Search

In this study, two types of cryogenic treatment [deep cryogenic treatment (−196 °C) and shallow cryogenic treatment (−80 °C)] were used to increase wear resistance in AISI 440C bearing steel. Out focus was to find a way to increase wear resistance via deep microstructural analyses, and also to correlate the microstructure with the wear characteristics of specimens subjected to deep cryogenic treatment, conventional heat treatment, or shallow cryogenic treatment. Microstructural examinations of the specimens were performed using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive analysis of X-rays, and X-ray diffraction to study the wear characteristics of AISI 440C bearing steel. The results show that the specimens subjected to deep cryogenic treatment have greater wear resistance than the specimens subjected to shallow cryogenic or conventional heat treatment. The wear mechanisms included the formation and delamination of white layers. The microstructure of the steel was altered by the heat treatment process: the precipitation characteristics of the secondary carbides were modified and the levels of retained austenite were reduced, which correlated with the wear characteristics, and were identified as the potential mechanisms behind the increased wear resistance of the bearing steels due to the deep cryogenic treatment.

The objective of this study was to look at the time-dependent behaviours of a PMMA toughened SiC particle added glass-epoxy composite. The primary goal of this study was to look at time-dependent behaviours including fatigue, fracture toughness, and viscoelasticity following toughening using PMMA and SiC fine fillers. The SiC particles used as a strength compensator were siliconized in an aqueous solution using 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane. All of the composites were made by hand layup process and characterised according to ASTM standards. The addition of PMMA to the epoxy resin increased energy absorption and release, according to the findings. Similarly, the SiC particle enhanced the composite’s total energy storage. The scanning electron microscope images demonstrated that the SiC particles were uniformly dispersed and adhered to the matrix. These high toughness glass-epoxy composites might be employed in high-damping-load applications, such as structural component fabrication, and vehicle body assembly.

Increase in the demand for high-performance and lightweight structural materials in the automobile and aircraft industries may inspire a strong tendency to develop fiber metal laminates (FMLs). In this work, the FML composites are fabricated using different stacking sequences of glass/carbon fibers, aluminum wire mesh, BaSO4 filler and epoxy resin. Six different combinations of composites with different stacking sequences and wire mesh angles are fabricated using the hand-lay technique. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), ballistic and wear experiments were used to investigate the fabricated composites’ performance. The FML6 Al wire mesh with BaSO4 filler increases the storage modulus by 16.12% and enhances the energy absorption capacity by 3.19%. From the ballistic, the carbon fiber composite (FML3) shows 4.47% improvement compared to the glass fiber composite (FML1) for the same 90∘ wire mesh orientation.

Banana fiber is naturally available fiber material in enormous amount which is having good mechanical properties. We can utilize those properties in mechanical field by making highly demanded hybrid composite materials. This work carries the investigation of the Hybrid composite material which is prepared by reinforcing S2 glass fiber, banana fiber using Epoxy resin and hardener. Two different samples are prepared, one of the sample is prepared with treating the banana fiber with NaOH solution and another sample were fabricated without chemical treatment, fabrication is carried out by hand layup technique. The sample is prepared by layer formation and by distributing uniform constant load. Finally, fabricated samples are tested in tensile and flexural strength as per ASTM standards to compare the property of two samples. Finally, the results proved that NaOH treated sample exhibit high tensile strength and high flexural strength. The morphological analysis of SEM images shows that NaOH treated composites have well fined bonding structure and can be used for Engineering Applications.

In this investigation hybrid composite material was prepared and composed of Kevlar (K29), Eggshell and Coir fiber which are reinforced composite, fabricated by hand layup method. Various combinations of sample were prepared and test was carried out to find the Mechanical Behavior and water absorption tests as per ASTM standard. Micro structure was analyzed by SEM. Here Observed that increased tensile strength of Kevlar with coir and egg reinforced sample produced better mechanical properties and very less weight which can be used for marine application.

This investigation is carried out by making a new hybrid natural composite material used Kevlar fabrics, Banana bract fibers and palm fibers. In this research, the samples prepared by hand lay method and tested for its Tensile behaviors. The fractured surfaces are analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The leakages and quality of the specimen are checked by Water Absorption test. As a result, the banana bract and Kevlar composite sample shows optimum tensile strength compared to other samples and less water absorption which is useful in the application of Marine Engineering.

This paper is a review on the use of metaheuristics to optimize inventory routing problem (IRP) in homogenous type of vehicles. It studies and analyses the various approaches developed towards solving the problem in recent years. It reviews the various types of IRPs and analyses the possible options to solve them and compares them for optimization. Detailed studies have also been made on the various algorithms and classes of IRP.

Manufacturing of complex shapes and porous components in the traditional methods are very difficult. Powder metallurgy is metal forming process by which complex shapes can be formed easily without any material loss. To achieve high wear resistance with high thermal conductivity metal matrix composites are used. In this research work, the composition of boron carbide is variedby 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The blended mixture is compressed and sintered to the standard specimen size required. The specimen is tested for wear rate by using pin on disk wear testing machine and same is analysed with analysis software.

Aluminium metal matrix composites (AMMCs) are gaining wide spread acceptance for automobile, aerospace, railway and marine application because of their low density, high strength and good structural rigidity. The objective of this work is to be fabricate hybrid composites with the base metal as Al 6061 aluminium alloy reinforced with a different alloying elements of silicon, zinc, graphite, chromium by stir casting method. The prepared specimen is heated at different temperature and Mechanical properties aluminium composite of are evaluated and their suitability is find for various application. The scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of the tested sample indicated uniform distribution of the reinforcement’s particles in the matrix without any voids.

The influence of an upstream building on the suction pressure on the roof top of a low rise building was earlier studied. This work computationally validates the original experimental results, and provides further insights on the effect of geometric modification for the tall building. The computational grid uses a boundary layer approach to capture exact conical vortex patterns. Grid refinement on a structured grid provides more information on the near wall pressure. Several models are tested numerically to find a favorable design configuration that reduces the suction pressure. Results prove that a particular modification of the roof top yields to about 30 % reduction of the mean suction pressure.

Inventory routing problem (IRP) is one of the emerging solutions for improving the supply chain efficiency. It gives the vendors the responsibility to monitor and decide the inventory replenishments of their customers. The Inventory Routing Problem (IRP) is an evolved component of VMI policies. Inventory routing provides a win-win situation for both vendors and customers. In this paper we consider a one or more distribution network consisting of a single depot and many geographically dispersed customers where each customer faces demands for a single item which, arise at a deterministic and customer-specific rate. The problem addressed in this paper is based on a finite horizon, multi- period and single product where a fleet of capacitated vehicles transport items from the depot to meet the demand specified by the customers for each period. Here a greedy algorithm is used for finding an optimal route and routing cost associated with it, finding an inventory and transportation cost that minimizes the total coste.

This paper gives a review on the sandwich composite and its advancements. In recent years, a large number of researches and advances have been carried out in the field of sandwich composite. Many new innovations are being produced successfully in this field. This is one of the most rapid and emerging technology in the recent years. Introduction of this technology has replaced the use of monolithic materials in several applications.

For past few decades there is tremendous growth in science and technology which demands new materials. To meet such demands for materials, the world’s focus is towards emerging and promising field of Composite materials, the reason being is that composite materials are light weight and high strength to weight ratio when compared to most conventional metals. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate tensile and impact property of Aramid with natural fiber composite. Kevlar being the main reinforcement along with Neem/Kenaf and matrix is Epoxy resin. The main reason of choosing Kevlar as main reinforcement as it has good strength, high impact and high energy absorption capacity but Kevlar being quiet costlier so Kenaf and Neem is used alternatively to reduce the cost and to replace and substitute the Kevlar with natural fibers without affecting the impact resistance property. Mechanical properties such as tensile, impact are found and the results are plotted.

Lean Manufacturing techniques are being implemented in Indian SMEs widely. The government of India is also helping these SMEs in their Lean journey by providing various incentives. Other institutes like ILO, NPC and QCI also help in implementing Lean tools in order to make them more competitive in the global market. In recent times many consultants have been trained in Lean tools and are being hired by the SMEs. Under this background, this paper attempts to capture the benefits accrued by a group of SMEs who have attempted to implement Lean. The methodology adopted in implementation and the improvements achieved by these SMEs are analyzed in this study and explained in this paper.

This paper contains survey on inventory model of Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) and Economic Production model Quantity (EPQ) with full and partial backorder condition. Initially most of the papers were focused on full backorder model or lost sales for inventory model with important parameters like cycle time varying, stock demand & lot size and substitutable items. The optimal Backorder for EOQ & EPQ model has been discussed and reviewed.

In this work, Nylon 6 and E-glass fibre are pooled together to get a polymer matrix composite for the purpose of wear reduction in spur gear material. Nylon 6 and the E-glass fibre were combined by this process in this ratio of (80:20) & (70:30). This paper aimed to investigate the mechanical properties such as tensile, compression and impact test as per ASTM standard. Finite Element model were then developed to simulate the impact and tensile characteristics of PMC. The result shows that there is increase in the property of the composite by adding nylon.

Sandwich composite material structures arevery important factors because the advantages of light weight and high strength and stiffness of the sandwich core composite structure. Honeycomb sandwich composite materials and corrugated cores are mostly used in the aerospace, marine structure, automobile, structural and construction etc. To withstand high temperature and low temperature applications are also on important factor to manufacture a new material sandwich structure. To find a new method and to adopt a new technology for a new material sandwich structures and skin materials are the main objective of this paper. The prepared sandwich core to work in high temperatures and low temperatures applications and withstand heavy loads is important factor. This review paper aims to find a new method and materials for sandwich core materials for all suitable applications of composite structures with cost effectiveness suitable for the next advancement.

Natural fibre reinforced composites are replacing conventional materials as natural fibres are cheap, biodegradable, and non abrasive. They have high specific properties and low density. The natural fibre composites offer specific properties compared to conventional fibre composites. In this paper, hybrid composites are fabricated with basalt and banana fibre as reinforcement materials with epoxy resin as matrix. The hand layup process is used for fabricating the composite. The objective of this paper is to estimate tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and hardness of hybrid composites. The result of the investigation shows that the tensile strength and flexural strength of hybrid composites are superior to mono fibre composites. Morphological analyses are also done to study the internal structure of the tested specimens in which fibre twist fracture and fibre pull out are observed.

Hybrid natural fiber composites can be used to meet the present technological development and innovation needs. These natural fibers are environmentally friendly and have a better economical value. This chapter discusses the fabrication and study on mechanical characteristics of hybrid composites which consist of neem, kenaf and GFRP. Here, the composite was fabricated by hand layup technique. The arrangements of fibers are the combinations of neem and kenaf fibers placed alternatively to form the hybrid composites. For better adhesion between fibers, the matrix namely Epoxy resin LY556 and HY951 hardener is used in the ratio of 10:1. Glass fiber composites are enclosed on both the sides in order to improve the surface finish and also to avoid damages occurs during loading condition. The volumetric fraction is one-third of the total volume occupied by neem and kenaf fiber. Test result shows that hybrid natural composite has excellent impact and hardness properties.

This investigation aimed to study the influence of the critical friction stir welding (FSW) parameters involved on the tensile properties, viz. tensile strength and tensile elongation of the dissimilar AA8011-H24 aluminium alloys and Ti3Al2.5 titanium alloy joints. The process parameters, viz. rotational speed, axial feed, and welding speed, with five various tool pin profiles have used the FSW experiments on the responses, such as tensile strength and tensile elongation. The mathematical models are developed from the responses using the four factors, five-level central composite design of response surface methodology. The effectiveness of the FSW process parameters for the tensile properties and changes in welding parameters affects the tensile strength and tensile elongation using the sensitivity analysis.

This investigation focused to study the effects of submerged friction stir welding (SFSW) process parameters on the microhardness and tensile strength of the AA8011–H24 aluminium alloy and AA5083-H321 aluminium alloy joints. The nine different experiments are carried out based on the SFSW process parameters, viz., rotational speed, welding speed and tool tilt angle with hexagonal tool pin profile under the three different mediums, namely distilled water, brine solution and salt water. The microhardness and tensile tests are conducted on the welded samples to identify the strength of the welded joints at weld stir zone. It is concluded that the superior tensile strength of 69.67 Mpa is examined for dissimilar AA5083–H321 with AA8011–H24 alloy joint than the other joints and also, the superior microhardness is found for the similar AA5083–H321 aluminium alloy under distilled water compared to other fabricated joints.

The composite materials are more beneficial when compared to the conventional materials of (iron, steel etc.) because of their light weight, good fatigue performance and increased life of the materials. All industries are concentrating on new materials, which will be strong enough, less weight, recyclable, reduced cost, non-abrasive, ecofriendly and bio degradable for them the best alternative is the composite material. It is highly used in the area of automobile body parts, heat resistant clothes, bullet-proofing, marine application and civil structures etc. In this paper we are investigated Kevlar synthetic fiber with other reinforcement and this composite material are used for light weight and Marine applications., {"references":["Rajesh S., Ramnath B.V., Elanchezhian C., M. et al. Investigation of Tensile Behavior of Kevlar Composite. Science Direct, Materials today. ISSN: 2214-7853, Proceedings 5 2018, 1156-1161p","Gautam G., Norkey G. Mechanical Characterization of Kevlar-29 Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite. ELK Asia Pacific Journals – 978-93-85537-06-6 Arimple – 2017","Bhanupratap R., Chittappa H.C. Study of tensile behavior by variation of Kevlar to the jute fiber epoxy hybrid composites. IJERT. June 2017, 6(6). ISSN: 2278-0181","Gangil B., Kumar S., Bhandari A. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. December 2016, 7(12), 248. ISSN 2229-5518","Kanitkar Y.M., Kulkarni A.P., Wangikar K.S. Investigation of flexural properties of glass-kevlar hybrid composite. EJERS. July 2016, 1(1","Rajesh S., Ramnath B.V. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research. 2015, 10(8). ISSN 0973-4562","Hossain M., Khan M.A., Khan R.A. International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and RenewableEnergy. 26-29 November, 2015, Chittagong, Bangladesh","Shaaria N., Jumahata A., Khafiz M., Razifa M. Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering). 2015, 76(3), 93–99p","Patil S.S., Praveen B.A. Fabrication and characterization of Kevlar/jute reinforced epoxy. IRJET. Sep-2017, 4(7). e-ISSN: 2395-0056, p-ISSN: 2395-0072","Mohiuddin F. Experimental investigation on mechanical properties of Kevlar fiber. IRJET. July-2017, 4(7). ISSN:2395-0056"]}

With the development of Global market, it has become a major challenge for most of the manufacturing enterprises around the world to optimize their production strategies because of the demand for “The better quality product with shorter lead time and lower life cycle cost”. In order to meet these requirements, many enterprises face a critical need for advanced system engineering for Engineering. The changeover from the Traditional method of manufacturing to Concurrent method of manufacturing is one of the solutions. The front fork of the leading two wheeler was chosen for implementing the Redesign in Concurrent Engineering (CE). The main objective is to reduce the Manufacturing lead time and the cost of the product. The Co-ordinates of the already existing Front fork of a leading 2 wheeler was done using Co-ordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) and the model of the fork was obtained in CATIA, which is a Reverse Engineering concept. The model of the fork was stored in a database, such that it can be retrieved anytime in future. Slight variations in the design in future can also accommodated. Parts with similar design attributes can be grouped such that the Group Technology is achieved. The machining simulation was done using CATIA. The machining simulation can also be used to group the components having similar manufacturing attributes by storing the machining codes generated, in the database. The buckling analysis of the component was done using ANSYS for compressed loading condition. As the number of iterations in the Redesign-Concurrent method increased, both time and the cost reduced drastically.

In the present scenario weight of an automobile, Vehicle is a major issue. Many composite materials are used now a day in order to overcome this issue. In this paper, Drive shafts made of SM45C Steel is compared with the Kevlar composite shaft. The Strength and Efficiency of the composite drive shaft is also tested. For this, CATIA v5 is used software for the 3D modeling and ANSYS is used for the analysis.

Now-a-day technology demands new innovative materials for making more reliable and smart components. With those aspects, composite materials list as top among the new engineering materials that finds application in all fields of engineering and technology. This paper aims to investigate the tensile property of a Kevlar composite prepared by hand layup method which has four layers of Kevlar laminate. Morphological analysis was performed using Scanning Electron Microscope to observe the internal structure of composite fibres after testing. The result showed that Kevlar has good tensile strength and hence can be a good alternative conventional material for many applications in engineering industries.

Fasteners play a very vital role in all engineering applications mainly in automobile and aerospace industries. In these industries it is very important to reduce the weight of the components in order to increase the performance. Therefore, the role of polymer fasteners, which are lighter in weight, becomes significant. The polymers which are generally used to make fasteners are black glass reinforced nylon, Victrex peek polymer, highly kinked rigid-rod polyarylene, Nylon, PVC, Polypropylene, Phenolic, PTFE, G10, Kel-F, Delrin/Acetal, Neoprene, Mylar, Glass-filled nylon, Peek, CPVCABS, PVDF / Kynar, Isoplast, Nomex, Kapton, Polycarbonate, Polyethylene, Ultem. There is a need to understand the mechanics of mechanically fastened structures which will be very important in design specification of the polymer fasteners. The paper begins with the testing methodologies and modes to failure analysis, followed by prevention of failure and future trends.

This paper reviews the possible Metal Matrix Composites of Grade 5 Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) with Kevlar ® and carbon fiber and their uses. These composites can be implemented in various industries like Marine industry as a hull material for naval warships, in the aerospace industry, in the defence sector and for the fabrication of various structures that require high strength and impact bearing capacity. Effective utilization of these materials in the above industries reduces the cost and size of the materials while increasing the performance in terms of strength, corrosion resistance, weldability and fabricability among other things. Due to the low density of the materials used, the performance of the vessels in terms of speed and manoeuvrability is also bound to improve.Fabrication of the composites is to be done by sandwich panelling using isophthalic resins. The various material properties of the composite such as hardness, modulus, chemical composition, adhesion and morphology are to be analysed. The work deals with the comparison of the above mentioned composites with the conventionally used shipbuilding materials. Thevarious results, on analysis, help us to infer the importance and efficacy of such novel composites in this modern age of mechanical engineering. These composites give us the combined advantages of strength and weightlessness coupled with the ability to resist corrosion thereby making it the perfect choice for various impact resistant structures with particular consideration towards marine structures.

In this modern world, there are always pressure on the designers and the manufacturers to respond to the consumer needs. Engineering involves designing, manufacturing, constructing, and maintaining of products, systems, service and structures. In this paper, an attempt has been made to derive all the parameters, which are necessary for designing the components of an engine using reverse engineering. Even though lots of methods are available for redesigning, the reverse engineering is selected. Computer aided modeling using CATIA and optimization analysis of crankshaft is used to study was to evaluate and compare the fatigue performance of three different materials of automotive crankshafts, namely forged steel, ductile cast iron and aluminium alloy. In this study a dynamic simulation was conducted on three crankshafts, cast iron and aluminum alloy forged steel; from similar single cylinder four stroke engines. The dynamic analysis was done and was verified by simulations in ANSYS. Geometry, material and manufacturing processes were optimized considering different constraints, manufacturing feasibility and cost.The maximum stress point and dangerous areas are found by the deformation analysis of crankshaft. Possible weight reduction options and their combinations were considered. Thus durability of feasible material and analysis is carried after weight reduction carried to the feasible material. Thus more possibilities of feasible crankshaft are found out.

The present experimental study aims at learning the mechanical behavior of natural fiber composites. Natural fibers have an attracting the interest to engineers, researchers, professionals and scientists all over the world as an alternative reinforcement, because of its superior properties such as high specific strength, low weight, low cost, fairly good mechanical properties, non-abrasive, eco-friendly and bio-degradable characteristics. A brief review has been carried out to make use of natural fibers (such as abaca, jute, sisal, banana, cotton, coir, hemp, etc) abundantly available in India. This paper presents a review on the mechanical properties of Abaca, Jute, Sisal.

Electrochemical machining (ECM) is one of the unconventional machining processes, which is employed to cut electrically conductive as well as hard materials with difficult contour profiles. Mainly these machines are employed in aerospace and aeronautical industries for blade profiling, etc. Even though, ECM provides many advantages like good surface finish, it incurs heavy initial investment cost and maintenance cost. Though operating these machines in the industries without proper input parameters leads to wastage of materials. Hence, better techniques have to be followed to obtain the optimized results. The most important process response in ECM is its surface roughness (R a ) and material removal rate (MRR). In this paper, D3 die steel has been used as the work piece material and many trials have been carried out to find the significant parameter affecting the response. The data obtained for the responses have been analyzed using Taguchi technique. This work describes the optimization of three most important parameters namely current, voltage and electrolyte concentration with an objective to minimize the R a which is necessary in all automotive industries.

Composite materials have been experimentally tested and manufactured for various sectors such as marine, industrial applications, aerospace, and sports. More notably recent years in sports field, composite materials have been effectively replaced for steel shafts which increase the comfort and accuracy of the player and moreover they have better mechanical properties according to the tests that have been performed and comparisons prove that composites are ideal replacements to steel shafts. In this work, polypropylene was used as used polymer matrix (PM) due to its unique strength and hardness. The flexural property of the polymer composite golf shaft was performed. These results will be useful in designing and fabricating polypropylene sheet rolled golf shafts.

Generally, two or more components used in distinct materials combined together to form the composite materials. These are special materials with vast varying properties. The automotive, aero space, sports industries and some of structures are made better by using composite materials due to its unique strength and hardness. Nowadays sports utilities are made of composites as one to make the golf shaft. This work aimed to fabricate Polypropylene - GRFP based golf shaft instead of normally used steel shafts. Torsion test was performed to look closely to know the power withstand by the composite golf shaft.

Polymer composites play a vital role in modern society by reshaping the world of manufacturing sectors. Nowadays, they have been selected as the material of choice for structural, mechanical and sporting applications due to their high stiffness/weight ratio. In the field of sports, composite materials play a vital role .One such application is that of the golf shaft. The extensive strength and hardness of polypropylene is one of the cardinal reasons why it is used extensively for making golf shaft. This work deals with prediction of tensile behavior of polypropylene golf shafts whose values are evaluated experimentally and characterized accordingly. The results of tensile tests seem to adhere to the rules of the experimental data and therefore these results will be fruitful for usage in polypropylene golf shafts for sports.

Electro-chemical machining (ECM) is one of the important non-traditional machining processes, which is used for shaping difficult to machine and electrically conductive materials used in aircrafts, automobiles, medical, petroleum and electronic industries. Analysis on material removal rate (MRR) is of atmost crucial in ECM, which significantly reduces the machining cost as well as the tooling and operating cost. Hence, most suitable technique has to be employed to get the optimized results. This paper mainly deals with optimizing the process parameters in ECM of SKD – 12 tool steel. The variables studied are current, voltage and electrolyte concentration for optimizing the MRR response. The data gathered have been investigated using Taguchi technique. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been exercised to ascertain the important parameters on the response characteristics and it has been observed that the current is the most important parameter that changes the ECM robustness.

Introduction: Prehension, the ability to grasp, hold and manipulate objects is an important hand function. Impairment in hand function makes it difficult to fulfill activities of daily living. Objectives: To assess the effect of forced use therapy (FUT) in improving hand function of hemiplegic cerebral palsy children. Outcome measures: Modified Ashworth scale, Fegl Meyer assessment upper extremity, 9-hole peg board, upper extremity functional index and caregiver functional use survey are the outcome measures. Method: Fifty two children with cerebral palsy were divided into 2 groups A and B, 26 subjects in each group. Group A was given conventional hand function exercise whilst group B was given forced hand use therapy. Both groups received the treatment for 45 minutes for the affected limb for 5 days a week. But the FUT group was administered with gloves to constraint the hand movement for 6 hours daily. They were administered with the protocol for 4 weeks and outcomes were measured pre- and post-treatment duration. Results: FUT showed significantly better improvement over the conventional group in outcome measures (p Conclusions: FUT caused reduction in spasticity and increased functional ability in children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health, 2020; 49(4): 335-340

The present work is focused on friction stir welding and friction stir processing of dissimilar alloys due to its emerging technique applied in the wide area of applications viz., aviation, ship building, defence industries etc. In recent years, the novel solid-state joining techniques viz., friction stir welding and friction stir processing are applied in joining of dissimilar alloys even though there is the difference in mechanical properties and chemical composition of the alloys. Due its eco-friendly, versatile and energy-efficient process, these are implemented to reduce the harmful effects and formation of defects in joining of dissimilar alloys compared to the fusion welding techniques. The specially designed non-consumable rotating tools are used in joining process by generating frictional heat between the tool surface and alloys to produce the sound welds. This work discusses the status, opportunities and challenges of above processes in joining of dissimilar alloys, viz., aluminium, steels, titanium etc.

The present study is focused on development of sugarcane harvester with less manufacturing cost. Now-a-days, the fast production of agriculture product is needed even though the labour demand increased. In this work, the portable sugarcane harvesting machine is designed instead of manual machine which can cut the two sides from the upper and lower portion of sugarcane. The height of the upper blade is adjustable which is completely with electrical motor. This machine will reduce the harvesting time and labour fatigue efforts with increased productivity to all class farmers. Comparing with manual harvesting only 10% of labour is required for entire operation. Also, it reduces the labour cost with faster process. The machine is used by maximum number of farmers and overcome the labour shortage problem with increased productivity. This work is designed for two important sustainable development goal which are responsible and consumption production industry innovation and infrastructure.

Nowadays, automotive, packaging and sport equipment industries are using natural fibre based composite materials as they are cheap, abundantly available and having a lot of ecological advantages. The main objective of this paper is to introduce a new concept of fibre twisting and to investigate the effect of twisting and the fibre orientation on the mechanical properties of bio degradable green composites. Here, the composites are fabricated by vacuum assisted compression molding technique in which the problems of hand lay process are eliminated. Here, two fibers namely twisted neem and twisted kenaf are sandwiched between layers of glass fibres to enhance the stiffness and strength of the laminates. Initially, the fibers are alkalized to increase the mechanical properties. The result shows that there is a significant improvement in mechanical properties of composites due to the presence of twisted fibers. It also shows the influence of fiber orientation on mechanical properties.

The friction stir welding process is the newly developed material joining process used to join the different materials which are very difficult to join in the conventional fusion welding process. In this investigation using the specially designed straight cam profiled tool, the multiple responses of Ultimate tensile strength, Ultimate yield strength and Percentage of elongation with the process parameters of rotational speed, tool tilt angle and feed rate are optimized. The five level, three factor rotatable central composite design is selected to optimize the responses of friction stir welded AA 8011 aluminium alloys. The highest gray relational grade with the highest relative efficiency is found using the gray relational analysis coupled with the data envelopment analysis to predict the optimum parameters. It exposes that at the rotational speed of 680 rpm, the tool tilt angle of 98 degrees and the feed rate of 24 mm/min the good weld quality can be attained.

In this investigation, the optimization of the multiple responses of Vickers hardness, Impact strength with notched and Un-notched conditions of the process parameters of rotational speed, tool tilt angle and feed rate with the straight cam profiled tool is considered. The three factors, five level rotatable central composite design are selected to optimize the responses of friction stir welded AA 8011 aluminium alloys. The highest relative efficiency is found using the data envelopment analysis to predict the optimum parameters. It reveals that at the rotational speed of 680 RPM, the tool tilt angle of 85 degrees and the feed rate of 24 mm/min the good weld quality can be achieved.

Now-a-days traditional materials are replacing the natural fibres in automobile components like dashboards, seat-backs and interior trims due to its properties like light weight, environment friendly, good stiffness and high strength to weight ratio . In the study three different continuous fibres, Acacia, Jute and Sisal were mixed in varying proportion with GFRP and epoxy resin on a determined ratio basis to get three different composite samples. These fibres were alkaline treated and moulded using compression moulding and hand lay-up technique. These samples were tested for their Tensile and Impact strengths to find the specimen with higher strength. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) test was also conducted to study the structure of all three specimens after tensile test. The study concludes that the sample ‘A’ which has maximum content of sisal has higher tensile strength than other two samples. Similarly impact test concludes that specimen ‘B’ and ‘C’ which has maximum content of Jute and Acacia has equal and higher strength.

When natural fibers are bonded together with synthetic material, they exhibit increased mechanical properties which are environment friendly and of low cost. The application of natural fibers as a substitute for chemical fibers draws great interest due to its less weight, lower raw material price, and ecological benefits of using green resources which are biodegradable and renewable. By combining these natural fibers in different compositions, the above-mentioned properties can be enhanced. In this investigation the natural material of goat woolen fiber, hen feather fiber, human hair fiber and synthetic aramid material of Kevlar 29 (K-29) are reinforced with Epoxy resin by hand layup technique and three samples are prepared at various combination. To distribute uniform pressure on sandwiched layers a method called Compression Molding is followed. Tensile strength, flexural strength is performed as per ASTM standard. In addition to this Water Immersion test is also carried out to determine the amount of water absorbed under specified conditions. Bonding layers and structure characterized by Scanning Electron microscope (SEM). The result proved that composite material is enhanced good mechanical properties and very less water absorption. It is used for light weight and for enormous applications in engineering industries and for lining materials of marine environment.

Introduction: Trunk control is one of the impairments in spastic hemiplegics which affects the balance in cerebral palsy children. Trunk balance is a pre-requisite for upper limb function. By improving trunk control, the balance increases, helping the child to be functionally independent. Objectives: To improve trunk control and balance in spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy children by Swiss ball training. Method: Thirty subjects were included in the study after obtaining informed consent from their parents and they were separated into two groups. One group was given conventional training and the other group was given Swiss ball training for 30 minutes, 4 times weekly for 6 weeks. Gross Motor Functional Measure (GMFM-88) scale was utilized for assessment of trunk balance and Paediatric Balance Scale (PBS) for assessment of functional balance.Paired t-test was used to analyse the effect of trunk control and balance functions Results: The post-test mean values of all the variables of Swiss ball training group were significantly improved compared to those of the conventional group (p Conclusions: The study shows that Swiss ball training improves trunk control and balance in spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy children. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health, 2019; 48(4): 300-304

In this investigation, an attempt using data envelopment analysis based Taguchi method, is involved in solving the multi-response optimization of the process parameters of rotational speed, transverse speed, tool tilt angle with different tool pin profiles on the stir zone evolution in AA8011 Aluminium alloys. Three different tool pin profiles (hexagonal, pentagonal pin profiles of High Carbon High Chromium steel and Hexagonal tool pin profile of H13 steel) have been used to make the joints at the different combination of process parameters using L9 orthogonal array. The Vickers hardness and Impact strength are measured to optimize the process parameters using DEA based Taguchi method. It is found that the optimum conditions of rotational speed 660 RPM, transverse speed of 30 mm per minute and tilt angle of 2 degrees with the hexagonal tool pin profile of High Carbon High Chromium steel yielded a good quality weld.

Carbon Nanotubes (CNT’s) have recently been found to possess extraordinary mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. Extensive studies on the properties of CNT’s as a re-inforcing agent in Metal Matrix Composites are being investigated. In this study, powder metallurgy technique has been employed for the matrix material being Aluminium 6063 with CNT in varying concentrations as reinforcing agent. The powders are mixed thoroughly using ball milling and are compacted in a compacting die made of D-2 Steel to make green compact. It is then sintered at 350°C to 550°C at a rate of increase of 50°C per hour. Chemical, Microscopic examination, Compression and Hardness tests were performed on the specimens and were compared with pure aluminium specimens to show the effects of varying concentrations of CNT. The study indicated that there was no improvement in hardness of the composite on addition of CNT while there was an increase in compressive strength. The microstructure of pure aluminium and Al-CNT composite had fine grains of pure aluminium particles and Al-Si eutectic particles throughout the matrix phase.