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Quinoa stands out as an excellent crop in the Cerrado region for cultivation in the off-season or irrigated winter season. Here, we tested the effects of different water regimes on the agronomic characteristics, physiology, and grain quality of different elite quinoa genotypes under field conditions. The experiment was conducted under field conditions at Embrapa Cerrados (Planaltina, DF, Brazil). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a split-plot scheme, with four replications. The plots were composed of 18 quinoa genotypes and modified BRS Piabiru (the currently used genotype), and the split-plots were divided into 4 different water regimes. The following variables were evaluated: productivity and productivity per unit of applied water (PUAA), plant height, flavonoids, anthocyanins, gas exchange, chlorophyll, leaf proline, and relative water content. Our results showed that water regimes between 309 and 389 mm can be recommended for quinoa in the Cerrado region. CPAC6 and CPAC13 presented the highest yield and PUAA under high and intermediate WRs, and hence were the most suitable for winter growth under irrigation. CPAC17 is most suitable for off-season growth under rainfed conditions, as it presented the highest PUAA under the low WRs (247 and 150). CPAC9 stood out in terms of accumulation of flavonoids and anthocyanins in all WRs. Physiological analyses revealed different responses of the genotypes to water restriction, together with symptoms of stress under lower water regimes. Our study reinforces the importance of detailed analyses of the relationship between productivity, physiology, and water use when choosing genotypes for planting and harvest in different seasons.

Species vary in seed size and content of stored reserves, which can be related to dispersal strategies and type of habitat in which they are found. We compare seed carbon and nutrient reserves of anemochorous and zoochorous trees from the Cerrado of central Brazil. We measured seed dry mass, lipids, non-structural carbohydrates (starch and total soluble sugars), carbon and mineral nutrients in ten forest and 13 savanna species, each classified as having wind- or animal-dispersed seeds. We used phylogenetically independent contrasts to test for correlations among these traits. Seeds of anemochorous species were lighter, with higher concentrations of C, N, P, Ca and Mg. Lipids were the dominant carbon reserve for most anemochorous species, underpinning the importance of allocation to compact carbon reserves. Starch, lipids or soluble sugars were the major carbon reserve in zoochorous seeds. Savanna and forest species did not differ in seed mass or in total carbon reserves. However, seeds of forest species had higher concentrations of starch than seeds of savanna species. Lipid and starch negatively correlated across species, suggesting a trade-off between starch and lipids as major seed carbon reserves. Calcium was positively correlated with Mn and B, while Mg was positively correlated with C, N, P, K, S, Zn and B. Potassium, S and Cl were positively correlated, while P was positively correlated with Mg and Zn. Dispersal mode rather than vegetation type constrained seed mass and seed storage allocation patterns in forest and savanna trees. We provide evidence that similar mechanisms are involved in seed storage of carbon and mineral nutrients across species.

Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are implicated in plant regulatory mechanisms of abiotic stresses tolerance and, despite their antinutritional proprieties in grain legumes, little information is available about the enzymes involved in RFO metabolism in Fabaceae species. In the present study, the systematic survey of legume proteins belonging to five key enzymes involved in the metabolism of RFOs (galactinol synthase, raffinose synthase, stachyose synthase, alpha-galactosidase, and beta-fructofuranosidase) identified 28 coding-genes in Arachis duranensis and 31 in A. ipaënsis. Their phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, protein domains, and chromosome distribution patterns were also determined. Based on the expression profiling of these genes under water deficit treatments, a galactinol synthase candidate gene (AdGolS3) was identified in A. duranensis. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AdGolS3 exhibited increased levels of raffinose and reduced stress symptoms under drought, osmotic, and salt stresses. Metabolite and expression profiling suggested that AdGolS3 overexpression was associated with fewer metabolic perturbations under drought stress, together with better protection against oxidative damage. Overall, this study enabled the identification of a promising GolS candidate gene for metabolic engineering of sugars to improve abiotic stress tolerance in crops, whilst also contributing to the understanding of RFO metabolism in legume species.

Microalgae have attracted interest as a potential feedstock for biodiesel and valuable co-products such as bioethanol and protein. However, production at a commercial scale is still costly in part due to a lack of knowledge of their biology which in turn limits our ability to increase their overall growth rate or alter their metabolism and composition through changes in culture conditions or genetic engineering. We therefore isolated ten strains of freshwater microalgae (Chlorophyta) and characterized them at the morphological, molecular and biochemical level under autotrophic conditions. Two Scenedesmus strains (BR003 and BR024) differed from others strains in respect to their fatty acid profile, with high levels of C16 and C18:1 and low levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Interestingly, Chlamydomonas sp. BR020 and Chlorella vulgaris BR017 showed high levels of α-linolenic acid (C18:3), while BR017 also exhibited higher protein levels (14% of total dry weight), suggesting that these may be interesting strains to be used within the biorefinery concept. Furthermore, Monoraphidium sp. BR023 showed higher lipid content (29% of total dry weight), and transesterifiable fatty acid production (43.2 μg mg− 1 dry weight) and lower starch levels (164 μmol mg− 1 dry weight) while Chlamydomonas sp. BR020 exhibited the opposite trend. The results suggest that Scenedesmus bajacalifornicus BR024, Selenastrum capricornutum BR009 and Scenedesmus obliquus BR003 represent potential strains for biomass and biodiesel production, presenting 1.81, 1.73 and 2.14 mg mL− 1 dry weight of biomass, respectively, and 21.6, 16.4 and 17% of total dry weight of lipid, respectively. Additionally, the two Scenedesmus species showed the highest lipid productivity (23 mg L− 1 d− 1 and 24 mg L− 1d− 1). Overall we were able to access a new source of microalgal biodiversity and perform a robust characterization of native tropical microalgae strains leading to the identification of strains with high potential for biotechnological applications.

DUF538 proteins belong to a large group of uncharacterized protein families sharing the highly conserved Domain of Unknown Function (DUF). Attention has been given to DUF538 domain-containing proteins due to changes in their gene expression behavior and protein abundance during plant development and responses to stress. Putative roles attributed to DUF538 in plants under abiotic and biotic constraints include involvement in cell redox balance, chlorophyll breakdown and pectin degradation. Our previous transcriptome studies suggested that DUF538 is also involved in the resistance responses of wild Arachis species against the highly hazardous root-knot nematodes (RKNs). To clarify the role of the AsDUF538 gene from the wild peanut relative Arachis stenosperma in this interaction, we analyzed the effect of its overexpression on RKN infection in peanut and soybean hairy roots and Arabidopsis transgenic plants. AsDUF538 overexpression significantly reduced the infection in all three heterologous plant systems against their respective RKN counterparts. The distribution of AsDUF538 transcripts in RKN-infected Arachis roots and the effects of AsDUF538 overexpression on hormonal pathways and redox system in transgenic Arabidopsis were also evaluated. This is the first time that a DUF538 gene is functionally validated in transgenic plants and the earliest report on its role in plant defense against RKNs.

Archeological records attest the early association ofSitophiluswith stored cereals from the beginning of agriculture on Asia. The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) became particularly damaging to maize, a cereal crop domesticated on Mesoamerica. We investigated the late evolutionary history of the maize weevil to gain insights on its origin, timing of association with maize, and genealogical relationship to the almost morphologically indistinguishable rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae). Two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome oxidase subunit I and cytochrome oxidase subunit II) and the nuclear ribosomal gene region were partially sequenced. Analyses showed that the maize weevil shared no haplotypes with the rice weevil; instead, each species exhibited distinct mitogroups and ribogroups. The two weevil species likely split about 8.7 million years ago (95% highest posterior density: 4.0–15.0). Microsatellite data analyses sorted the 309 specimens from 15 populations of the maize weevil into three genotypic groups, which displayed low genetic differentiation and widespread occurrence worldwide. The maize weevil and the rice weevil are each a distinct species; both of which emerged prior to the onset of agriculture. The maize–maize weevil association took place after maize became widespread as a global crop. The maize weevil populations lack spatial genetic structure at the regional, continental, and intercontinental scales.

International audience; Plant dehydrins (DNHs) belong to the LEA (Late Embryogenesis Abundant) protein family and are involved in responses to multiple abiotic stresses. DHNs are classified into five subclasses according to the organization of three conserved motifs (K-; Y-; and S-segments). In the present study, the DHN protein family was characterized by molecular phylogeny, exon/intron organization, protein structure, and tissue-specificity expression in eight Fabaceae species. We identified 20 DHN genes, encompassing three (YnSKn, SKn, and K-n) subclasses sharing similar gene organization and protein structure. Two additional low conserved DHN Phi-segments specific to the legume SKn-type of proteins were also found. The in silico expression patterns of DHN genes in four legume species (Arachis duranensis, A. ipaensis, Glycine max, and Medicago truncatula) revealed that their tissue-specific regulation is associated with the presence or absence of the Y-segment. Indeed, DHN genes containing a Y-segment are mainly expressed in seeds, whereas those without the Y-segment are ubiquitously expressed. Further qRT-PCR analysis revealed that, amongst stress responsive dehydrins, a SKn-type DHN gene from A. duranensis (AdDHN1) showed opposite response to biotic and abiotic stress with a positive regulation under water deficit and negative regulation upon nematode infection. Furthermore, transgenic Arabidopsis lines overexpressing (OE) AdDHN1 displayed improved tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses (freezing and drought) but increased susceptibility to the biotrophic root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita. This contradictory role of AdDHN1 in responses to abiotic and biotic stresses was further investigated by qRT-PCR analysis of transgenic plants using a set of stress-responsive genes involved in the abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways and suggested an involvement of DHN overexpression in these stress-signaling pathways.

Wheat, triticale and common bean are planted in both irrigated and rainfed conditions and may suffer the effects of water stress in both situations. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of water stress on the physical and chemical qualities of wheat (Triticum aestivum), triticale (Triticosecale wittmack) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grains. The experiment was conducted at the Embrapa Cerrados experimental station, in Planaltina, DF, Brazil. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments were composed of four water regimes (187 mm, 304 mm, 410 mm, 535 mm) applied to common bean (BRS Realce), two wheat genotypes (CPAC 0544 and BRS 404) and triticale (BRS Ulisses). The physical quality of grains was evaluated by the weight of a thousand grains (WTG) and color of the grains (represented by the luminosity (L*), chroma (C*) and hue angle (h*); the chemical quality was determined by protein, carbohydrate, lipid, ash, macro and microminerals contents. Water stress reduced grain yield of all species, however it did not reduce the weight of one thousand grains of the wheat genotype BRS 404, showing the potential of this cultivar, though it did lead to reduced WTG in common bean, triticale and the wheat genotype CPAC 0544. There was also a reduction of luminosity (L*) in the grains for both studied wheat genotypes, and chroma (C*) and hue angle (h*) for triticale. Water deficit also affected protein, carbohydrate, lipid and ash contents, with an increase in the protein content and a reduction in the carbohydrate and ash contents in common bean. In general, water stress reduced macro and micromineral contents in the grains, caused an undesirable change in the physical quality of the grains, and affected the chemical quality of the grains.

Genetic analysis provides a robust method for understanding the ways in which human interventions in ecosystems may affect genetic diversity and species survival, providing an empirical basis for evidence-based conservation and management planning. This review aims to (1) describe the most informative and widely used molecular markers for genotype analysis, and describe the methods for using that genotype data to understand (2) genetic diversity and structure; and (3) mating system, pollen and seed dispersal. For each area of investigation, we discuss the types of analyses that can be performed, the software available for the analyses, what the analyses indicate, and provide examples from the literature of studies using these approaches. The review focuses on Neotropical tree species because Neotropical forests are highly diverse and are under particular threat from anthropogenic land-use change, and trees are useful model organisms to investigate patterns over evolutionary time and across geographical space.

Wild peanut relatives (Arachis spp.) are genetically diverse and were selected throughout evolution to a range of environments constituting, therefore, an important source of allelic diversity for abiotic stress tolerance. In particular, A. duranensis and A. stenosperma, the parents of the reference Arachis A-genome genetic map, show contrasting transpiration behavior under limited water conditions. This study aimed to build a comprehensive gene expression profile of these two wild species under dehydration stress caused by the withdrawal of hydroponic nutrient solution. For this purpose, roots of both genotypes were collected at seven time-points during the early stages of dehydration and used to construct cDNA paired-end libraries. Physiological analyses indicated initial differences in gas exchange parameters between the drought-tolerant genotype of A. duranensis and the drought-sensitive genotype of A. stenosperma. High-quality Illumina reads were mapped against the A. duranensis reference genome and resulted in the identification of 1,235 and 799 Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) that responded to the stress treatment in roots of A. duranensis and A. stenosperma, respectively. Further analysis, including functional annotation and identification of biological pathways represented by these DEGs confirmed the distinct gene expression behavior of the two contrasting Arachis species genotypes under dehydration stress. Some species-exclusive and common DEGs were then selected for qRT-PCR analysis, which corroborated the in silico expression profiling. These included genes coding for regulators and effectors involved in drought tolerance responses, such as activation of osmosensing molecular cascades, control of hormone and osmolyte content, and protection of macromolecules. This dataset of transcripts induced during the dehydration process in two wild Arachis genotypes constitute new tools for the understanding of the distinct gene regulation processes in these closely related species but with contrasting drought responsiveness. In addition, our findings provide insights into the nature of drought tolerance in wild germoplasm, which might be explored as novel sources of diversity and useful wild alleles to develop climate-resilient crop varieties.

Advances in molecular marker technology have provided new opportunities to study the population genetics of polyploid taxa. Paternity analysis using microsatellite markers can be used in detection of gene flow between individuals and populations, in mating system analysis, to identify factors that influence fecundity and fertility, to identify behaviour of parent-offspring relationships and in the analysis of the reproductive success of different ecological groups. As there is no specific program for carrying out paternity analysis in tetraploid species, specialized software was designed for the assignment of paternity for autotetraploid species. orchard is a novel implementation of exclusion and likelihood statistics for carrying out paternity analysis of autotetraploids. First, the program performs an exclusion method, and then, a likelihood statistic is used with nonexcluded candidate fathers. Optional features include estimation of allele dosage of known mother trees and the estimation of pollen flow distances. orchard was tested using a data set of microsatellite data of Dipteryx odorata, a tetraploid Amazonian tree species.

Selective logging in Brazil allows for the removal of up to 90% of trees above 50 cm diameter of a given timber species, independent of a species' life history characteristics or how quickly it will recover. The genetic and demographic effects of selective logging on two Amazonian timber species (Dipteryx odorata Leguminosae, Jacaranda copaia Bignoniaceae) with contrasting ecological and reproductive characteristics were assessed in the same forest. Genetic diversity and gene flow were characterized by genotyping adults and seed sampled before and after logging, using hypervariable microsatellite markers. Overall, there were no short-term genetic impacts on the J. copaia population, with commercial application of current Brazilian forest management regulations. In contrast, for D. Odorata, selective logging showed a range of genetic impacts, with a 10% loss of alleles, and reductions in siring by pollen from trees within the 546-ha study area (23-11%) and in the number of pollen donors per progeny array (2.8-1.6), illustrating the importance of the surrounding landscape. Asynchrony in flowering between D. odorata trees led to trees with no breeding partners, which could limit the species reproduction and regeneration under current regulations. The results are summarized with other published studies from the same site and the implications for forest management discussed. The different types and levels of impacts associated with each species support the idea that ecological and genetic information by species, ecological guild or reproductive group is essential in helping to derive sustainable logging guidelines for tropical forests.

Nitrogen deficiency can increase the lipid content in certain microalgae species, including diatoms. However, the molecular and metabolic basis of such changes remains rather unclear. We analyzed strains of freshwater Nitzschia palea collected from a eutrophic pond and from an artificial rock. The habitats, differing in light and nutrient availability, lead to two metabolically distinct strains, BR006 and BR022. Differential accumulation of primary compounds, membrane lipid composition and fatty acid saturation were observed. Metabolic and biophysical analysis demonstrated differential sensitivity to N regimes: depleted, replete and saturated. Whereas N depletion leads to typical stress-related responses in both strains, including reduction of protein and photosynthesis, the response observed in BR006 is far more severe. Our results demonstrated that these strains developed distinct metabolic responses to N conditions. BR022 is able to maintain cellular homeostasis and slows down growth according to N availability. In contrast, BR006 maximizes growth rate even under N limitation, by triggering stress response, relocating carbon pool to lipid compounds and quickly reaching growth arrest after N exhaustion. We identified a relationship between habitat characteristics and metabolic responses, providing a metabolic perspective on ecological plasticity of N. palea, which helps it to survive a wide range of habitats.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY We investigated how genetic diversity is distributed across the range of Cedrela fissilis, a tree species associated with seasonal neotropical forests, to gain insights into competing biogeographic scenarios that explain how disjunct distributions of these forests were shaped. METHODS A total of 250 samples were sampled from 18 sites across the species' range in Brazil and eastern Bolivia and genotyped with 10 microsatellite loci. An array of complementary methods-F statistics, analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA), and clustering analyses-assessed genetic diversity, population differentiation, and structure. KEY RESULTS Most of the genetic diversity (82.5%) was partitioned within populations, but about 12% was due to differences among groups of populations on either side of the Cerrado or located within the Cerrado; mean expected heterozygosity and mean observed heterozygosity were 0.821 and 0.704, respectively. The 250 samples were sorted into two Bayesian groups: one group for each side of the Cerrado. The populations showed varying levels of admixture, with the greatest admixture evident in populations located toward central Brazil. CONCLUSIONS In C. fissilis, genetic diversity is structured according to geography: the Atlantic range and the Chiquitano range each harbor a genealogical lineage. Interfertility and varying levels of admixture between lineages provide strong evidence that the lineages evolved under geographic, but not genetic, isolation. Admixture is of recent origin, owing to population expansion. Cedrela fissilis shares this dual pattern of distribution of genetic diversity with other phylogenetically unrelated taxa that are typically associated with seasonal forests.

Naturally rare species have a higher probability of stochastic extinction due to genetic, demographic, or environmental hazards; human disturbance may intensify these threats. Rare species may therefore be in need of short-term intervention to survive. The ecosystem with the second highest biodiversity in Brazil, the Cerrado, is suffering from fragmentation and threats to its flora. Dimorphandra wilsonii, a 30-m tall endemic tree of the Brazilian Cerrado, is listed as critically endangered; only 21 adult trees have been identified. We carried out mating system and pollen flow analyses to understand the current gene flow and limitations in the reproduction of D. wilsonii. With seven fluorescently labelled microsatellite primers, we genotyped 20 adult trees and 269 progeny from 13 mother trees. D. wilsonii displayed low levels of genetic diversity; bottleneck events are likely to have occurred (H e = 0.60 and 0.29; H o = 0.71 and 0.33, for adults and progeny, respectively). This species is predominantly outcrossing (t m = 0.88), with some selfing (1-t m = 0.12), as well as crossing between related individuals (t m -t s = 0.11). None of the studied trees was reproductively isolated; a high proportion of pollen (55 %) came from trees yet to be discovered. Two genetic clusters (Northern and Southern) were identified, with high values of genetic divergence among the Southern sites. Planting of seedlings and monitoring of seed dispersion in order to maintain the genetic diversity and genetic structure of D. wilsonii are strategies that may ensure the continuation of D. wilsonii, but this species does not seem to require reproductive intervention to remain viable.

Sciaenids are fish which are normally abundant in tropical estuaries of the western Atlantic. Studies on the Caete river estuary in the northern Brazilian state of Para have revealed that in this area Sciaenidae is the dominant family, comprising almost 50% of all teleosts sampled. In this paper we present the results of the first phylogenetic study on South American estuarine sciaenids, during which we obtained mitochondrial gene 16S sequences from 15 species belonging to eight genera occurring in the Caete estuary. Intergeneric nucleotide divergences varied from 5 to 15%, Lonchurus and Menticirrhus being the most divergent lineages. Nucleotide divergences were quite variable amongst species of the same genus, ranging from 1.2% (Stellifer microps x Stellifer naso) to 8.4% (Menticirrhus americanus x Menticirrhus littoralis). Cladograms based on maximum parsimony, minimum evolution and maximum likelihood depicted an explosive diversification pattern for the western Atlantic sciaenid assemblage. Our analysis further reveals a very close relationship between Bairdiella and Stellifer, a monophyletic clade which emerged during the more recent diversification events of the Sciaenidae family. The phylogenetic reconstruction suggests the need for a revision of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Bairdiella/Stellifer group.

The Dendrogene Project (Genetic Conservation within Managed Forests in Amazonia) aims to understand the genetic and ecological processes that underpin tree species survival and in particular their response to forest management regimes. As part of the project, we developed eight microsatellite markers for Jacaranda copaia to be used for genetic structure, gene flow and reproductive biology studies. Polymorphism was evaluated using 96 adult trees from the Tapajos National Forest in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon. An average of 22 alleles per locus were detected, with expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.731 to 0.94.

The impact of logging and subsequent recovery after logging is predicted to vary depending on specific life history traits of the logged species. The Eco-gene simulation model was used to evaluate the long-term impacts of selective logging over 300 years on two contrasting Brazilian Amazon tree species, Dipteryx odorata and Jacaranda copaia. D. odorata (Leguminosae), a slow growing climax tree, occurs at very low densities, whereas J. copaia (Bignoniaceae) is a fast growing pioneer tree that occurs at high densities. Microsatellite multilocus genotypes of the pre-logging populations were used as data inputs for the Eco-gene model and post-logging genetic data was used to verify the output from the simulations. Overall, under current Brazilian forest management regulations, there were neither short nor long-term impacts on J. copaia. By contrast, D. odorata cannot be sustainably logged under current regulations, a sustainable scenario was achieved by increasing the minimum cutting diameter at breast height from 50 to 100 cm over 30-year logging cycles. Genetic parameters were only slightly affected by selective logging, with reductions in the numbers of alleles and single genotypes. In the short term, the loss of alleles seen in J. copaia simulations was the same as in real data, whereas fewer alleles were lost in D. odorata simulations than in the field. The different impacts and periods of recovery for each species support the idea that ecological and genetic information are essential at species, ecological guild or reproductive group levels to help derive sustainable management scenarios for tropical forests.

Manilkara huberi is a timber species, found and intensely exploited in the Amazonian forest. Twelve highly polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed from a genomic library enriched for AG/TC repeats. Levels of polymorphism were evaluated using a total of 12 adult trees from a natural population. An average of 6.43 alleles per locus were detected, and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.721 to 0.862. These loci represent a powerful tool in investigating the mating system, gene flow, parentage and population dynamics in natural populations of M. huberi, all of which are needed to implement sound management.

Five highly polimorphic microsatellite markers for Symphonia globulifera were developed from enriched repeat libraries screened for microsatellite repeats. An average of 5.8 alleles per locus and expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.649 to 0.806 were found in a sample of 12 S. globulifera individuals from the Tapajos National Forest, in the state of Para in the Brazilian Amazon. These loci are being used for analysis of precise paternity testing, estimation of gene flow and parentage coefficients in a managed forest in Para, Brazil, as part of the Dendrogene Project.

Premise of the study: Three species of the mangrove tree genus Rhizophora are found in the New World and along the west coast of Africa. Of these, R. mangle is the most abundant and has a complex interbreeding relationship with the sympatric R. racemosa and R. harrisonii. The development of additional microsatellite markers would permit paternity analyses and investigation of the hybrid origin of these species. Methods and Results: Using an enriched library method, via hybridization with biotinylated oligonucleotides complementary to repetitive poly AG/TC, primers for 11 microsatellite markers of R. mangle were developed and characterized in populations in Pará and São Paulo (Brazil) and Florida (USA). Ten of these markers were transferable to R. racemosa and R. harrisonii. Conclusions: The microsatellite markers presented here will be useful in studies of contemporary and historical gene flow between American and West African Rhizophora species.

This article documents the addition of 96 microsatellite marker loci to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Clarias batrachus, Marmota himalayana, Schizothorax richardsonii, Sitophilus zeamais and Syagrus romanzoffiana. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Clarias dussumeri, Clarias gariepinus, Heteropneustus fossilis, Sitophilus granarius and Sitophilus oryzae.

Correspondance: Molecular Ecology Resources Primer Development Consortium, E-mail: editorial.office@molecol.com; International audience; This article documents the addition of 512 microsatellite marker loci and nine pairs of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Alcippe morrisonia morrisonia, Bashania fangiana, Bashania fargesii, Chaetodon vagabundus, Colletes floralis, Coluber constrictor flaviventris, Coptotermes gestroi, Crotophaga major, Cyprinella lutrensis, Danaus plexippus, Fagus grandifolia, Falco tinnunculus, Fletcherimyia fletcheri, Hydrilla verticillata, Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus, Leavenworthia alabamica, Marmosops incanus, Miichthys miiuy, Nasua nasua, Noturus exilis, Odontesthes bonariensis, Quadrula fragosa, Pinctada maxima, Pseudaletia separata, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Podocarpus elatus, Portunus trituberculatus, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhinella schneideri, Sarracenia alata, Skeletonema marinoi, Sminthurus viridis, Syngnathus abaster, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) chinensis, Verticillium dahliae, Wasmannia auropunctata, and Zygochlamys patagonica. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Chaetodon baronessa, Falco columbarius, Falco eleonorae, Falco naumanni, Falco peregrinus, Falco subbuteo, Didelphis aurita, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosops paulensis, Monodelphis Americana, Odontesthes hatcheri, Podocarpus grayi, Podocarpus lawrencei, Podocarpus smithii, Portunus pelagicus, Syngnathus acus, Syngnathus typhle,Uroteuthis (Photololigo) edulis, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvauceli and Verticillium albo-atrum. This article also documents the addition of nine sequencing primer pairs and sixteen allele specific primers or probes for Oncorhynchus mykiss and Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; these primers and assays were cross-tested in both species.

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-12T18:22:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:14:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:30:42Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:30:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Dipteryx alata is a native fruit tree species of the cerrado (Brazilian savanna) that has great economic potential because of its multiple uses. Knowledge of how the genetic variability of this species is organized within and among populations would be useful for genetic conservation and breeding programs. We used nine simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers developed for Dipteryx odorata to evaluate the genetic structure of three populations of D. alata located in central Brazil based on a leaf sample analysis from 101 adults. The outcrossing rate was evaluated using 300 open-pollinated offspring from 25 seed-trees. Pollen dispersal was measured by parentage analysis. We used spatial genetic structure (SGS) to test the minimal distance for harvesting seeds in conservation and breeding programs. Our data indicate that the populations studied had a high degree of genetic diversity ((H) over cap (e) = 0.619) and population structure, as suggested by the high level of divergence among populations ((G) over cap'(ST) = 0.803). The estimated outcrossing rate ((t) over cap (m) = 0.711) suggested a mixed mating system, and the intrapopulation fixation index was influenced by SGS. We conclude that seed harvesting for genetic conservation and breeding programs requires a minimum distance between trees of 196 m to avoid collecting seeds from related seed-trees. Univ São Paulo, Dept Ciencias Florestais, Lab Reprod & Genet Especies Arboreas, Escola Super Agr Luiz de Queiroz, BR-13418900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil Univ São Paulo, Escola Super Agr Luiz de Queiroz, Dept Genet, BR-13418900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Fitotecnia Tecnol Alimentos & Socio Econ, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil Empresa Brasileira Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Recursos Genet & Biotecnol, Lab Genet Vegetal, Brasilia, Go, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Fitotecnia Tecnol Alimentos & Socio Econ, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 06/04490-9 FAPESP: 06/59386-1

Dipteryx odorata is an intensely exploited Amazonian tree legume. Microsatellite markers were developed to study the genetic structure, gene flow and reproductive biology of D. odorata. Eight highly polymorphic microsatellite markers were isolated from enriched repeat libraries screened for microsatellite repeats. An average of 16 alleles and 0.964 phenotype diversity per locus were found in 76 individuals from the Tapajos National Forest, in the state of Para in the Brazilian Amazon.

Laboratory mate choice experiments have confirmed species status for cichlid fish in the African Great Lakes that differ in colour and little else. Colour differences between allopatric populations of the South American cichlid genus Apistogramma are known for many species, yet the status of such populations has not been previously tested. Analysis of the genetic relationships and mate choice characteristics of populations previously described as Apistogramma caetei from eastern Amazonia indicates genetic differentiation into at least three allopatric lineages, which also show strong prezygotic isolation through female mate choice, confirming them as Biological species. If future studies confirm that this result is indicative of a general trend, the species richness of the South American cichlid fishes may presently be seriously underestimated.

Carapa guianensis is a timber species found in Central America and the north of South America. We have developed microsatellite primers which will allow analysis of gene flow and population genetic structure in natural populations of this tree species. Polymorphism of five microsatellite loci was evaluated using a total of 12 adult trees from a natural population. An average of 4.2 alleles per locus was detected, and expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.397 to 0.806. These loci are being used for genetic population analysis in a managed forest in the state of Para, in Amazonian Brazil, as part of the Dendrogene project.

Ten new polymorphic microsatellites were isolated and characterized in Bactris gasipaes using a microsatellite enrichment protocol and selective hybridization with oligonucleotide probes. The loci are highly polymorphic, with a mean of 14.6 alleles per locus and a mean expected heterozygosity of 0.83 among 62 individuals of the Pampa Hermosa landrace. These microsatellites will be useful for population genetic analysis and germplasm characterization for heart-of-palm breeding.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL.) is an important le-gume cultivated mostly in drought-prone areas where its pro-ductivity can be limited by water scarcity. The development of more drought-tolerant varieties is, therefore, a priority for pea-nut breeding programs worldwide. In contrast to cultivated peanut, wild relatives have a broader genetic diversity and constitute a rich source of resistance/tolerance alleles to biotic and abiotic stresses. The present study takes advantage of this diversity to identify drought-responsive genes by analyzing the expression profile of two wild species, Arachis duranensis and Arachis magna (AA and BB genomes, respectively), in response to progressive water deficit in soil. Data analysi from leaves and roots of A. duranensis (454 sequencing) and A. magna (suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH)) stressed and control complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries revealed several differentially expressed genes in silico, and 44 of them were selected for further validation by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). This allowed the identification of drought-responsive candidate genes, such as Expansin, Nitrilase, NAC ,and bZIP transcription factors, displaying sig-nificant levels of differential expression during stress imposition in both species. This is the first report on identification of differentially expressed genes under drought stress and recov-ery in wild Arachis species. The generated transcriptome data.besides being a valuable resource for gene discovery, will allow the characterization of new alleles and development of molecular markers associated with drought responses in pea-nut. These together constitute important tools for the peanut breeding program and also contribute to a better comprehen-sion of gene modulation in response to water deficit and rehydration.