, between June 2009 and December 2017.Patients and methodsIn total, 6575 ART-naive patients were selected, initiating two NRTIs with the third drug being a boosted PI (n=2436; 37.0%), an NNRTI (n=2384; 36.3%) or an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) (n=1755; 26.7%). HBV surface antigen and HCV RNA were detected in 3.9% and 5.8% of the study population. Inverse probability weighted Cox regression analysis was used to calculate the HRs, according to first-line regimen, for LEE, defined as ALT or AST increases of ≥2.5× upper limit of normal (ULN) for patients with normal baseline values or ≥2.5× baseline for patients with higher baseline values.ResultsOne hundred and eighty-three LEE occurred over 20722 patient-years of follow-up. After adjusting for the main confounders, the risk of LEE halved with INSTIs compared with NNRTIs (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.25–0.86), with a significant reduction in the raltegravir group (HR 0.11, 95% CI 0.02–0.84 using the NNRTI class as reference). HRs for LEE were significantly higher in subjects with HBV or HCV coinfection, in patients with poorly controlled HIV infection and in those who acquired HIV through homosexual transmission.ConclusionsIn our study, INSTI use almost halved the risk of LEE compared with other regimens. This finding could be particularly important for choosing ART in patients with risk factors for liver toxicity such as HCV and HBV coinfections.

Published
2019

20. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhances the susceptibility of macrophages to infection by human immunodeficiency virus and reduces the activity of compounds that inhibit virus binding

Author

Bergamini, A., Perno, C. F., Dini, L., Capozzi, M., Pesce, C. D., Ventura, L., Cappannoli, L., Laura Falasca, Milanese, G., Caliò, R., Rocchi, G., A., Bergamini, C. F., Perno, Dini, Luciana, M., Capozzi, C., DELFINA PESCE, L., Ventura, L., Cappannoli, L., Falasca, G., Milanese, R., Calio, and G., Rocchi

Published
1994

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