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1. Observation of the Galactic Center PeVatron beyond 100 TeV with HAWC

Author: A. Albert, R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, A. Andrés, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, D. Avila Rojas, H. A. Ayala Solares, R. Babu, E. Belmont-Moreno, A. Bernal, K. S. Caballero-Mora, T. Capistrán, A. Carramiñana, S. Casanova, U. Cotti, J. Cotzomi, S. Coutiño de León, E. De la Fuente, C. de León, D. Depaoli, N. Di Lalla, R. Diaz Hernandez, B. L. Dingus, M. A. DuVernois, J. C. Díaz-Vélez, K. Engel, T. Ergin, C. Espinoza, K. L. Fan, K. Fang, N. Fraija, S. Fraija, J. A. García-González, F. Garfias, H. Goksu, M. M. González, J. A. Goodman, S. Groetsch, J. P. Harding, S. Hernández-Cadena, I. Herzog, J. Hinton, D. Huang, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, T. B. Humensky, P. Hüntemeyer, A. Iriarte, S. Kaufmann, D. Kieda, A. Lara, W. H. Lee, J. Lee, H. León Vargas, J. T. Linnemann, A. L. Longinotti, G. Luis-Raya, K. Malone, O. Martinez, J. Martínez-Castro, J. A. Matthews, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, J. A. Montes, J. A. Morales-Soto, E. Moreno, M. Mostafá, M. Najafi, L. Nellen, M. Newbold, M. U. Nisa, R. Noriega-Papaqui, L. Olivera-Nieto, N. Omodei, M. Osorio-Archila, Y. Pérez Araujo, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, C. D. Rho, D. Rosa-González, E. Ruiz-Velasco, H. Salazar, D. Salazar-Gallegos, A. Sandoval, M. Schneider, G. Schwefer, J. Serna-Franco, A. J. Smith, Y. Son, R. W. Springer, O. Tibolla, K. Tollefson, I. Torres, R. Torres-Escobedo, R. Turner, F. Ureña-Mena, E. Varela, X. Wang, Z. Wang, I. J. Watson, E. Willox, H. Wu, S. Yu, S. Yun-Cárcamo, and H. Zhou
Subjects: Galactic center, Gamma-rays, Ultra-high-energy cosmic radiation, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: We report an observation of ultrahigh-energy (UHE) gamma rays from the Galactic center (GC) region, using 7 yr of data collected by the High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory. The HAWC data are best described as a point-like source (HAWC J1746-2856) with a power-law spectrum ( ${d}N/{d}E=\phi {\left(E/26\,\mathrm{TeV}\right)}^{\gamma }$ ), where γ = −2.88 ± 0.15 _stat − 0.1 _sys and ϕ = 1.5 × 10 ^−15 (TeV cm ^2 s) ^−1 $\pm {0.3}_{\mathrm{stat}}{\,}_{-{0.13}_{\mathrm{sys}}}^{+{0.08}_{\mathrm{sys}}}$ extending from 6 to 114 TeV. We find no evidence of a spectral cutoff up to 100 TeV using HAWC data. Two known point-like gamma-ray sources are spatially coincident with the HAWC gamma-ray excess: Sgr A* (HESS J1745-290) and the Arc (HESS J1746-285). We subtract the known flux contribution of these point sources from the measured flux of HAWC J1746-2856 to exclude their contamination and show that the excess observed by HAWC remains significant (>5 σ ), with the spectrum extending to >100 TeV. Our result supports that these detected UHE gamma rays can originate via hadronic interaction of PeV cosmic-ray protons with the dense ambient gas and confirms the presence of a proton PeVatron at the GC.
Published: 2024
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2. Spectral Study of Very-high-energy Gamma Rays from SS 433 with HAWC

Author: R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, D. Avila Rojas, H. A. Ayala Solares, R. Babu, E. Belmont-Moreno, A. Bernal, K. S. Caballero-Mora, T. Capistrán, A. Carramiñana, S. Casanova, J. Cotzomi, E. De la Fuente, D. Depaoli, N. Di Lalla, R. Diaz Hernandez, B. L. Dingus, M. A. DuVernois, K. Engel, T. Ergin, C. Espinoza, K. L. Fan, K. Fang, N. Fraija, S. Fraija, J. A. García-González, A. Gonzalez Muñoz, M. M. González, J. A. Goodman, S. Groetsch, J. P. Harding, S. Hernández-Cadena, I. Herzog, D. Huang, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, P. Hüntemeyer, A. Iriarte, S. Kaufmann, A. Lara, W. H. Lee, J. Lee, C. de León, H. León Vargas, A. L. Longinotti, G. Luis-Raya, K. Malone, J. Martínez-Castro, J. A. Matthews, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, J. A. Montes, E. Moreno, M. Mostafá, L. Nellen, M. U. Nisa, R. Noriega-Papaqui, Y. Pérez Araujo, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, C. D. Rho, D. Rosa-González, E. Ruiz-Velasco, H. Salazar, A. Sandoval, M. Schneider, J. Serna-Franco, A. J. Smith, Y. Son, R. W. Springer, O. Tibolla, K. Tollefson, I. Torres, R. Torres-Escobedo, R. Turner, F. Ureña-Mena, E. Varela, L. Villaseñor, X. Wang, Z. Wang, I. J. Watson, S. Yu, S. Yun-Cárcamo, H. Zhou, and HAWC collaboration
Subjects: Gamma-ray sources, High mass x-ray binary stars, Jets, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: Very-high-energy (0.1–100 TeV) gamma-ray emissions were observed in High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) data from the lobes of the microquasar SS 433, making them the first set of astrophysical jets that were resolved at TeV energies. In this work, we update the analysis of SS 433 using 2565 days of data from the HAWC observatory. Our analysis reports the detection of a point-like source in the east lobe at a significance of 6.6 σ and in the west lobe at a significance of 8.2 σ . For each jet lobe, we localize the gamma-ray emission and identify a best-fit position. The locations are close to the X-ray emission sites “e1” and “w1” for the east and west lobes, respectively. We analyze the spectral energy distributions and find that the energy spectra of the lobes are consistent with a simple power law d N / d E ∝ E ^α with $\alpha =-{2.44}_{-0.12-0.04}^{+0.13+0.04}$ and $\alpha =-{2.35}_{-0.11-0.03}^{+0.12+0.03}$ for the east and west lobes, respectively. The maximum energy of photons from the east and west lobes reaches 56 TeV and 123 TeV, respectively. We compare our observations to various models and conclude that the very-high-energy gamma-ray emission can be produced by a population of electrons that were efficiently accelerated.
Published: 2024
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3. Search for Joint Multimessenger Signals from Potential Galactic Cosmic-Ray Accelerators with HAWC and IceCube

Author: R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, D. Avila Rojas, H. A. Ayala Solares, R. Babu, E. Belmont-Moreno, K. S. Caballero-Mora, T. Capistrán, A. Carramiñana, S. Casanova, U. Cotti, J. Cotzomi, S. Coutiño de León, E. De la Fuente, D. Depaoli, N. Di Lalla, R. Diaz Hernandez, J. C. Díaz-Vélez, K. Engel, T. Ergin, K. L. Fan, K. Fang, N. Fraija, S. Fraija, J. A. García-González, F. Garfias, M. M. González, J. A. Goodman, S. Groetsch, J. P. Harding, S. Hernández-Cadena, I. Herzog, D. Huang, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, P. Hüntemeyer, A. Iriarte, S. Kaufmann, J. Lee, H. León Vargas, G. Luis-Raya, K. Malone, J. Martínez-Castro, J. A. Matthews, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, J. A. Montes, E. Moreno, M. Mostafá, L. Nellen, M. U. Nisa, N. Omodei, M. Osorio, Y. Pérez Araujo, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, C. D. Rho, D. Rosa-González, H. Salazar, D. Salazar-Gallegos, A. Sandoval, M. Schneider, J. Serna-Franco, A. J. Smith, Y. Son, O. Tibolla, K. Tollefson, I. Torres, R. Torres-Escobedo, R. Turner, F. Ureña-Mena, X. Wang, I. J. Watson, K. Whitaker, E. Willox, H. Wu, S. Yu, S. Yun-Cárcamo, H. Zhou, C. de León, HAWC Collaboration, R. Abbasi, M. Ackermann, J. Adams, S. K. Agarwalla, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, J. M. Alameddine, N. M. Amin, K. Andeen, C. Argüelles, Y. Ashida, S. Athanasiadou, L. Ausborm, S. N. Axani, X. Bai, A. Balagopal V., M. Baricevic, S. W. Barwick, S. Bash, V. Basu, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus, J. Beise, C. Bellenghi, C. Benning, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Z. Besson, E. Blaufuss, L. Bloom, S. Blot, F. Bontempo, J. Y. Book Motzkin, C. Boscolo Meneguolo, S. Böser, O. Botner, J. Böttcher, J. Braun, B. Brinson, J. Brostean-Kaiser, L. Brusa, R. T. Burley, D. Butterfield, M. A. Campana, I. Caracas, K. Carloni, J. Carpio, S. Chattopadhyay, N. Chau, Z. Chen, D. Chirkin, S. Choi, B. A. Clark, A. Coleman, G. H. Collin, A. Connolly, J. M. Conrad, P. Coppin, R. Corley, P. Correa, D. F. Cowen, P. Dave, C. De Clercq, J. J. DeLaunay, D. Delgado, S. Deng, A. Desai, P. Desiati, K. D. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, T. DeYoung, A. Diaz, P. Dierichs, M. Dittmer, A. Domi, L. Draper, H. Dujmovic, K. Dutta, M. A. DuVernois, T. Ehrhardt, L. Eidenschink, A. Eimer, P. Eller, E. Ellinger, S. El Mentawi, D. Elsässer, R. Engel, H. Erpenbeck, J. Evans, P. A. Evenson, K. Farrag, A. R. Fazely, A. Fedynitch, N. Feigl, S. Fiedlschuster, C. Finley, L. Fischer, D. Fox, A. Franckowiak, S. Fukami, P. Fürst, J. Gallagher, E. Ganster, A. Garcia, M. Garcia, G. Garg, E. Genton, L. Gerhardt, A. Ghadimi, C. Girard-Carillo, C. Glaser, T. Glüsenkamp, J. G. Gonzalez, S. Goswami, A. Granados, D. Grant, S. J. Gray, O. Gries, S. Griffin, S. Griswold, K. M. Groth, C. Günther, P. Gutjahr, C. Ha, C. Haack, A. Hallgren, L. Halve, F. Halzen, H. Hamdaoui, M. Ha Minh, M. Handt, K. Hanson, J. Hardin, A. A. Harnisch, P. Hatch, A. Haungs, J. Häußler, K. Helbing, J. Hellrung, J. Hermannsgabner, L. Heuermann, N. Heyer, S. Hickford, A. Hidvegi, C. Hill, G. C. Hill, K. D. Hoffman, S. Hori, K. Hoshina, M. Hostert, W. Hou, T. Huber, K. Hultqvist, M. Hünnefeld, R. Hussain, K. Hymon, A. Ishihara, W. Iwakiri, M. Jacquart, O. Janik, M. Jansson, G. S. Japaridze, M. Jeong, M. Jin, B. J. P. Jones, N. Kamp, D. Kang, W. Kang, X. Kang, A. Kappes, D. Kappesser, L. Kardum, T. Karg, M. Karl, A. Karle, A. Katil, U. Katz, M. Kauer, J. L. Kelley, M. Khanal, A. Khatee Zathul, A. Kheirandish, J. Kiryluk, S. R. Klein, A. Kochocki, R. Koirala, H. Kolanoski, T. Kontrimas, L. Köpke, C. Kopper, D. J. Koskinen, P. Koundal, M. Kovacevich, M. Kowalski, T. Kozynets, J. Krishnamoorthi, K. Kruiswijk, E. Krupczak, A. Kumar, E. Kun, N. Kurahashi, N. Lad, C. Lagunas Gualda, M. Lamoureux, M. J. Larson, S. Latseva, F. Lauber, J. P. Lazar, J. W. Lee, K. Leonard DeHolton, A. Leszczyńska, J. Liao, M. Lincetto, Y. T. Liu, M. Liubarska, E. Lohfink, C. Love, C. J. Lozano Mariscal, L. Lu, F. Lucarelli, W. Luszczak, Y. Lyu, J. Madsen, E. Magnus, K. B. M. Mahn, Y. Makino, E. Manao, S. Mancina, W. Marie Sainte, I. C. Mariş, S. Marka, Z. Marka, M. Marsee, I. Martinez-Soler, R. Maruyama, F. Mayhew, F. McNally, J. V. Mead, K. Meagher, S. Mechbal, A. Medina, M. Meier, Y. Merckx, L. Merten, J. Micallef, J. Mitchell, T. Montaruli, R. W. Moore, Y. Morii, R. Morse, M. Moulai, T. Mukherjee, R. Naab, R. Nagai, M. Nakos, U. Naumann, J. Necker, A. Negi, L. Neste, M. Neumann, H. Niederhausen, K. Noda, A. Noell, A. Novikov, A. Obertacke Pollmann, V. O’Dell, B. Oeyen, A. Olivas, R. Orsoe, J. Osborn, E. O’Sullivan, H. Pandya, N. Park, G. K. Parker, E. N. Paudel, L. Paul, C. Pérez de los Heros, T. Pernice, J. Peterson, S. Philippen, A. Pizzuto, M. Plum, A. Pontén, Y. Popovych, M. Prado Rodriguez, B. Pries, R. Procter-Murphy, G. T. Przybylski, C. Raab, J. Rack-Helleis, M. Ravn, K. Rawlins, Z. Rechav, A. Rehman, P. Reichherzer, E. Resconi, S. Reusch, W. Rhode, B. Riedel, A. Rifaie, E. J. Roberts, S. Robertson, S. Rodan, G. Roellinghoff, M. Rongen, A. Rosted, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, L. Ruohan, D. Ryckbosch, I. Safa, J. Saffer, P. Sampathkumar, A. Sandrock, M. Santander, S. Sarkar, J. Savelberg, P. Savina, P. Schaile, M. Schaufel, H. Schieler, S. Schindler, B. Schlüter, F. Schlüter, N. Schmeisser, T. Schmidt, J. Schneider, F. G. Schröder, L. Schumacher, S. Sclafani, D. Seckel, M. Seikh, M. Seo, S. Seunarine, P. Sevle Myhr, R. Shah, S. Shefali, N. Shimizu, M. Silva, B. Skrzypek, B. Smithers, R. Snihur, J. Soedingrekso, A. Søgaard, D. Soldin, P. Soldin, G. Sommani, C. Spannfellner, G. M. Spiczak, C. Spiering, M. Stamatikos, T. Stanev, T. Stezelberger, T. Stürwald, T. Stuttard, G. W. Sullivan, I. Taboada, S. Ter-Antonyan, A. Terliuk, M. Thiesmeyer, W. G. Thompson, J. Thwaites, S. Tilav, C. Tönnis, S. Toscano, D. Tosi, A. Trettin, R. Turcotte, J. P. Twagirayezu, M. A. Unland Elorrieta, A. K. Upadhyay, K. Upshaw, A. Vaidyanathan, N. Valtonen-Mattila, J. Vandenbroucke, N. van Eijndhoven, D. Vannerom, J. van Santen, J. Vara, J. Veitch-Michaelis, M. Venugopal, M. Vereecken, S. Verpoest, D. Veske, A. Vijai, C. Walck, A. Wang, C. Weaver, P. Weigel, A. Weindl, J. Weldert, A. Y. Wen, C. Wendt, J. Werthebach, M. Weyrauch, N. Whitehorn, C. H. Wiebusch, D. R. Williams, L. Witthaus, A. Wolf, M. Wolf, G. Wrede, X. W. Xu, J. P. Yanez, E. Yildizci, S. Yoshida, R. Young, T. Yuan, Z. Zhang, P. Zhelnin, P. Zilberman, M. Zimmerman, and IceCube Collaboration
Subjects: Neutrino astronomy, Gamma-ray astronomy, Particle astrophysics, High energy astrophysics, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: The origin of high-energy galactic cosmic rays is yet to be understood, but some galactic cosmic-ray accelerators can accelerate cosmic rays up to PeV energies. The high-energy cosmic rays are expected to interact with the surrounding material or radiation, resulting in the production of gamma-rays and neutrinos. To optimize for the detection of such associated production of gamma-rays and neutrinos for a given source morphology and spectrum, a multimessenger analysis that combines gamma-rays and neutrinos is required. In this study, we use the Multi-Mission Maximum Likelihood framework with IceCube Maximum Likelihood Analysis software and HAWC Accelerated Likelihood to search for a correlation between 22 known gamma-ray sources from the third HAWC gamma-ray catalog and 14 yr of IceCube track-like data. No significant neutrino emission from the direction of the HAWC sources was found. We report the best-fit gamma-ray model and 90% CL neutrino flux limit from the 22 sources. From the neutrino flux limit, we conclude that, for five of the sources, the gamma-ray emission observed by HAWC cannot be produced purely from hadronic interactions. We report the limit for the fraction of gamma-rays produced by hadronic interactions for these five sources.
Published: 2024
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4. Analysis of the Emission and Morphology of the Pulsar Wind Nebula Candidate HAWC J2031+415

Author: R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, D. Avila Rojas, H. A. Ayala Solares, R. Babu, E. Belmont-Moreno, K. S. Caballero-Mora, T. Capistrán, A. Carramiñana, S. Casanova, U. Cotti, J. Cotzomi, S. Coutiño de León, E. De la Fuente, C. de León, D. Depaoli, N. Di Lalla, R. Diaz Hernandez, B. L. Dingus, M. A. DuVernois, J. C. Díaz-Vélez, K. Engel, T. Ergin, C. Espinoza, K. L. Fan, N. Fraija, J. A. García-González, M. M. González, J. A. Goodman, S. Groetsch, J. P. Harding, S. Hernández-Cadena, I. Herzog, D. Huang, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, P. Hüntemeyer, A. Iriarte, S. Kaufmann, J. Lee, H. León Vargas, A. L. Longinotti, G. Luis-Raya, K. Malone, J. Martínez-Castro, J. A. Matthews, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, J. A. Montes, E. Moreno, M. Mostafá, M. Najafi, L. Nellen, M. Newbold, M. U. Nisa, R. Noriega-Papaqui, Y. Pérez Araujo, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, C. D. Rho, D. Rosa-González, E. Ruiz-Velasco, H. Salazar, A. Sandoval, D. Salazar-Gallegos, M. Schneider, J. Serna-Franco, A. J. Smith, Y. Son, R. W. Springer, O. Tibolla, K. Tollefson, I. Torres, R. Torres-Escobedo, R. Turner, F. Ureña-Mena, E. Varela, L. Villaseñor, X. Wang, Zhen Wang, I. J. Watson, S. Yu, S. Yun-Cárcamo, H. Zhou, and THE HAWC COLLABORATION
Subjects: Gamma-ray astronomy, Pulsar wind nebulae, Binary pulsars, Gamma-ray sources, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: The first TeV γ -ray source with no lower energy counterparts, TeV J2032+4130, was discovered by HEGRA. It appears in the third HAWC catalog as 3HWC J2031+415 and it is a bright TeV γ -ray source whose emission has previously been resolved as two sources: HAWC J2031+415 and HAWC J2030+409. While HAWC J2030+409 has since been associated with the Fermi Large Area Telescope Cygnus Cocoon, no such association for HAWC J2031+415 has yet been found. In this work, we investigate the spectrum and energy-dependent morphology of HAWC J2031+415. We associate HAWC J2031+415 with a γ -ray binary system containing the pulsar PSR J2032+4127 and its companion MT91 213. We study HAWC data to observe their periastron in 2017. Additionally, we perform a combined multiwavelength analysis using radio, X-ray, and γ -ray emission. We conclude that HAWC J2031+415 and, by extension, TeV J2032+4130 are most probably a pulsar wind nebula powered by PSR J2032+4127.
Published: 2024
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5. Precise Measurements of TeV Halos around Geminga and Monogem Pulsars with HAWC

Author: A. Albert, R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, D. Avila Rojas, H. A. Ayala Solares, R. Babu, E. Belmont-Moreno, A. Bernal, K. S. Caballero-Mora, T. Capistrán, A. Carramiñana, S. Casanova, U. Cotti, J. Cotzomi, S. Coutiño de León, E. de la Fuente, D. Depaoli, N. Di Lalla, R. Diaz Hernandez, B. L. Dingus, M. A. DuVernois, M. Durocher, J. C. Díaz-Vélez, K. Engel, C. Espinoza, K. L. Fan, K. Fang, N. Fraija, J. A. García-González, F. Garfias, H. Goksu, M. M. González, J. A. Goodman, S. Groetsch, J. P. Harding, S. Hernández-Cadena, I. Herzog, P. Hüntemeyer, D. Huang, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, A. Iriarte, V. Joshi, S. Kaufmann, D. Kieda, A. Lara, W. H. Lee, J. Lee, H. León Vargas, J. T. Linnemann, A. L. Longinotti, G. Luis-Raya, K. Malone, O. Martinez, J. Martínez-Castro, J. A. Matthews, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, J. A. Montes, J. A. Morales-Soto, E. Moreno, M. Mostafá, A. Nayerhoda, L. Nellen, R. Noriega-Papaqui, L. Olivera-Nieto, N. Omodei, Y. Pérez Araujo, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, C. D. Rho, D. Rosa-González, H. Salazar, D. Salazar-Gallegos, A. Sandoval, M. Schneider, G. Schwefer, J. Serna-Franco, Y. Son, R. W. Springer, O. Tibolla, K. Tollefson, I. Torres, R. Torres-Escobedo, R. Turner, F. Urea-Mena, E. Varela, L. Villaseñor, X. Wang, I. J. Watson, E. Willox, H. Wu, S. Yun-Cárcamo, H. Zhou, C. de León, HAWC Collaboration, and M. Di Mauro
Subjects: High energy astrophysics, Particle astrophysics, Pulsars, Pulsar wind nebulae, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: We present the most precise measurements to date for the spatial extension and energy spectrum of the γ -ray region between a pulsar’s wind nebula and the interstellar medium, better known as the halo, present around Geminga and PSR B0656+14 (Monogem) using ∼2398 days of >1 TeV data collected by the HAWC observatory. We interpret the data using a physically motivated model for the diffuse γ -ray emission generated from positrons and electrons (e ^± ) injected by the pulsar wind nebula and inverse Compton scattering with interstellar radiation fields. We find the morphologies of the regions inside these halos are characterized by an inhibited diffusion that are approximately three orders of magnitudes smaller than the Galactic average. We also obtain the e ^± emission efficiencies of 6.6% and 5.1%, respectively, for Geminga and Monogem. These results have remarkable consequences for the study of the particle diffusion in the region between the pulsar wind nebulae and the interstellar medium, and for the interpretation of the flux of positrons measured by the AMS-02 experiment above 10 GeV.
Published: 2024
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6. Performance of the HAWC Observatory and TeV Gamma-Ray Measurements of the Crab Nebula with Improved Extensive Air Shower Reconstruction Algorithms

Author: A. Albert, R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, A. Andrés, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, D. Avila Rojas, H. A. Ayala Solares, R. Babu, E. Belmont-Moreno, A. Bernal, K. S. Caballero-Mora, T. Capistrán, A. Carramiñana, F. Carreón, S. Casanova, U. Cotti, J. Cotzomi, S. Coutiño de León, E. De la Fuente, C. de León, D. Depaoli, N. Di Lalla, R. Díaz Hernández, B. L. Dingus, M. A. DuVernois, K. Engel, T. Ergin, C. Espinoza, K. L. Fan, K. Fang, N. Fraija, S. Fraija, J. A. García-González, F. Garfias, H. Goksu, M. M. González, J. A. Goodman, S. Groetsch, J. P. Harding, S. Hernández-Cadena, I. Herzog, J. Hinton, D. Huang, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, P. Hüntemeyer, A. Iriarte, S. Kaufmann, A. Lara, J. Lee, H. León Vargas, J. T. Linnemann, A. L. Longinotti, G. Luis-Raya, K. Malone, J. Martínez-Castro, J. A. Matthews, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, J. A. Montes, E. Moreno, M. Mostafá, L. Nellen, M. U. Nisa, R. Noriega-Papaqui, L. Olivera-Nieto, N. Omodei, M. Osorio-Archila, Y. Pérez Araujo, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, C. D. Rho, D. Rosa-González, E. Ruiz-Velasco, H. Salazar, D. Salazar-Gallegos, A. Sandoval, M. Schneider, G. Schwefer, J. Serna-Franco, A. J. Smith, Y. Son, R. W. Springer, O. Tibolla, K. Tollefson, I. Torres, R. Torres-Escobedo, R. Turner, F. Ureña-Mena, E. Varela, X. Wang, I. J. Watson, K. Whitaker, E. Willox, H. Wu, S. Yu, S. Yun-Cárcamo, H. Zhou, and HAWC Collaboration
Subjects: High energy astrophysics, Gamma-rays, Gamma-ray detectors, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Gamma-Ray Observatory, located on the side of the Sierra Negra volcano in Mexico, has been fully operational since 2015. The HAWC collaboration has recently significantly improved their extensive air shower reconstruction algorithms, which has notably advanced the observatory performance. The energy resolution for primary gamma rays with energies below 1 TeV was improved by including a noise-suppression algorithm. Corrections have also been made to systematic errors in direction fitting related to the detector and shower plane inclinations, ${ \mathcal O }(0\buildrel{\circ}\over{.} 1)$ biases in highly inclined showers, and enhancements to the core reconstruction. The angular resolution for gamma rays approaching the HAWC array from large zenith angles (>37°) has improved by a factor of 4 at the highest energies (>70 TeV) as compared to previous reconstructions. The inclusion of a lateral distribution function fit to the extensive air shower footprint on the array to separate gamma-ray primaries from cosmic-ray ones based on the resulting χ ^2 values improved the background rejection performance at all inclinations. At large zenith angles, the improvement in significance is a factor of 4 compared to previous HAWC publications. These enhancements have been verified by observing the Crab Nebula, which is an overhead source for the HAWC Observatory. We show that the sensitivity to Crab-like point sources ( E ^−2.63 ) with locations overhead to 30° zenith is comparable to or less than 10% of the Crab Nebula’s flux between 2 and 50 TeV. Thanks to these improvements, HAWC can now detect more sources, including the Galactic center.
Published: 2024
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7. Exploring the Coronal Magnetic Field with Galactic Cosmic Rays: The Sun Shadow Observed by HAWC

Author: R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, K. P. Arunbabu, D. Avila Rojas, R. Babu, E. Belmont-Moreno, K. S. Caballero-Mora, T. Capistrán, A. Carramiñana, S. Casanova, P. Colín-Farias, U. Cotti, J. Cotzomi, S. Coutiño de León, E. De la Fuente, C. de León, D. Depaoli, R. Diaz Hernandez, J. C. Díaz-Vélez, M. Durocher, M. A. DuVernois, K. Engel, C. Espinoza, K. L. Fan, N. Fraija, J. A. García-González, F. Garfias, A. Gonzalez Muñoz, M. M. González, J. A. Goodman, J. P. Harding, D. Huang, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, A. Iriarte, S. Kaufmann, A. Lara, J. Lee, H. León Vargas, A. L. Longinotti, G. Luis-Raya, K. Malone, O. Martinez, J. Martínez-Castro, J. A. Matthews, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, E. Moreno, M. Mostafá, A. Nayerhoda, L. Nellen, T. Niembro, R. Noriega-Papaqui, N. Omodei, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, C. D. Rho, D. Rosa-González, E. Ruiz-Velasco, J. Ryan, H. Salazar, D. Salazar-Gallegos, A. Sandoval, J. Serna-Franco, A. J. Smith, Y. Son, R. W. Springer, O. Tibolla, K. Tollefson, I. Torres, R. Turner, F. Ureña-Mena, E. Varela, L. Villaseñor, X. Wang, I. J. Watson, E. Willox, S. Yun-Cárcamo, and H. Zhou
Subjects: Active solar corona, Solar magnetic fields, Solar physics, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) are charged particles that reach the heliosphere almost isotropically in a wide energy range. In the inner heliosphere, the GCR flux is modulated by solar activity so that only energetic GCRs reach the lower layers of the solar atmosphere. In this work, we propose that high-energy GCRs can be used to explore the solar magnetic fields at low coronal altitudes. We used GCR data collected by the High-Altitude Water Cherenkov observatory to construct maps of GCR flux coming from the Sun’s sky direction and studied the observed GCR deficit, known as Sun shadow (SS), over a 6 yr period (2016–2021) with a time cadence of 27.3 days. We confirm that the SS is correlated with sunspot number, but we focus on the relationship between the photospheric solar magnetic field measured at different heliolatitudes and the relative GCR deficit at different energies. We found a linear relationship between the relative deficit of GCRs represented by the depth of the SS and the solar magnetic field. This relationship is evident in the observed energy range of 2.5–226 TeV, but is strongest in the range of 12.4 33.4 TeV, which implies that this is the best energy range to study the evolution of magnetic fields in the low solar atmosphere.
Published: 2024
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8. Galactic Gamma-Ray Diffuse Emission at TeV Energies with HAWC Data

Author: R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, K. P. Arunbabu, D. Avila Rojas, R. Babu, V. Baghmanyan, E. Belmont-Moreno, C. Brisbois, K. S. Caballero-Mora, T. Capistrán, A. Carramiñana, S. Casanova, O. Chaparro-Amaro, U. Cotti, J. Cotzomi, S. Coutiño de León, E. De la Fuente, R. Diaz Hernandez, M. A. DuVernois, M. Durocher, J. C. Díaz-Vélez, K. Engel, C. Espinoza, K. L. Fan, N. Fraija, A. Galván-Gámez, J. A. García-González, F. Garfias, M. M. González, J. A. Goodman, S. Hernandez, B. Hona, D. Huang, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, T. B. Humensky, A. Iriarte, V. Joshi, S. Kaufmann, D. Kieda, G. J. Kunde, A. Lara, H. León Vargas, J. T. Linnemann, A. L. Longinotti, G. Luis-Raya, K. Malone, O. Martinez, J. Martínez-Castro, J. A. Matthews, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, E. Moreno, M. Mostafá, A. Nayerhoda, L. Nellen, R. Noriega-Papaqui, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, D. Rosa-González, E. Ruiz-Velasco, H. Salazar, D. Salazar-Gallegos, F. Salesa Greus, A. Sandoval, J. Serna-Franco, A. J. Smith, R. W. Springer, O. Tibolla, K. Tollefson, I. Torres, R. Torres-Escobedo, F. Ureña-Mena, L. Villaseñor, E. Willox, H. Zhou, C. de León, O. Fornieri, D. Gaggero, D. Grasso, A. Marinelli, S. Ventura, and HAWC Collaboration
Subjects: Gamma-ray astronomy, High energy astrophysics, Galactic cosmic rays, Milky Way disk, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: Galactic gamma-ray diffuse emission (GDE) is emitted by cosmic rays (CRs), ultra-relativistic protons, and electrons, interacting with gas and electromagnetic radiation fields in the interstellar medium. Here we present the analysis of teraelectronvolt diffuse emission from a region of the Galactic plane over the range in longitude of l ∈ [43°, 73°], using data collected with the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) detector. Spectral, longitudinal, and latitudinal distributions of the teraelectronvolt diffuse emission are shown. The radiation spectrum is compatible with the spectrum of the emission arising from a CR population with an index similar to that of the observed CRs. When comparing with the DRAGON base model , the HAWC GDE flux is higher by about a factor of 2. Unresolved sources such as pulsar wind nebulae and teraelectronvolt halos could explain the excess emission. Finally, deviations of the Galactic CR flux from the locally measured CR flux may additionally explain the difference between the predicted and measured diffuse fluxes.
Published: 2024
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9. HAWC Detection of a TeV Halo Candidate Surrounding a Radio-quiet Pulsar

Author: A. Albert, R. Alfaro, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, H. A. Ayala Solares, E. Belmont-Moreno, T. Capistrán, A. Carramiñana, S. Casanova, J. Cotzomi, S. Coutiño De León, E. De la Fuente, C. de León, R. Diaz Hernandez, M. A. DuVernois, J. C. Díaz-Vélez, C. Espinoza, K. L. Fan, N. Fraija, K. Fang, J. A. García-González, F. Garfias, A. Jardin-Blicq, M. M. González, J. A. Goodman, J. P. Harding, S. Hernandez, D. Huang, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, P. Hüntemeyer, A. Iriarte, V. Joshi, A. Lara, J. Lee, H. León Vargas, J. T. Linnemann, A. L. Longinotti, G. Luis-Raya, K. Malone, O. Martinez, J. Martínez-Castro, J. A. Matthews, J. A. Morales-Soto, E. Moreno, M. Mostafá, A. Nayerhoda, L. Nellen, M. Newbold, M. U. Nisa, Y. Pérez Araujo, Y. Son, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, C. D. Rho, D. Rosa-González, A. Sandoval, M. Schneider, J. Serna-Franco, A. J. Smith, R. W. Springer, K. Tollefson, I. Torres, R. Torres-Escobedo, X. Wang, K. Whitaker, E. Willox, H. Zhou, and THE HAWC COLLABORATION
Subjects: Pulsars, Gamma-ray astronomy, High energy astrophysics, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: Extended very-high-energy (VHE; 0.1–100 TeV) γ -ray emission has been observed around several middle-aged pulsars and referred to as “TeV halos.” Their formation mechanism remains under debate. It is also unknown whether they are ubiquitous or related to a certain subgroup of pulsars. With 2321 days of observation, the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Gamma-Ray Observatory detected VHE γ -ray emission at the location of the radio-quiet pulsar PSR J0359+5414 with >6 σ significance. By performing likelihood tests with different spectral and spatial models and comparing the TeV spectrum with multiwavelength observations of nearby sources, we show that this excess is consistent with a TeV halo associated with PSR J0359+5414, though future observation of HAWC and multiwavelength follow-ups are needed to confirm this nature. This new halo candidate is located in a noncrowded region in the outer galaxy. It shares similar properties to the other halos but its pulsar is younger and radio-quiet. Our observation implies that TeV halos could commonly exist around pulsars and their formation does not depend on the configuration of the pulsar magnetosphere.
Published: 2023
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10. Search for Gamma-Ray and Neutrino Coincidences Using HAWC and ANTARES Data

Author: H. A. Ayala Solares, S. Coutu, D. Cowen, D. B. Fox, T. Grégoire, F. McBride, M. Mostafá, K. Murase, S. Wissel, AMON Team, A. Albert, S. Alves, M. André, M. Ardid, S. Ardid, J.-J. Aubert, J. Aublin, B. Baret, S. Basa, B. Belhorma, M. Bendahman, F. Benfenati, V. Bertin, S. Biagi, M. Bissinger, J. Boumaaza, M. Bouta, M. C. Bouwhuis, H. Brânzaş, R. Bruijn, J. Brunner, J. Busto, B. Caiffi, D. Calvo, A. Capone, L. Caramete, J. Carr, V. Carretero, S. Celli, M. Chabab, T. N. Chau, R. Cherkaoui El Moursli, T. Chiarusi, M. Circella, J. A. B. Coelho, A. Coleiro, R. Coniglione, P. Coyle, A. Creusot, A. F. Díaz, G. de Wasseige, B. De Martino, C. Distefano, I. Di Palma, A. Domi, C. Donzaud, D. Dornic, D. Drouhin, T. Eberl, T. van Eeden, D. van Eijk, N. El Khayati, A. Enzenhöfer, P. Fermani, G. Ferrara, F. Filippini, L. Fusco, J. García, P. Gay, H. Glotin, R. Gozzini, R. Gracia Ruiz, K. Graf, C. Guidi, S. Hallmann, H. van Haren, A. J. Heijboer, Y. Hello, J. J. Hernández-Rey, J. Hößl, J. Hofestädt, F. Huang, G. Illuminati, C. W. James, B. Jisse-Jung, M. de Jong, P. de Jong, M. Kadler, O. Kalekin, U. Katz, A. Kouchner, I. Kreykenbohm, V. Kulikovskiy, R. Lahmann, M. Lamoureux, R. Le Breton, D. Lefèvre, E. Leonora, G. Levi, S. Le Stum, D. Lopez-Coto, S. Loucatos, L. Maderer, J. Manczak, M. Marcelin, A. Margiotta, A. Marinelli, J. A. Martínez-Mora, K. Melis, P. Migliozzi, A. Moussa, R. Muller, L. Nauta, S. Navas, E. Nezri, B. Ó Fearraigh, A. Păun, G. E. Păvălaş, C. Pellegrino, M. Perrin-Terrin, V. Pestel, P. Piattelli, C. Pieterse, C. Poirè, V. Popa, T. Pradier, N. Randazzo, D. Real, S. Reck, G. Riccobene, A. Romanov, A. Sánchez-Losa, D. F. E. Samtleben, M. Sanguineti, P. Sapienza, J. Schnabel, J. Schumann, F. Schüssler, J. Seneca, M. Spurio, Th. Stolarczyk, M. Taiuti, Y. Tayalati, S. J. Tingay, B. Vallage, V. Van Elewyck, F. Versari, S. Viola, D. Vivolo, J. Wilms, S. Zavatarelli, A. Zegarelli, J. D. Zornoza, J. Zúñiga, ANTARES Collaboration, C. Alvarez, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, R. Babu, E. Belmont-Moreno, K. S. Caballero-Mora, T. Capistrán, A. Carramiñana, S. Casanova, U. Cotti, O. Chaparro-Amaro, J. Cotzomi, S. Coutiño de León, E. De la Fuente, C. de León, R. Diaz Hernandez, M. A. DuVernois, M. Durocher, J. C. Díaz-Vélez, K. Engel, C. Espinoza, K. L. Fan, M. Fernández Alonso, N. Fraija, J. A. García-González, F. Garfias, M. M. González, J. A. Goodman, J. P. Harding, S. Hernandez, D. Huang, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, P. Hüntemeyer, A. Iriarte, V. Joshi, S. Kaufmann, A. Lara, H. León Vargas, J. T. Linnemann, A. L. Longinotti, G. Luis-Raya, K. Malone, O. Martinez, I. Martinez-Castellanos, J. Martínez-Castro, J. A. Matthews, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, J. A. Morales-Soto, E. Moreno, A. Nayerhoda, L. Nellen, M. U. Nisa, R. Noriega-Papaqui, N. Omodei, A. Peisker, Y. Pérez Araujo, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, C. D. Rho, D. Rosa-González, E. Ruiz-Velasco, H. Salazar, F. Salesa Greus, A. Sandoval, M. Schneider, A. J. Smith, Y. Son, R. W. Springer, O. Tibolla, K. Tollefson, I. Torres, R. Torres-Escobedo, R. Turner, F. Ureña-Mena, E. Varela, X. Wang, K. Whitaker, E. Willox, A. Zepeda, H. Zhou, and HAWC Collaboration
Subjects: High energy astrophysics, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: In the quest for high-energy neutrino sources, the Astrophysical Multimessenger Observatory Network has implemented a new search by combining data from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory and the Astronomy with a Neutrino Telescope and Abyss environmental RESearch (ANTARES) neutrino telescope. Using the same analysis strategy as in a previous detector combination of HAWC and IceCube data, we perform a search for coincidences in HAWC and ANTARES events that are below the threshold for sending public alerts in each individual detector. Data were collected between 2015 July and 2020 February with a live time of 4.39 yr. Over this time period, three coincident events with an estimated false-alarm rate of
Published: 2023
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11. Searching for TeV Dark Matter in Irregular Dwarf Galaxies with HAWC Observatory

Author: R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, D. Avila Rojas, H. A. Ayala Solares, R. Babu, E. Belmont-Moreno, K. S. Caballero-Mora, T. Capistrán, A. Carramiñana, S. Casanova, O. Chaparro-Amaro, U. Cotti, J. Cotzomi, E. De la Fuente, R. Diaz Hernandez, B. L. Dingus, M. A. DuVernois, M. Durocher, J. C. Díaz-Vélez, C. Espinoza, K. L. Fan, N. Fraija, J. A. García-González, F. Garfias, M. M. González, J. P. Harding, S. Hernández-Cadena, D. Huang, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, A. Iriarte, V. Joshi, S. Kaufmann, D. Kieda, J. Lee, H. León Vargas, J. T. Linnemann, A. L. Longinotti, G. Luis-Raya, K. Malone, O. Martinez, J. Martínez-Castro, J. A. Matthews, E. Moreno, M. Mostafá, A. Nayerhoda, L. Nellen, N. Omodei, Y. Pérez Araujo, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, C. D. Rho, D. Rosa-González, H. Salazar, D. Salazar-Gallegos, A. Sandoval, J. Serna-Franco, Y. Son, R. W. Springer, O. Tibolla, K. Tollefson, I. Torres, R. Torres-Escobedo, R. Turner, F. Ureña-Mena, L. Villaseñor, X. Wang, E. Willox, H. Zhou, C. de León, The HAWC Collaboration, V. Gammaldi, E. Karukes, and P. Salucci
Subjects: Dark matter, Cold dark matter, Galaxies, Dwarf irregular galaxies, Particle astrophysics, Gamma-rays, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: We present the results of dark matter (DM) searches in a sample of 31 dwarf irregular (dIrr) galaxies within the field of view of the HAWC Observatory. dIrr galaxies are DM-dominated objects in which astrophysical gamma-ray emission is estimated to be negligible with respect to the secondary gamma-ray flux expected by annihilation or decay of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs). While we do not see any statistically significant DM signal in dIrr galaxies, we present the exclusion limits (95% C.L.) for annihilation cross section and decay lifetime for WIMP candidates with masses between 1 and 100 TeV. Exclusion limits from dIrr galaxies are relevant and complementary to benchmark dwarf Spheroidal (dSph) galaxies. In fact, dIrr galaxies are targets kinematically different from benchmark dSph, preserving the footprints of different evolution histories. We compare the limits from dIrr galaxies to those from ultrafaint and classical dSph galaxies previously observed with HAWC. We find that the constraints are comparable to the limits from classical dSph galaxies and ∼2 orders of magnitude weaker than the ultrafaint dSph limits.
Published: 2023
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12. Detailed Analysis of the TeV γ-Ray Sources 3HWC J1928+178, 3HWC J1930+188, and the New Source HAWC J1932+192

Author: A. Albert, R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, D. Avila Rojas, H. A. Ayala Solares, R. Babu, E. Belmont-Moreno, C. Brisbois, K. S. Caballero-Mora, T. Capistrán, A. Carramiñana, S. Casanova, O. Chaparro-Amaro, U. Cotti, J. Cotzomi, S. Coutiño de León, E. De la Fuente, C. de León, R. Diaz Hernandez, J. C. Díaz-Vélez, B. L. Dingus, M. A. DuVernois, M. Durocher, K. Engel, C. Espinoza, K. L. Fan, M. Fernández Alonso, N. Fraija, J. A. García-González, F. Garfias, H. Goksu, M. M. González, J. A. Goodman, J. P. Harding, S. Hernandez, J. Hinton, B. Hona, D. Huang, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, P. Hüntemeyer, A. Iriarte, A. Jardin-Blicq, V. Joshi, S. Kaufmann, D. Kieda, W. H. Lee, H. León Vargas, J. T. Linnemann, A. L. Longinotti, G. Luis-Raya, R. López-Coto, K. Malone, V. Marandon, O. Martinez, J. Martínez-Castro, J. A. Matthews, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, J. A. Morales-Soto, E. Moreno, M. Mostafá, A. Nayerhoda, L. Nellen, M. Newbold, M. U. Nisa, R. Noriega-Papaqui, L. Olivera-Nieto, N. Omodei, A. Peisker, Y. Pérez Araujo, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, C. D. Rho, D. Rosa-González, E. Ruiz-Velasco, H. Salazar, D. Salazar-Gallegos, F. Salesa Greus, A. Sandoval, M. Schneider, J. Serna-Franco, A. J. Smith, Y. Son, R. W. Springer, O. Tibolla, K. Tollefson, I. Torres, R. Torres-Escobedo, R. Turner, F. Ureña-Mena, L. Villaseñor, X. Wang, F. Werner, E. Willox, H. Zhou, and HAWC collaboration
Subjects: High energy astrophysics, Gamma-ray astronomy, Pulsars, Pulsar wind nebulae, Non-thermal radiation sources, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: The latest High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) point-like source catalog up to 56 TeV reported the detection of two sources in the region of the Galactic plane at galactic longitude 52° < ℓ < 55°, 3HWC J1930+188 and 3HWC J1928+178. The first one is associated with a known TeV source, the supernova remnant SNR G054.1+00.3. It was discovered by one of the currently operating Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope (IACT), the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS), detected by the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S), and identified as a composite SNR. However, the source 3HWC J1928+178, discovered by HAWC and coincident with the pulsar PSR J1928+1746, was not detected by any IACT despite their long exposure on the region, until a recent new analysis of H.E.S.S. data was able to confirm it. Moreover, no X-ray counterpart has been detected from this pulsar. We present a multicomponent fit of this region using the latest HAWC data. This reveals an additional new source, HAWC J1932+192, which is potentially associated with the pulsar PSR J1932+1916, whose γ -ray emission could come from the acceleration of particles in its pulsar wind nebula. In the case of 3HWC J1928+178, several possible explanations are explored, in an attempt to unveil the origins of the very-high-energy γ -ray emission.
Published: 2023
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13. Reading Spanish Prosody: The Role of Word Reading and Syntactic Knowledge

Author: Cristina Rodriquez, Nuria Gutiérrez, Rocío C. Seoane, Desirée González, and Sara C. de León
Abstract: This study examined the interrelationships among and combined effects of word reading skills and syntactic knowledge on reading prosody in fifth-grade monolingual Spanish-speaking students. We used Spanish standardized tests to assess the participants (n = 169, 79 girls) on word and pseudoword reading skills, syntactic knowledge, and reading prosody. The results revealed significant relationships among these factors and reading prosody. Word reading emerged as a pivotal predictor, whereas syntactic knowledge, although playing a smaller role compared to word reading, was linked to improvements in expression, phrasing, and the reduction of ungrammatical pauses. We also found a non-significant interaction between the independent effects of word reading and syntactic knowledge on reading prosody. The study suggests the potential benefits of integrating explicit syntactic instruction into reading curricula and intervention programs to support the development of reading prosody in Spanish.
Published: 2024
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14. $\gamma$-ray Emission from Classical Nova V392 Per: Measurements from Fermi and HAWC

Author: Albert, A., Alfaro, R., Alvarez, C., Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C., Rojas, D. Avila, Solares, H. A. Ayala, Babu, R., Belmont-Moreno, E., Blochwitz, C., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Capistrán, T., Carramiñana, A., Casanova, S., Chaparro-Amaro, O., Cotti, U., Cotzomi, J., de León, E. De la Fuente. C. de León. S. Coutiño, Hernandez, R. Diaz, Dingus, B. L., DuVernois, M. A., Durocher, M., Díaz-Vélez, J. C., Engel, K., Espinoza, C., Fan, K. L., Fang, K., Fraija, N., García-González, J. A., Garfias, F., González, M. M., Goodman, J. A., Harding, J. P., Hernandez, S., Hinton, J., Huang, D., Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, F., Hüntemeyer, P., Iriarte, A., Joshi, V., Lara, A., Lee, W. H., Linnemann, J. T., Longinotti, A. L., Luis-Raya, G., Lundeen, J., Malone, K., Marandon, V., Martinez, O., Martínez-Castro, J., Matthews, J. A., Miranda-Romagnoli, P., Morales-Soto, J. A., Moreno, E., Mostafá, M., Nayerhoda, A., Nellen, L., Newbold, M., Nisa, M. U., Noriega-Papaqui, R., Omodei, N., Peisker, A., Araujo, Y. Pérez, Pérez-Pérez, E. G., Rho, C. D., Rosa-González, D., Ruiz-Velasco, E., Salazar-Gallegos, D., Greus, F. Salesa, Serna-Franco, A. Sandoval. J., Smith, A. J., Son, Y., Springer, R. W., Tibolla, O., Tollefson, K., Torres, I., Torres-Escobedo, R., Turner, R., Ureña-Mena, F., Villaseñor, L., Wang, X., Willox, E., Zhou, A. Zepeda. H., Chomiuk, L., Aydi, E., Li, K. L., Metzger, B. D., and Vurm, I.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: This paper reports on the $\gamma$-ray properties of the 2018 Galactic nova V392 Per, spanning photon energies $\sim$0.1 GeV to 100 TeV by combining observations from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope and the HAWC Observatory. In one of the most rapidly evolving $\gamma$-ray signals yet observed for a nova, GeV $\gamma$ rays with a power law spectrum with index $\Gamma = 2.0 \pm 0.1$ were detected over eight days following V392 Per's optical maximum. HAWC observations constrain the TeV $\gamma$-ray signal during this time and also before and after. We observe no statistically significant evidence of TeV $\gamma$-ray emission from V392 Per, but present flux limits. Tests of the extension of the Fermi/LAT spectrum to energies above 5 TeV are disfavored by 2 standard deviations (95\%) or more. We fit V392 Per's GeV $\gamma$ rays with hadronic acceleration models, incorporating optical observations, and compare the calculations with HAWC limits., Comment: 18 pages, 14 figures; revised for referee comments; section 5 revised
Published: 2022
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15. Optimization of the Voltage Total Harmonic Distortion in Multilevel Inverters by Using the Taguchi Method

Author: Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Lopez AR; Sosa JM; Sámano C; De León-Aldaco SE; Aguayo-Alquicira J; López-Santos O, Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, and Lopez AR; Sosa JM; Sámano C; De León-Aldaco SE; Aguayo-Alquicira J; López-Santos O
Abstract: A critical reduction in the total harmonic distortion in the output voltage of multilevel inverters can be obtained with an appropriate selection of the angles to switch the power semiconductors at low frequency. Among the methods used to obtain the required sequence of angles, it is possible to recognize both standard and optimized methods, like the Newton–Raphson method or the genetic algorithm, to mention a few. However, implementing the genetic algorithm implies using several configuration parameters, so it is difficult to know if the best option was chosen. This paper implements the Taguchi design of experiments, the Taguchi method, to obtain the appropriate switching angles for an multilevel inverter producing an output voltage of five and seven levels. Experimental results obtained from a laboratory prototype using the computed angles in the MATLAB GA solver demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method.
Published: 2024

16. Assessing the efficacy of a Tier 2 early intervention for transcription skills in Spanish elementary school students

Author: Sara C. De León, Rocío C. Seoane, Eduardo García, and Juan E Jiménez
Subjects: Speech and Hearing, Linguistics and Language, Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology, Education
Abstract: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a Tier 2 intervention within the context of the Response to Intervention (RtI) model implemented by Spanish first- to second-grade primary school teachers to improve at-risk students’ transcription skills. Teachers were instructed in the administration of a writing curriculum-based measure composed of 5 isolates measures (allographs, dictated words with arbitrary spelling or non-ruled, dictated words with rule-based spelling, dictated nonsense words, and dictated sentences) to identify at-risk students and to monitor their progress; and in the implementation of a systematic and explicit instructional program to improve transcription skills in at-risk students. A total of 164 at-risk students from 12 schools from the Canary Islands participated in the study. Teachers were provided with a support system that included a web-based training program for writing. Implementation fidelity was analyzed using direct observations and self-reports. All students were assessed three times during the academic year. In a hierarchical linear growth modeling procedure, differences in growth rates of transcription skills were compared between students who received the intervention, those who did not, and their typically achieving peers. Additionally, the effects of the intervention in the experimental at-risk group were also analyzed, differentiating between those who left the risk status and those who remained at-risk. Children at-risk in the intervention condition appeared to benefit more in handwriting skills than at-risk children in the control condition, but to a lesser extent in spelling accuracy. Nevertheless, improvements in both transcription skills had only been made in the experimental risk group that had left the risk situation.
Published: 2022

17. HAWC Study of the Ultra-high-energy Spectrum of MGRO J1908+06

Author: A. Albert, R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, J. D. Álvarez, J. R. Angeles Camacho, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, D. Avila Rojas, H. A. Ayala Solares, R. Babu, E. Belmont-Moreno, C. Brisbois, K. S. Caballero-Mora, T. Capistrán, A. Carramiñana, S. Casanova, U. Cotti, J. Cotzomi, S. Coutiño de León, E. De la Fuente, C. de León, R. Diaz Hernandez, B. L. Dingus, M. A. DuVernois, M. Durocher, J. C. Díaz-Vélez, K. Engel, C. Espinoza, K. L. Fan, K. Fang, M. Fernández Alonso, N. Fraija, D. Garcia, J. A. García-González, F. Garfias, G. Giacinti, H. Goksu, M. M. González, J. A. Goodman, J. P. Harding, J. Hinton, B. Hona, D. Huang, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, P. Hüntemeyer, A. Iriarte, A. Jardin-Blicq, V. Joshi, S. Kaufmann, D. Kieda, W. H. Lee, J. Lee, H. León Vargas, J. T. Linnemann, A. L. Longinotti, G. Luis-Raya, K. Malone, V. Marandon, O. Martinez, J. Martínez-Castro, J. A. Matthews, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, J. A. Morales-Soto, E. Moreno, M. Mostafá, A. Nayerhoda, L. Nellen, M. Newbold, M. U. Nisa, R. Noriega-Papaqui, L. Olivera-Nieto, N. Omodei, A. Peisker, Y. Pérez Araujo, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, C. D. Rho, D. Rosa-González, H. Salazar, F. Salesa Greus, A. Sandoval, M. Schneider, H. Schoorlemmer, J. Serna-Franco, A. J. Smith, Y. Son, R. W. Springer, O. Tibolla, K. Tollefson, I. Torres, R. Torres-Escobedo, R. Turner, F. Ureña-Mena, L. Villaseñor, X. Wang, I. J. Watson, E. Willox, A. Zepeda, H. Zhou, M. Breuhaus, H. Li, and H. Zhang
Subjects: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, ddc:530, High Energy Physics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: We report TeV gamma-ray observations of the ultra-high-energy source MGRO J1908+06 using data from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory. This source is one of the highest-energy known gamma-ray sources, with emission extending past 200 TeV. Modeling suggests that the bulk of the TeV gamma-ray emission is leptonic in nature, driven by the energetic radio-faint pulsar PSR J1907+0602. Depending on what assumptions are included in the model, a hadronic component may also be allowed. Using the results of the modeling, we discuss implications for detection prospects by multi-messenger campaigns., Comment: accepted by ApJ, in press
Published: 2022

18. The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory in México: The Primary Detector

Author: A.U. Abeysekara, A. Albert, R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, J.D. Álvarez, M. Araya, J.C. Arteaga-Velázquez, K.P. Arunbabu, D. Avila Rojas, H.A. Ayala Solares, R. Babu, A.S. Barber, A. Becerril, E. Belmont-Moreno, S.Y. BenZvi, O. Blanco, J. Braun, C. Brisbois, K.S. Caballero-Mora, J.I. Cabrera Martínez, T. Capistrán, A. Carramiñana, S. Casanova, M. Castillo, O. Chaparro-Amaro, U. Cotti, J. Cotzomi, S. Coutiño de León, E. de la Fuente, C. de León, T. De Young, R. Diaz Hernandez, B.L. Dingus, M.A. DuVernois, M. Durocher, J.C. Díaz-Vélez, R.W. Ellsworth, K. Engel, C. Espinoza, K.L. Fan, K. Fang, B. Fick, H. Fleischhack, J.L. Flores, N. Fraija, J.A. García-González, G. Garcia-Torales, F. Garfias, G. Giacinti, H. Goksu, M.M. González, A. González-Muñoz, J.A. Goodman, J.P. Harding, E. Hernandez, S. Hernandez, J. Hinton, B. Hona, D. Huang, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, C.M. Hui, T.B. Humensky, P. Hüntemeyer, A. Iriarte, A. Imran, A. Jardin-Blicq, V. Joshi, S. Kaufmann, D. Kieda, G.J. Kunde, A. Lara, R. Lauer, W.H. Lee, D. Lennarz, H. León Vargas, J.T. Linnemann, A.L. Longinotti, G. Luis-Raya, J. Lundeen, K. Malone, V. Marandon, A. Marinelli, O. Martinez, I. Martínez-Castellanos, J. Martínez-Castro, H. Martínez-Huerta, J.A. Matthews, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, T. Montaruli, J.A. Morales-Soto, E. Moreno, M. Mostafá, A. Nayerhoda, L. Nellen, M. Newbold, M.U. Nisa, R. Noriega-Papaqui, T. Oceguera-Becerra, L. Olivera-Nieto, N. Omodei, A. Peisker, Y. Pérez Araujo, E.G. Pérez-Pérez, E. Ponce, J. Pretz, C.D. Rho, D. Rosa-González, E. Ruiz-Velasco, H. Salazar, D. Salazar-Gallegos, F. Salesa Greus, A. Sandoval, M. Schneider, H. Schoorlemmer, J. Serna-Franco, G. Sinnis, A.J. Smith, Y. Son, K. Sparks Woodle, R.W. Springer, I. Taboada, A. Tepe, O. Tibolla, K. Tollefson, I. Torres, R. Torres-Escobedo, R. Turner, F. Ureña-Mena, T.N. Ukwatta, E. Varela, M. Vargas-Magaña, L. Villaseñor, X. Wang, I.J. Watson, F. Werner, S. Westerhoff, E. Willox, I. Wisher, J. Wood, G.B. Yodh, D. Zaborov, A. Zepeda, and H. Zhou
Subjects: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Nuclear and High Energy Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, High Energy Physics, Molecular Developmental Biology, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
Abstract: The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory is a second-generation continuously operated, wide field-of-view, TeV gamma-ray observatory. The HAWC observatory and its analysis techniques build on experience of the Milagro experiment in using ground-based water Cherenkov detectors for gamma-ray astronomy. HAWC is located on the Sierra Negra volcano in M\'exico at an elevation of 4100 meters above sea level. The completed HAWC observatory principal detector (HAWC) consists of 300 closely spaced water Cherenkov detectors, each equipped with four photomultiplier tubes to provide timing and charge information to reconstruct the extensive air shower energy and arrival direction. The HAWC observatory has been optimized to observe transient and steady emission from sources of gamma rays within an energy range from several hundred GeV to several hundred TeV. However, most of the air showers detected are initiated by cosmic rays, allowing studies of cosmic rays also to be performed. This paper describes the characteristics of the HAWC main array and its hardware., Comment: Accepted for publications in Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A (2023) 168253 ( https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168900223002437 ); 39 pages, 14 Figures
Published: 2023
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19. First HAWC observations of the Sun constrain steady TeV gamma-ray emission

Author: A. Albert, R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, R. Arceo, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, D. Avila Rojas, H. A. Ayala Solares, E. Belmont-Moreno, S. Y. BenZvi, C. Brisbois, K. S. Caballero-Mora, T. Capistrán, A. Carramiñana, S. Casanova, M. Castillo, J. Cotzomi, S. Coutiño de León, C. De León, E. De la Fuente, S. Dichiara, B. L. Dingus, M. A. DuVernois, J. C. Díaz-Vélez, K. Engel, O. Enríquez-Rivera, C. Espinoza, H. Fleischhack, N. Fraija, J. A. García-González, F. Garfias, M. M. González, J. A. Goodman, Z. Hampel-Arias, J. P. Harding, S. Hernandez, B. Hona, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, P. Hüntemeyer, A. Iriarte, A. Jardin-Blicq, V. Joshi, S. Kaufmann, H. León Vargas, G. Luis-Raya, J. Lundeen, R. López-Coto, K. Malone, S. S. Marinelli, O. Martinez, I. Martinez-Castellanos, J. Martínez-Castro, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, E. Moreno, M. Mostafá, A. Nayerhoda, L. Nellen, M. Newbold, M. U. Nisa, R. Noriega-Papaqui, J. Pretz, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, Z. Ren, C. D. Rho, C. Rivière, D. Rosa-González, M. Rosenberg, E. Ruiz-Velasco, H. Salazar, F. Salesa Greus, A. Sandoval, M. Schneider, H. Schoorlemmer, M. Seglar Arroyo, G. Sinnis, A. J. Smith, R. W. Springer, P. Surajbali, I. Taboada, O. Tibolla, K. Tollefson, I. Torres, L. Villaseñor, T. Weisgarber, S. Westerhoff, I. G. Wisher, J. Wood, T. Yapici, A. Zepeda, H. Zhou, J. D. Álvarez, J. F. Beacom, R. K. Leane, T. Linden, K. C. Y. Ng, A. H. G. Peter, and B. Zhou
Published: 2018
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20. Constraints on spin-dependent dark matter scattering with long-lived mediators from TeV observations of the Sun with HAWC

Author: A. Albert, R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, R. Arceo, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, D. Avila Rojas, H. A. Ayala Solares, E. Belmont-Moreno, S. Y. BenZvi, C. Brisbois, K. S. Caballero-Mora, T. Capistrán, A. Carramiñana, S. Casanova, M. Castillo, J. Cotzomi, S. Coutiño de León, C. De León, E. De la Fuente, S. Dichiara, B. L. Dingus, M. A. DuVernois, J. C. Díaz-Vélez, K. Engel, O. Enríquez-Rivera, C. Espinoza, H. Fleischhack, N. Fraija, J. A. García-González, F. Garfias, M. M. González, J. A. Goodman, Z. Hampel-Arias, J. P. Harding, S. Hernandez, B. Hona, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, P. Hüntemeyer, A. Iriarte, A. Jardin-Blicq, V. Joshi, S. Kaufmann, H. León Vargas, G. Luis-Raya, J. Lundeen, R. López-Coto, K. Malone, S. S. Marinelli, O. Martinez, I. Martinez-Castellanos, J. Martínez-Castro, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, E. Moreno, M. Mostafá, A. Nayerhoda, L. Nellen, M. Newbold, M. U. Nisa, R. Noriega-Papaqui, J. Pretz, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, Z. Ren, C. D. Rho, C. Rivière, D. Rosa-González, M. Rosenberg, E. Ruiz-Velasco, H. Salazar, F. Salesa Greus, A. Sandoval, M. Schneider, M. Seglar Arroyo, G. Sinnis, A. J. Smith, R. W. Springer, P. Surajbali, I. Taboada, O. Tibolla, K. Tollefson, I. Torres, L. Villaseñor, T. Weisgarber, S. Westerhoff, I. G. Wisher, J. Wood, T. Yapici, A. Zepeda, H. Zhou, J. D. Álvarez, J. F. Beacom, R. K. Leane, T. Linden, K. C. Y. Ng, A. H. G. Peter, and B. Zhou
Published: 2018
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21. Teaching Spanish Spelling in Grades 2–3: A Cross-National Approach

Author: Juan E. Jiménez, Desirée González, Remedios Guzmán, and Sara C. de León
Subjects: Linguistics and Language, Mathematics education, Sample (statistics), Psychology, Spelling, Education, Cross national
Abstract: This study aimed to explore instructional practices used to teach words with irregular spelling patterns by Spanish-speaking teachers in 2nd and 3rd grade of elementary school. A sample of 320 teac...
Published: 2021

22. Reading Curriculum-Based Measures for Universal Screening in Monolingual Spanish First Graders

Author: Sara C. de León, Juan E. Jiménez, and Nuria Gutiérrez
Subjects: Response to intervention, media_common.quotation_subject, 05 social sciences, 050301 education, Research findings, behavioral disciplines and activities, Education, Developmental psychology, Reading (process), Developmental and Educational Psychology, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Psychology, 0503 education, Curriculum, 050104 developmental & child psychology, media_common
Abstract: Research findings: Universal screening is the first stage in identifying students at risk for reading difficulties within a Response to Intervention model. However, there is a lack of validated scr...
Published: 2021

23. Study of the Very High Energy Emission of M87 through its Broadband Spectral Energy Distribution

Author: R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, D. Avila Rojas, H. A. Ayala Solares, E. Belmont-Moreno, T. Capistrán, A. Carramiñana, S. Casanova, U. Cotti, J. Cotzomi, S. Coutiño de León, E. De la Fuente, C. de León, R. Diaz Hernandez, M. A. DuVernois, M. Durocher, J. C. Díaz-Vélez, C. Espinoza, K. L. Fan, M. Fernández Alonso, N. Fraija, J. A. García-González, F. Garfias, M. M. González, J. A. Goodman, J. P. Harding, D. Huang, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, P. Hüntemeyer, V. Joshi, H. León Vargas, J. T. Linnemann, A. L. Longinotti, G. Luis-Raya, K. Malone, O. Martinez, J. Martínez-Castro, J. A. Matthews, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, E. Moreno, M. Mostafá, A. Nayerhoda, L. Nellen, R. Noriega-Papaqui, N. Omodei, A. Peisker, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, C. D. Rho, D. Rosa-González, H. Salazar, D. Salazar-Gallegos, F. Salesa Greus, A. Sandoval, J. Serna-Franco, Y. Son, R. W. Springer, O. Tibolla, K. Tollefson, I. Torres, F. Ureña-Mena, L. Villaseñor, X. Wang, E. Willox, and A. Zepeda
Subjects: Space and Planetary Science, Astronomy and Astrophysics, ddc:530
Abstract: The radio galaxy M87 is the central dominant galaxy of the Virgo Cluster. Very high-energy (VHE, ≳0.1 TeV) emission from M87 has been detected by imaging air Cherenkov telescopes. Recently, marginal evidence for VHE long-term emission has also been observed by the High Altitude Water Cherenkov Observatory, a gamma-ray and cosmic-ray detector array located in Puebla, Mexico. The mechanism that produces VHE emission in M87 remains unclear. This emission originates in its prominent jet, which has been spatially resolved from radio to X-rays. In this paper, we construct a spectral energy distribution from radio to gamma rays that is representative of the nonflaring activity of the source, and in order to explain the observed emission, we fit it with a lepto-hadronic emission model. We found that this model is able to explain nonflaring VHE emission of M87 as well as an orphan flare reported in 2005.
Published: 2022

24. Identification of Spanish third graders at risk of math problems: Usefulness of number sense based screening measures

Author: Juan E. Jiménez, Eduardo García, Sara C. de León, and Nuria Gutiérrez
Subjects: Identification (information), Curriculum-based measurement, Receiver operating characteristic, education, Multilevel model, Statistics, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Sample (statistics), Number sense, At-risk students, Reliability (statistics), Education, Mathematics
Abstract: This study aimed to explore the utility of a math curriculum-based measurement (M-CBM) to identify Spanish-speaking students at risk of math failure in third grade. The M-CBM includes a set of number sense based single and composite screening for third graders. The study's sample included 236 Spanish third-graders from the Canary Islands tested in the fall, winter, and spring. Reliability and validity of all measures were explored, finding adequate indexes. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and Hierarchical linear modeling analyses were conducted for both single and composite measures. All the measures revealed an area under the ROC curve values at or above 0.84, the composite measures ranging from 0.86 to 0.94. When comparing the single and composite measures, the latter revealed a higher classification accuracy for identifying students at risk in third grade than quantity discrimination, missing number, and multi-digit computation measures, but not for single-digit computation and place value measures. Finally, significant differences were found between at-risk and non-risk students learning growth throughout the school year.
Published: 2021

25. Analyzing the role of fidelity of RTI Tier 2 reading intervention in Spanish kindergarten and first grade students

Author: Juan E. Jiménez, Sara C. de León, and Nuria Gutiérrez
Subjects: Medical education, Academic year, Response to intervention, media_common.quotation_subject, education, 05 social sciences, Multilevel model, 050301 education, Fidelity, 050105 experimental psychology, Education, Speech and Hearing, Intervention (counseling), Tier 2 network, Reading (process), 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Psychology, 0503 education, At-risk students, media_common
Abstract: This study examined the role of fidelity in the reading outcomes within a Tier 2 intervention implemented by Spanish kindergarten and first grade school teachers. For this purpose, differences in reading performance growth were analyzed among at-risk students who received a Tier 2 intervention with high fidelity, at-risk students who received the same intervention with medium fidelity, and an at-risk control group that did not receive a Tier 2 intervention. Implementation fidelity was analyzed using direct observations and self-reports. All students were assessed three times during the academic year. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses were conducted to explore differences in growth rate. The at-risk children in the intervention condition showed a higher growth compared to at-risk children in the control condition, and specifically when the intervention was delivered with a high degree of fidelity.
Published: 2021

26. Assessing the Efficacy of Tier 2 Mathematics Intervention for Spanish Primary School Students

Author: Nuria Gutiérrez, Sara C. de León, Juan E. Jiménez, and Juan Andrés Hernández-Cabrera
Subjects: Sociology and Political Science, Response to intervention, media_common.quotation_subject, education, 05 social sciences, Control (management), 050301 education, Fidelity, Context (language use), behavioral disciplines and activities, Education, Elementary mathematics, Intervention (counseling), Tier 2 network, mental disorders, ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Mathematics education, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, 0503 education, Curriculum, 050104 developmental & child psychology, media_common
Abstract: This study explored the efficacy of a Tier 2 intervention within the context of the Response to Intervention (RtI) model implemented by Spanish first- to third-grade primary school teachers to improve at-risk students’ early math skills. Teachers were instructed in the administration of a math curriculum-based measure composed of 5 isolated measures (quantity discrimination, missing number, single-digit computation, multidigit computation, and place value) to identify at-risk students and to monitor their progress; and in the implementation of a systematic and explicit instructional program to improve basic math skills in at-risk students. Implementation fidelity was analyzed using direct observations and self-reports. The intervention was conducted with adequate fidelity and had a significant positive impact on all grades. Significant differences were found between experimental and control students at risk of math failure in the improvement rate of quantity discrimination, missing number, and place value in all grades. Experimental at-risk students showed a monthly improvement, assessed using a combination of screening and progress monitoring measures. In conclusion, Spanish first to third graders at risk of math failure benefited from a Tier 2 intervention based on basic math skills, implemented by in-service teachers.
Published: 2021

27. Structure of biomimetic apatite grown on hydroxyapatite (HA)

Author: D.A. Sánchez-Téllez, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Perez, Nancy Vargas-Becerril, L. Zarazúa-Villalobos, C. de León-Escobedo, D.M. González-García, and Lucía Téllez-Jurado
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Materials science, Scanning electron microscope, Process Chemistry and Technology, Simulated body fluid, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Apatite, Nanocrystalline material, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Crystallinity, Coating, Chemical engineering, Transmission electron microscopy, visual_art, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, engineering, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Hydroxyapatites, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) is the bone mineral phase in vertebrate animals. When bones suffer illness or injuries, natural hydroxyapatite reconstructs and remodels its structure. It has been demonstrated that synthetic hydroxyapatite materials emulate bone properties and enhance bone-bonding ability through a biomimetic apatite coating, obtained when bioactive materials are immersed in a physiological-like media. In this research, the biomimetic apatite structure deposited in three synthetic hydroxyapatites (HAs: HAMS, HAUB, and HAUT), after being immersed in a simulated body fluid (SBF), is studied. The synthetic HAs are obtained by co-precipitation, using three different stirring methods: magnetic stirring (HAMS), ultrasonic bath (HAUB), and ultrasonic tip (HAUT). The synthetic HAs are characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (X-RD), High-Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy (HR-SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) before and after SBF assays. The crystal sizes of synthetic HAs are 12.567 nm, 15.188 nm, and 17.903 nm for HAMS, HAUB, and HAUT, respectively. Additionally, HAs have values between 0.940 and 0.942 nm for a-cell parameter, and values between 0.688 and 0.689 nm for c-cell parameter. After 28 days of immersion in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF), the materials show poor crystalline-fine films of biomimetic apatite covering their surfaces. These biomimetic apatite films have values between 0.946 and 0.969 nm for the a-cell parameter and values between 0.698 and 0.710 nm for the c-cell parameter. Hence, crystallinity, crystal size, and morphology of synthetic HAs are dependent on the stirring method used during the synthesis process, which affects the structural characteristics of the biomimetic apatite layers deposited on the synthetic HAs surfaces.
Published: 2020

28. Gamma/Hadron Separation with the HAWC Observatory

Author: R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, J.D. Álvarez, J.R. Angeles Camacho, J.C. Arteaga-Velázquez, D. Avila Rojas, H.A. Ayala Solares, R. Babu, E. Belmont-Moreno, C. Brisbois, K.S. Caballero-Mora, T. Capistrán, A. Carramiñana, S. Casanova, O. Chaparro-Amaro, U. Cotti, J. Cotzomi, S. Coutiño de León, E. De la Fuente, C. de León, R. Diaz Hernandez, B.L. Dingus, M.A. DuVernois, M. Durocher, J.C. Díaz-Vélez, R.W. Ellsworth, K. Engel, C. Espinoza, K.L. Fan, M. Fernández Alonso, N. Fraija, D. Garcia, J.A. García-González, F. Garfias, M.M. González, J.A. Goodman, J.P. Harding, S. Hernandez, B. Hona, D. Huang, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, P. Hüntemeyer, A. Iriarte, A. Jardin-Blicq, V. Joshi, S. Kaufmann, G.J. Kunde, A. Lara, W.H. Lee, J. Lee, H. León Vargas, J.T. Linnemann, G. Luis-Raya, J. Lundeen, K. Malone, V. Marandon, O. Martinez, J. Martínez-Castro, J.A. Matthews, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, J.A. Morales-Soto, A. Nayerhoda, L. Nellen, M.U. Nisa, R. Noriega-Papaqui, L. Olivera-Nieto, N. Omodei, A. Peisker, Y. Pérez Araujo, E.G. Pérez-Pérez, C.D. Rho, D. Rosa-González, E. Ruiz-Velasco, H. Salazar, F. Salesa Greus, A. Sandoval, P.M. Saz Parkinson, J. Serna-Franco, A.J. Smith, R.W. Springer, O. Tibolla, K. Tollefson, I. Torres, R. Torres-Escobedo, R. Turner, F. Ureña-Mena, L. Villaseñor, X. Wang, I.J. Watson, F. Werner, E. Willox, J. Wood, A. Zepeda, and H. Zhou
Subjects: HAWC - Abteilung Hinton, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), High Energy Physics::Experiment, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Instrumentation
Abstract: The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) gamma-ray observatory observes atmospheric showers produced by incident gamma rays and cosmic rays with energy from 300 GeV to more than 100 TeV. A crucial phase in analyzing gamma-ray sources using ground-based gamma-ray detectors like HAWC is to identify the showers produced by gamma rays or hadrons. The HAWC observatory records roughly 25,000 events per second, with hadrons representing the vast majority ($>99.9\%$) of these events. The standard gamma/hadron separation technique in HAWC uses a simple rectangular cut involving only two parameters. This work describes the implementation of more sophisticated gamma/hadron separation techniques, via machine learning methods (boosted decision trees and neural networks), and summarizes the resulting improvements in gamma/hadron separation obtained in HAWC., 35 pages, 9 figures, published in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A
Published: 2022

29. Effects of <scp>web‐based</scp> training on Spanish <scp>pre‐service</scp> and <scp>in‐service</scp> teacher knowledge and implicit beliefs on learning to write

Author: Eduardo García, Juan E. Jiménez, Sara C. de León, and Rocío C. Seoane
Subjects: Service (business), Medical education, business.industry, Knowledge level, Professional development, Training (civil), Spelling, Computer Science Applications, Education, Pre service, Handwriting, Web application, business, Psychology
Published: 2020

30. Universal Screening for Writing Risk in Spanish-Speaking First Graders

Author: Juan E. Jiménez, Sara C. de León, and Verónica Gil
Subjects: Predictive validity, Linguistics and Language, education, 05 social sciences, 050301 education, Early detection, Spanish speaking, Spelling, Education, Nonverbal communication, Curriculum-based measurement, Handwriting, Mathematics education, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Psychology, 0503 education, At-risk students, 050104 developmental & child psychology
Abstract: The main objective of this study was to analyze what writing measures, or combination of measures, would be most appropriate for early detection of students at risk of presenting future difficultie...
Published: 2020

31. Universal Screening in Mathematics for Spanish Students in First Grade

Author: Juan E. Jiménez, Sara C. de León, Nuria Gutiérrez, Verónica Gil, and Eduardo García
Subjects: Predictive validity, Measure (data warehouse), Receiver operating characteristic, 05 social sciences, Multilevel model, 050109 social psychology, Context (language use), Education, Behavioral Neuroscience, General Health Professions, Learning disability, medicine, Mathematics education, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, medicine.symptom, Psychology, Curriculum, Reliability (statistics), 050104 developmental & child psychology
Abstract: The main purpose of this study was to validate the curriculum-based measure Indicadores de Progreso de Aprendizaje en Matemáticas (IPAM [Indicators of Basic Early Math Skills]) in a local, Spanish-speaking context. This tool has been designed to identify first-grade students at risk for mathematics learning disabilities. The IPAM includes five measures (i.e., quantity discrimination, multi-digit computation, missing number, single-digit computation, and place value), which were analyzed as single measures and as part of a composite measure. In this study, 176 first graders were administered the curriculum-based measurement IPAM at the beginning, middle, and end of the school year. The results showed that the composite measure of the IPAM was the best indicator of risk status. Reliability and concurrent and predictive validity results were adequate. Furthermore, receiver operating curve analysis and hierarchical linear model supported the capacity of the IPAM to correctly identify students’ risk status and growth rate during first grade.
Published: 2020

32. Confirmatory factor analysis of the indicators of basic early math skills

Author: Sara C. de León, Juan E. Jiménez, and Juan Andrés Hernández-Cabrera
Subjects: Predictive validity, Factorial, 05 social sciences, Concurrent validity, 050109 social psychology, Number sense, 050105 experimental psychology, Confirmatory factor analysis, Discriminant, Goodness of fit, Statistics, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Measurement invariance, Psychology, General Psychology
Abstract: A study was conducted to analyze the factorial structure and measurement invariance of the Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) Indicadores de Progreso de Aprendizaje en Matematicas (IPAM [Indicators of Basic Early Math Skills]), in 2nd grade Spanish students. The model proposed is a one-factor model in which the five IPAM tasks (i.e., number comparison, missing number, single-digit computation, multi-digit computation, and place value) serve as observable indicators for a single underlying factor (i.e., number sense). The IPAM, composed of three parallel forms (i.e., A, B, and C), was administered to 252 Spanish second graders, three times throughout the school year (i.e., fall, winter, and spring). Consequently, the goodness of fit of the proposed model was analyzed for each measurement time. Furthermore, longitudinal measurement invariance was explored to analyze whether the measurement model would remain stable throughout the three-time points of measurement. Discriminant, predictive, and concurrent validity were also tested. The results support that the number sense latent factor explains the common variance of the observable indicators throughout the school year. Each latent factor was found highly related to the next. Moreover, the IPAM showed adequate indices for discriminant, concurrent and predictive validity. We conclude that the IPAM is an appropriate measure to assess number sense competence in second grade.
Published: 2020

33. Probing the extragalactic mid-infrared background with HAWC

Author: A. Albert, R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, D. Avila Rojas, H. A. Ayala Solares, R. Babu, E. Belmont-Moreno, K. S. Caballero-Mora, T. Capistrán, A. Carramiñana, S. Casanova, O. Chaparro-Amaro, U. Cotti, J. Cotzomi, S. Coutiño de León, E. De la Fuente, R. Diaz Hernandez, M. A. DuVernois, M. Durocher, J. C. Díaz-Vélez, K. Engel, C. Espinoza, K. L. Fan, M. Fernández Alonso, N. Fraija, J. A. García-González, F. Garfias, M. M. González, J. A. Goodman, J. P. Harding, S. Hernandez, D. Huang, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, P. Hntemeyer, A. Iriarte, A. Jardin-Blicq, V. Joshi, D. Kieda, W. H. Lee, J. T. Linnemann, A. L. Longinotti, G. Luis-Raya, K. Malone, O. Martinez, J. Martínez-Castro, J. A. Matthews, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, E. Moreno, M. Mostafá, A. Nayerhoda, L. Nellen, M. Newbold, M. U. Nisa, R. Noriega-Papaqui, N. Omodei, A. Peisker, Y. Pérez Araujo, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, C. D. Rho, D. Rosa-González, H. Salazar, D. Salazar-Gallegos, F. Salesa Greus, A. Sandoval, J. Serna-Franco, A. J. Smith, Y. Son, R. W. Springer, O. Tibolla, K. Tollefson, I. Torres, R. Torres-Escobedo, R. Turner, F. Ureña-Mena, L. Villaseñor, X. Wang, T. Weisgarber, E. Willox, H. Zhou, and C. de León
Subjects: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, ddc:520, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract: The extragalactic background light (EBL) contains all the radiation emitted by nuclear and accretion processes in stars and compact objects since the epoch of recombination. Measuring the EBL density directly is challenging, especially in the near- to far-infrared waveband, mainly due to the zodiacal light foreground. Instead, gamma-ray astronomy offers the possibility to indirectly set limits on the EBL by studying the effects of gamma-ray absorption in the very high energy (VHE:$>$100 GeV) spectra of distant blazars. The High Altitude Water Cherenkov gamma ray observatory (HAWC) is one of the few instruments sensitive to gamma rays with energies above 10 TeV. This offers the opportunity to probe the EBL in the near/mid IR region: $\lambda$ = 1 $\mu$m - 100 $\mu$m. In this study, we fit physically motivated emission models to Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) GeV data to extrapolate the intrinsic TeV spectra of blazars. We then simulate a large number of absorbed spectra for different randomly generated EBL model shapes and calculate Bayesian credible bands in the EBL intensity space by comparing and testing the agreement between the absorbed spectra and HAWC extragalactic observations of two blazars. The resulting bands are in agreement with current EBL lower and upper limits, showing a downward trend towards higher wavelength values $\lambda>10\, \mu$m also observed in previous measurements., Comment: Submitted to ApJ
Published: 2022
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34. Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)

Author: Isaac Marco, Sara C. de León, Juan E. Jiménez, and Cristina Rodríguez
Subjects: General Immunology and Microbiology, General Chemical Engineering, General Neuroscience, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Published: 2021

35. TeV Emission of Galactic Plane Sources with HAWC and H.E.S.S

Author: Nicola Omodei, Sebastian Panny, A. Sandoval, Q. Piel, S. Raab, Arturo Iriarte, Kirsty Feijen, R. D. Parsons, Michael Newbold, J. Zorn, Michael Schneider, Fernando Garfias, D. Huber, Christo Venter, Jacek Niemiec, Arnaud Mares, Frank M. Rieger, Thomas Weisgarber, A. Dmytriiev, Olaf Reimer, A. Zech, E. Ruiz-Velasco, Thomas Bylund, Y. A. Gallant, David Sánchez, R. López-Coto, Jorge Cotzomi, Jacques Muller, H. León Vargas, Alison Peisker, Justine Devin, Thomas Murach, P. Morris, Harm Schoorlemmer, Jonathan Mackey, Andrea Albert, Samuel Zouari, Pascal Vincent, M. Zacharias, Stefan Ohm, S. Pita, Tadayuki Takahashi, Gilgamesh Luis-Raya, A. Yusafzai, Andreas Quirrenbach, Samuel Timothy Spencer, Stefano Gabici, Regis Terrier, Victor Doroshenko, L. Nellen, Włodek Kluźniak, R. Noriega-Papaqui, E. Kasai, C. Moore, L. Oakes, J. Bolmont, Michal Ostrowski, J.-P. Lenain, Pooja Surajbali, William H. Lee, L. Olivera-Nieto, E. Moulin, Tomasz Bulik, Rhiannon Turner, Lente Dreyer, O. Martinez, Stefan Klepser, Alessandro Montanari, D. J. van der Walt, Fernando Ureña-Mena, J. P. Harding, César Alvarez, Michael DuVernois, A.M. Taylor, J. C. Arteaga-Velézquez, Connor Duffy, Davit Zargaryan, R. J. White, Stefan Funk, Alicja Wierzcholska, Dmitriy Kostunin, J. Damascene Mbarubucyeye, R. Rauth, Maria Magdalena González, Kristi Engel, A. Galván-Gámez, Christoph Deil, Krzysztof Katarzynski, F. Eichhorn, Mohanraj Senniappan, E. Moreno, Michael Punch, Axel Donath, B. Hona, A. W. Chen, S. Steinmassl, Sami Caroff, Domenico Tiziani, D. Malyshev, Catherine Boisson, M. Panter, Mora Durocher, U. Katz, Pedro Miranda-Romagnoli, C. Arcaro, H. Zhou, Michael Backes, S. Coutiño de León, Ernesto Belmont-Moreno, M. de Bony de Lavergne, R. Brose, Petra Hüntemeyer, C. Levy, Francois Brun, R. J. Tuffs, B. Bi, Andreas Specovius, Joachim Hahn, K. P. Arunbabu, Riaan Steenkamp, Gavin Rowell, P. Reichherzer, James E. M. Watson, M. Bryan, E. de Oña Wilhelmi, Łukasz Stawarz, C. van Rensburg, Pierre Brun, Brenda Dingus, V. Marandon, J. A. Morales-Soto, M. Büchele, H. Prokoph, C. De León, A. Marcowith, V. Baghmanyan, J. Schäfer, Nu. Komin, Tim Holch, Q. Remy, H. M. Schutte, Isak Delberth Davids, A. Fiasson, Jean-Pierre Ernenwein, Hassan Abdalla, S. Hernandez, Jim Hinton, V. Sahakian, E. De la Fuente, F. Werner, Mischa Breuhaus, Luis Villaseñor, Yu Wun Wong, Hambeleleni Ndiyavala, D. Avila Rojas, G. Lamanna, K. S. Caballero-Mora, Roberta Zanin, G. Emery, Halim Ashkar, Fabian Leuschner, Heiko Salzmann, A. S. Seyffert, Kwok Lung Fan, M. Hörbe, T. Tavernier, Nissim Illich Fraija, P. T. O'Brien, Johannes Veh, S. Sailer, Dmitry Khangulyan, Gilles Maurin, S. J. Fegan, A. Djannati-Ataï, D. Jankowsky, J. Dyks, Celine Armand, M. Füßling, R. Marx, Dieter Horns, M. Tluczykont, F. Ait Benkhali, J. F. Glicenstein, M. U. Nisa, Marek Jamrozy, Clemens Hoischen, A. A. Zdziarski, A. Jardin-Blicq, E. O. Angüner, R. Diaz Hernandez, N. Shafi, Natalia Żywucka, M. de Naurois, Andrea Santangelo, K. Malone, Gwenael Giacinti, L. Sun, M.-H. Grondin, D. Garcia, M. Seglar-Arroyo, B. Khélifi, A. J. Smith, T. Capistrán, B. van Soelen, G. Hermann, Anna Barnacka, D. Gottschall, Anne Lemiere, B. Rudak, Markus Böttcher, K. Tollefson, Jhilik Majumdar, Helene Sol, T. Chand, C. Brisbois, Andreas Zmija, Tom Armstrong, Elijah Willox, Carlo Romoli, Alison Mitchell, R. Torres-Escobedo, Atreyee Sinha, Manuel Meyer, I. Martinez-Castellanos, Zorawar Wadiasingh, A. Priyana Noel, V. Barbosa Martins, C. van Eldik, M. Lemoine-Goumard, M. Tsirou, Michael Kreter, Anna Lia Longinotti, F. Schüssler, Dezhi Huang, Jose Andres Garcia-Gonzalez, Werner Hofmann, Monica Barnard, Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez, V. Poireau, Jimmy N.S. Shapopi, K. Nakashima, José Serna-Franco, G. Peron, Garret Cotter, Jacco Vink, A. Carraminana, Umberto Cotti, Jim Davies, M. A. Kastendieck, Thomas Lohse, K. Kosack, Paolo Marchegiani, Konrad Bernlöhr, Heinrich J. Völk, Sabrina Casanova, Catalina Espinoza, M. Renaud, D. Berge, G. Vasileiadis, F. Salesa Greus, I. Jung-Richardt, Kleopas Shiningayamwe, Gilles Fontaine, J. T. Linnemann, Lenka Tomankova, M. Mostafá, G. Fichet de Clairfontaine, R. Konno, Gianluca Giavitto, V. Joshi, B. Peyaud, G. Pühlhofer, J. A. Goodman, H. Odaka, A. Reimer, R. W. Ellsworth, R. W. Springer, M. Curyło, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, Y. Pérez Araujo, A. Nayerhoda, Christian Stegmann, Stefan Wagner, Yasunobu Uchiyama, David Kieda, L. Mohrmann, Misao Sasaki, Markus Holler, Felix Jankowsky, Felix Aharonian, D. Glawion, Jesús Martínez-Castro, Segev BenZvi, Constantin Steppa, L. Giunti, D. A. Prokhorov, Ullrich Schwanke, L. Rinchiuso, J. A. Matthews, Ibrahim Torres, Rachel Simoni, A. Carosi, K. Egberts, S. Chandra, Ruben Alfaro, Sabrina Einecke, Iryna Lypova, Daniel Rosa-Gonzalez, Yvonne Becherini, M. Fernández Alonso, L. Dirson, G. Martí-Devesa, C. Trichard, Sylvia Zhu, P. J. Meintjes, J. H. E. Thiersen, Marion Spir-Jacob, Maria Haupt, C. D. Rho, Rafal Moderski, Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet (LLR), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier (LUPM), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam, High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Collaboration, H.E.S.S., and Collaboration, HAWC
Subjects: High-energy astronomy, media_common.quotation_subject, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, IACT, Field of view, 030226 pharmacology & pharmacy, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, High Energy Stereoscopic System, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Cherenkov radiation, media_common, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Galactic plane, Space and Planetary Science, Sky, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], High energy astrophysics
Abstract: International audience; The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory and the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) are two leading instruments in the ground-based very-high-energy γ-ray domain. HAWC employs the water Cherenkov detection (WCD) technique, while H.E.S.S. is an array of Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs). The two facilities therefore differ in multiple aspects, including their observation strategy, the size of their field of view, and their angular resolution, leading to different analysis approaches. Until now, it has been unclear if the results of observations by both types of instruments are consistent: several of the recently discovered HAWC sources have been followed up by IACTs, resulting in a confirmed detection only in a minority of cases. With this paper, we go further and try to resolve the tensions between previous results by performing a new analysis of the H.E.S.S. Galactic plane survey data, applying an analysis technique comparable between H.E.S.S. and HAWC. Events above 1 TeV are selected for both data sets, the point-spread function of H.E.S.S. is broadened to approach that of HAWC, and a similar background estimation method is used. This is the first detailed comparison of the Galactic plane observed by both instruments. H.E.S.S. can confirm the γ-ray emission of four HAWC sources among seven previously undetected by IACTs, while the three others have measured fluxes below the sensitivity of the H.E.S.S. data set. Remaining differences in the overall γ-ray flux can be explained by the systematic uncertainties. Therefore, we confirm a consistent view of the γ-ray sky between WCD and IACT techniques.
Published: 2021

36. HAWC as a Ground-Based Space-Weather Observatory

Author: A. Zepeda, K. P. Arunbabu, S. Hernandez, J. A. Goodman, Ernesto Belmont-Moreno, R. W. Springer, O. Tibolla, E. Moreno, Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez, J. R. Angeles Camacho, Jose Andres Garcia-Gonzalez, Gerd Joachim Kunde, L. Nellen, D. Garcia, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, V. Baghmanyan, K. Malone, C. Alvarez, Karen S. Caballero-Mora, J. A. Morales-Soto, E. Tabachnick, Dezhi Huang, Catalina Espinoza, E. De la Fuente, D. Avila Rojas, Gilgamesh Luis-Raya, Jesús Martínez-Castro, Luis Villaseñor, Segev BenZvi, Pedro Miranda-Romagnoli, Alison Peisker, John Matthews, A. Sandoval, James M. Ryan, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, Umberto Cotti, Binita Hona, Michael Newbold, C. De León, P. Colin-Farias, Ibrahim Torres, Jorge Cotzomi, Nissim Illich Fraija, A. Galván-Gámez, R. Torres-Escobedo, Brenda Dingus, Daniel Rosa-Gonzalez, Fernando Garfias, Tomás Capistrán, H. León Vargas, M. J. F. Rosenberg, Y. Pérez Araujo, Maria Magdalena González, J. P. Harding, A. Nayerhoda, Chang Dong Rho, Hongyan Zhou, Filiberto Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, Simone Dichiara, Arturo Iriarte, Chad Brisbois, Michael DuVernois, Anna Lia Longinotti, Humberto Ibarguen Salazar, V. Joshi, K. Tollefson, R. Noriega-Papaqui, S. Coutiño de León, Alejandro Lara, and O. Martinez
Subjects: Physics, Photomultiplier, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, Gamma ray, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Space weather, 01 natural sciences, Space and Planetary Science, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Energy (signal processing), Cherenkov radiation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract: The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) gamma-ray observatory is located close to the equator (latitude $18^{\circ }$ N), at an altitude of 4100 m above sea level. HAWC has 295 water Cherenkov detectors (WCD), each containing four photomultiplier tubes (PMT). The main purpose of HAWC is the determination of the energy and arrival direction of very high energy gamma rays produced by energetic processes in the universe, HAWC also has a scaler system which counts the arrival of secondary particles to the detector. In this work we show that the scaler system of HAWC is an ideal instrument for solar modulation and space-weather studies due to its large area and high sensitivity. In order to prepare the scaler system for low energy heliospheric studies, we model and correct the efficiency variation of each PMT of the array, which result in a capability to measure variations $> 0.01\%$ with high accuracy. Using the singular value decomposition method, we correct the rate deviations of all PMTs of the array, due to changes in efficiency, gain and operational voltage. We isolate and remove the atmospheric modulations of the PMTs count rates measured by the TDC-scaler data acquisition system. In particular, the atmospheric pressure at the HAWC site exhibits an oscillating behavior with a period of ∼12 hours and we make use of this periodic property to estimate the pressure coefficients for the HAWC TDC-scaler system. These corrections performed on the TDC-scaler system make the HAWC TDC-scaler system an ideal instrument for solar modulation and space-weather studies. As examples of this capability, we present the preliminary analysis of the solar modulation of cosmic rays at three time scales observed by HAWC, with an unprecedented accuracy.
Published: 2021

37. HAWC Search for High-Mass Microquasars

Author: Ernesto Belmont-Moreno, Elijah Willox, J. A. Goodman, Dezhi Huang, Jorge Cotzomi, Mora Durocher, Petra Hüntemeyer, J. P. Harding, R. W. Springer, A. Carraminana, K. Malone, A. J. Smith, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, H. Zhou, Joe Lundeen, C. D. Rho, F. Salesa Greus, R. W. Ellsworth, C. De León, K. P. Arunbabu, A. L. Longinotti, David Kieda, B. Hona, Alison Peisker, L. Nellen, E. Moreno, Fernando Ureña-Mena, Umberto Cotti, R. Torres-Escobedo, C. Brisbois, Sabrina Casanova, R. Diaz Hernandez, Maria Magdalena González, S. Hernandez, Nissim Illich Fraija, Karen S. Caballero-Mora, Michael Newbold, Rhiannon Turner, Fernando Garfias, Michael DuVernois, Thomas Weisgarber, Catalina Espinoza, A. Sandoval, Jose Andres Garcia-Gonzalez, Filiberto Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, Jesús Martínez-Castro, Michael Schneider, H. A. Ayala Solares, Ke Fang, Y. J. Roh, Andrea Albert, T. Capistrán, O. Martinez, Ian James Watson, Miguel Mostafa, Gilgamesh Luis-Raya, V. Baghmanyan, V. Joshi, José Serna-Franco, Alejandro Lara, J. T. Linnemann, R. Noriega-Papaqui, William H. Lee, L. Olivera-Nieto, J. S. H. Lee, A. Galván-Gámez, Brenda Dingus, K. Tollefson, Ruben Alfaro, Pedro Miranda-Romagnoli, Daniel Rosa-Gonzalez, John Matthews, J. A. Morales-Soto, Luis Villaseñor, Kwok Lung Fan, H. León Vargas, A. Jardin-Blicq, Ibrahim Torres, M. U. Nisa, Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez, C. Alvarez, Nicola Omodei, Arturo Iriarte, Y. Pérez Araujo, A. Nayerhoda, Segev BenZvi, E. De la Fuente, D. Avila Rojas, and J. R. Angeles Camacho
Subjects: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High mass, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Microquasars with high-mass companion stars are promising very-high-energy (VHE; 0.1-100 TeV) gamma-ray emitters, but their behaviors above 10 TeV are poorly known. Using the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory, we search for excess gamma-ray emission coincident with the positions of known high-mass microquasars (HMMQs). No significant emission is observed for LS 5039, Cygnus X-1, Cygnus X-3, and SS 433 with 1,523 days of HAWC data. We set the most stringent limit above 10 TeV obtained to date on each individual source. Under the assumption that HMMQs produce gamma rays via a common mechanism, we have performed source-stacking searches, considering two different scenarios: I) gamma-ray luminosity is a fraction $\epsilon_\gamma$ of the microquasar jet luminosity, and II) very-high-energy gamma rays are produced by relativistic electrons up-scattering the radiation field of the companion star in a magnetic field $B$. We obtain $\epsilon_\gamma < 5.4\times 10^{-6}$ for scenario I, which tightly constrains models that suggest observable high-energy neutrino emission by HMMQs. In the case of scenario II, the non-detection of VHE gamma rays yields a strong magnetic field, which challenges synchrotron radiation as the dominant mechanism of the microquasar emission between 10 keV and 10 MeV., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJL
Published: 2021

38. Evidence that Ultra-High-Energy Gamma Rays are a Universal Feature Near Powerful Pulsars

Author: R. Diaz Hernandez, Pedro Miranda-Romagnoli, J. A. Goodman, J. R. Angeles Camacho, Michael Newbold, Karen S. Caballero-Mora, Catalina Espinoza, John Matthews, Fernando Garfias, Jesús Martínez-Castro, H. A. Ayala Solares, Andrea Albert, Segev BenZvi, C. D. Rho, Thomas Weisgarber, Nicola Omodei, Dezhi Huang, Nissim Illich Fraija, E. Ruiz-Velasco, R. Torres-Escobedo, Ibrahim Torres, Arturo Iriarte, H. León Vargas, A. Carraminana, Joe Lundeen, R. W. Ellsworth, Meghan Tanner, C. De León, A. Sandoval, O. Martinez, K. Malone, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, Ernesto Belmont-Moreno, R. W. Springer, Michael Schneider, Alison Peisker, H. Zhou, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, K. P. Arunbabu, A. L. Longinotti, Kristi Engel, Harm Schoorlemmer, B. Hona, A. Jardin-Blicq, Elijah Willox, J. D. Álvarez, J. A. Morales-Soto, T. Capistrán, A. J. Smith, David Kieda, Humberto Ibarguen Salazar, Y. Pérez Araujo, J. P. Harding, Gwenael Giacinti, Gilgamesh Luis-Raya, L. Nellen, A. Nayerhoda, R. Noriega-Papaqui, Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez, S. Hernandez, Ruben Alfaro, William H. Lee, L. Olivera-Nieto, M. Fernández Alonso, C. Alvarez, Y. J. Roh, Miguel Mostafa, Daniel Rosa-Gonzalez, José Serna-Franco, Luis Villaseñor, Umberto Cotti, E. De la Fuente, Sabrina Casanova, D. Avila Rojas, V. Joshi, F. Salesa Greus, S. Coutiño de León, M. U. Nisa, Jorge Cotzomi, Alejandro Lara, J. T. Linnemann, Rhiannon Turner, Maria Magdalena González, Michael DuVernois, Kwok Lung Fan, Filiberto Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, J. S. H. Lee, E. Moreno, A. Galván-Gámez, Brenda Dingus, V. Marandon, K. Tollefson, C. Brisbois, V. Baghmanyan, Mora Durocher, Petra Hüntemeyer, Pooja Surajbali, Fernando Ureña-Mena, and Jose Andres Garcia-Gonzalez
Subjects: Astroparticle physics, Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), High energy, High-energy astronomy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Gamma ray, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Pulsar, Space and Planetary Science, Feature (computer vision), Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The highest-energy known gamma-ray sources are all located within 0.5 degrees of extremely powerful pulsars. This raises the question of whether ultra-high-energy (UHE; $>$ 56 TeV) gamma-ray emission is a universal feature expected near pulsars with a high spin-down power. Using four years of data from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Gamma-Ray Observatory, we present a joint-likelihood analysis of ten extremely powerful pulsars to search for UHE gamma-ray emission correlated with these locations. We report a significant detection ($>$ 3$��$), indicating that UHE gamma-ray emission is a generic feature of powerful pulsars. We discuss the emission mechanisms of the gamma rays and the implications of this result. The individual environment that each pulsar is found in appears to play a role in the amount of emission., accepted by ApJL
Published: 2021

39. Analysis of Physicochemical and Nutritional Properties of Rambutan (Nephelium Lappaceum L.) Fruit

Author: José Sandoval-Cortés, José Juan Buenrostro-Figueroa, Cristian Hernández-Hernández, José C. De León-Medina, Cristóbal N. Aguilar, Juan A. Ascacio-Valdés, Leonardo Sepúlveda, and Adriana C. Flores-Gallegos
Subjects: Rambutan, biology, Starch, JAMS, Pulp (paper), Raw material, engineering.material, biology.organism_classification, Southeast asia, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, engineering, Nephelium, Cultivar, Food science
Abstract: Rambutan is an exotic fruit native to Southeast Asia. It is composed of peel, pulp, and seed; the pulp is the only edible part of the fruit. The cultivars of rambutan have been expanded in many parts of the world, and its consumption is principally fresh but also is processed in the industry in the production of juices, jams, or jellies, resulting in the peel and the seed as byproducts with potential applications in the industry due to their physicochemical properties, especially the seed. The peel has been reported as an interesting 96source of bioactive compounds and a source of lignocellulosic material that can be used for applications such as bionanocomposites. Rambutan seed is the part of the fruit where most physicochemical properties are reported and is considered for its high amount of fat and starch. The physicochemical properties of rambutan seed fat and starch can be compared with other commercial raw materials used widely in the industry, like cocoa butter or corn starch. So, rambutan seed seems to be a potential new source to be used as a raw material in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries.
Published: 2021

40. Research Article Genealogical and genomic heritability for adaptability and reproductive traits in the Colombian Creole cattle breeds Blanco Orejinegro and Sanmartinero

Author: J.F. Rocha, C. De León, and R. Martínez
Subjects: Evolutionary biology, media_common.quotation_subject, Creole language, Genetics, Research article, General Medicine, Biology, Heritability, Molecular Biology, Adaptability, media_common
Published: 2021

41. Long-term spectra of the blazars Mrk 421 and Mrk 501 at TeV energies seen by HAWC

Author: A. Albert, R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, J. R. Angeles Camacho, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, K. P. Arunbabu, D. Avila Rojas, H. A. Ayala Solares, V. Baghmanyan, E. Belmont-Moreno, K. S. Caballero-Mora, T. Capistrán, A. Carramiñana, S. Casanova, U. Cotti, J. Cotzomi, S. Coutiño de León, E. De la Fuente, R. Diaz Hernandez, M. A. DuVernois, M. Durocher, J. C. Díaz-Vélez, K. Engel, C. Espinoza, K. L. Fan, M. Fernández Alonso, N. Fraija, D. Garcia, J. A. García-González, F. Garfias, M. M. González, J. A. Goodman, J. P. Harding, B. Hona, D. Huang, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, P. Hüntemeyer, A. Iriarte, V. Joshi, A. Lara, W. H. Lee, J. Lee, H. León Vargas, J. T. Linneman, A. L. Longinotti, G. Luis-Raya, K. Malone, O. Martinez, J. Martínez-Castro, J. A. Matthews, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, E. Moreno, M. Mostafá, A. Nayerhoda, L. Nellen, M. Newbold, R. Noriega-Papaqui, A. Peisker, Y. Pérez Araujo, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, C. D. Rho, D. Rosa-González, H. Salazar, F. Salesa Greus, A. Sandoval, M. Schneider, J. Serna-Franco, A. J. Smith, R. W. Springer, K. Tollefson, I. Torres, R. Torres-Escobedo, F. Ureña-Mena, L. Villaseñor, X. Wang, T. Weisgarber, E. Willox, H. Zhou, and C. de León
Subjects: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, ddc:530, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Gamma-Ray Observatory surveys the very high energy sky in the 300 GeV to $>100$ TeV energy range. HAWC has detected two blazars above $11\sigma$, Markarian 421 (Mrk 421) and Markarian 501 (Mrk 501). The observations are comprised of data taken in the period between June 2015 and July 2018, resulting in a $\sim 1038$ days of exposure. In this work we report the time-averaged spectral analysis for both sources above 0.5 TeV. Taking into account the flux attenuation due to the extragalactic background light (EBL), the intrinsic spectrum of Mrk 421 is described by a power law with an exponential energy cut-off with index $\alpha=2.26\pm(0.12)_{stat}(_{-0.2}^{+0.17})_{sys}$ and energy cut-off $E_c=5.1\pm(1.6)_{stat}(_{-2.5}^{+1.4})_{sys}$ TeV, while the intrinsic spectrum of Mrk 501 is better described by a simple power law with index $\alpha=2.61\pm(0.11)_{stat}(_{-0.07}^{+0.01})_{sys}$. The maximum energies at which the Mrk 421 and Mrk 501 signals are detected are 9 and 12 TeV, respectively. This makes these some of the highest energy detections to date for spectra averaged over years-long timescales. Since the observation of gamma radiation from blazars provides information about the physical processes that take place in their relativistic jets, it is important to study the broad-band spectral energy distribution (SED) of these objects. To this purpose, contemporaneous data in the gamma-ray band to X-ray range, and literature data in the radio to UV range, were used to build time-averaged SEDs that were modeled within a synchrotron self-Compton leptonic scenario., Comment: 16 pages, 5 tables, 9 figures
Published: 2021
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42. Probing the Sea of Cosmic Rays by Measuring Gamma-Ray Emission from Passive Giant Molecular Clouds with HAWC

Author: Segev BenZvi, C. Alvarez, S. Coutiño de León, A. Sandoval, Alejandro Lara, Pooja Surajbali, S. Hernandez, E. De la Fuente, Fernando Ureña-Mena, D. Avila Rojas, R. Diaz Hernandez, Andrea Albert, Michael Schneider, K. Malone, Fernando Garfias, H. Zhou, E. Ruiz-Velasco, C. Brisbois, K. P. Arunbabu, Mora Durocher, Petra Hüntemeyer, A. L. Longinotti, O. Martinez, J. S. H. Lee, D. Garcia, H. León Vargas, J. A. Morales-Soto, A. Galván-Gámez, Nicola Omodei, J. A. Goodman, Meghan Tanner, Arturo Iriarte, Brenda Dingus, Y. Pérez Araujo, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, Michael Newbold, Alison Peisker, A. Nayerhoda, Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez, Luis Villaseñor, Jose Andres Garcia-Gonzalez, J. R. Angeles Camacho, Ernesto Belmont-Moreno, E. Moreno, Miguel Mostafa, B. Hona, Kwok Lung Fan, Umberto Cotti, K. Tollefson, Kristi Engel, Nissim Illich Fraija, J. P. Harding, T. Weisgarber, Maria Magdalena González, V. Joshi, Sabrina Casanova, M. U. Nisa, J. A. Matthews, Karen S. Caballero-Mora, Ibrahim Torres, V. Baghmanyan, Elijah Willox, Jorge Cotzomi, Catalina Espinoza, José Serna-Franco, Gilgamesh Luis-Raya, Filiberto Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, Jesús Martínez-Castro, H. A. Ayala Solares, Ruben Alfaro, C. D. Rho, R. Noriega-Papaqui, Dezhi Huang, Pedro Miranda-Romagnoli, J. T. Linnemann, William H. Lee, Daniel Rosa-Gonzalez, T. Capistrán, M. Fernández Alonso, R. Torres-Escobedo, A. J. Smith, R. W. Springer, L. Nellen, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, David Kieda, C. De León, F. Salesa Greus, Rhiannon Turner, Michael DuVernois, A. Carraminana, Joe Lundeen, and R. W. Ellsworth
Subjects: Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), High-energy astronomy, Molecular cloud, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Gamma ray, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract: The study of high-energy gamma rays from passive Giant Molecular Clouds (GMCs) in our Galaxy is an indirect way to characterize and probe the paradigm of the "sea" of cosmic rays in distant parts of the Galaxy. By using data from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory, we measure the gamma-ray flux above 1 TeV of a set of these clouds to test the paradigm. We selected high-galactic latitude clouds that are in HAWC's field-of-view and which are within 1~kpc distance from the Sun. We find no significant excess emission in the cloud regions, nor when we perform a stacked log-likelihood analysis of GMCs. Using a Bayesian approach, we calculate 95\% credible intervals upper limits of the gamma-ray flux and estimate limits on the cosmic-ray energy density of these regions. These are the first limits to constrain gamma-ray emission in the multi-TeV energy range ($>$1 TeV) using passive high-galactic latitude GMCs. Assuming that the main gamma-ray production mechanism is due to proton-proton interaction, the upper limits are consistent with a cosmic-ray flux and energy density similar to that measured at Earth., 6 figures, 6 tables
Published: 2021
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43. Piloting the Response to Intervention Model in the Canary Islands: Prevention of Reading and Math Learning Disabilities

Author: Sara C. de León, Nuria Gutiérrez, and Juan E. Jiménez
Subjects: Linguistics and Language, Response to intervention, media_common.quotation_subject, Fidelity, Context (language use), Language and Linguistics, Intervention (counseling), Reading (process), Tier 2 network, Mathematics education, medicine, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Students, General Psychology, media_common, Academic year, Learning Disabilities, 05 social sciences, 050301 education, Reading, Spain, Learning disability, medicine.symptom, Psychology, 0503 education, Mathematics, 050104 developmental & child psychology
Abstract: The main objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of an intervention implemented by elementary school teachers within the context of the Response to Intervention (RtI) model. For this purpose, a Tier 2 or secondary intervention was implemented by Spanish-speaking teachers in grades K-3 after receiving training to implement RtI components with fidelity. A total of 1,923 at-risk students were assigned to treatment (in reading,n= 542; in math,n= 483) or control (in reading,n= 406; in math,n= 492). Teachers were provided with a support system that included two web-based training programs for reading (i.e.,Letraprogram) and math (i.e.,Primateprogram). Implementation fidelity was analyzed using direct observations and self-reports. All students were assessed three times during the academic year. A hierarchical linear growth modeling was conducted, and differences in the growth rate of reading and math performance were analyzed between at-risk students who have received the intervention and those who have not received it. Children at-risk in the intervention condition appeared to benefit more than at-risk children in the control condition. Moreover, findings indicate that the earlier the intervention, the greater the percentage of students who leave the situation of risk of learning difficulties in reading and math.
Published: 2021

44. Spectrum and morphology of the very-high-energy source HAWC J2019+368

Author: R. W. Springer, C. D. Rho, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, Alison Peisker, A. J. Smith, J. A. Morales-Soto, E. Moreno, Sabrina Casanova, V. Joshi, Dezhi Huang, Rhiannon Turner, Michael DuVernois, L. Nellen, A. Carraminana, T. Capistrán, Joe Lundeen, J. P. Harding, Gwenael Giacinti, Jorge Cotzomi, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, Karen S. Caballero-Mora, Nicola Omodei, Jose Andres Garcia-Gonzalez, S. Coutiño de León, T. Weisgarber, V. Baghmanyan, Catalina Espinoza, J. A. Goodman, D. Garcia, Nissim Illich Fraija, H. Zhou, A. Jardin-Blicq, Jesús Martínez-Castro, H. A. Ayala Solares, K. P. Arunbabu, A. L. Longinotti, A. Sandoval, Ernesto Belmont-Moreno, Humberto Ibarguen Salazar, O. Martinez, Jim Hinton, Andrea Albert, Michael Schneider, P. Huentemeyer, Miguel Mostafa, C. Brisbois, Harm Schoorlemmer, M. U. Nisa, R. Noriega-Papaqui, Binita Hona, Elijah Willox, Pooja Surajbali, Brenda Dingus, William H. Lee, L. Olivera-Nieto, Michael Newbold, José Serna-Franco, R. Diaz Hernandez, Fernando Ureña-Mena, Pedro Miranda-Romagnoli, R. López-Coto, K. Tollefson, Y. Pérez Araujo, E. Ruiz-Velasco, A. Nayerhoda, J. T. Linnemann, F. Salesa Greus, Ibrahim Torres, Mora Durocher, H. León Vargas, C. Alvarez, Maria Magdalena González, E. De la Fuente, C. De León, D. Avila Rojas, Filiberto Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, Gilgamesh Luis-Raya, K. Malone, John Matthews, Ruben Alfaro, Daniel Rosa-Gonzalez, and Kristi Engel
Subjects: Energy dependent, Physics, High energy, Nebula, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Pulsar wind nebula, Pulsar, Space and Planetary Science, Sky, 0103 physical sciences, Supernova remnant, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common
Abstract: The MGRO J2019+37 region is one of the brightest sources in the sky at TeV energies. It was detected in the second HAWC catalog as 2HWC J2019+367 and here we present a detailed study of this region using data from HAWC. This analysis resolves the region into two sources: HAWC J2019+368 and HAWC J2016+371. We associate HAWC J2016+371 with the evolved supernova remnant CTB 87, although its low significance in this analysis prevents a detailed study at this time. An investigation of the morphology (including possible energy-dependent morphology) and spectrum for HAWC J2019+368 is the focus of this work. We associate HAWC J2019+368 with PSR J2021+3651 and its X-ray pulsar wind nebula, the Dragonfly nebula. Modeling the spectrum measured by HAWC and Suzaku reveals a ∼7 kyr pulsar and nebula system producing the observed emission at X-ray and γ-ray energies.
Published: 2021

45. Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

Author: Iurilli, M.L.C. Zhou, B. Bennett, J.E. Carrillo-Larco, R.M. Sophiea, M.K. Rodriguez-Martinez, A. Bixby, H. Solomon, B.D. Taddei, C. Danaei, G. Di Cesare, M. Stevens, G.A. Riley, L.M. Savin, S. Cowan, M.J. Bovet, P. Damasceno, A. Chirita-Emandi, A. Hayes, A.J. Ikeda, N. Jackson, R.T. Khang, Y.-H. Laxmaiah, A. Liu, J. Miranda, J.J. Saidi, O. Sebert, S. Sorić, M. Starc, G. Gregg, E.W. Abarca-Gómez, L. Abdeen, Z.A. Abdrakhmanova, S. Ghaffar, S.A. Rahim, H.F.A. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M. Garba, J.A. Acosta-Cazares, B. Adams, R.J. Aekplakorn, W. Afsana, K. Afzal, S. Agdeppa, I.A. Aghazadeh-Attari, J. Aguilar-Salinas, C.A. Agyemang, C. Ahmad, M.H. Ahmad, N.A. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, N. Ahmed, S.H. Ahrens, W. Aitmurzaeva, G. Ajlouni, K. Al-Hazzaa, H.M. Al-Lahou, B. Al-Raddadi, R. Alarouj, M. AlBuhairan, F. AlDhukair, S. Ali, M.M. Alkandari, A. Alkerwi, A. Allin, K. Alvarez-Pedrerol, M. Aly, E. Amarapurkar, D.N. Amiri, P. Amougou, N. Amouyel, P. Andersen, L.B. Anderssen, S.A. Ängquist, L. Anjana, R.M. Ansari-Moghaddam, A. Aounallah-Skhiri, H. Araújo, J. Ariansen, I. Aris, T. Arku, R.E. Arlappa, N. Aryal, K.K. Aspelund, T. Assah, F.K. Assunção, M.C.F. Aung, M.S. Auvinen, J. Mária Avdicová Avi, S. Azevedo, A. Azimi-Nezhad, M. Azizi, F. Azmin, M. Babu, B.V. Bæksgaard Jørgensen, M. Baharudin, A. Bahijri, S. Baker, J.L. Balakrishna, N. Bamoshmoosh, M. Banach, M. Bandosz, P. Banegas, J.R. Baran, J. Barbagallo, C.M. Barceló, A. Barkat, A. Barros, A.J.D. Barros, M.V.G. Basit, A. Bastos, J.L.D. Bata, I. Batieha, A.M. Batista, R.L. Battakova, Z. Batyrbek, A. Baur, L.A. Beaglehole, R. Bel-Serrat, S. Belavendra, A. Romdhane, H.B. Benedics, J. Benet, M. Bergh, I.H. Berkinbayev, S. Bernabe-Ortiz, A. Bernotiene, G. Bettiol, H. Bezerra, J. Bhagyalaxmi, A. Bharadwaj, S. Bhargava, S.K. Bhutta, Z.A. Bi, H. Bi, Y. Bia, D. Lele, E.C.B. Bikbov, M.M. Bista, B. Bjelica, D.J. Bjerregaard, P. Bjertness, E. Bjertness, M.B. Björkelund, C. Bloch, K.V. Blokstra, A. Bo, S. Bobak, M. Boddy, L.M. Boehm, B.O. Boeing, H. Boggia, J.G. Bogova, E. Boissonnet, C.P. Bojesen, S.E. Bonaccio, M. Bongard, V. Bonilla-Vargas, A. Bopp, M. Borghs, H. Braeckevelt, L. Braeckman, L. Bragt, M.C.E. Brajkovich, I. Branca, F. Breckenkamp, J. Breda, J. Brenner, H. Brewster, L.M. Brian, G.R. Brinduse, L. Brophy, S. Bruno, G. Bueno-de-Mesquita, H.B. Bugge, A. Buoncristiano, M. Burazeri, G. Burns, C. de León, A.C. Cacciottolo, J. Cai, H. Cama, T. Cameron, C. Camolas, J. Can, G. Candido, A.P.C. Cañete, F. Capanzana, M.V. Capková, N. Capuano, E. Capuano, V. Cardol, M. Cardoso, V.C. Carlsson, A.C. Carmuega, E. Carvalho, J. Casajús, J.A. Casanueva, F.F. Celikcan, E. Censi, L. Cervantes-Loaiza, M. Cesar, J.A. Chamukuttan, S. Chan, A.W. Chan, Q. Chaturvedi, H.K. Chaturvedi, N. Rahim, N.C.A. Chee, M.L. Chen, C.-J. Chen, F. Chen, H. Chen, S. Chen, Z. Cheng, C.-Y. Cheraghian, B. Chetrit, A. Chikova-Iscener, E. Chiolero, A. Chiou, S.-T. Chirlaque, M.-D. Cho, B. Christensen, K. Christofaro, D.G. Chudek, J. Cifkova, R. Cilia, M. Cinteza, E. Claessens, F. Clarke, J. Clays, E. Cohen, E. Concin, H. Confortin, S.C. Cooper, C. Coppinger, T.C. Corpeleijn, E. Costanzo, S. Cottel, D. Cowell, C. Craig, C.L. Crampin, A.C. Crujeiras, A.B. Csilla, S. Cucu, A.M. Cui, L. Cureau, F.V. Czenczek-Lewandowska, E. D’Arrigo, G. d’Orsi, E. Dacica, L. Dal Re Saavedra, M.A. Dallongeville, J. Damsgaard, C.T. Dankner, R. Dantoft, T.M. Dasgupta, P. Dastgiri, S. Dauchet, L. Davletov, K. De Backer, G. De Bacquer, D. de Gaetano, G. De Henauw, S. de Oliveira, P.D. De Ridder, D. De Ridder, K. de Rooij, S.R. De Smedt, D. Deepa, M. Deev, A.D. DeGennaro, V., Jr Dehghan, A. Delisle, H. Delpeuch, F. Demarest, S. Dennison, E. Dereń, K. Deschamps, V. Dhimal, M. Di Castelnuovo, A.F. Dias-da-Costa, J.S. Díaz-Sánchez, M.E. Diaz, A. Dika, Z. Djalalinia, S. Djordjic, V. Do, H.T.P. Dobson, A.J. Donati, M.B. Donfrancesco, C. Donoso, S.P. Döring, A. Dorobantu, M. Dorosty, A.R. Doua, K. Dragano, N. Drygas, W. Duan, J.L. Duante, C.A. 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Timmermans, E.J. Tjonneland, A. Tolonen, H.K. Tolstrup, J.S. Topbas, M. Topór-Madry, R. Torheim, L.E. Tormo, M.J. Tornaritis, M.J. Torrent, M. Torres-Collado, L. Toselli, S. Touloumi, G. Traissac, P. Tran, T.T.-H. Trichopoulos, D. Trichopoulou, A. Trinh, D.T.H. Trivedi, A. Tshepo, L. Tsigga, M. Tsugane, S. Tuliakova, A.M. Tulloch-Reid, M.K. Tullu, F. Tuomainen, T.-P. Tuomilehto, J. Turley, M.L. Twig, G. Tynelius, P. Tzotzas, T. Tzourio, C. Ueda, P. Ugel, E. Ukoli, F.A.M. Ulmer, H. Unal, B. Usupova, Z. Uusitalo, H.M.T. Uysal, N. Vaitkeviciute, J. Valdivia, G. Vale, S. Valvi, D. van Dam, R.M. Van der Heyden, J. van der Schouw, Y.T. Van Herck, K. Van Minh, H. Van Schoor, N.M. van Valkengoed, I.G.M. Vanderschueren, D. Vanuzzo, D. Varbo, A. Varela-Moreiras, G. Varona-Pérez, P. Vasan, S.K. Vega, T. Veidebaum, T. Velasquez-Melendez, G. Velika, B. Veronesi, G. Verschuren, W.M.M. Victora, C.G. Viegi, G. Viet, L. Villalpando, S. Vineis, P. Vioque, J. Virtanen, J.K. Visser, M. Visvikis-Siest, S. Viswanathan, B. Vladulescu, M. Vlasoff, T. Vocanec, D. Vollenweider, P. Völzke, H. Voutilainen, A. Voutilainen, S. Vrijheid, M. Vrijkotte, T.G.M. Wade, A.N. Wagner, A. Waldhör, T. Walton, J. Wambiya, E.O.A. Bebakar, A.M.W. Mohamud, W.N.W. de Souza Wanderley Júnior, R. Wang, M.-D. Wang, N. Wang, Q. Wang, X. Wang, Y.X. Wang, Y.-W. Wannamethee, S.G. Wareham, N. Weber, A. Wedderkopp, N. Weerasekera, D. Weghuber, D. Wei, W. Weres, A. Werner, B. Whincup, P.H. Widhalm, K. Widyahening, I.S. Wiecek, A. Wilks, R.J. Willeit, J. Willeit, P. Williams, J. Wilsgaard, T. Wojtyniak, B. Wong-McClure, R.A. Wong, A. Wong, J.E. Wong, T.Y. Woo, J. Woodward, M. Wu, F.C. Wu, J. Wu, L.J. Wu, S. Xu, H. Xu, L. Yaacob, N.A. Yamborisut, U. Yan, W. Yang, L. Yang, X. Yang, Y. Yardim, N. Yaseri, M. Yasuharu, T. Ye, X. Yiallouros, P.K. Yoosefi, M. Yoshihara, A. You, Q.S. You, S.-L. Younger-Coleman, N.O. Yusof, S.M. Yusoff, A.F. Zaccagni, L. Zafiropulos, V. Zainuddin, A.A. Zakavi, S.R. Zamani, F. Zambon, S. Zampelas, A. Zamrazilová, H. Zapata, M.E. Zargar, A.H. Zaw, K.K. Zdrojewski, T. Zejglicova, K. Vrkic, T.Z. Zeng, Y. Zhang, L. Zhang, Z.-Y. Zhao, D. Zhao, M.-H. Zhao, W. Zhen, S. Zheng, W. Zheng, Y. Zholdin, B. Zhou, M. Zhu, D. Zins, M. Zitt, E. Zocalo, Y. Cisneros, J.Z. Zuziak, M. Ezzati, M. Filippi, S. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
Subjects: nutritional and metabolic diseases, sense organs, skin and connective tissue diseases
Abstract: From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions. © Copyright.
Published: 2021

46. Research Article Selection of genomic regions and genes associated with adaptation and fertility traits in two Colombian creole cattle breeds

Author: J.F. Rocha, C. De León, R. Martínez, and A.E. Darghan
Subjects: Evolutionary biology, media_common.quotation_subject, Creole language, Genetics, Fertility, Research article, General Medicine, Adaptation, Biology, Molecular Biology, Gene, Selection (genetic algorithm), media_common
Published: 2021

47. Responding to Human Influence: Southern Sea Lion Males Adapt to Harbor Habitats

Author: Joaquín C. M. Gana, Marta C. De León, Sergio Morón, Diego Rodríguez, Pablo Denuncio, María Agustina Mandiola, Julián Bastida, Gisela Giardino, and Ricardo Bastida
Subjects: Fishery, Geography, Habitat, biology, Fishing, Seasonal breeder, %22">Fish , Otaria flavescens, biology.organism_classification, Sea lion
Abstract: Male-only hauling grounds occur in close association to breeding colonies in several otariids. The occasional use of human-built infrastructure by these groups is also common. We observed permanent male aggregations of southern sea lions, Otaria flavescens, in urban contexts, such as two of the main fishing harbors in Argentina and investigated how they changed over 35 years. These haul-outs are located approximately 700 km from Uruguayan and northern Patagonian breeding grounds. Males in urban colonies have functional connections with both populations. A predictable pattern of dispersion during the breeding season, returning for winter, indicate site fidelity. Harbor habitats present ever changing stimuli, threats and challenges to habituated sea lions. Sequential, rapid and spontaneous changes in the location of the aggregations may be a response to quick learning and socially transmitted knowledge. Food provision via consumption of fish offal—complemented with natural foraging—provide support to these aggregations over prolonged periods. The presence of hundreds of sea lions in harbors represents a management challenge. Fidelity to resting areas and rapid habituation to human presence makes it difficult to design strategies that can deter sea lions from intensive use of critical sectors of port activity. Interaction with fishing gear results in frequent entanglements. The risk of transmission of diseases from and to dogs and other domestic animals is a major potential problem for individuals in unnatural aggregations.
Published: 2021

48. Evidence of 200 TeV photons from HAWC J1825-134

Author: R. Noriega-Papaqui, J. R. Angeles Camacho, Gerd J. Kunde, Luis Villaseñor, C. Brisbois, K. Tollefson, J. T. Linnemann, Catalina Espinoza, D. Garcia, F. Serna, Nicola Omodei, A. Iriarte, H. A. Ayala Solares, Lukas Nellen, I. Torres, E. Belmont-Moreno, Gwenael Giacinti, A. Sandoval, B. Hona, Segev BenZvi, J. C. Díaz-Vélez, Vincent Marandon, H. Fleischhack, Michael Schneider, J. Lundeen, Mehr Nisa, K. Engel, Vardan Baghmanyan, F. Salesa Greus, Nissim Fraija, K. P. Arunbabu, A. L. Longinotti, M. Mostafá, J. A. Goodman, M. Durocher, A. Jardin-Blicq, C. De León, Andrea Albert, M. Newbold, U. Cotti, Brenda Dingus, J. P. Harding, J. Martínez-Castro, Alejandro Lara, A. Peisker, E. Moreno, Amid Nayerhoda, Daniel Rosa-Gonzalez, Michael DuVernois, A. Carramiñana, Y. Pérez Araujo, H. León Vargas, R. Diaz Hernandez, E. Willox, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, John Matthews, A. Galván-Gámez, E. De la Fuente, D. Avila Rojas, Oscar Martinez, G. Luis-Raya, Sabrina Casanova, V. Joshi, J.C. Arteaga-Velázquez, P. Hüntemeyer, W. H. Lee, Ke Fang, R. Torres-Escobedo, T. Capistrán, J. Cotzomi, F. Ureña-Mena, F. Garfias, Maria Magdalena González, Hongyan Zhou, Filiberto Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, Ruben Alfaro, C. D. Rho, R. W. Springer, H. Salazar, C. Alvarez, D. Huang, K. Malone, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, and Jose Andres Garcia-Gonzalez
Subjects: Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Photon, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Proton, Molecular cloud, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, Radiation, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Galaxy, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Cherenkov radiation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The Earth is bombarded by ultra-relativistic particles, known as cosmic rays (CRs). CRs with energies up to a few PeV (=10$^{15}$ eV), the knee in the particle spectrum, are believed to have a Galactic origin. One or more factories of PeV CRs, or PeVatrons, must thus be active within our Galaxy. The direct detection of PeV protons from their sources is not possible since they are deflected in the Galactic magnetic fields. Hundred TeV $\gamma$-rays from decaying $\pi^0$, produced when PeV CRs collide with the ambient gas, can provide the decisive evidence of proton acceleration up to the knee. Here we report the discovery by the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory of the $\gamma$-ray source, HAWC~J1825-134, whose energy spectrum extends well beyond 200 TeV without a break or cutoff. The source is found to be coincident with a giant molecular cloud. The ambient gas density is as high as 700 protons/cm$^3$. While the nature of this extreme accelerator remains unclear, CRs accelerated to energies of several PeV colliding with the ambient gas likely produce the observed radiation., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJL
Published: 2020

49. A survey of active galaxies at TeV photon energies with the HAWC gamma-ray observatory

Author: Andrea Albert, Fernando Garfias, Kristi Engel, K. Tollefson, A. Zepeda, E. Ruiz-Velasco, H. León Vargas, Segev BenZvi, Binita Hona, H. Zhou, K. P. Arunbabu, J. A. Morales-Soto, C. Brisbois, Karen S. Caballero-Mora, Jose Andres Garcia-Gonzalez, Ernesto Belmont-Moreno, Pedro Miranda-Romagnoli, Catalina Espinoza, S. Coutiño de León, J. R. Angeles Camacho, Jesús Martínez-Castro, F. Salesa Greus, H. A. Ayala Solares, A. Carraminana, Luis Villaseñor, Daniel Rosa-Gonzalez, E. Moreno, Alejandro Lara, R. W. Springer, Joe Lundeen, C. De León, Alison Peisker, Kwok Lung Fan, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, O. Martinez, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, Elijah Willox, Gerd Joachim Kunde, Henrike Fleischhack, Fernando Ureña-Mena, John Matthews, Harm Schoorlemmer, Ibrahim Torres, R. Torres-Escobedo, Gilgamesh Luis-Raya, David Kieda, V. Baghmanyan, R. Noriega-Papaqui, William H. Lee, L. Olivera-Nieto, I. Martinez-Castellanos, C. D. Rho, Mora Durocher, Petra Hüntemeyer, A. Sandoval, A. J. Smith, M. U. Nisa, K. Malone, Michael Schneider, Jorge Cotzomi, S. Hernandez, J. A. Goodman, Michael DuVernois, A. Jardin-Blicq, Nissim Illich Fraija, Dezhi Huang, D. Garcia, J. P. Harding, T. Weisgarber, A. Nayerhoda, Arturo Iriarte, Michael Newbold, Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez, J. T. Linnemann, Tomás Capistrán, C. Alvarez, E. De la Fuente, D. Avila Rojas, A. Galván-Gámez, Brenda Dingus, Anna Lia Longinotti, Humberto Ibarguen Salazar, Umberto Cotti, Maria Magdalena González, Miguel Mostafa, Sabrina Casanova, M. Fernández Alonso, V. Joshi, Filiberto Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, and L. Nellen
Subjects: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, Active galactic nucleus, Radio galaxy, media_common.quotation_subject, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Gamma ray, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Extragalactic background light, Space and Planetary Science, Observatory, Sky, Blazar, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Cherenkov radiation, media_common
Abstract: The High Altitude Water Cherenkov Gamma-Ray Observatory (HAWC) continuously detects TeV photons and particles within its large field-of-view, accumulating every day a deeper exposure of two thirds of the sky. We analyzed 1523~days of HAWC live data acquired over four and a half years, in a follow-up analysis of {138} nearby ($z, Comment: The HAWC survey of Fermi 3FHL AGNs: 30 pages, 13 figures. Submitted to the Astrophysical Journal
Published: 2020

50. Universal Screening for Prevention of Reading, Writing, and Math Disabilities in Spanish

Author: Juan E. Jiménez, Nuria Gutiérrez, and Sara C. de León
Subjects: Male, Response to intervention, media_common.quotation_subject, General Chemical Engineering, Writing, Alphabetic principle, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Fluency, Phonological awareness, Reading (process), Mathematics education, medicine, Humans, Child, Students, media_common, Language, General Immunology and Microbiology, Learning Disabilities, General Neuroscience, Teaching, Spelling, Curriculum-based measurement, Reading, Learning disability, Female, medicine.symptom, Mathematics
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe a Spanish protocol that includes reading, writing, and math Curriculum-Based Measures (CBMs) aimed at early detection of students at risk of presenting learning disabilities (LD). Early identification of LD is a critical component of the Response to Intervention (RtI) model. In early grades, the screening of foundational skills mentioned above can provide a data-based guideline for identifying students requiring a more intensive response-based intervention before starting elementary school. We designed different CBMs based on indicators of basic early reading, writing, and math skills [Indicadores de Progreso de Aprendizaje en Lectura, Escritura y Matematicas, IPAL, IPAE, and IPAM respectively] that aim to fulfill the twofold objective of universal screening and evaluation of the Spanish students’ progress. For reading, IPAL includes alphabetic principle, phonological awareness, concepts about print, and riddles in kindergarten. In first and second grades, IPAL includes alphabetic principle, nonsense words fluency, maze sentences, and oral reading fluency. In addition, it includes phonemic segmentation for first grade and prosody for second grade. For writing, IPAE includes copying letters, writing allographs, dictated letters, dictated words with arbitrary spelling, dictated words with rule-based spelling, dictated nonsense words, dictated sentences, writing sentences, and writing a story for first-third grades. Finally, for math, IPAM includes number comparison, missing number, number identification, quantity array, and counting aloud for kindergarten, and number comparison, multi-digit computation, missing number, single-digit computation, and place value for first-third grades.
Published: 2020

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